Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42612-1 — Runaway Technology Joshua A

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42612-1 — Runaway Technology Joshua A. T. Fairfield Index More Information

Index

acid attacks, on Afghan schoolgirls, 261–62 American lawyers, attitudes toward their adaptable law profession, 149 experimental and iterative nature of, 77–79 Amish community, Cover’s study, 263, 263–64 humility of, 76–77 analogical reasoning advanced language, 105–7, 111, 115 legal, 167–68 advertising process of, 162 behavioral, 217, 224 as relevance processor, 170 concept of privacy and, 26–27 Android, 97 machine learning algorithms and, 130, Annihilation Score, The (Stross), 172 132, 137 anti-Semitism, 208, 217, 233, 235, 238, 243, 266 potential impact on democracy, 140, 216, anti-vaxxers, 5, 116–17, 120 218, 282 ants, 9, 91–93, 111, 127, 155, 278 streaming of extremist content and, 240 Apple, 4, 97, 251 Age of Surveillance Capitalism, Ara, Roshan, 181 The (Zuboff), 220 Arab Spring, 236 aging, process of, 26 Ardern, Jacinda, 239 Agricultural Revolution, 92 Arendt, Hannah, 207 Alexa, 10 art, Neanderthal, 115 algorithms artificial intelligence (AI) data driven approach to science and, 131–32 “black swan” event, 135 development of chess algorithms, 129 commoditization of data, 134, 136, 140, 161 falsifiability and, 134 dangers of, 76, 135–36 performance in medical diagnostics, 39 development of chess algorithms, 128–29 potential influence on human discrimination and, 138–39 preferences, 28 disinformation spread by, 187 verification methods, 134 Facebook users’ inability to distinguish from see also machine-learning algorithms. fellow citizens, 23 allocation of resources, challenges for, 34 human values and, 139 Alternativ fu¨ r Deutschland, 235, 243 impact on science, 128 “alternative facts”, 187, 208 job losses and, 36 alt-right, 230–33, 231, 239 music generated by, 165 altruism net neutrality regulation and, 228 basis of, 156 news stories, 3, 15, 36 NCLE’s failure to account for, 155–56, 280 product pricing and, 136–38 vs selfishness, 91, 104 recognition and translation of human Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, 14 speech, 129–30

284

Index 285

trespass law and, 54–59 bigotry see also racism, 216–17, 229, 230–31, unprecedented expansion, 129 238, 268 value of contracts concluded by, 28 see also biohacking, 3, 15 machine learning algorithms Bitcoin, 4, 75, 168–69 asteroids, law of capture and, 62 “black box” problem, for machine learning Atkins, Peter, 152 algorithms, 132–34 atom bombs, 6 “black swan” event, example of, 135 Australia, 247 Blackwing Lair, 270 legislation on extremist violent content, 240 blockchain technology, 28, 28, 168, 251–52 authoritarian nationalism Bob Jones Univ. v. United States, 263 advancement role of Silicon Valley, 216 boredom, 35 comparison with capitalism, 39–40 Borg, Marcus, 186 EU-US comparison, 242 Brazil, 116, 235, 238 global inﬂuence, 235 Brexit, 116, 235, 242 impact of rise in the United States, 241 Britain see also United Kingdom (UK), 238 intentional language generation, 249 British Empire, 83 shift from liberal democracy toward, 116, 123, Brookings Institution, 36 144, 235–38, 282 surveillance capitalism and the rise of, Cambridge Analytica, 218, 222 239–47 Canada, 247 authoritarianism cancer treatments, rate of change, 24–25 hardball constitutionalism and, 234 CAN-SPAM Act, 80 legitimacy of laws and, 238 Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 185 reliance on brutal power politics and capability, 145–46, 209 violence, 260 capitalism automated transactions, examples of, 28 criticisms, 125 automation incentive/production engine, 39–40 implications for global workforce, 29–39 rate of change, 39–41 implications for US employment, 36, 36–37 see also surveillance capitalism. in the legal profession, 37–39 capture, law of, 60–63 potential impact of continued progress, 15 Carroll, Lewis, 184 potential impact on the nature of work, 40 causal reasoning, 95, 272–74 techno-utopian view, 29 Cernovich, Mike, 217 autonomous (self-driving) vehicles, 3, 29, 37, cheating, 100 69, 168 Chemnitz, 116 chess algorithms, 129 Back to the Future Part II, 32 chessboard math problem, 21 Bank Secrecy Act, 54 chimpanzees, comparison with Homo sapiens, bankruptcy law, relationship with 95, 104 innovation, 42 China, 145–46, 221, 235, 235–36, 281 bath salts, 19 Chomsky, Noam, 107–8, 183 BBSs (electronic bulletin board systems), “Christchurch Call”, 239–40 77 civil law jurisdictions, 244 bees, 9, 91–92, 111, 155, 202, 278 civil-common law divide, technology law and, behavioral advertising, 217 83–87 behavioral economics, 10, 52, 210, 243, 271 civilizations, implications of rapid behavioral law and economics, 155 technological change for, 46–47 Beowulf, 185 clicks and likes, function of, 216–17 Bernasek, Anna, 262 climate change denialism, 116–17, 265 Bidder’s Edge rule, 56, 57, 77 cloud-computing models, cybertrespass and, big data, 28, 124, 129, 132 59, 77

286 Index

coercion, relationship with the law, 261–64 human capacity for reason and, 100 cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am), 143 law and economics perspective, 155–56 cognitive diversity law and the language of, 7, 87–88, 107, 171, benefits and requirements, 42 201, 249–51 as critical feature of linguistic communities, natural limit, 104 252–55 in nonhuman species, 91, 92 vs demographic or identity diversity, 253 relationship with language, 9, 88 helping the law keep up through, 257–59 role of in Homo sapiens’ evolutionary jurisgenerative communities’ need for, 260 success, 92, 104, 115, 136 kind of problems solved by, 255–57 value of, 93 as matter of survival, 260 see also linguistic cooperation Page’s tools analogy, 253–55 cooperative fictions relationship with education, 42 contract law, 160–61 scientific perspective, 253 cultural-linguistic exchange of, 113 colors, human and nonhuman perceptions, 126 development goal, 18 Comey, James, 4 examples of, 8–9, 18, 91–92, 112, 171, 249 Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness fixing reality through, 159, 160 Act, 62 function, 180 commoditization of data, 134, 136, 140, 161 human conquest of the world and, 106 “common carriers”, 67 law as, 8, 49, 260 common law traditions, 83–84, 87, 225, 244 law’s creative role, 149, 211, 280 communication, requirements for group legal academy’s abandonment of tools, 156 living, 95 “unscientific” realm, 140 communities of meaning corporate legislative ownership, 281, 281 concept of, 181 corporations role of in the construction and government by and for, 219–28 understanding of language, 167, 180–81, reasons for concern, 75 185–86, 198, 201, 250 “correspondence” theory of language, 109, 182 social rituals, 194 costs, examples of, 157 use of truth, 186 see also linguistic counting, logarithmic style, 35 communities Cover, Robert M., 30, 53, 70–72, 79, 149, 244, community, truth and, 192–95 248, 249–50, 263–64 CompuServe v. Cyber Promotions, 54–55, 57, creole, 107 77–78 crowdsourcing, 15 confirmation bias, 102 cryptocurrencies, 4, 10, 14, 28, 54, 168 consciousness, interaction with language, 96 cults, 276 conspiracy theories/theorists, 116, 187, 208, cultural anthropology 216, 218 interpretation and, 190, 192, 196–98 consultation, dangers of, 81 potential for in solving technological context and presence, role of in creating good issues, 251 language, 266–72 theory of language and, 179 Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Richard ways of understanding the world, 192 Rorty), 193 custom genomics, 25 contracts cybertrespass, 56–59, 74–75, 77–78 as example of evolving law, 64–68 value of AI generated, 28 Daily Stormer, 206 cooperation Danelaw, 48 comparison of humans with Darwin’s coral reef, 64, 67 chimpanzees, 94 data defection risk, 100, 252 commoditization of, 134, 136, 140, 161 in early hominids, 104 exploitation of, 124

Index 287

data privacy, European commitment to, 242 recession and the value of, 38 Davis, Daryl, 268 reducing costs of, 42–43 Dawkins, Richard, 156 relationship with cognitive diversity, 42 Deep Blue, 129 relationship with religion, 6, 263 deep fake, 187 war on science and, 45 defection Einstein, Albert, 118 examples of, 100, 101, 252 election hacking, 116, 218, 222 law and economics view, 153, 155 elections democracy inﬂuence of mass robotic social engineering corporate threat to, 281 on, 15 potential impact of social media on, 5, 216 role social media companies play, 5 use of wealth to destabilize, 124 elements of resilience see also liberal democracy. diversity, 79–81 Demon-Haunted World, The (Sagan), 215 experimental and iterative nature of Denisovans, 136 adaptable law, 77–79 deregulation, 67, 220–21, 224, 226 human interest, 75–76 Descartes, Rene´, 143 humility, 76–77 designer drugs, 19 speed of decision-making, 82–83 Diamond Rio, 172 Eliot, T.S., 47 Dijkstra, Edsger, 135 email communications, rules for police discrimination access, 76 machine learning algorithms and, 134, 138 encryption, 4, 77, 169 see bigotry; racism. Enigma of Reason, The (Mercier & Sperber), diversity 99, 100, 101–2, 103 analysis of the concept, 79–81, 253 equality, legal meaning, 63, 84 EU, 85, 244 Ethereum, 168 normative values which inform, 255 ethnic cleansing, 243 positive feedback loop, 259–61 Euclid, 128 potential beneﬁts for online groups, 271 Europe value of, 244 potential as center for legal conversation, 242 see also cognitive diversity. view of American surveillance Diversity Bonus, The (Scott Page), 253–57 capitalism, 281 divine right to rule, 149, 160–61 European Union (EU) domination, 144, 159 comparison of legal cultures with the United dragnet surveillance, 3 States, 242–47 driving, automation trend, 37 data protection legislation, 241 drones, 15, 30 diversity and technology regulation, 85, 244 Dunbar, Robin, 104 legal culture of publicly funded intellectual Duterte, Rodrigo, 236 endeavor, 243 dystopianism, 26 regulatory approaches of member states, 243–44 Earth, linguistic cooperation and the human European University Institute, 10, 242, 243 conquest of, 92–95 Eusociality see also cooperation, 91–92, 93, 96, Easterbrook, Frank, 68–69 100, 180, 278 eBay v. Bidder’s Edge, 57, 77 evolution echo chambers, 270–71 development of eusociality and, 91 economics human behavior and, 103–6 colonization of law by, 153–58 see also neo- exponential change, existential anxiety and, classical economics 20–27 education exponential growth impact of capitalism on, 125 concept of, 21–22

288 Index

exponential growth (cont.) Fernbach, Philip, 95, 97, 98–99, 106, 163, teacher’s joke, 20–21 272–74 wheat and chessboard problem, 21 FinCEN (Financial Crimes Enforcement extraterrestrial life, debate, 46 Network), 54 extremism First Amendment, corporatized view of, attractions of, 271 222, 238 Australia’s response, 240 first-past-the-post voting system, 44 European response, 242 flat earthers, 5, 116, 120 New Zealand’s response, 239 flying car, 33 social media’s exploitation of extreme force, role of in law enforcement, 49 content for profit, 228–33, 238 formal legal rules, establishment process, 30 in virtual worlds, 251 formal logic, 50, 51, 55, 163 4chan, 206 Facebook, 243, 246 FOXP2 gene, 104 commoditization of data, 161 framing, importance of in legal work, 151 discovery of its ability to deplatform hate France, 235, 238, 243 speech, 281 free riding, 100, 101 Dunbar’s number and, 104 free speech, 217–19, 228, 231, 233–34, 237, groups, 252 238, 243 impact on the information ecosystem, free-market economy, 44, 220 216 Front National, 235, 243 irony of online pseudonymity and, 217 future expectations neutrality debate, 6, 142 direction of travel, 31–33 privacy and, 26 far future, 45–46 profiting from violence, 247 mid-future, 36–39 reasons for success, 134 near future, 33–36 treatment of the Christchurch shooting, 239–40 Gates, Bill, 144 users’ inability to distinguish fellow citizens GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), from AI, 23 241, 246 Fair Information Practice Principles, 246 Geertz, Clifford, 196–97, 198, 199, 206 fake news, 116, 187, 228 gene therapy, 24 falsifiability general relativity, 127 algorithms and, 134 genetic social evolution, iron rule of, 91, 104 challenge to, 119 genetics, 76 empirical observation and the concept of, genomics, 16, 16 183, 190, 209 geofencing, 86 non-falsifiability of, 120, 194 geolocation technology, 32, 129, 132, 137, 223 Popper’s development of, 11, 118, 174 geometry, human understanding of, 128 science’s reliance on, 205 Germany shift from verifiability to, 118, 119, 194 authoritarian nationalism in, 235, 238, families, social technology of, 13, 269–71 243, 282 fascism, 93, 220, 232–33, 237, 241 communities of meaning, 109 fatalism, about the law/technology development of law in, 85, 244 relationship, 19 foundations and institutes, 243 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), post-war disappearance of Nazism, 207 4, 54 quality of education, 150 FCC (Federal Communications relationship with Greece, 244 Commission), 227–28 status of data privacy in, 242 Fermat’s Last Theorem, 50–51 “zero hour myth”, 207 Fermi, Enrico, 46 globalization of law, dangers of, 80

Index 289

God Bless You, Mr. Rainwater (Vonnegut), 278 Hong Kong, 247 Go¨del, Kurt, 51, 163, 184 hoverboard, 32 Going Dark phenomenon, 4 hug of death, 59 Google, 217, 243, 246 human behavior autonomous vehicle project, 37 evolution and, 103–6 collusion with the US government, 86 law as system for adapting to technological commoditization of data, 161 change, 9, 70 right to be forgotten, 244, 281 human chattel slavery, 63–64, 111, 113 Google Glass, 71 human civilization, language and the Google Translate, 129, 130 functioning of, 96 grammars, Wittgensteinian, 183–84 human interests, central role in the legal Great Drought hypothesis, 105–6, 113 debate, 75–76 Great Leap Forward, 106, 112 human perception, logarithmic nature, 35 Great Recession, 37–38, 42, 220 human rationality, function, 99, 167, 252 Greece, 242, 244 human rights, 84, 92, 161–62, 171, 249 group formation, technology’s impact on, human superpower, language as, 8, 17, 91, 112 251–52 human thriving group living, advantages, 95 capability and, 145 groups, potential for human problem-solving, vs corporate proﬁt, 6, 140, 208 253 as guiding narrative of science, 143 gun control law’s central role in, 210–11 New Zealand legislation, 239–40 measuring, 144 US paralysis, 219 measuring community quality through, 275–77 Hadley v. Baxendale, 66–67 meta narratives, 144 Hagel, Chuck, 234 role of liberal democracy, 247 happiness, relationship with productivity, 140 utility and, 144 see also viability and human Harari, Yuval, 92, 94, 136, 140, 249 thriving hardball constitutionalism, 219, 233–39, humility of adaptive law, 76–77 234, 260 Hungary, 116, 235, 238 harmonization of law, dangers of, 80 hyoid bone, 104 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone hyperlinks, retrieval of information and, 275 (Rowling), 190 hawala, 14 ideological differences, overcoming, 268 Hawkins v. McGee (“hairy hand” case), 64–66 Imaginary Magnitude (Lem), 18 Hawkins, George, 64 imaginary numbers, function of, 189 Hayek, Friedrich, 220 incels, 218, 230, 276 Henry VI (Shakespeare), 150 industrial revolution, 124 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 71 Industries of the Future, The (Ross), 14, 25 Holocaust denialism, 116, 217, 243 inferiority complex, law’s, 149–53 Homesteading Act, 61 information Homo economicus, 122 storage and sharing of, 97 Homo heidelbergensis, 94 value of, 218 Homo neanderthalensis see also Neanderthals, innovation 92, 94 fostering through the law, 42 Homo sapiens, 104 impact of out of date statutes on, 78 comparison with chimpanzees, 95, 104 potential for in the legal system, 77 evolutionary role of cooperation, 92, 104, relationship with education costs, 42 115, 136 Intel Corp. v. Hamidi, 58, 77 massive expansion, 92–93 intelligence, social, 95–99 near extinction, 94 internet

290 Index

“common carrier” debate, 67 laissez-faire propaganda, success of, 219 development of governing law, 54–59 land grabs, across the technological net neutrality, 67, 225–28, 238 spectrum, 61 internet of things, 75, 129, 132, 137 landownership, technology and changes to, 60 internet web crawlers, development of language governing law, 54 abstract language, 92, 105 interpretation advanced language, 105–7, 111, 115 consequences of exclusion from the canon community and truth, 192–95 of scientiﬁc methods, 210 community of meaning see communities of exploiting, 198 meaning. interpretive methods and the law, 198–202 community origins and use, 109–11 language and, 195–98 comparison of human and nonhuman legal interpretation, 199, 200–1 language, 112 as method of understanding, 179, 185, 188, comparison of natural language of law with 203, 280 recursive language, 49–51 recursiveness of, 191 comparison with law, 148 science of, 199 concept of, 106–12 trolls’ exploitation of, 206–7 “correspondence” theory, 109, 182 truth and, 188, 190–91 developing better language faster, 251–52 Interpretation of Cultures, The (Clifford development of law and, 8–9, 49–52 Geertz), 196–97, 198, 199, 206 E. O. Wilson on, 105 Irish Data Protection Authority, 245 in early hominids, 104 Islamophobia, 243 evidence for the social intelligence It Can’t Happen Here (Lewis), 241 hypothesis, 99–103 Italy, 235, 244 generating new vocabularies for talking iterative law, 78–79 about law, 48 “It’s All in Your Head” (Diamond Rio), 172 genetic capability-learned behavior debate, 108 Jabberwocky (Carroll), 184 grammars as patterns in space, 183–84 Jameson, Fredric, 148 great leap forward and, 106 “Joe the Plumber”, 82 hardware and software analogy, 107 Jones, Alex, 218, 230 as human superpower, 8, 17, 91, 112 jurisgenerative communities, 282 human conquest of Earth and, 92–95 Amish example, 263 humans’ use of, 16 building better, 252 interpretation and, 195–98 creating shared goals and contexts in, 272 interpretive methods and the law, 198–202 need for cognitive diversity, 260 language instinct argument, 107 jurisgenerative principle Lawrence Rosen on, 91 central idea, 250 mechanisms for building, 180–83 fecundity, 72 negotiating truth, 189–92 partitioning of knowledge and, 96–98 Kasparov, Gary, 129 pidgin and creole, 107 Kelly, Walt, 155 politicians’ use of, 98 Knight Capital, 135 private language debate, 184–86 Knowledge Illusion, The (Fernbach and questions about, 112–14 Sloman), 95, 97–99, 106, 273–74 recursive, 50–51 knowledge, language and the partitioning of, relationship with cooperation, 9, 88 96–98 role of context and presence in creating good Kuhn, Thomas, 118–19, 120, 193, 195, 244 language, 266–72 Kunta Kinte, 261 role of shared goals in creating good Kurzweil, Ray, 20, 24, 26, 31–32 language, 264–66

Index 291

Russell’s Gap, 174–75 propaganda argument, 5 social brain hypothesis, 95–99 truth behind, 281 social evolution and, 103–6 weakness of the argument, 5, 53–54 storytelling and the development of, 164–67 “Law of the Horse” speech (Easterbrook), talking about truth, 186–89 68–69 upgradability and swappability, 111 lawyer jokes, 150 using to adapt the future, 16–17 lawyers, problems with modern training Wittgenstein’s first philosophy of language trends, 280 (Tractatus), 175–80 learned helplessness, 26, 149, 219, 239 Wittgenstein’s “language-game”, 182–83 legal analogical reasoning, 167–68 Wittgenstein’s later theory (Philosophical legal decision-making, speed of, 82–83 Investigations), 180–85 legal profession Language Instinct, The (Steven Pinker), 107 automation in, 37–39 law comparison with other professions, 150 analogy and relevance, 162–64 self-loathing, 149–51, 171 automation trends, 37–39 legislation basic structures, 8 examples of fast-track, 239–40 changing the conception of, 47–52 formation pattern, 68 colonization by economics, 153–58 Lem, Stanislaw, 14, 18, 278 see also neoclassical economics l’esprit d’escalier, 185 concept of, 49 Levmore, Saul, 60 Cover’s definition, 72 Lewis, Sinclair, 241 etymology, 48 liberal democracy fatalism about relationship with corporate repurposing of key elements, technology, 19 221–22 fundamental role, 7 global retreat, 116, 123, 144, 235–38, 282 generating new vocabularies for talking hollowing out, 221 about, 48 language comparison with inferiority complex, 149–53 authoritarianism, 249 interpretive methods and, 198–202 role of in human thriving, 247 life cycle of, 70–74 “libtards”, 206 organic growth analogy, 71, 79 life cycle of law, 70–74 power of narrative, 158–61 lifelong learning, teaching skills for, 41–42 process of establishing formal legal rules, 30 lily pad math problem, 23 rate of change compared with technology, 19 linguistic communities role of in adaptation to technological better language development, 251–52 shifts, 7 cognitive diversity as critical feature of, role of language in the development of, 8–9, 252–55 49–52 context and presence as solutions for as social technology, 5, 11, 18 polarization, 266 as system for adapting human behavior to cooperation and the law, 87–88, 107, 249–51 technological change, 9, 70 critical features, 252 tools of, 279 distinguishing good from bad, 275–77 traditional handling of technological evolution of groupings, 87 change, 53 examples of, 251, 275 see also rule of law; technology law. non-coercion as key feature of, 261–64 Law as Culture: An Invitation (Rosen), 91 potential benefits, 282 law can’t keep up narrative role of depolarization and causal reasoning, acceptance of, 4, 26 272–75 changing the narrative, 282–83 shared goals as key feature of, 264–66 historical perspective, 54 see also communities of meaning.

292 Index

linguistic cooperation money, social technology argument, 13 as human superpower, 278, 282 Mongan, D. T., 262 legal interpretation and, 201 monoculture, 41, 79–80, 244, 255 role in human conquest of Earth, 92–95 Moon, law of capture and, 62 loafing, 100, 101 Moore’s Law, 23, 33, 35 logarithmic perception, 35 “move fast and break things” narrative of logic and empiricism, role of in determining Silicon Valley, 26, 216 truth, 187–88 murder, 7, 84, 86, 159–60 logic, place of in scientific thinking, 174 music, 143, 165 logical positivism, 174, 179 myside bias, 102, 253, 267, 272 Ludwig, William, 24–25 myths Lyotard, Jean-Francois, 124, 147 community building role, 204 Midgley on, 115, 193 machine learning algorithms, 133 Myths We Live By, The (Midgley), 115, 122, 123 availability of data and, 129–31 “black box” problem, 132–34 nanotechnology, 26, 76 discrimination and, 134, 138 Napster, 54, 54 human data as primary input, 136 narrative law firms’ use of, 38 analogy and relevance, 162–64 machine-human civilization, need for challenge to falsifiability and, 119–20 a guiding principle of care for human concept of relevance and, 164–67 welfare, 45–46 consequences of disregard, 116–17, 141, Marantz, Andrew, 230–33, 269 149, 209 Marco Polo app, 271 creation of law and, 63, 82, 86, 279–80 mass shootings internal experience of, 96 New Zealand’s response, 239–40 Jameson on, 148 in the United States, 239 law’s power of, 158–61 math problems, 23 legal academy’s lack of confidence in, 151 exponential growth, 20–21 legal dominance of law and economics lily pad problem, 23 perspectives, 156–57 traveling salesman problem, 34 power of, 112 wheat and chessboard problem, 21 qualitative interpretation and, 202 Mauthner, Fritz, 126 reductionism and, 121–24 Max Planck Institute for Innovation and restoring legal relevance through, 170–71 Competition, 10, 85, 243 scientific narrative, 117, 120 McConnell, Mitch, 237 use of old narratives and solutions in mealworms, recycling vs, 27 technology law, 60–63, 68–70 meaning, communities of see communities of value of for the law, 157, 170 meaning. viability and human thriving as required Mechanical Turk, 14 narratives of science, 142–47 medical research, pace of advancement, 25 Wittgensteinian perspective, 177 megafauna, human decimation, 112 see also storytelling. Mercier, Hugo, 99–100, 101–2, 103 National Air and Space Museum, metaphysics, 112, 118, 120, 128, 193 Washington, 278 Metcalfe, Bob, 105 nationalism, 45, 243–44 Metcalfe’s law, 105, 105 nation-states, social technology argument, #MeToo movement, 185, 207, 249, 251 13 Midgley, Mary, 115, 122, 123, 152, 280 nativism/nativists, 196, 217 miniaturization, 15, 36 navigation, role of smartphones, 32 misogyny, 216–17, 233, 238 Neanderthals, 92–94, 104, 115, 136 modern law, best products of, 161 neoclassical economics, criticisms, 122

Index 293

neoclassical law and economics (NCLE) ownership, role of in the engine of corrosive effects, 153–58 capitalism, 40 failure to account for human altruism, 155–56, 280 Page, Scott, 253–57 neo-Nazi movements, 206, 208 Pai, Ajit, 227–28 net neutrality, 67, 225–28, 238 Palantir, 243, 246 Netherlands, 244 Paper Chase, The (Bridges), 64 networks paradigm shift, process of, 193 communication, 92, 96 Pasteur, Louis, 25 meaning, 169, 279 patterns in space, grammars as, 183–84 Metcalfe’s Law, 105 patterns, study of, 123 trust, 14 performance, science and, 124–26 neutrality of technology, false claims, 6–7 Philippines, 116, 236, 238 new norms, rate of evolution, 30 Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein), new technology, “sandbox” period, 54 180–85 New York Times, 216 Pierson v. Post, 60 New Zealand, 247 Pinker, Steven, 107, 127, 183 gun-control legislation, 239–40 Pirsig, Robert, 141 Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble Inc, 19 Pizzagate conspiracy theory, 116, 187 Nike self-lacing sneakers, 32 polarization, solutions and cause, 266 Nomos and Narrative (Cover), 70, 248, 263 political dogmatism, 31, 45 nomos/nomoi, 248, 249–50, 263 politicians, use of language, 98 non-coercion Popper, Karl, 11, 118–19, 174, 194–95 forms of, 263 Postmodern Condition, The (Lyotard), 148 as key feature of linguistic communities, prayer, as method of establishing truth, 202 261–64 primates, limitations on group size, 104 norm production, methods of, 30 Principia Mathematica (Whitehead & NRA (National Riﬂe Association), 219, 239 Russell), 174, 176 null hypothesis, 146, 183, 189, 192, 194, 205 printing, 3D, 3 privacy Obama, Barack, 237 commoditization of data and, 161 Obergefell v. Hodges, 13 death of, 26, 220, 222, 224, 257 obsolete statutes EU protections, 87, 241, 244–45 examples of, 73–74 state invasion of, 7 impact on innovation, 78 in US law, 238, 241 reasons for obsolescence, 72 private language debate, 184–86 weakness as evidence for law can’t keep up private property, subversion of norms by narrative, 53 software developers, 10 offspring, genetic modiﬁcation of, 168 productivity, 124–26, 140, 145, 158 oil, law of capture and, 62 propaganda OK symbol, use of as White Power symbol, 207 law can’t keep up narrative as, 5 Old Testament, 203 neutrality of technology as, 6–7 On the Basis of Sex (Leder), 64 success of laissez-faire propaganda, 219 online disinformation, 187 pseudonymity online echo chambers, 270, 271 role of in online behavior, 268, 271 online radicalization, 230 surveillance capitalism’s fostering of, 217 “only technology can save us” narrative, 27, 204 psychology, 121–22, 123, 155, 210, 243 opioid crisis, 222 public goods experiments, 267 organic growth analogy of law, 71, 79 Purdue Pharma, 281 orthogonal groups, 270–71 purity, scientists’ use of the term, 122, 151

294 Index

QAnon conspiracy theory, 116, 187 Rosetta Stone, 10 quantum mechanics, 118 Ross, Alec, 14, 25 rule of law rabies vaccine, 25 adaptation imperative, 7–9, 15, 149 racism as answer to the question of how we should algorithm learning and, 134, 138–39 live together, 211 alt-right communities and, 231–32 authoritarian nationalism and, 116, 238, 243 authoritarian nationalism and, 235, 243 civil law and, 86 “free speech” and, 217, 228–29, 238 comparison of EU and US contexts, 245 persistence of, 203 concept of, 92 sanctions on, 207 equal rights and, 63 surveillance capitalism and, 247, 266 hardball constitutionalism and, 219, 234 rampant technological progress, as cooperative human preference, 211 fiction, 238 as our most important cooperative fiction, rate of change 113, 160–61, 260 cancer treatment, 24–25 relationship with power, 262 engine of capitalism, 39–41 threats to, 15–16 expectations for the future, 31–39 rulemaking, process, 71 see also future expectations Russell, Bertrand exponential change and existential anxiety, on communication, 127 20–27 intellectual blindness to language, technology vs the law, 19 174–75 reason, social-interactionist view, 99 introduction to the Tractatus, 178 reasoning “Love is wise, hatred is foolish”, 172–73, 178 blog vs feature debate, 102 unified theory endeavors, 174 individual vs group, 102–3 Russia, 187, 235, 281 myside bias, 102, 253, 267, 272 socially justifiable, 100–1 Sagan, Carl, 215 recursion, definition joke, 50 “sandbox” period for new technology, 54 recursive language, comparison of natural Sapiens (Harari), 92, 94, 136, 140, 249 language of law with, 49–51 Saving Private Ryan (Spielberg), 156 recycling, vs styrofoam-devouring Schrems cases, 245 mealworms, 27 science Reddit, 217–18, 230, 247 collapsing metanarrative, 139–42 reductionism, science and, 121–24 concept of falsifiability, 118, 119–20 relevance see also falsifiability. analogy and, 162–64 concept of verifiability, 118, 119 concept of, 164–67 as a conversation, 116, 117–21 religion corporate requirements, 208–9 failure to convince, 6 definition, 117 relationship with education, 6, 263 detecting bias in, 45 religious groups, truth seeking methods, 202–3 failure to convince, 5 reproductive self-determination, 168 false claims of neutrality, 6 retraining and upskilling human-machine culture, 136–39 inventing social technology for, 43–45 human-shaped, 126–28 rethinking, 41–43 hypothesis-driven vs data driven approaches, right to be forgotten, 244, 281 131–36 Ripple, 14 integration of machine-human problem- Roots (Haley), 261 solving, 128–32 Rorty, Richard, 64, 110, 193, 231, 233, 244 interpretation and, 190–91 Rosen, Lawrence, 91 machine-led, 132–36

Index 295

observation-based, 12–13 surveillance capitalism and, 223 productivity and performance myths, 124–26 Snowden, Edward, 87 reductionism and, 121–24 social brain hypothesis, 95 required narratives, 142–47 Social Conquest of Earth, The (Edward revolution in scientific thought, 174 Wilson), 91–92, 95, 104–5, 108, 115, 123, 126, unified theory endeavors, 174 141, 156 scientific research social intelligence hypothesis, 99, 103 focus on productivity and efficiency, 124 social justice, 260 funding issues, 125 “social justice warriors”, 206 self-driving (autonomous) vehicles, 29, 168 social media selfish gene, 156 democratic elections and, 5 selfishness, altruism vs, 91, 104 explosion of Big Data and, 129 self-loathing, in the legal profession, 149–51, 171 impact on the information ecosystem, 216 self-regulation, dangers of, 81 see also Facebook; Twitter. Sen, Amartya, 144, 145 social networks, concerns about, 76 senescence, 26 social relationships, Dunbar’s number, sensor ubiquity/profusion, 15, 129, 257–58 104 sexual abuse, children in Amish social technology communities, 263 benefits of investing in, 45 shared goals concept of, 13 creating within cognitively diverse and examples of, 13 non-coercive groups, 264, 265 history’s role in moving forward, 45 human viability and thriving proposal, implications of future stagnation, 46–47 265–66 introduction to, 11–15 role of in creating good language, 264–66 law as, 5, 11, 18 Shepherd, Scott, 268 need to develop, 7 shunning, Amish practice, 263–64 risks of underestimating, 27–31 Silicon Valley socially justifiable reasoning, 100–1 credentialing, 43 Socrates, 176 influence on technology policy in the solitary confinement, 96 United States, 219 South Korea, quality of education, 150 “move fast and break things” narrative, space and time, Bertrand Russell on the 26, 216 human understanding of, 127–28 “privacy is dead” narrative, 224 space, human sense of, 127 team-managed wealth, 257 spam e-mails view of regulation, 222 law of trespass and, 54–56 Skinner, B. F., 108 US legislation, 80 Skynet, 46 special relativity, 127 slackers, 101 speech-recognition software, 130 slavery, 111, 159–60, 202, 262 Spencer, Richard, 217, 230 new forms of, 64 Sperber, Dan, 99, 100, 101–2, 103 Sloman, Steven, 95, 97–99, 106, 163, square root of -1,189, 189, 199 272–74 Stored Communications Act, 76, 78, 78 smart contracting, 28 storytelling, 159, 162 smartphone cameras, 257 community belief systems and, 98 smartphone revolution, 129 contextualizing rules through, 83 smartphones courts as places of, 162 computing capacity, 23 development of language and, 164–67 help with navigation, 32, 259 as feature of human society, 115–16 privacy regulations, 223 law’s strength, 149 role in change of policing styles, 49 lawyers’ mastery of, 151–53

296 Index

storytelling (cont.) law can’t keep up narrative and, 26 see also role of in communication, 95 see also law can’t keep up narrative. narrative. Lem’s observation, 14 Stross, Charles, 172 neutrality claims, 6–7 Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn), 193 “only technology can save us” narrative, styrofoam-devouring mealworms, 27 27, 204 subreddits, 252 rate of change compared with law, 19 subvocalization, 110, 184, 185 relationship with the law, 168–70 Sunstein, Cass, 156–57, 162 restoring legal relevance, 170–71 Supreme Court, 58, 221–22, 234, 237 risks of solving problems with more surveillance technology, 27–31 as outcome of communication “sandbox” period, 54 affordances, 76 see also social technology state snooping as failure of law, 7 technology law surveillance capitalism civil-common law divide and, 83–87 concept of, 218 elements of resilience, 75–83 European contempt for, 281 see also elements of resilience. first myth, 220 key to creating better law, 87–88 fostering of pseudonymity, 217 law of capture and, 60–63 government by and for corporations, law of trespass and, 54–59 219–28 law’s ability to anticipate and embody hardball constitutionalism and, 233–39 change, 63–68 law can’t keep up narrative and, 280 life cycle of law and, 70–74 mass shootings and, 239–40 use of old narratives and solutions, 60–63, repurposing of the First Amendment, 221 68–70 rise of authoritarian nationalism and, 239–47 technology regulation, US failure, 215, rise of extremist content and, 228–33 219–28, 241 rise of the alt-right and, 230 techno-utopianism, 27–29 success of laissez-faire propaganda, 219 Terminator movies, 135 surveillance states, 7, 15 terms and conditions, 19 sword, 7, 27, 84 theory difference between practice and, 12 Tasmanian devil, 79 scientific vs street meanings, 205 tautology, 194 Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.Com, Inc., 57–58 technological change totalitarian propaganda, Arendt on, 207 dangers of failure to keep up with, 47 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Wittgenstein), law as system for adapting human behavior 175, 176–78 to, 9, 70 trade, relationship with coercion, 262 see also technology law. translation, interpretation and, 198 law’s traditional handling of, 53 traveling salesman math problem, 34 technological inevitability, 219–20, 224, 228 trespass, law of, 55–58, 59, 74–75, 77–78 technological singularity, 19–20, 32 tribalism, 45 technology trolls/trolling, 147, 205–7, 216, 233, 270 adaptation to in human history, 16 Trump, Donald, 15 challenges of for the law, 8 trust networks, 14 as the domain of problems and their truth solutions, 278 community and, 192–95 examples of, 69 current inability to distinguish, 188 fatalism about relationship with the law, 19 epistemological errors, 202–4 historical and political perspectives, 7 meaning of, 176 impact on group formation, 251–52 negotiating, 189–92

Index 297

science’s preferred methods of determining, verifiability, 118, 119–20, 141, 142, 187–88 174, 194 talking about, 186–89 viability and human thriving use of in communities of meaning, need for language to promote, 208–10, 249 186 as required narratives of science, 142–47 war on, 204–8 shared goals proposal, 265–66 Turkey, 235 viability, concept of, 143 Twitter Vienna Circle, 118, 174–75, 178, 193, autoplay feature, 240, 240 195, 280 free-speech claims, 216 Violence and the Word (Cover), in the media, 15, 23, 216 53 profiting from violence, 247 virtual goods, ownership debate, 169 virtual worlds unified theory, Russell’s endeavors, 174 creating a sense of personal presence in, United Kingdom (UK) 271 authoritarian nationalism in, 235 extremism in, 251 legal influence on EU courts, 86 property rights in, 169 Locomotives Acts (1860s), 73 Vonnegut, Kurt, 278 obsolete statutes, 73 voting systems, need for revision, 45 United States (US) anti-intellectualist tendencies, 243 Wartman, Lukas, 25 authoritarian nationalism in, 235 Wason selection task, 102–3 comparison of legal cultures with the EU, Watergate, 235 242–47 wealth corporate subservience in lawyer maximization approaches, 157 training, 150 role of the desire for in drive for technology, devaluation of legal narrative, 157 124–25 education costs and innovation use of to destabilize democracy, 124 performance, 42, 43 weapons technology, development of social First Amendment, 217, 221 technology and, 27 global impact of imbalance in, Westboro Baptist Church, 268 235 White Buffalo Ventures v. University of Texas at human rights reputation, 84 Austin, 80 illegal mass surveillance, 87 white supremacist movement, 206, 208, 232, law can’t keep up narrative and, 5 268, 281 legal entrepreneurialism, 246 Wikipedia, 274 mass shootings, 239 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 61 percentage of jobs at risk of automation, Wilson, E.O., 91–92, 95, 104–5, 108, 115, 123, 36 126, 141, 156 privacy laws, 241 Wisconsin v. Yoder, 263 Sagan’s foreboding, 215 Wittgenstein, Ludwig status of democracy, 225, 228, 237–38, Bertrand Russell and, 174–75, 178 281 change in thinking, 178 technology regulation failure, 215, on the existence of the world, 146 219–28, 241 first philosophy of language (Tractatus), University of Chicago Legal Forum 175–80 symposium, 68 grammar, 183–84 Uses of Diversity, The (Geertz), 196 “language-game”, 182–83 utility later theory of language (Philosophical concept of, 144 Investigations), 180–85 interpersonal comparison of, 144–45 “meaning is use”, 109–10

298 Index

words Yahoo, discovery of ability to stop sales of Nazi acquisition of meaning, 180 memorabilia, 281 community of meaning and, 181, 185 YouTube, 43, 230, 247 work potential impact of automation on the Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance nature of, 40 (Pirsig), 141 role of in the engine of capitalism, Zuboff, Shoshana, 48, 218, 220 39–40 Zuckerberg, Mark, 140, 216–18, 224, 240 World War II, 207 Zufallssinn (random sense), 126