Winter 2019 FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING The BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY Computational Materials for the Design and Qualification of Additively Manufactured Components Christapher G. Lang Robots That Walk: What the Challenge of Locomotion Says About Next-Generation Manufacturing Christian Hubicki The Digital Twin Concept Pamela A. Kobryn Genome Editing with Precision and Accuracy Krishanu Saha Using CRISPR to Combat Human Disease Vectors Omar S. Akbari Microbes and Manufacturing: Moore’s Law Meets Biology Patrick Boyle Empowering Genome Editing Through Standards Samantha Maragh Why Everyone Has It Wrong about the Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles John Basl and Jeff Behrends Influencing Interactions between Human Drivers and Autonomous Vehicles Dorsa Sadigh Cryptocurrencies as Marketplaces Jacob Leshno Higher Education in Engineering: Hands-on Experience and Teaching Factory Jyotirmoy Mazumder The mission of the National Academy of Engineering is to advance the well-being of the nation by promoting a vibrant engineering profession and by marshalling the expertise and insights of eminent engineers to provide independent advice to the federal government on matters involving engineering and technology. The BRIDGE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Gordon R. England, Chair John L. Anderson, President Corale L. Brierley, Vice President Julia M. Phillips, Home Secretary James M. Tien, Foreign Secretary Martin B. Sherwin, Treasurer Editor in Chief: Ronald M. Latanision Managing Editor: Cameron H. Fletcher Production Associate: Penelope Gibbs The Bridge (ISSN 0737-6278) is published quarterly by the National Acad emy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC. Vol. 49, No. 4, Winter 2019 Postmaster: Send address changes to The Bridge, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418. Changes of address or requests to unsubscribe should be sent to [email protected]. Papers are presented in The Bridge on the basis of general interest and timeliness. They reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily the position of the National Academy of Engineering. The Bridge is printed on recycled paper. C © 2019 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Mission Statement of The Bridge The Bridge publishes articles on engineering research, education, and practice; science and technology policy; and the interface between engineering and technology and society. The intent is to stimulate debate and dialogue both among members of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and in the broader community of policymakers, educators, business leaders, and other interested individuals. The Bridge relies on its editor in chief, NAE members, and staff to identify potential issue topics and guest editors. Invited guest editors, who have expertise in a given issue’s theme, are asked to select authors and topics, and inde- pendent experts are enlisted to assess articles for publication. The quarterly has a distribution of about 7,000, including NAE members, members of Congress, libraries, universities, and interested individuals all over the country and the world. Issues are freely accessible at www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge.aspx. A complete copy of The Bridge is available in PDF format at www.nae.edu/TheBridge. Some of the articles in this issue are also available as HTML documents and may contain links to related sources of information, multimedia files, or other content. The Volume 49, Number 4 • Winter 2019 BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY Editor’s Note 3 Ronald M. Latanision President’s Perspective 4 What Is Engineering? John L. Anderson Guest Editor’s Note 6 Visions of the Future Jennifer L. West Features 8 Computational Materials for the Design and Qualification of Additively Manufactured Components Christapher G. Lang Computational modeling supports the qualification efforts necessary to realize the full potential of additive manufacturing for designing and manufacturing aerospace components. 12 Robots That Walk: What the Challenge of Locomotion Says About Next-Generation Manufacturing Christian Hubicki Legged robots can both contribute to and benefit from the reliability of modern manufacturing processes. 16 The Digital Twin Concept Pamela A. Kobryn A digital twin is intended to simulate a product’s performance using periodically updated knowledge about the state and use of its physical twin. 20 Genome Editing with Precision and Accuracy Krishanu Saha Engineering approaches are helping to address challenges in genome editing. 25 Using CRISPR to Combat Human Disease Vectors Omar S. Akbari CRISPR technology shows promise as an effective vector control method for mosquito-borne diseases. 31 Microbes and Manufacturing: Moore’s Law Meets Biology Patrick Boyle Biology as an engineering substrate is a transformative manufacturing technology. 37 Empowering Genome Editing Through Standards Samantha Maragh Crucial measurement challenges must be addressed to facilitate the transfer of genome editing technologies into trusted data and products. 42 Why Everyone Has It Wrong about the Ethics of 66 An Interview with… Autonomous Vehicles Gary Taubes, Investigative Journalist and Author John Basl and Jeff Behrends Should those who program autonomous vehicles pay News and Notes attention to “trolley cases”? 77 NAE Newsmakers 48 Influencing Interactions between Human Drivers 79 2019 Annual Meeting and Autonomous Vehicles 82 Remarks by NAE Chair Gordon R. England Dorsa Sadigh 83 President’s Address by John L. Anderson We use optimization-based and game theoretic 86 2019 Simon Ramo Founders Award Acceptance techniques to produce robot policies that influence Remarks by Cato T. Laurencin human drivers’ behavior toward safer outcomes in interactions with autonomous cars. 87 2019 Arthur M. Bueche Award Acceptance Remarks by Roderick I. Pettigrew 53 Cryptocurrencies as Marketplaces 88 Highlights from the 2019 Golden Bridge Dinner Jacob Leshno 89 Inaugural Norman R. Augustine Senior Scholar Bitcoin creates its own decentralized marketplace for 90 MIT Hosts Introductory Event transaction processing and infrastructure provision. 90 2019 US Frontiers of Engineering Hosted by 57 Higher Education in Engineering: Boeing South Carolina Hands-on Experience and Teaching Factory 92 EngineerGirl Announces 2019 Class of Student Jyotirmoy Mazumder Ambassadors I propose a “teaching factory,” like a teaching 93 Symposium on Human Rights and Digital hospital, where engineering students get hands-on Technologies professional training and are exposed to needs of the 94 New Staff Join the Development Office engineering enterprise. 95 Calendar of Meetings and Events 63 Op-Ed: Persistent Challenges in the Information 95 In Memoriam Age 98 Invisible Bridges: Composite Minds Samuel C. Florman The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an emy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongov- Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to ernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objec- The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 tive analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected Academies also encourage education and research, recognize out- by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John standing contributions to knowledge, and increase public understand- L. Anderson is president. ing in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Acad- and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. 3 Editor's Note able throughout the planet now manifests in Sam’s view as “a most insidious, widespread source of calamity: our electronic world of communication.” And 17 years later his question remains unanswered. We continue our interview series with engineers who add to our culture in ways that go beyond their engi- neering backgrounds. In this case, we talk with Gary Taubes, who got his MS in aerospace engineering but Ronald M. Latanision (NAE) is a has made his name as an author and investigative jour- senior fellow at Exponent. nalist on subjects as diverse as scientific fraud and the health dangers of sugar consumption. With this issue we introduce two new regular col- Once again the winter issue of The Bridge is focused on umns. The NAE’s new president, John Anderson, the NAE Frontiers of Engineering (FOE) symposium. will offer his perspective on topics of interest to mem- Jennifer West, chair of the organizing committee for bers and other readers, starting in this issue with his the 2019 program, which was held at Boeing in North thoughts on a concise definition of engineering. And in Charleston, SC, assembled a superb program that is a new column called Invisible Bridges, Guru Madhavan, highlighted in these pages. Norman R.