Spectrum Issues Related to Satellite Communications

Edward M. Davison Program Manager Satellite Coordination and Policy Office of Spectrum Management Introduction and Regulatory Environment

• Insufficient spectrum for proposed new uses • private sector requesting access to Govt.-exclusive spectrum either by reallocation or increased sharing • International Telecommunication Union (ITU) • international spectrum allocations • advance publication/coordination/notification • filing fees, cost recovery, filing backlogs • Domestic Spectrum Management • FCC: non-Govt. spectrum management • NTIA: Govt. spectrum management (IRAC) ! ! ! ! ! ! Non-Government Government

YOU WAREHOUSE SPECTRUM! YOU WASTE SPECTRUM! SPECTRUM IS CRUCIAL TO SPECTRUM IS CRUCIAL TO NATIONAL ECONOMIC SECURITY! NATIONAL DEFENSE SECURITY! YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND OUR YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND OUR REQUIREMENTS! REQUIREMENTS! WE DON’T KNOW HOW YOU USE YOU ONLY WANT TO TAKE SPECTRUM! GOVERNMENT SPECTRUM ! YOU HIDE BEHIND SECURITY ! YOU INVOLVE CONGRESS OVER MINOR ISSUES!

INCREASED COOPERATION BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVERNMENT SECTORS HELPS MEET NEW REQUIREMENTS AND INCREASES OVERALL SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY International Satellite Regulation • International Telecommunication Union • Spectrum Regulation through ITU Radio Regulations • ITU-R Recommendations of Technical Characteristics • ITU World Radiocommunication Conference • new frequency allocations • regulations to facilitate sharing and prevent interference • regulations on procedures and requirements for country-to- country coordination • New Issues: • competition for “good” orbital slots • Sharing between GSOs and NGSOs • due diligence to reduce “paper” satellite filings 4 U.S. Commercial Communications Satellite Industry

GSOGSO NGSONGSO

4/64/6 GHz GHz 36-51 GHz 18-30 GHz 20/3020/30 GHz GHz 36-51 GHz 10-1810-18 GHz GHz 18-30 GHz 36-5136-51 GHz GHz FSSFSS 11/1411/14 GHz GHz FSSFSS

Motorola, SkyBridge, Teledesic, Motorola, TRW, SkyBridge, Teledesic,Teledesic, Teledesic, Intelsat/Comsat, GE Americom, TRW, Boeing TRW Intelsat/Comsat, GE Americom, Spectrum Astro, Boeing SkyBridge,SkyBridge, TRW Hughes Spectrum Astro, Celestri, Motorola, Loral Loral Skynet Skynet Hughes PanAmSat, Celestri, TRW,TRW, Motorola, GE Americom, Lockheed Martin PanAmSat, Virtual Geo, LEO One GE Americom, Lockheed Martin Loral, Virtual Geo, @Contact,@Contact, LEO One Orion Loral, Loral, Hughes, Hughes Orion Loral, Lockheed Martin Hughes, LockheedLockheed Martin, Martin, Hughes Orion Lockheed Martin Denali, Globalstar Echostar,Echostar, Orion Hughes, Denali, Motorola Globalstar Morning Star Hughes, Motorola Denali, PanAmSat PanAmSat Morning Star GE Americom TeledesicTeledesic Denali, Columbia PanAmSat,PanAmSat, GE Americom ORBLINK Columbia KaStar ORBLINK QUALCOMMQUALCOMM (MSS), (MSS), KaStar New Skies Echostar,Echostar, New Skies NetSat 28 Solidaridad,Solidaridad, NetSat 28 Anik VisionStar,VisionStar, Anik Color Code Intelsat,Intelsat, Green Authorized and Operational NewNew Skies, Skies, Blue: Authorized and Not Operational DirectcomDirectcom, , Red: Applicant/ Other TRW, TRW, Black: Authorized and Applicant CAI,CAI, Pac. Pac. Cen. Cen. Group, Group, PegasusPegasus Based on best available sources to author Excerpt from FCC 98-235 Federal Communications Commission NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING

Uplink Band

LMDS GSO/ NGSO/FSS MSS/FL MSS/FL GSO/FSS FSS fss ngso/ gso/fss and and ngso/fass fss LMDS GSO/ FSS

850 MHz 250 MHz 500 MHz 150 MHz 250 MHz 500 MHz 27.5 28.35 28.6 29.1 29.25 29.5 30.0 GHz Downlink Band

FS GSO/FSS GSO/FSS NGSO/FSS MSS/FL GSO/FSS and and FS FS

gso/fss and fs and ngso/fss fs and gso/fss ngso/fss ngso/fss ngso/fss gso/fss

600 MHz 250 MHz 250 MHz 500 MHz 400 MHz 500 MHz 17.7 18.3 18.55 18.8 19.3 19.7 20.2 GHz U.S. Commercial Communications Satellite Industry

GSOGSO NGSONGSO

GEO Little LEOs Big LEOs GEO 22 GHz GHz Little LEOs Big LEOs 22 GHz GHz MSSMSS 1-21-2 GHz GHz belowbelow 1 1 GHz GHz 1-21-2 GHz GHz MSSMSS

Celsat American Mobile Celsat OrbcommOrbcomm IridiumIridium Boeing, Ellipso American Mobile TMI Boeing, Ellipso Inmarsat/Comsat TMI VITA,VITA, E-Sat E-Sat GlobalstarGlobalstar Constellation Inmarsat/Comsat Inmarsat Horizons Constellation Inmarsat Horizons FinalFinal Analysis Analysis EllipsoEllipso Globalstar LEO One Constellation Globalstar LEO One Constellation Iridium,Iridium, ICO ICO

DBS DBS DARSDARS Color Code 12-18 GHz 12-18 GHz 2-32-3 GHz GHz Green Authorized and Operational Blue: Authorized and Not Operational BSS Red: Applicant/ Other BSS Black: Authorized and Applicant DIRECTV,DIRECTV, Echostar, Echostar, XMXM Radio Radio R/LR/L DBS, DBS, Dominion Dominion CDCD Radio Radio Based on best available sources to author Current Spectrum Planning Issues

• WRC-2000 Issues: • NGSO FSS sharing with GSO FSS/BSS & terrestrial services • BSS-planned bands and feederlinks • Spectrum for satellite component of IMT-2000 (3G) • FS and FSS sharing in 36-51 GHz band • Spurious emissions (revision of Appendix S3) • IMT-2000/advanced mobile communications (terrestrial and satellite component) • High Altitude Platforms (HAPS) at 47-48 GHz • FSS C-band earth stations aboard vessels (ESV) • Coordination with terrestrial stations around satellite earth stations (Appendix S7) 8 Current Spectrum Planning Issues (continued) • Spectrum Management Considerations for NGSO Satellites • number of satellites in view simultaneously • generally will not be able to use polarization discrimination due to antenna beam size and satellite motion • may be able to take advantage of time sharing of coverage areas in addition to other sharing techniques (Little LEOs and NOAA) • minimum look angle restrictions can be used to avoid interference to GSO and to enhance sharing between satellite earth terminals and the FS result is larger satellite constellation • New Regulatory Mechanisms Necessary for NGSO Sharing • Resolutions 130 and 538 for NGSO FSS sharing with other services • Resolution 46 (S9.11A) for NGSO MSS sharing with other services

9 Interference From NGSO to GSO Systems

NGSO-GSO Interference 10 Spectrum Sharing Techniques • Virtually all primary FSS allocations between 2.5-40 GHz share spectrum with other terrestrial or space services • Common techniques to facilitate sharing include: • spatial isolation (e.g., GSO orbital slot separation) • geographical separation (satellite earth terminals) • time/frequency/code isolation (modulation) • frequency band segmentation or band planning • minimum look angle restrictions (sharing between earth terminals and the FS) and GSO arc avoidance (NGSO sharing with GSO FSS and BSS) • co-coverage avoidance schemes (e.g., NOAA and Little LEOs) satellite and ET power limitations

11 Space and Earth Station Spurious Emissions •Impact on Sharing with Other Services •FCC and NTIA regulations limit most OOB emissions •Radars exhibit high levels of OOB emissions…can interfere with satellite receivers unless preventive measures are taken •Protection of GPS from MSS Handset OOB Emissions •limits placed on MSS handset OOB emissions in ITU-R recommendations and domestic/European regulations •limits on terrestrial services being investigated •Protection of Radio Astronomy Observations •emissions from space-based and aeronautical transmitters are particularly problematic for RAS protection

12 Conclusions

• Spectrum management issues related to satellite communications have become more complex with the need to satisfy requirements of new applications and systems in the limited spectrum resource. • Advances in satellite technology and new methods of sharing spectrum are being investigated to alleviate spectrum congestion and avoid interference to existing and planned space and terrestrial systems. • Cooperation between countries, and between the government and non-government sectors, is essential to efficient spectrum management.

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