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Celebrating 35 Years of Biomedical Engineering: an Historical Perspective Celebrating 35 years of Biomedical Engineering: An Historical Perspective u u Biomedical Engineering Society 8401 Corporate Drive, Suite 225 • Landover, MD 20785-2224 301-459-1999 • Fax: 301-459-2444 Web: www.bmes.org The Full Service Professional Society for Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering The Biomedical Engineering Society: An Historical Perspective Editor Paul H. Fagette, Jr., Ph.D. Managing Editor Patricia I. Horner Biomedical Engineering Society 8401 Corporate Drive, Suite 225 • Landover, MD 20785-2224 301-459-1999 • Fax: 301-459-2444 Web: www.bmes.org The Full Service Professional Society for Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering BMES: Celebrating 35 years of Biomedical Engineering: An Historical Perspective ©Copyright 2004 Biomedical Engineering Society All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the permission of the publisher. Biomedical Engineering Society, Publishers Suite 225, 8401 Corporate Drive, Landover, MD 20785-2224 301-459-1999 • fax 301-459-2444 • www.bmes.org Printed in the United States of America Biomedical Engineering – A Personal View Peter G. Katona, ScD President, The Whitaker Foundation BMES Past President I received Pat Horner’s phone call with mixed emo- by 2003. Most of these programs are now being tions. On one hand, it was a great honor to be invited offered by departments, rather than by loosely knit to write the foreword for this special historical publi- groups of faculty members. Attendance at BMES cation. On the other hand, how to say anything novel meetings is setting records almost every year, and and profound about biomedical engineering when so BMES has become the lead society for accrediting many of the readers of this publication have spent their biomedical engineering programs. The establishment lives shaping the field? I doubt that any of you who of the American Institute for Medical and Biological know Pat could ever say “no” to her, so I decided to Engineering (AIMBE) as an umbrella organization write rather than run. and joint meetings of the BMES and the Institute of Not trying to go further back than I can remember, Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) I see the first phase of biomedical engineering as being Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society in the sixties and early seventies. That was a period of (EMBS) promise increased cooperation among bio- hope and aspirations, accompanied by considerable medical engineers of differing backgrounds. The growth. Computers were being applied to automate recent establishment of the National Institute for clinical laboratories, and predictions were made that Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) is new measurement techniques and computer-based another cause for optimism not only because of poten- records would revolutionize the delivery of medical tial new funding mechanisms, but because the new care. Mathematical models were to increase our under- Institute signifies recognition of our field. standing of physiology, and advances in materials were What is the reason for this resurgence? I believe to help restore diminished or lost function. that the spectacular advance in the biological sciences The optimism gave rise to and was buoyed by is the primary one. The increased understanding of the institutionalizing the field. Training grants from the molecular and genetic bases of cellular function and National Institutes of Health (NIH), individual cellular interactions raises the promise of personaliz- research grants from the National Science Foundation ing, and thus greatly improving, diagnosis and thera- (NSF), and the establishment of the Biomedical py. Nothing less than changing the practice of Engineering Society (BMES) are examples of the fer- medicine is on the horizon. Of course, such promises ment. Biomedical engineering programs and depart- have been made before, so the challenge is to make ments were started at many universities; the number of this happen sooner rather than later. U.S. programs granting undergraduate or graduate And this is where biomedical engineers come in. degrees was about 40 in 1975. An increasing number of biomedical engineering In the second phase, the late seventies and the departments are establishing molecular and cellular eighties, it was realized that the promises had been too orientations that were absent just a few years ago. bold. Linear models, even nonlinear ones, did not Mathematical modeling, a tool of engineers, is being often reveal mechanisms, and introducing computer- increasingly used to integrate molecular, cellular, and based records into medical care proved challenging. systems level understanding of life processes. Such The medical industry was not yet seeking biomedical understanding will open new technologies to solve engineers. There was time consuming debate whether problems not only in the life sciences and medicine, bioengineering or biomedical engineering was the but it may also suggest solutions to engineering prob- appropriate term, and cooperation between proliferat- lems that are outside these areas. ing professional societies was minimal. The number of The second major reason for the resurgence of degree-granting biomedical engineering programs biomedical engineering is the growing interest of stu- rose only to about 50 by 1990. dents in the field. It is reassuring that a combination The nineties mark the beginning of a third and of engineering and biology is attractive to students, happy phase of biomedical engineering. The number but it is especially noteworthy that biomedical engi- of degree-granting biomedical engineering programs, neering students are reported to be among the very especially at the undergraduate level, has increased best at almost all universities. This is fortunate since dramatically in the past few years, reaching over 100 biomedical engineers need to integrate in-depth i knowledge in both biology and engineering, which is underlying merit and the talented individuals it attracts, a challenging task. however, the field could not have prospered. It has also helped that the rapidly growing med- We are often asked if biomedical engineering will ical industry has started to recognize that biomedical continue to thrive after the Foundation closes in 2006. engineers can accelerate the development and dissem- I am convinced that it will. The in-depth integration of ination of diagnostic and therapeutic devices. While the life sciences and engineering is a prerequisite to the biomedical industry is not exempt from economic advances in basic biology, as well as to the practice in fluctuations, jobs in the industry have opened up modern medicine. Industry seeks individuals with where none existed before. breadth and depth. Our profession is increasingly in The Whitaker Foundation is often mentioned as one the hands of talented, energetic, and enthusiastic indi- of the reasons for the current boom in biomedical engi- viduals who are well positioned to train the next gen- neering. I am convinced that the Foundation, through eration of leaders. funding both individuals and the establishment of pro- The best phase of biomedical engineering is just grams, has indeed accelerated the process. Without its beginning. ii The Biomedical Engineering Society: A New Science - A New Tradition Paul Fagette, PhD BMES Historian Introduction that the usual path toward specialization occurs with- As we move through the first decade of the new mil- in a single society. Disciplinary fragmentation has lennium, the Biomedical Engineering Society occurred across all scientific and social scientific (BMES) celebrates this age as the premier profes- areas. The common result is new societies and jour- sional engineering society of a modern interdiscipli- nals. For example, both bio-chemistry and physical nary area of study. The Society’s Annual Meetings chemistry followed this path.4,9,12 Biomedical engi- now regularly attract more than 1,500 attendees, a neering did not take this route; instead, a cooperative, number far too large for the meetings to be held on interdisciplinary society was created that cut across university campuses. Undergraduate and graduate established academic and societal boundaries. Thus, programs are spread around the United States with BMES is atypical and presents new questions and increasing numbers of students drawn from around challenges in order to understand its formation and its the globe. New positions proliferate in universities thirty-five years of life. and industry. The Society’s journal, the Annals of This special historical publication is devoted to Biomedical Engineering, has also become the pre- presenting an insider’s perspective to these questions eminent source of biomedical engineering science. and to celebrate the Society’s achievements at the mil- Even the US Congress has recognized the impor- lennium. The historic medium elected is the reflec- tance of this area of study by passing legislation to tions of BMES presidents. Through their eyes, the create a new National Institutes of Health (NIH) struggle to found, maintain, and mature is told. Details institute: the National Institute for Biomedical drawn from Board Minutes and Business Meetings Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). All these are accompany each presidential entry to flesh out the signal achievements for a professional group barely story. Pat Horner, current Executive Director, has also three decades old. supplied photographs and other early documents that The general historic setting
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