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A Anti-Defamation League (ADL), Adams, Josh, 118, 136n13 13n5, 21, 34, 60, 64, 65, 68, 77, , 6–8, 21, 80, 110, 105n34, 134, 145, 146, 151, 126, 150, 165 156n3, 157n8. See also watchdog , 2, 4, 20, 33, 70, 71, agencies 75, 77, 88, 98, 100, 109, 112, antigovernment radicals, 20–1 119–24, 128, 129, 133, 160, 165 militias, 5, 34 Al-Awlaki, Anwar, 36 anti-Hispanic, 7, 31, 34, 76 Alexa.org, 30, 38n10, 58, 61, 70, anti-immigrant, 5 83n4, 89, 102n6 anti-LGBT, 5, 114, 126, 147, 151 Allport, Gordon, 11, 14n21 anti-LGBT websites Al Qaeda, 36, 93, 103n16, 104n25, Family Research Institute (FRI), 61, 148 75–7, 125, 126, 137n28 , 32 Westboro Baptist Church, 61, 68, American Freedom Party (AFP), 61, 84n15, 115, 123, 125, 151 75, 85n29, 114, 122, 127, anti-Muslim, 5 137n18, 138n33 anti-Semitic, 5, 11, 16–18, 29–32, 34, American Renaissance, 30, 59, 61, 69, 72, 88, 99, 113, 123, 133, 143, 71, 76, 83, 121, 123, 124, 126 151, 156n3 Anglin, Andrew, 69, 70, 138n31 anti-Semitic websites anonymous, 12, 26, 34, 44, 45, 49, Jew Watch, 61, 72, 114, 124 130, 148, 155, 166 Vanguard News Network, 61, 72, anti-Christian, 5 80, 114, 122, 137n21

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refers to notes.

© The Author(s) 2017 183 A. Klein, Fanaticism, Racism, and Rage Online, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51424-6 184 INDEX

B code language, 108, 110, 130–5 Bandura, Albert, 78, 82n36, 96, conspiracy theories. See also Jones, Alex 104n23. See also Social Learning Birther movement, 89, 90 theory Holocaust denial, 20, 21, 28, 41, Bannon, Steve 42, 58, 65, 72, 79, 124, 143 Breitbart.com, 164, 167n6 InfoWars, 97, 104n25, 163 Trump, Donald J., 164 copycat violence, 96 Barbour, Haley (Governor), 74 Coulter, Ann, 74, 76, 85n26, 151, Beck, Glenn, 152 152, 157n14, 158n18 Berlet, Chip, 129, 138n36, 154, Council of Conservative Citizens 158n21 (CCC), 1–3, 34, 35, 61, 73–5, binary discourse, 18, 110, 128, 150 85n28, 89, 120, 121, 133, Bing, 29, 30 136n15 Birther movement, 89, 90 Creativity Alliance, 9, 45, 61, 67, 78, Black, Donald, 19. See also Stormfront 113, 115, 128, 129, 132 , 100, 123, 165 culture war, 6, 8 Black Separatists (NOI), 73, 74, 76, 77, 100 D New Black Panthers, 34, 123 Daily Stormer, 2, 58, 59, 61, 69–71, , 16 78, 80, 83n2, 84n17, 84n19, Boko Haram, 93, 101 84n21, 89, 124–7, 135, 148, 161 Borrowman, Shane, 26, 28, 38n5, data smog, 25 38n8, 108, 136n1 deceitful web design, 108, 111–18 Breitbart.com, 164, 167n6 Der Sturmer, 12, 17, 69 Brimelow, Peter, 73 digital media literacy, 144 Bush, George W. (President), 21, 92, digital sphere, 4–5, 141–58, 162. See 138n34 also public sphere disinhibiting effect, 98 Dog Whistle Politics, 51, 56n24, 166n1 C Drudge Report, 78, 97, 104n24, 164 Cameron, Paul, 75 Duke, David, 21, 22, 24n18, 61, 66, Carto, Willis, 19–21 72, 115, 127, 138n32, 161, CA-TV, 115 166n3 CCC. See Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC) Centre for Hate Studies, 144 E Chaplinsky vs. New Hampshire, 50 Eisner, Will, 23n4 CNBC, 151 Emanuel AME Church, 2 CNN, 33, 48, 63, 92, 98, 103n13, Entman, Robert, 109, 120, 136n4 104n20, 105n30, 105n32, extremist websites 105n35, 114, 148, 157n15 faux-news & research, 61, 149 INDEX 185

faux-social networks & forums, 9, Giroux, Henry, 24n13, 72 61, 65–8, 160 Goebbels, Joseph, 18 mainstream political organizations, , 26, 29, 30, 35, 49, 59, 63, 9, 61, 73–7 71, 75, 119, 147 self-identifying supremacists, 61–5

H F Habermas, Jürgen, 4, 13n10 Facebook, 1, 10, 13n9, 35, 36, Hale, Matthew, 9, 67, 78. See also 39n23, 41–3, 52, 54n1–3, 67, Creativity Alliance 80, 88, 89, 92, 94, 99, 100, 111, hate music 115, 147–9, 154, 157n9, 159. See Final Stand Records, 81 also social networking , 81 Holocaust denial and, 41, 42 hate speech, 2, 3, 5–9, 11, 12, 16, 17, Farrakhan, Louis, 73, 77, 84n25, 152, 19, 23, 25–39, 41–3, 46, 47, 158n17. See also Nation of Islam 50–4, 56n18, 56n21, 58, 68, 69, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 97, 99, 102, 108, 126, 131–3, 49, 55n17, 88 142, 143, 146, 147, 153, 155, Federal Communications Commission 157n9, 160, 163, 165 (FCC), 33, 34, 38n16, 43, 46, Hispanic Americans, 75, 122, 137n20 149, 157n12, 165 Hitler, , 3, 16–18, 62–4, 71, 99, Final Stand Records, 81. See also hate 134 music Holocaust, 11, 14n22, 16, 20, 21, 30, Flanagan, Vester, 95, 96 32, 41, 42, 49, 54n1, 54n3, foot-in-the-door technique, 79–81, 55n12, 71, 73, 87, 88, 113, 124, 110, 116 146 Ford, Henry, 16 Holocaust denial, 20, 21, 28, 41, 42, Foxman, Abraham, 68, 84n16, 146, 55n12, 58, 65, 72, 79, 124, 143 166n2 Holocaust denial websites, 28 , 32, 33, 114, 151 Institute for Historical Review framing, 109, 119, 124, 136n4, 151 (IHR), 61, 72, 73, 113 Free Republic, 32, 34, 89, 90, 102n6 Human Rights Campaign (HRC), 60, Futrell, Robert, 14n12, 80, 81, 86n42 145

G I Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 72 immigration, 4, 6–8, 63, 64, 74, 76, Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against 110, 122, 126, 150 Defamation (GLAAD), 145 information laundering theory, 9, 26, Gerbner, George, 162, 163, 166n4. 29, 30, 35–7, 38n3, 49, 70, 90, See also Mean World Syndrome 114, 163. See also propaganda Giffords, Congresswoman Gabrielle, 95 techno-ethos, 28, 29, 108 186 INDEX

InfoWars, 97, 104n25, 163. See also Lazarsfeld, Paul, 19, 24n9, 24n10 Jones, Alex LGBT community, 49, 68, 124–6, 165 inoculation theory, 144 Limbaugh, Rush, 152, 158n19 Institute for Hate Studies, 143 López, Ian Haney, 51, 56n24, 166. internet See also Dog Whistle Politics accountability in, 47, 48, 50, 148 Loughner, Jared, 95 legality of hate speech in, 50–3 low-ball technique, 79 locality in, 44, 46, 47 Internet Service Provider (ISP), 9, 44, 48 M in Syria and Iraq (ISIS), Macdonald, Kevin, 72, 129, 137n19 10, 36, 39n24, 49, 55n17, 91–3, Malkin, Michelle, 76 101, 123, 147–9, 157n11, Manjoo, Fahrad, 90, 103n8, 120, 157n12 136n14 , 144. See also Martin, Judith, 72 anti-Muslim MartinLutherKing.org, 60, 72, 73, 84n23, 114, 117, 136n11 Martin, Trayvon, 35 J McCarthy, Joseph, 151 Jerry Springer Show, 57 McGuire, William, 144, 156n5 Jew Watch, 61, 72, 114, 124 McLuhan, Marshall, 46, 52, 55n10 , 100 McMasters, Paul K., 6, 14n16, 56n20, Johnson, Micah Xavier, 100 56n26, 158n24 Johns, Stephen Tyrone, 88 McVeigh, Timothy, 21 Jones, Alex, 104n25, 163. See also mean world syndrome, 162, 163. See conspiracy theories also Gerbner, George Jowett, Garth S., 26, 27, 38n4, 38n6, media literacy, 9, 144, 145, 162. See 111, 136n6, 164, 167n9 also digital media literacy , 16, 32 Mercer, Chris Harper, 95, 96, 101 K millennials, 69. See also net generation Kill the Best !, 88. See also von Ministry for Public Enlightenment, Brunn, James 17–18 KKK. See Ku Klux Klan (KKK) minorities, 2, 62, 76 Klapper, Joseph, 100, 105n37 MySpace, 95. See also social Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 2, 3, 21, 22, 32, networking 57, 62–4, 66, 116, 117, 134, 151, 160, 161, 166n3 N Nakayama, Thomas, 72 L NAMLE. See National Association for law enforcement, 4, 10, 46, 53, 54, Media Literacy Education 97, 100, 142, 145, 160 (NAMLE) INDEX 187

National Association for Media O’Donnell, Victoria, 26, 27, 38n4, Literacy Education (NAMLE), 38n6, 111, 136n6, 164, 167n9 144–5 online gaming, 81 National Association for the Advancement of People (NAACP), 60 P National Association for the Pierce, William, 20–2, 128 Advancement of White People Pinckney, Clementa, 2 (NAAWP), 5 Podblanc, 65–8, 80, 134 nationalism, 7, 8, 21–3, 64, 75, 81, political blogosphere, 4, 33, 101, 122, 161 142 Nation of Islam (NOI), 73, 74, 76, , 6, 125, 142 77, 100 Potok, Mark, 38n13, 85n26, 157n15. Nazi Propaganda, 78 See also Southern Poverty Law Neo-Nazi website(s) Center National Alliance website, 20, 62, Potter, W. James, 144, 156n6 65, 114 propaganda National Socialist Movement black, 27 website, 62, 114 gray, 27 NSM88.org, 62, 63 white, 27–9, 111 website, 62, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 15, 81 16, 22, 23, 23n1, 23n4, 32, 132. Women for Aryan Unity, 62, 65, 81 See also propaganda Net Generation, 9, 10, 28, 36, 52, public sphere, 4, 90, 149, 160, 163. 80–3, 115, 131, 142, 146, 152–5 See also digital sphere network links, 111, 114 New York Times, 32, 33, 90, 114 Nieli, Russell, 14n13, 14n18, 20–2, R 24n14, 24n19, 24n21, 60, racial holy war (Rahowa), 50, 83n5, 85n35, 86n45, 136n5, 129, 132, 135. See also code 166n1 language NOI. See Nation of Islam (NOI) Reddit, 10, 68, 78, 89, 98, 99, 101, Noontide Press, 20. See also Carto, 147, 162 Willis; von Brunn, James Reno vs. ACLU, 44 Resistance Records. See hate music Revisionism, 130 O Rodger, Elliot, 94–6 Obama, Barack (President), 32, 34, Rogen, Seth, 99 68, 75, 77, 87, 104n25, 116, Roof, Dylann, 1–3, 12n1, 12n2, 35, 124, 125, 127, 146, 151 39n22, 60, 69, 74, 88, 119, 121, Birther movement, 89, 90 137n17 , 72, 112, 114, Rosigno, Vincent J., 136n13 122, 124 Rushton, Philippe, 76 188 INDEX

S , 144 scholarly signifiers, 108, 111, 113, trolling, 90, 98 114, 125 Trump, Donald J., 161, 164, 167n10 search engines, 5, 9, 26, 28–31, 35, Twitter activity of, 99 73, 107, 163. See also Bing; Twitter, 10, 36, 39n24, 43, 49, 67, Google; Yahoo! 89, 91–5, 99–101, 111, 115, selective exposure theory, 100 147, 148, 157n9, 157n10, 159, Shenk, David, 25, 37n2 162. See also social networking SimilarWeb, 59, 61, 83n4 2016 Presidential Campaign, 99, 160 Simi, Pete, 14n12, 80, 81, 86n42 Simon Wiesenthal Center, 13n6, 14n15, 41, 58, 83n1, 145. See U also watchdog agencies United States Smith, Benjamin, 2, 3, 129. See also hate crimes in, 2, 88, 110, 144 Hale, Matthew Obama, President Barack, 32, 34, social learning theory, 78, 79, 96. See 38n14, 68, 75, 77, 87, 89, 90, also Bandura, Albert 103n9, 104n25, 116, 124, social networking, 4, 10, 36, 60, 141. 125, 127, 146, 151 See also Facebook; MySpace; U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Twitter See also von Brunn, James Solar General, 71, 72, 80, 113, 128, shooting at, 88 161 U.S. Institute for Propaganda Analysis, Southern Poverty Law Center, 4, 32, 19 34, 74, 145 Steele, Shari, 14n19, 55n9, 156n2 Stormfront, 3, 19, 22, 23, 30, 45, V 55n8, 58–61, 65, 66, 68–70, 72, van Dijk, Jan, 43, 54n4 79, 81–3, 83n9, 84n11, 114, video-sharing 115, 117, 126, 128–32, 134, Podblanc, 61, 65–8, 80, 134 135, 138n39–41, 139n43, YouTube, 10, 13n7, 26, 36, 43, 50, 139n47, 148, 151 52, 60, 63, 66, 67, 80, 81, 89, Swain, Carol, 14n13, 14n18, 20–2, 91, 94, 95, 101, 111, 114, 24n14, 24n19, 24n21, 60, 83n5, 115, 118, 147, 157n9, 159 85n35, 86n45, 136n5, 166n1 Dare (VDARE), 61, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 85n32, 85n33, 100, 122 T von Brunn, James, 87–9, 101, 102n2. Tapscott, Donald, 154, 155, 158n22 See also Kill the Best Gentiles! Taylor, Jared, 76, 78 U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Tea Party, 75, 151 73, 88 techno-ethos, 28, 29, 108 Vysotsky, Stanislav, 129, 138n36, 154, , 20, 22, 32, 37 158n21 INDEX 189

W Stormfront, 3, 19, 22, 23, 30, 45, Watchdog Agencies 55n8, 58–61, 65, 66, 68–70, Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 72, 79, 81–3, 83n9, 84n11, 13n5, 21, 34, 60, 64, 65, 68, 114, 115, 117, 126, 128, 77, 85n34, 105n34, 134, 130–2, 134, 135, 139n43, 145, 146, 151, 154, 156n3, 139n47, 148, 151 157n8 , 72 GLAAD, 145 white power movement, 21, 22, 53, NAACP, 60 66, 81, 132, 134, 150 Simon Wiesenthal Center, 14n15, recruitment strategies, 80, 117, 131 41, 58, 145 , 31, 35, 38n12, 63, 68, 70, Southern Poverty Law Center, 4, 114, 147 32, 34, 74, 145 Williams, Benjamin, 2, 3 Weatherby, Georgie Ann, 79, 85n38, Wolf, Reno, 5, 68, 78. See also National 86n41, 166n2 Association for the Advancement Weltner, Frank, 114. See also Jew of White People (NAAWP) Watch Whillock, Rita, 11, 14n20 White Genocide, 99, 127 X White nationalist and supremacist , 122 websites American Renaissance, 30, 59, 61, 69, 71, 76, 83, 121, 123, 124, Y 126 Yahoo!, 26, 29, 30, 63. See also search Charles Darwin Research Institute, engines 76 YouTube, 10, 13n7, 26, 36, 43, 50, Council of Conservative Citizens, 52, 60, 63, 66, 67, 80, 81, 89, 1–3, 34, 35, 61, 73, 85n28, 89, 91, 94, 95, 101, 111, 114, 115, 120, 136n15 118, 147, 157n9, 159. See also Creativity Alliance, 9, 45, 61, 67, video-sharing 78, 113, 115, 128, 129, 132, 138n37, 139n44 Metapedia, 31, 38n12, 49, 55n14, Z 59, 61, 70, 71, 80, 83, 113, , 133 128, 138n35 Zuckerberg, Mark, 41