LAS CRUCES SATELLITE GATEWAY AND NETWORK OPERATIONS CENTER

X2nSat Introduces Its Newest Property and The World’s Only Fifth Generation Satellite Gateway Updated January 2019

Table of Contents

LAS CRUCES SATELLITE GATEWAY AND NETWORK OPERATIONS CENTER 0

Table of Contents 1

Introduction 3

Gateway Overview 4 Primary Purposes of Gateways 4 What to Look for in a Gateway 4 What To Avoid in a Gateway 4 Generations of Gateways 5 First Generation (1960-1980) 5 Second Generation (1980-1995) 5 Third Generation (1995-2005) 5 Fourth Generation (2005-2015) 5 Fifth Generation (2015-Present) 5 Gateway Certifications 6

Location 7 Relative to the World 7 Coverage of the Earth 7 Satellites 9 Blockage Diagram 12 Environmentals and Weather Monitoring 13

Property Overview 15 Why Las Cruces? 15 Geographic Separation from Petaluma 15 Aerial View of Property 16 Site Plan 18 Proposed Main Building 20

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Care of the Environment 20

Facility Operations 22 Security 22 Gates and Walls 22 Video Surveillance 23 Access Control and Logging 24 Staffing 24

Power 25 El Paso Electric 25 Alternate Power Sources 25 Generator Plan (Distributed Redundancy Pods) 27 UPS 27

Fiber & Communications 28 Fiber Providers 28 National Access Network 28

Antennas 29 Antenna List 29 Typical Antenna Design 30 Resilient and Flexible Antenna Systems 31

Photos 32

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Introduction

The X2nSat Las Cruces Satellite Gateway and Network Operations Center is the world’s first and only Fifth Generation Satellite Gateway. The 14 acre property was purchased in 2016 and went live in Q4 of the following year. Located in New Mexico, the site features an adjacent 500 acres available for future development.

The site is completely secured with fencing, video surveillance, and other security measures. There is 24x7x365 monitoring, and X2nSat will continue to add more staff to the facility as the number of services provided increases. X2nSat expects a full staff of 30 employees at the gateway by Q4 of 2019. Physical access to the gateway is controlled by automatic gates and card readers. Output from multiple video surveillance cameras appears on monitoring screens in the Network Operations Center (NOC).

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Gateway Overview

Primary Purposes of Gateways A satellite gateway (also referred to as a teleport or hub) is a ground station that transmits data to/from the national fiber network to the fleet of satellites in the sky. It houses the large antennas and equipment that convert the Radio Frequency (RF) signal to an Internet Protocol (IP) signal for terrestrial connectivity.

What to Look for in a Gateway Location is of the utmost importance when looking for a satellite gateway. With each generation of gateway design, the location preferences change as the satellite network advances to provide higher speeds to end users.

The preferences for the current generation of satellites are:

● Sufficient and good quality electrical supply ● Mild temperatures with a very dry climate (minimal rain and no snow) ● No obstructions, such as buildings or mountains, blocking any views to satellites ● Access to national fiber from a variety of Tier-1 providers such as AT&T, Verizon, Level 3, etc. ● Proximity to a good source of technical labor, such as a major university ● Lots of land to distance antennas ● Free from natural disasters such as floods, fires, tornadoes, tsunamis, hurricanes/typhoons, or earthquakes ● Free from civil unrest/war zones

What To Avoid in a Gateway Gateways are the key infrastructure element on the ground for a satellite network. Without them satellites are useless. A typical satellite is designed for 15-25 years of service. This means that the operator of a gateway must use a very long time horizon in all decisions regarding the development and maintenance of the gateway.

Below are examples that have surprised or caused problems to gateway operators in the past:

● Ownership and control over the land was not secure. Upon completion of a lease, the owner chooses to not renew and instead redevelop the land. Often ownership of the land can change with the new owner having different ideas on how best to make money. ● Zoning of the land changes. This can prevent future development that is needed to reach new spacecraft being launched. ● Neighboring developments can be built (or trees can grow), obstructing line of sight to the satellites.

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● Location being so isolated that fiber providers will not upgrade their networks or keep up with regular maintenance. ● Insufficient room for expansion. Often gateway operators do not leave adequate growing room for expansion, including new antennas and equipment.

Generations of Gateways Although there is no universal standard for gateway generations, X2nSat has been in the business for over 20 years and understands the changing demands for ground based facilities. We have developed these definitions to characterize gateways around the world to better understand their original design and purpose.

First Generation (1960-1980) ● Used for voice communication, e.g. long distance overseas calls ● Hubs were set up in remote locations, away from metropolitan areas ● C band frequencies only

Second Generation (1980-1995) ● Used for one-way video, e.g. broadcast television ● Hubs were located near main studios, including New York, Chicago, Atlanta, and Miami ○ Rain Fade is severe in these areas, however this was not an issue with one-way communication. Operators could increase transmit power to get through the rain. ● C band and some Ku frequencies used.

Third Generation (1995-2005) ● Used primarily for video and data ○ Mostly small data transactions, e.g. point of sale ● Both Ku band and C band frequencies were used ● Internet was just taking off during this time

Fourth Generation (2005-2015) ● Example: X2nSat’s Petaluma, California gateway ● Used primarily for two-way data ● Terminals not only listen but talk to each other ● Mostly Ku band, Some Ka band, and very little C band frequencies ● Weather is very important, as you must be able to hear the remote. ● Optimal location is somewhat near the content of the internet (Silicon Valley)

Fifth Generation (2015-Present) ● X2nSat’s Las Cruces gateway ● Has all the requirements of a fourth generation gateway, with much more fiber

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● Does not need to be near the content of the internet, but more importance is placed on where you are geographically due to weather and topography ○ Today, gateways need vast land around their antennas to track from horizon to horizon, as up and coming Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs) are spaced apart and not straight up in the sky

Gateway Certifications

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Location

Relative to the World The Las Cruces Satellite Gateway and Network Operations center is located in the south of New Mexico in the United States.

Coverage of the Earth X2nSat operates on both C-band and Ku-band, and can reach over two-thirds of the earth’s surface from the Las Cruces gateway.

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Satellites Below lists all active and planned satellites reachable from the Las Cruces gateway.

Geostationary Satellites Geostationary Satellites Slot Slot Visible from Las Cruces Visible from Las Cruces

Intelsat 18 (IS-18) 180° W Directv 8 101° W Inmarsat-5F3 (Inmarsat 5F3, I5-POR) 180° W Directv 9S (USABSS-21) 101° W SES 1 (AMC 4R, AMC 4R, AMC NSS 9 177° W 5RR, OS-1) 101° W AMC 8 (GE 8, Aurora 3, Aurora III) 139° W Skyterra 1 101° W AMC 10 (GE 10) 135° W Galaxy 16 (G-16) 99° W AMC 7 (GE 7) 135° W Directv 11 99° W Galaxy 15 (G-15, Galaxy 1RR) 133° W Spaceway 2 (Spaceway F2) 99° W

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Directv 14 (Directv BSS-99W, AMC 11 (GE 11) 131° W RB-1) 99° W Galaxy 19 (G-19, Intelsat Galaxy 12 (Galaxy XII, G-12) 129° W Americas-9, IA-9) 97° W Ciel 2 (Ciel II) 129° W Echostar 6 (Sky 1B, MCI 2) 96° W SES 15 129° W Galaxy 3C (G-3C) 95° W Horizons 1 (Galaxy 13, Linkstar 4, Galaxy XIII) 127° W Spaceway 3 (Spaceway F3) 95° W Galaxy 14 (G-14) 125° W Intelsat 30 (ISDLA-1, DLA 1) 95° W (95.1° W) AMC 21 125° W Intelsat 31 (DLA 2) 95° W (95.1° W) Galaxy 25 (G-25, Intelsat Galaxy 18 (G-18) 123° W Americas 5 (IA 5), Telstar 5) 93° W Galaxy 23 (G-23, IA-13, Telstar 13, EchoStar 9) 121° W Galaxy 17 (G-17) 91° W Directv 7S (DTV 7S, DBS 7S, Galaxy 28 (G-28, Telstar 8, USABSS-18) 119° W Intelsat Americas 8, IA 8) 89° W Echostar 7 119° W SES 2 (AMC 5R, AMC 26) 87° W 86° W (86.15° Anik F3 119° W Sirius FM-5 (Radiosat 5) W) Echostar 14 (Echostar XIV) 119° W AMC 16 (GE 16) 85° W Eutelsat 117 West A (E117WA, Satmex 8) 117° W XM 3 (XM Rhythm) 85° W Eutelsat 117 West B (E117WB, Satmex 9) 117° W XM 5 (Sirius XM-5) 85° W (85.2° W) Sirius FM-6 (Radiosat 6) 116° W Star One D1 84° W Sky-Mexico 1 (RB-2, SKYM-1, XM 4 (XM Blues) 115° W DIRECTV KU-79W) 79° W (78.8° W) ViaSat 1 (VIASAT-IOM) 115° W Venesat 1 (Simon Bolivar 1) 78° W MexSat Bicentenario (Mexsat 3) 115° W QuetzSat 1 77° W Eutelsat 115 West B (E115WB, Satmex 7) 115° W Nimiq 5 73° W (72.7° W) Eutelsat 113 West A (E113WA, Satmex 6) 113° W Star One C2 70° W Anik F2 (CANSAT KA-4) 111° W Star One C4 70° W

Echostar T1 (TerreStar 1, 111° W AMC 3 (GE 3) 72° W

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CANSAT-24) Wildblue 1 (KaStar 1, iSky 1, WB-1) 111° W SES 10 67° W (66.9° W) Echostar 10 (Echostar X) 110° W Eutelsat 65 West A (E65WA) 65° W Telstar 14R (Estrela do Sul 2, Directv 5 (Tempo 1) 110° W EDS 2) 63° W Echostar 11 (Echostar XI) 110° W Amazonas 2 (AMZ2) 61° W (61.1° W)

Echostar 19 (Jupiter 2, 61° W (61.55° Spaceway 5, Echostar 97) 97° W Echostar 15 W) Anik F1 107° W Amazonas 3 (AMZ3) 61° W Anik F1R 107° W Echostar 16 (Echostar XVI) 61° W (61.5° W) Anik G1 107° W Amazonas 5 (AMZ5) 61° W (61.5° W) AMC 15 105° W Intelsat 21 (IS-21, PAS-21) 58° W Inmarsat-5F2 (Inmarsat 5F2, AMC 18 (GE 18) 139° W I5-AOR) 55° W SES 11 (Echostar 105) 105° W Intelsat 34 (IS-34) 55° W (55.5° W) Directv 10 103° W Intelsat 23 (IS-23) 53° W Spaceway 1 (Spaceway F1) 103° W Intelsat 29E (IS-29E) 50° W Directv 12 (RB-2A) 103° W SES 14 47° W (0° E) SES 3 (OS-2, AMC 1R) 103° W Intelsat 14 (IS-14, PAS 14) 45° W Directv 15 103° W Intelsat 11 (IS-11, PAS-11) 43° W AMSC 1 (MSAT 2) 103° W SES 6 40° W (40.5° W) Directv 4S (USABSS-13) 101° W

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Blockage Diagram The southerly locations of the Las Cruces gateway will allow access to most North and South America satellites.

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Environmentals and Weather Monitoring

Las Cruces Weather Historical Data

Elevation 3,900 ft (1,200 m)

Annual Rainfall Less than 3 in.

Hurricanes over the last 100 years 0

Tornadoes over the last 100 years 0

Floods over the last 100 years 0

Wildfires over the last 100 years 0

Earthquakes over the last 100 years 0

Snow/Ice storms over the last 100 years 0

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Summer high temperature 95 degrees Fahrenheit

Winter low temperature 30 degrees Fahrenheit

Average temperature 62.5 degrees Fahrenheit

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Property Overview

X2nSat Satellite Gateway and Network Operations Center 8811 Trigg Loop Las Cruces, NM 88007 32°16'08.2"N 106°54'52.4"W

Why Las Cruces? The X2nSat Las Cruces Satellite Gateway and Network Operations Center has clear visibility to the satellite location arc for both geolocated and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Unlike most gateways, the Las Cruces facility provides the space and infrastructure needed to develop new satellite networks that can provide customizable solutions for customer requirements.

Geographic Separation from Petaluma Geographic redundancy is important to ensure high availability of business critical systems across multiple locations, mitigating the risk of environmental outages.

Businesses can mitigate downtime by replicating applications and data across multiple ‘geo-diverse’ locations. Also termed as ‘geo-redundancy’, the data that is created or updated in a primary location is asynchronously replicated to a secondary location so that the same data exists and is readily accessible in both locations.

Ideally the gateway locations are geographically separated (California and New Mexico for example), so that should one experience a catastrophic event and cannot be restored, the secondary location can quickly and seamlessly take over the primary role. All traffic is automatically rerouted to the secondary site with minimal service downtime for users.

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Aerial View of Property The following is a pre-construction satellite image showing the property.

The following photo was taken September 29th, 2018, showing development progress.

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Site Plan

Proposed Main Building The main office building is in the design stages, with planned groundbreaking in February of 2019. The 10,000 square foot building will consist of a large data center with main office space and 24/7/365 network operations center. The wide windows, expansive patio and observation deck will allow for a total view of the antennas and facility for monitoring.

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Care of the Environment We at X2nSat pride ourselves in being environmentally conscious. We have designed our facility to be as minimally invasive as possible to the natural environment. The property is abundant with wildlife, and it’s not uncommon to see jackrabbits, snakes, and other animals around the gateway.

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Facility Operations

Security The site is completely secured with fencing, video surveillance, and other security measures. There is 24x7x365 monitoring, and X2nSat will continue to add more staff to the facility as the number of services provided increases.

Gates and Walls Physical access to the teleport is controlled by automatic gates and card readers.

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Video Surveillance Output from each camera appears on one of the monitoring screens in the network operations center and is monitored 24x7.

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Access Control and Logging The Las Cruces facility is a secured, gated property with a single entrance equipped with touch-pad access control and security cameras throughout. All visitors and employee presence is logged for security verification purposes.

Staffing The facility will staff thirty employees when fully developed. This includes a mix of engineers, electricians, technical support specialists, and other administrative personnel.

In addition to its topography and environmental advantages, Las Cruces was chosen based on its proximity to New Mexico State University (NMSU). Located in the town of Las Cruces itself, New Mexico State University is a public, land-grant, research university. Their award-winning College of Engineering features programs specializing in Computer, Electrical, and Communications Engineering.

Also in the area is University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). UTEP is a public research university with a large College of Engineering featuring programs such as computer science, electrical, and systems engineering. The talent pool will allow X2nSat to offer jobs and internships to local residents.

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Power

El Paso Electric

The Las Cruces gateway is serviced with an initial 2000A @ 480v power service. Additional power to 10,000A can be installed as needs grow. There is a dedicated power substation for the area managed by El Paso Electric approximately 1 mile from the facility. All utilities are underground.

El Paso Electric (EPE) is a regional electric utility providing generation, transmission and distribution service to approximately 417,000 retail and wholesale customers in a 10,000 square mile area of the Rio Grande valley in west Texas and southern New Mexico. Its service territory extends from Hatch, New Mexico to Van Horn, Texas.

Since 1901, El Paso Electric has made a commitment to improving customer satisfaction. EPE believes that by focusing on customer concerns such as increased reliability, added service and innovative programs, customer satisfaction will be achieved. At El Paso Electric, customer service is a responsibility that is taken very seriously.

El Paso Electric is committed to supporting the development of renewable energy projects in its West Texas and Southern New Mexico service territory. Las Cruces is an excellent site for this technology as this region provides the proper solar irradiance for this technology.

Alternate Power Sources Redundancy is a useful method of increasing reliability and optimizing the balance between operational effectiveness and expenditure. In the context of reliability, redundancy signifies that a system will continue to function satisfactorily in spite of the failure of some of the component parts.

This resilience to failures is obtained by providing alternative paths of operation, by arranging selected elements of the system in parallel.

The theory of redundancy is that should a component within a system fail, the system will continue to function because alternative paths are available for the system to operate. If the ​ primary utility service has an outage, X2nSat satellite gateways have redundant generators and UPS systems to ensure maximum uptime of services.

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Example for Las Cruces

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Generator Plan (Distributed Redundancy Pods) As per the figure above, the Las Cruces gateway will function with either utility power, GEN 1 or ​ ​ ​ ​ GEN2 operating. Should utility power not be available, either one of the two generators will ​ automatically be selected to provide the required power for the normal operation of our gateway. This offers 100% redundancy availability.

UPS

Within the Las Cruces teleport, decentralized UPS systems are utilized to provide seamless transition between utility and generator power sources. The architecture is designed to provide several UPS systems to service each operational building.

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Fiber & Communications

Terrestrial optical connectivity to the gateway is currently provided by CenturyLink / Level 3 who completed the build of a new network in 2017. By late 2018, additional fiber and microwave paths will be available.

There are currently 24 live fiber pairs pulled into the facility. Should demand increase, CenturyLink is capable of delivering 72 pairs into the property.

Fiber Providers

National Access Network

X2nSat’s National Access Network is comprised of its satellite gateways and points-of-presence (PoP’s) on both the east (New York) and west coast (Silicon Valley). With five locations nationwide to interconnect with X2nSat, our corporate customers have greater flexibility and ease of routing traffic loads across our network.

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Antennas

Antenna List The southerly location of the Las Cruces gateway will allow access to most North and South America satellites. Currently there are six larger antennas already installed at Las Cruces including both C and Ku band. Additionally, on site and under construction are two 9.1m, one 8.1m, one 13m, and several 3m antennas. All are Rx/Tx.

Las Cruces Antenna Assignment List

Designator Status Satellite Size Band

W-16 Active H1 6.2m Ku Band

W-26 Active SES-2 7.6m Ku Band

W-24 Assigned EU-117 7.1m Ku Band

W-14 Assigned EU-115 6.2m C band

W-22 Available None 4.5m Ku Band

W-32 Available None 4.5m C band

W-10 Waiting Installation None 3.0m Ku Band

W-11 Available None 3.0m Ku Band

W-12 Waiting Installation None 3.0m Ku Band

TBD Available None 3.0m C band

TBD Waiting Installation NA 3.8m Ka Band

W-36 Scheduled NA 11m Ku Band

TBD Waiting Installation NA 9m C band

TBD Waiting Installation NA 9m Ku Band

W-34 Scheduled NA 8m Ku Band

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Typical Antenna Design

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Resilient and Flexible Antenna Systems X2nSat’s uptime for service is of the highest priority. For all satellite gateway antennas, X2nSat designs the antenna system for flexibility and resiliency. 4 port antennas and antenna motor systems are utilized to provide the most flexibility to meet any requests for service on any satellite. Automatic redundant RF systems are utilized to provide robust systems and ease of mind.

X2nSat also incorporates additional applications to provide the most resilient possible antenna infrastructure. Although X2nSat satellite gateways are located in regions with excellent weather conditions, others factors such as satellite sway and ASI can result in impacted service. As a result, X2nSat incorporates the use of Uplink Power Control (UPC) to help mitigate these issues.

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Photos

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