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(Anti)-Racism: Rhetorical Formations of White Racial Consciousness in Contemporary Public Discourse

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(Anti)-Racism: Rhetorical Formations of White Racial Consciousness in Contemporary Public Discourse Everyday (Anti)-Racism: Rhetorical Formations of White Racial Consciousness in Contemporary Public Discourse Dissertation by: Stephanie L. Hartzell University of Colorado Boulder ii This dissertation entitled: Everyday (Anti)-Racism: Rhetorical Formations of White Racial Consciousness in Contemporary Public Discourse written by Stephanie L. Hartzell has been approved for the Department of Communication Lisa Flores, Ph.D. (Committee Chair) Karen Ashcraft, Ph.D. Emma Pérez, Ph.D. Phaedra Pezzullo, Ph.D. Peter Simonson, Ph.D. Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii Hartzell, Stephanie L. (Ph.D., Communication) Everyday (Anti)-Racism: Rhetorical Formations of White Racial Consciousness in Contemporary Public Discourse Dissertation directed by Associate Professor Lisa A. Flores ABSTRACT This critical rhetorical analysis interrogates contemporary public discourse on race and racism in a post-2012 U.S. American context characterized by proliferating consciousness and the waning hegemony of a colorblind racial ideology. Focusing on three overarching formations of whiteness—white nationalism, alt-right, and anti-racist whiteness—I investigate how efforts to raise white racial consciousness are rhetorically constructed and mobilized to hail an audience of everyday white U.S. Americans. Positioning themselves in opposition to a colorblind racial ideology and alternative orientations to racial consciousness, these discursive formations of whiteness work strategically against one another as they negotiate dominant affective circulations and push against normative expectations for race evasive discourse in the mainstream public sphere. My analysis demonstrates that as they work to move everyday white folks from a colorblind racial ideology toward racial consciousness, white nationalist, alt-right, and white anti-racist rhetorics each strategically negotiate colorblind common sense, mainstream discursive expectations for race evasion, and the normative affective circulation of white fragility by rearticulating more extreme formations of racial consciousness into rhetorical formations more palatable to mainstream audiences. In this way, I argue, the discursive formations of whiteness interrogated here are constructed as rhetorical bridges between colorblindness and racial consciousness. iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the lives lost to state sanctioned violence against people of color in the United States and to all those committed to the complex, intersectional struggle for social justice. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been completed without the tremendous support I’ve received from so many people throughout my time as a graduate student. From formal meetings with mentors to informal discussions with colleagues, the arguments and ideas that unfold across these pages have been developed and refined in conversation with the many brilliant, passionate folks with whom I’ve connected with over the years. My advisor, Lisa Flores, has been a constant source of support and encouragement during my four years as a doctoral student at the University of Colorado Boulder. Thank you, Lisa, for providing me with space to learn and grow, pushing me to step outside my comfort zone, and giving me the quiet reassurance I needed to do what often seemed to be impossible. There were many times when your confidence in me exceeded my own and when you somehow knew exactly what I needed to hear to keep moving forward. I am incredibly grateful to my rock-star dissertation committee—Karen Ashcraft, Emma Pérez, Phaedra Pezzullo, and Pete Simonson—who took the time to read and respond to my work and who supported me every step of the way. I am so fortunate to have had the opportunity to work with each of you. Many other members of the CU-Boulder faculty have helped to guide me through this journey, too. Thank you especially to Larry Frey, Jamie Skerski, Karen Tracy, Tiara Na’puti, and Seema Sohi. As a first-generation college student, I began this journey with relatively few tools and without a clear understanding of what to expect during graduate school. My mentors and professors at California State University, Fresno were instrumental in preparing me for success. Thank you especially to Kevin Ayotte, Diane Blair, Kathy Adams, and Shane Moreman for molding me into a critical scholar. My graduate school colleagues in Fresno and Boulder have helped me to grow academically, politically, and personally—it has been an honor to learn with and from you. My students have also challenged and inspired me in many ways. Thank you all! It may sound strange, but I never would have finished any degree without my beloved cats, Mom Kitty and Son Kitty. When I “rescued” them as tiny, sickly kittens twelve years ago, I never could have imagined the multitude of ways that they would rescue me. I owe so much gratitude to my partner, Amani Husain, who has talked me through countless ideas and arguments, has painstakingly read multiple drafts of every essay, has cooked me food when I’ve forgotten to eat, and has picked me up and put me back together every time I’ve fallen apart. Your love, support, and encouragement have meant so much—I can’t wait to spend the rest of my life with you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Prologue: On Self-Location x 1. Crumbling Colorblindness, Emerging Racial Consciousness 1 Contemporary Formations of Explicit Racism 6 White Resistance to Racism 10 My Project: Scope, Terminology, & Central Questions 13 Discourse & Rhetoric 14 Racism & Anti-Racism 16 Whiteness & “Everyday White Folks” 21 On Reflexivity 26 Chapter Preview 27 2. Theoretical & Methodological Orientations 30 Discourse, Power, & Identity: A Foucauldian Perspective 32 Critical Rhetoric: A Methodological Orientation to Discourse 37 Articulation Theory: Tracing Contingent Relations 41 Performativity: A Discursive Orientation Toward Identity 45 Critical Affect Studies: Discourse, Power, & Feeling 50 On Artifact Selection 55 3. Interrogating Critical Race & Whiteness Scholarship: A Literature Review 59 Racial Formation: Making Race, Real 62 Critical Studies of Whiteness 65 Historical Genealogies of Whiteness 67 Critical Studies of Whiteness in Contemporary Formations 70 White Fragility: Whiteness, Affect, & Direct Discourse on Race 73 New Abolitionism vs. Rearticulation: Contested Possibilities 78 New Abolitionist Perspectives 78 Rearticulationist Perspectives 81 Toward a Critical Rearticulationist Perspective 86 Identifying Gaps, Moving Forward 87 Explicitly Racist Formations of Whiteness 87 Anti-Racist Formations of Whiteness 89 4. Reasonably White: Common Sense & Affect in White Nationalist Rhetoric 92 On the Relationship among Rhetoric, Common Sense, & Race 99 Common Sense Pro-Whiteness: White Nationalist Rhetoric on Stormfront 105 Regulating Pro-Whiteness: Rules, Regulation, & Outreach 107 Mobilizing Positive Affects: Rearticulating Hate of “Them” to Love of “Us” 111 Challenging Colorblindness & Affirming the Reality of Race through Appeals to Common Sense 115 (Re)producing Pure Whiteness: White Nationalism at the Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, & Sexuality 119 vii Conclusions 125 5. Scholars & Trolls: Intellectualism & Absurdity in the White Nationalist Rhetoric of the “Alterative Right” 128 On “Political Correctness” 134 The Emergence of the “Alternative Right”: A Call from the White Nationalist Intelligentsia 137 Coining “Alternative Right”: Paul Gottfried & the Mencken Club 139 The Alternative Right Moves Online 146 From Intellectualism to Absurdity: The Construction & Mobilization of Alt-Right Trolls 155 On Absurdity 157 The Emergence of Online Alt-Right Trolls 161 Anonymous Online Message Boards as Fringe Public Spaces 162 Trolling: A Rhetoric of Absurd Provocation 168 #Gamergate as a Precursor to Alt-Right Trolling 171 Mobilizing Anonymous Online Trolls for the Alt-Right 174 “Dindu (Nuffin)” 175 “Pepe the Frog” 179 “Cuckservative” 181 Articulating Intellectualism to Absurdity: The Alt-Right Celebrity Troll 188 Milo Yiannopoulos: Alt-Right Celebrity Troll 189 Trolling Political Correctness, Free Speech, & U.S. American College Campuses 195 Conclusions 202 6. Everyday Anti-Racism for Everyday White Folks 207 On Anti-Racist Consciousness & Praxis 211 White Anti-Racism: Uncertain Possibilities, Certain Limitations 213 Existing Literature on White Anti-Racism 217 Anti-Racism & Everyday White Folks 220 Everyday Anti-Racism on Everyday Feminism 222 Waking Up to Whiteness: Raising Anti-Racist White Racial Consciousness 224 Making White Readers (Un)comfortable 225 Step 1: Learn to “See” Race 232 Step 2: Understanding Systemic Racism & White Privilege 235 Challenging Common Sense through Personal Experience & Insight 236 Demonstrating Systemic Racism through Overwhelming Empirical Evidence 240 Articulating Personal Experience to Empirical Evidence 243 Moving from Anti-Racist Consciousness Toward Anti-Racist Praxis 248 Conclusions 252 7. Conclusion: Toward A Critical Rearticulationist Perspective Rooted in Tempered Optimism 256 On Affect, Race, & Rhetoric 258 viii On Critical Rhetoric, Power, & Resistance 261 Possibilities & Limitations of Rearticulating Whiteness: Toward a Critical Rearticulationist Perspective 264 Toward a Mainstream–Extreme Spectrum, or, A Walk Across Rhetorical Bridges 270 On Tempered Optimism 271 Bibliography 276 ix IMAGES 1. Anonymous 4chan user references “dindu nuffin”
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