History of Biomedical Engineering

생체의공학 개론 김 태 성 경희대학교 생체의공학과 The Oldest Biomedical Device

Prosthetic toe from ancient Egypt Origin

• World War II • Biologists needed to work advances on radar technology, = Biology + Technology • Thus electronic developments in medicine • But biologists could not understand the principals of tech. • This gap needed to be filled • So, doctors and biologists got interested in engineering. Also electrical engineers interested in biology and medicine. • Finally biomedical engineers and bioengineers were bone. Major Milestones

• 1791: Luigi Galvani invented the frog galvanoscope.

Frog's-leg galvanoscope – measures voltage from skinned frog legs • 1851: Hermann von Helmholtz invented the ophthalmoscope. • 1881: Samuel von Basch invented the blood pressure meter • 1895: Conrad Roentgen (Germany) discovered the X- ray using gas discharged tubes. • 1901: Roentgen received the Nobel Prize for discovery of X- Rays.

First medical X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand • 1903: Willem Einthoven invented the electrocardiogram (ECG).

An early commercial ECG device (1911)

ECG of a heart in normal sinus rhythm • 1921: First formal training in biomedical engineering was started at Oswalt Institute for Physics in Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany. • 1927: Invention of the Iron Lung (Drinker Respirator) • 1929: Hans Berger invents the electroencephalogram (EEG).

The first human EEG recording obtained by Hans Berger in 1924. The upper tracing is EEG, and the lower is a 10 Hz timing signal. • Mid 1930s – early 1940s: Antibiotics, sulfanilamide and pencillin reduced cross- infection in hospitals.

Penicillin • 1940: Cardiac catheterization • 1948: The first conference of Engineering in Medicine & Biology was held in the United States. • 1950: Electron microscope.

Neonatal cardiomyocytes

A modern transmission electron microscope

Diagram of a transmission electron microscope

• 1950s: Electrical Stimulation

• 1950s – early 1960s: Nuclear medicine. • 1960s: Ultrasound • 1970: computer tomography (CT)

Modern CT scanner • 1970: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Medical MRI • 1980: Gamma camera, positron emission tomography (PET) and SPECT.

positron emission tomography

Gamma camera

• More advancement in Biomedical Engineering to come…