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Understanding Web Archiving Services and Their (Mis)Use on Social Media∗ Savvas Zannettou?, Jeremy Blackburnz, Emiliano De Cristofaroy, Michael Sirivianos?, Gianluca Stringhiniy ?Cyprus University of Technology, yUniversity College London, zUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham [email protected], [email protected], fe.decristofaro,[email protected], [email protected] Abstract In this context, an important role is played by services like the Wayback Machine (archive.org), which proactively Web archiving services play an increasingly important role archives large portions of the Web, allowing users to search in today’s information ecosystem, by ensuring the continuing and retrieve the history of more than 300 billion pages. At the availability of information, or by deliberately caching content same time, on-demand archiving services like archive.is have that might get deleted or removed. Among these, the Way- also become popular: users can take a snapshot of a Web page back Machine has been proactively archiving, since 2001, ver- by entering its URL, which the system crawls and archives, re- sions of a large number of Web pages, while newer services turning a permanent short URL serving as a time capsule that like archive.is allow users to create on-demand snapshots of can be shared across the Web. specific Web pages, which serve as time capsules that can be shared across the Web. In this paper, we present a large-scale Archiving services serve a variety of purposes beyond ad- analysis of Web archiving services and their use on social me- dressing link rot. Platforms like archive.is are reportedly used dia, shedding light on the actors involved in this ecosystem, to preserve controversial blogs and tweets that the author may the content that gets archived, and how it is shared. We crawl later opt to delete [23]. Moreover, they also reduce Web traffic and study: 1) 21M URLs from archive.is, spanning almost two toward “source URLs” when the original content is still ac- years; and 2) 356K archive.is plus 391K Wayback Machine cessible, thus depriving them of potential ad revenue streams URLs that were shared on four social networks: Reddit, Twit- (users do not visit the original site, but just the archived copy). ter, Gab, and 4chan’s Politically Incorrect board (/pol/) over 14 In fact, anecdotal evidence has emerged that alt-right commu- months. We observe that news and social media posts are the nities target outlets they disagree with by nudging their users most common types of content archived, likely due to their per- to share archive URLs instead [17], or discrediting them by ceived ephemeral and/or controversial nature. Moreover, URLs pointing at earlier versions of articles [27]. of archiving services are extensively shared on “fringe” com- Given the role in helping content persist, their use on so- munities within Reddit and 4chan to preserve possibly con- cial networks, as well as anecdotal evidence of their misuse in tentious content. Lastly, we find evidence of moderators nudg- contexts where information could be weaponized [21], archiv- ing or even forcing users to use archives, instead of direct links, ing services are arguably impactful actors that should be thor- for news sources with opposing ideologies, potentially depriv- oughly analyzed. To this end, this paper aims to shed light on ing them of ad revenue. the Web archiving ecosystem, aiming to answer the following research questions: How are archive URLs disseminated across arXiv:1801.10396v2 [cs.CY] 9 Apr 2018 popular social networks? What kind of content gets archived, 1 Introduction by whom and why? Are archiving services misused in any way? In today’s digital society, the availability and persistence of Web resources are very relevant issues. A substantial number To answer these questions, we perform a large-scale quanti- of URLs shared on the Web becomes unavailable after some tative analysis of Web archives, based on two data sources: 1) time as websites are shutdown or redesigned in a way that 21M URLs collected from the archive.is live feed, and 2) 356K does not preserve old URLs – a phenomenon known as “link archive.is plus 391K Wayback Machine URLs that were shared rot” [18]. Moreover, content might be taken down by authori- on four social networks: Reddit, Twitter, Gab, and 4chan’s Po- ties on a legal basis, deleted by users who have shared it on so- litically Incorrect board (/pol/). Our main findings include: cial media, removed as per the “right to be forgotten”, etc [7]. 1. News and social media posts are the most common Overall, the ephemerality of Web content often prompts debate types of content archived, likely due to their (perceived) with respect to its impact on the availability of information, ac- ephemeral and/or controversial nature. countability, or even censorship. 2. URLs of archiving services are extensively shared on “fringe” communities within Reddit and 4chan to pre- ∗A preliminary version of this paper appears in the Proceedings of the 12th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018). serve possibly contentious content, or to refer to it with- This is the full version. out increasing the Web traffic to the source. We also find 1 that /pol/ and Gab users favor archive.is over Wayback allow attackers to manipulate the archived content by inject- Machine (respectively, 15x and 16x), highlighting a par- ing JavaScript code. [8] find that the 5- and 6-character space ticular use case in “controversial” online communities. of link shortneners is small and can be easily scanned us- 3. Web archives are exploited by users to bypass censorship ing simple algorithms, thus, an attacker could access per- policies in some communities: for instance, /pol/ users sonal/sensitive data. [22] perform a two-year measurement of post archive.is URLs to share content from 8chan and users’ interactions with 622 URL shorteners, showing that a Facebook, which are banned on the platform, or to cir- small subset of the users encounter malicious URLs and con- cumvent accidental censorship of some news sources be- tent. Finally, [25] show that ad-based shorteners are more haz- cause of substitution filters (e.g., ‘smh’ becomes ‘baka’, ardous compared to traditional ones. so links to smh.com.au are unusable). Remarks. In contrast to previous work, our analysis focuses 4. Reddit bots are responsible for posting a very large por- on how archived content is shared on social networks, how tion of archive URLs in the subreddits we study (respec- archiving services are used, and by whom. To the best of our tively, 44% and 85% of archive.is and Wayback Machine knowledge, our work is the first large-scale measurement to do URLs). This is due to moderators aiming to alleviate the so, as well as to provide an in-depth analysis of on-demand effects of link rot on the platform; however, this pro-active Web archiving services (such as archive.is). archival of content also impacts traffic to archived sites originating from Reddit. 5. The Donald subreddit systematically targets ad revenue of news sources with conflicting ideologies: moderation 3 Background bots block URLs from those sites and prompt users to post We now provide an overview of the Web archiving services, as archive URLs instead (e.g., nydailynews.com have 46% well as the social networks studied in this paper. of their content censored). According to our conservative estimates, popular news site like the Washington Post lose yearly approx. $70K from their ad revenue because of the 3.1 Web Archives use of archiving services on Reddit. archive.is offers a free, on-demand archival service of Web pages: a user visits the service and enters a URL to be archived. 2 Related Work It also acts as a link shortener which obfuscates the source URL, by generating a 5-character URL. For instance, http: Web archives. [2] analyze 6M access logs from the Way- //archive.is/HVbU shows the snapshot of Google’s homepage, back Machine, aiming to understand what users are looking archived on July, 03, 2012 at 07:03:24. for, and why they use it. They find that users visit the site predominantly via referrals, and that they mostly look for En- Wayback Machine. Launched in 2001, the Wayback Ma- glish pages, while most popular country-specific domains are chine archives a large portion of Web content, storing pe- from Japan, Russia, and Germany. [3] simulate a Web archiv- riodic snapshots of various pages. It mainly works through ing service, studying social discourse through the URLs as a proactive crawler, which visits various sites and cap- 1 well as relevant entities and metadata, by analyzing millions tures a snapshot of the content. However, users can also of tweets as well as a case study related to fake news. [1] mea- trigger information archival on demand. When a page is sure how much content is available on Web archiving services: archived, an archive URL is created in the following format: they sample URL shorteners and search engines, query 12 pub- https://web.archive.org/web/[time of archival]/[source URL]. lic archives, and find that 35%-90% of URLs have at least one For example, the archive URL https://web.archive.org/web/ archived copy. Finally, [12] assess whether the Wayback Ma- 20100205062719/http://www.google.com/ returns the version chine archives a purely random sample of Web pages, finding of Google’s home page on February 5, 2010, at 06:27:19 some bias towards more visible and prominent pages. (UTC). In the rest of the paper, we refer to the URLs generated by archiving services as archive URLs, and to the archived Archived content.
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