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Hiseasnet Satellite Basics HiSeasNet Satellite Basics November 5th, 2012 LDEO Steve Foley Scripps Institution of Oceanography1 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Outline Key satellite issues Footprints, power, orbits, antennas, bands, polarization, spectrum, etc. Different types of satellite networks/services Economics Earth stations Data over satellites Operators/Providers, modems, EbNo, routers, etc. The future of satellite communications 2 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Outline Key satellite issues Footprints, power, orbits, antennas, bands, polarization, spectrum, etc. Different types of satellite networks/services Economics Earth stations Data over satellites Operators/Providers, modems, EbNo, routers, etc. The future of satellite communications 3 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Network Overview 4 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Satellite structure/position Satellites currently orbiting the earth represent a wide variety of sizes, shapes and capabilities, each designed for specific purposes. Based on function and purpose, they can have Low, Medium, or Geostationary orbits The designed purpose dictates what type of orbit they are placed in, frequency band of operation, types of transmissions, power levels emitted and where their signal(s) are directed. The different sizes and shapes vary widely, but all satellites have the same basic elements. Stabilization, telemetry equipment, and boosters are all used to keep the satellite oriented properly in its specific orbital position. Solar panels and batteries are used to power the transmit and receive RF equipment and telemetry systems which are used to track & control the satellites' position. 5 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Types of Satellite Orbits LEO (Low Earth Orbit) 500 to 1000 miles above the earth MEO (Medium Earth Orbits) 8000 miles above the earth GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) 22,753.2 miles above the earth Inclined orbits, Molniya, etc MEO LEO J-Track 3D Satellite Tracking GEO 6 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Geosynchronous Orbit Clarke Orbit Named after, Arthur C. Clarke, who first envisioned its potential for global communications usage in 1945. Also called a geostationary orbit If a satellite is positioned about 22,236 miles above the equator, its rotational speed will match that of the earth and, therefore, appear to remain in a fixed position when viewed from the earth’s surface. These satellites are referred to as "Geo-Synchronous" or "Geo-Stationary". Many serve a wide variety of communications services including telephone, data, radio and television. These are the satellites that SeaTel antenna systems are most commonly used with. 7 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Geosync Orbit They are all in orbit over the Equator (0 degrees Latitude) and so are usually referred to by their "longitudinal" position as often as by their name. Starting from 0 degrees longitude increasing in degrees East or West to 180. At these two points a satellite could be called 0.0 degrees East or West, or 180 degrees East or West respectively. Satellites move around a little due to solar wind, sun/moon gravity tweaks, etc. Sats have a fixed fuel source to keep them on station 8 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Satellites as relay Communication satellites are relay links (repeater) in space. They have very sophisticated antennas & RF equipment They have highly focused antenna patterns (footprints) They can utilize 350 Watts per transponder, more every generation They utilize either linear or circular polarization which requires the correctly polarized feed on the ship’s antenna The ship must be in a strong enough area of the satellite’s footprint for antenna system to operate. Regardless of the type of signal, they are all relay devices, located in space to re-broadcast their signals to a much larger area than would be possible by local area (TV Station) transmissions. 9 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Satellite Orbital Spacing In the simplest form 3 satellites would be required to provide global coverage, with each satellite illuminating about 42% of the earth’s surface. As time has passed, the number of satellites in Geosynchronous orbit has increased to the present population of more than 230 satellites. The satellite positions are regulated by multi-national organizations which use illumination area, frequency allocation and polarity usage to plan satellite positioning (for each type of services) in such a way as to provide for the greatest number of satellites possible without interfering with each other. Good planning and co-operation (among satellite operators and users alike) are required to achieve the goal of locating the satellites 2 degrees apart from each other in longitudinal position. 10 Wednesday, February 13, 2013 Commercial Communications Satellites Geosynchronous Orbit 95.0°E 93.5°E 92.0°E 91.5°E Cakrawarta 1, Telkom 1, NSS-11, SES-7 100.5°E 98.5°E 105.0°E 105.5°E 108.0°E DRIFTING: 110.5°E110.0°E 88.0°E 87.5°E 85.0°E 113.0°E 83.0°E 115.5°E BSAT-2C, -3A, -3B -3C; N-SAT-110 80.0°E 78.5°E 76.5°E Amos 5i [Asiasat 2] 116.0°E 75.0°E 74.0°E 72.0°E 118.0°E 70.5°E 119.5°E Horizons-2 68.5°E 66.0°E 64.5°E 64.0°E LMI AP 2 (Gorizont 30) 122.0°E Sinosat-1/Intelsat APR-2 (I) 62.0°E 123.0°E 60.0°E 124.0°E MEASAT 3, 3A 57.0°E 56.0°E Thuraya 3 (I) Palapa D, Koreasat 5 Insat 3A, 4B 55.5°E Asiasat 3S, 7 Chinasat-9 55.0°E [Comstar D4] 128.0°E [Koreasat 2] 53.0°E Asiastar 1 Asiasat 5 52.5°E ABS-7, Koreasat 6 51.5°E 132.0°E NSS-6 51.0°E 50.0°E 134.0°E Chinasat 6B 48.0°E ST-1, -2 Chinastar-1 47.5°E Intelsat-15/JCSat-85;Insat 4A Esiafi 1 (I) 136.0°E Thaicom 5 Apstar 2R, 7 ABS-1, -1A 46.0°E ThaicomTelkom 4 2 Insat 3C,Intelsat 4CR 706, 709, 22; Leasat F-5 (I) Astra 1F 138.0°E EutelsatIntelsat-7, 70A -10 [BONUM] 45.0°E 142.0°E Intelsat-17Inmarsat III F-1 43.5°E JCSat 4A,Asiasat 13 4 IntelsatIntelsat 906 902 [Express AM-22] 42.0°E 143.5°E JCSat 3A Garuda 1 Intelsat 904 (I) 39.0°E JCSat 5A; Vinasat 1, 2 NSS-12MOST-1 °E 144.0°E GalaxyInsat 11 3E, 4G; Intelsat-26 36.0 °E SESAT 2 34.5 °E , 12 (IOS) YahsatApstar 1A 1A Sirius 3 [Measat 1] 33.5 150.0°E Galaxy 27 33.0°E Apstar 5/Telstar 18 GalaxyEutelsat 26, 48A, B 31.5°E 150.5°E Apstar 6 Intelsat 702; Yahsat 1B N-Star C Africasat 1 31.0°E 152.0°E Superbird C2, MBSAT 1 90˚E Intelsat-12, 30.5°E InmarsatApstar IV F1 ThurayaTurksat-2A 2 (I) (I), -3A 29.0°E 154.0°E 1 (I) Hellas-Sat 2 28.5°E 156.0°E Eutelsat 36A, B 28.2°E ArabsatHylas-1 2B 26.0°E 157.0°E Eutelsat 33A, Intelsat New Dawn Astra 1G 25.5°E PalapaJCSat C2 (I) 1B Intelsat 24 (I) 25.0°E 158.0°E Arabsat 5A 2D 24.5°E Optus D2 Xtar-EUR 2A, 2B, Eutelsat1N, 28A 23.5°E 160.0°E OptusJCSat C1, D3 2A 135°E Astra 45˚E BADR-4, -5, -6 21.5°E 162.0°E Intelsat 701 Eutelsat 25A THOR 2A (I) 21.0°E Superbird A3 (I) Inmarsat IV F23A, 3B; Inmarsat1D III (I), F-5 20.0°E 164.0°E Optus D1 Astra Eutelsat 21A 19.2°E 166.0°E Superbird B2 Afristar 17.0°E Optus B3 Arabsat 5C 16.0°E 169.0°E Astra 1H, 1KR, 1L, 1M, 2C 13.0°E Intelsat-8, -19 Amos 5 11.5°E 172.0°E Intelsat-5 Eutelsat 16A, B, C (I) Eutelsat Hot Bird 13A, B, C 10.0°E GE-23 Intelsat 603 (I) 9.0°E Eutelsat 10A Eutelsat 9A, KA-SAT 9A 7.0°E Eutelsat 7A 5.0°E Astra 4A, 1E; AMC-2 178.0°E Inmarsat III F-3, Intelsat 602 (I) Eutelsat 4A 4.0°E Rascom 1R; Eutelsat 3A, C Intelsat-18 3.0°E 180.0°E 180° 0˚ Astra 1C (I) 2.0°E Intelsat 10-02; Thor 5, 6 1.0°W NSS-9 ABS-3 MEO Amos 2, 3 3.0°W TDRS-5 Thor 3 177.0°W ICO-A1 4.0°W Eutelsat 5 WEST A 4.5°W Nilesat 101, 102, 201; 5.0°W 174.0°W Telecom 2D (I), Eutelsat 7 WEST A Eutelsat 12 WESTEutelsat A 8 WEST A 7.0°W Telstar 12 Inmarsat III F-2 8.0°W Intelsat 901 12.5°W NSS-5, -7 SES-4 15.0°W Intelsat 905 16.0°W Intelsat 907 18.0°W 63˚ Inclination between 140˚W and 60˚W Intelsat Sirius 1 Hispasat 1C,801 1D, 1E; XTAR-LANT 20.0°W 135˚W 45˚W Intelsat-25 22.0°W Sirius 3 Intelsat 903 24.5°W Sirius 2 NSS-10 27.5°W NSS-806 , Telstar 11N [Spainsat] Inmarsat II F-2 (I)AMC-8 29.5°W Intelsat-11 30.0°W AMC-7 90˚W Intelsat-14 AMC-10 NSS-703 31.5°W Intelsat-1R Galaxy 15 Intelsat 707 AMC-11 Inmarsat III F-4 34.5°W CIEL-2 Intelsat 805 Intelsat-9, -16 37.5°W EchostarAmazonas-1, III, XII, XV -2 142.0°W Estrela do Sul 2/Telstar 14R 40.5°W Galaxy 12, AMC-3,STAR -4 ONE C1 Galaxy 18 STAR ONEBrasilsat C2 B2 (I) 43.0°W 139.0°W AMC-6 Nimiq 5 Galaxy 13/Horizons-1 QuetzSat-1Brasilsat B3A (I) 45.0°W Galaxy 14, AMC-21 SatMex 5 VENESAT-1 137.0°W Nimiq 4 AMC-5 Brasilsat B4 AMC-9 XM-5 AMC-16; XM Rhythm SatMex 6 Galaxy 28 SES-2 47.0°W 135.0°W MSAT-1 50.0°W Boeing 67 Echostar IX/Galaxy 23 MSAT-2 133.0°W Anik F1, 1R 11; SES-1 53.0°W Sirius 5 54.0°W 131.0°W DIRECTV-5, -1R AMC-15, -18 SkyTerra 1 Galaxy 19 ; 55.5°W , Spaceway 2 Echostar I, 129.0°W 58.0°W 16 Others 236* Nimiq 1, 2, 6 ; Solidaridad 2 (I); ViaSat-1 127.0°W Inmarsat IV F3 61.5°W61.0°W 125.0°W 17; 63.0°W 123.0°W Echostar VII, XIV; DIRECTV-7S; Anik F3 67.0°W65.0°W Anik F2, WildBlue 1, Terrestar-1 Galaxy 70.0°W 68.0°W 121.0°W Galaxy 25, DBSD-G1 Echostar X, XI; 72.0°W 119.0°W Rock, Roll VI, 73.0°W Note: (I) Inclined orbit * Includes Eutelsat-leased S/C: 117.0°W Galaxy 3C, Spaceway 3 Galaxy 77.0°W 75.0°W 78.0°W VIII 81.0°W 115.0°W 82.0°W 113.0°W 83.0°W DIRECTV-4S, -8, -9S, - 84.0°W Based on best public information 85.0°W Sinosat-3 (Eutelsat 3A) and AM 22 (Sesat 2) 85.5°W 87.0°W 111.0°W 89.0°W 110.0°W ; Spaceway 1; DIRECTV 10,12; SES-3 107.5°W XM Blues, 106.5°W available at the time.
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