The Public Eye, Fall 2019

Home , 8chan, Aleksandr Dugin, American Nazi Party, Ben Shapiro, Candace Owens, Daryle Lamont Jenkins

The Public EyeFALL 2019

In this issue: In Search of the Russian Soul: How Russia Became the U.S. Far Right’s Mirror Culture and Belonging in the USA: Multiracial Organizing on the Contemporary Far Right Ben Shapiro and the Conservative Chorus The New War on ICWA

FALL 2019 editor’s letter

THE PUBLIC EYE QUARTERLY

PUBLISHER In the wake of Robert Mueller’s testimony, and as the 2020 election campaign heats Tarso Luís Ramos up, all eyes are on Russia’s potential influence on the U.S. But as Hannah Gais writes in EDITOR our cover story this issue, “In Search of the Russian Soul” (pg. 3), there is as much to Kathryn Joyce be learned about what the U.S. Far Right projects upon that country. For many decades, COVER ART Russia has served as an object of obsessive intrigue for the Right: once a boogeyman, Winnie T. Frick more often today a romanticized ideal—no matter how inaccurate—of a traditionalist PRINTING Park Press Printers bastion that, as David Duke once pronounced, could be the “key to white survival.” Irrespective of reality, for today’s Far Right, Russia has again become America’s “imaginary twin,” its “dark double,” its mirror. The Public Eye is published by Political Research Associates While much of the Alt Right dreams of an imagined ethnostate, other sectors of the Tarso Luís Ramos movement have embraced a seemingly contradictory strategy: attempting to create, Executive Director within their deeply racist movement, an appeal to people of color, a multiracial Far Frederick Clarkson Senior Research Analyst Right. As Cloee Cooper and Daryle Lamont Jenkins write in “Culture and Belonging Cloee Cooper in the USA” (pg. 10), some Far Right groups like Patriot Prayer and the Proud Boys Research Analyst have become “part of a trend of Far Right organizing that departs from their explicitly Steven Gardiner White nationalist contemporaries, and often fuses antiracist language into otherwise Program Area Lead nationalist, misogynistic, libertarian and xenophobic platforms.” The strategy, which Heron Greenesmith relies on a sort of secularized Christian Right traditionalism, is not without historical Senior Research Analyst precedent. But the disingenuous cover for racism it represents also exposes fault lines Amanda Hukanović Operations Manager within the Far Right. Gabriel Joffe Editorial Manager A similar balancing act is on display in how the Right responds to the acts of violence Olivia Lawrence-Weilmann carried out by people inspired by right-wing rhetoric. In our commentary this issue, Program Coordinator “Ben Shapiro and the Conservative Chorus” (pg. 16), Emily Gorcenski examines Isabelle H. Leighton how a young couple sentenced for the vandalism and arson of an Indiana synagogue Development Director were radicalized by right-wing media figures, including Daily Wire editor Ben Shapiro. Ben Lorber Research Analyst While Shapiro rejects the idea that he influenced the arsonists, he joins a growing list Anne Murphy of right-wing leaders cited by those who carry out bias attacks—most recently includ- Operations Director ing Donald Trump. Greeley O’Connor Communications Director Finally, in our third feature, “The New War on ICWA” (pg. 18), Mary Annette Aidan Orly Pember uncovers how, over the last six years, an unlikely alliance of right-wing politi- Development Coordinator cal, legal, economic, and religious groups has taken aim at a landmark law that pro- Teddy Wilson Research Analyst tects Native American children. The Indian Child Welfare Act was created to address the mass separation of Native American families: a slow-moving atrocity that contin- Fellows Ana Hernández • Carl Williams ued for more than 100 years. Today’s attacks on it—frequently covered by mainstream Interns media as feel-good adoption tales—are rarely grounded in legitimate concerns about Lena Gluck • Mira Guth • Vi Pham child welfare, but rather represent a back-door attack on the sovereignty of Indian Country, and Native governments’ ability to protect their people and lands. Board of Directors Jeyn Levison, Chair Cathy Albisa • Saqib Bhatti • Ellen Gurzinsky In between issues of The Public Eye, PRA publishes blog posts, features, re- Hamid Khan • Scot Nakagawa ports and more every week, so be sure to visit us at our newly-relaunched website, Mohan Sikka • Zeke Spier politicalresearch.org. Carla Wallace • Susan Wefald

Kathryn Joyce Founder Jean V. Hardisty, Ph.D.

FALLWINTER 2019 2019 BY HANNAH GAIS

In Search of the Russian Soul How Russia Became the U.S. Far Right’s Mirror

Credit: Jørgen Håland on Unsplash

ong before White nationalists munist Party leaders of an alleged Jewish ly toward Russia. His 1952 article was a descended on Charlottesville, conspiracy against the USSR, gave hope departure from some of his earlier work, Virginia, chanting “Russia is to pro-European fascists like himself.1 including his neo-Spenglerian3 magnum our friend!,” the post-war fas- For Yockey, the shift in Stalinist-era poli- opus, Imperium: The Philosophy of His- cistL writer Francis Parker Yockey took to cy was profound. The trials, he declared, tory and Politics. Published in 1948 un- the pages of a U.S. neonazi, White nation- “have gone off with an explosive roar to der a pen name meant to invoke a sense alist organization’s newsletter to praise waken this European Fascist elite to ac- of fascist European solidarity, Imperium an unlikely ally. In an article published tive resistance against the death plans posited that there were “two Russias: the anonymously in the December 1952 is- being hatched for European Culture in Bolshevik regime and the true Russia sue of the National Renaissance Bulletin, Washington by American Jewry. The fact underneath.”4 Yockey celebrated one of the late-Stalin- is: the Russian leadership is killing Jews In his later years, Yockey never fully ist era’s most prominent show trials for for treason to Russia, for service to the adopted the “pro-Russian” stance that demonstrating the commitment among Jewish entity.”2 his mainstream critics accused him of.5 so-called real Russians to stand up to the Yockey, a U.S. attorney and Nazi sym- But his later call for a “new Symbiosis” of West’s true enemy: Jews. For far too long, pathizer who worked with a wide range “Europe-Russia” as a means of usher- he explained, “the coalition of Jewish in- of U.S. and European far-right groups— ing in “a European Imperium”—a pan- terests in Washington and Moscow” had including the failed German-American European fascist paradise—went further 1310 Broadway, Suite 201 6 Somerville, MA 02144-1837 kept the West under its thumb, drunk off Bund, the British Union Movement, than any of his contemporaries. As Tel: 617.666.5300 of their victory in the Second World War. and the U.S. National Renaissance Party Anton Shekhovtsov, author of the 2017 [email protected] But Stalin’s 1952 “Prague Trials,” which (which published the newsletter Yockey book Russia and the Western Far Right: © Political Research Associates, 2019 All rights reserved. ISN 0275-9322 accused a number of Czechoslovak Com- wrote for)—hadn’t always been so friend- Tango Noir, has noted, his views were ISSUE 99 www.politicalresearch.org

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 3 eclectic but tactical.7 And in retrospect, often encouraging fruitful discussions, they were fateful as well. also “engendered a plethora of authori- Russia has long occupied the imagi- tarian, imperialist, anti-Semitic, and nation of U.S. far-right groups, often quasi-fascist currents,” and left ample as a boogeyman. From the decades-old room for reactionary ideas to evolve.15 conspiratorial outlet the John Birch So- Much like now-infamous forums such ciety to the neonazi National Alliance, as 4Chan, or the more extreme 8Chan, “[a]nticommunism had been the one there was plenty of room for proponents agreed-upon tenet of the entire right of extremist views to push their nox- wing,” as Leonard Zeskind wrote in Blood ious ideas into the mainstream. As both and Politics.8 For the Right in general, samizdat and today’s digital platforms the Soviet Union represented the evils have made clear, there are some benefits of socialism; within the Far Right, it also to a world without gatekeepers, but also doubled as a troubling reminder of a ne- numerous drawbacks. farious global Jewish cabal. Anti-Russian Among those who benefited from the and anti-Soviet sentiment served the growing openness of perestroika (rebuild- dual purpose of not only imbuing the Far ing) and glasnost (openness) was the an- Right’s opposition to the Left with por- tisemitic organization Pamyat (“Mem- tentous geopolitical consequences, but ory”), founded in the twilight years of it also provided more than enough justi- the Soviet Union. Pamyat’s spokesman fication for violence against political op- Dmitry Vasilyev, a former Soviet jour- ponents. The stakes were high; traitors nalist, played a crucial role in bringing were among the U.S. public, and it was Imperium, by Francis Parker Yockey. Credit: Amazon. violent antisemitism into the streets.16 these “Jew Communists,” as George Lin- In the 1990s, the group republished the coln Rockwell of the American Nazi Party kept his promise. Liberty Lobby kept Im- Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the notori- was fond of saying, who were respon- perium in circulation, and Yockey’s writ- ous, fabricated 1903 document that pur- sible for the decline of White America.9 ings were often published in the group’s ported to outline a plan for Jewish world But amid this visceral anti-Communism, weekly newsletter, The Spotlight, even af- domination. Like Yockey, Vasilyev and some Cold War White nationalists and ter the author’s death in 1960. But more Pamyat saw ethnic Russians and their neonazis, including Yockey, began to be- importantly, it was Carto who, in the cha- homeland as having been “tortured and lieve that the Russians served a purpose. otic aftermath of the Soviet Union, seized plundered by aggressive Zionism, Talmu- Trying to discern the importance of upon Yockey’s proclamations about who dic atheism, and cosmopolitan usury”— individual U.S. far-right activists’ or real Russians were. all of which took place with the explicit movements’ connection to U.S.-Russia By the time the great “evil empire”12 cooperation of the Soviets.17 Although relations can feel as opaque as reading collapsed in on itself in the late 1980s, some of Pamyat’s claims bordered on the Kremlin’s tea leaves.10 A more useful Russian ethno-nationalists and right- comical—they blamed Jewish influence, assessment of the history of joint Russian wing chauvinists had come to represent for instance, for “food shortages, sex on and U.S. far-right activism ought to focus a sizable bloc in the new Russian Soviet television . . . [and] the nuclear accident on person-to-person, or movement-to- Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), at Chernobyl,” as well as the absurd alle- movement, interactions as transnational supporting a number of ultra-nationalist gation that Jews were encouraging alco- relationships on their own terms. Unte- institutions and intellectuals. Publica- holism by putting liquor into kefir—the thered from the dark magic of Kremlinol- tions, notably Igor Shafarevich’s 1982 group effectively captured international ogy, we can understand what the U.S. Far samizdat13 text Rusofobia (“Russopho- attention while leaving questions of Right sees in Russia: a mirror. bia”), helped inspire a new generation their actual power and influence unan- of antisemitic, ultra-nationalist litera- swered.18 HOLOCAUST DENIERS ture, and further solidified a victim-like In North America and the United King- In the midst of Cold War agitation, mentality among nationalist dissidents dom, Holocaust “revisionists”—the pre- Yockey’s beliefs began to take some hold, in the RSFSR.14 Dissident culture made ferred euphemistic term of most inter- thanks to Willis A. Carto, a prominent the rapid proliferation of these ideas pos- national Holocaust deniers—were facing U.S. Holocaust denier and White na- sible. Robert Horvath, a historian who legal struggles, often for spreading neo- tionalist who admired Yockey for his has written on nationalism in Soviet and nazi propaganda. The RSFSR’s renewed criticism of American empire. Carto em- post-Soviet Russia, has argued that the antisemitism encouraged them. Just a braced Imperium and came to consider free-wheeling nature of samizdat pub- year after the Soviet state imploded, Ernst himself a devotee, promising to never lication and distribution were effective Zündel, a German-born Holocaust denier “desert him.”11 Carto, the future head of in terms of spreading radical right-wing based in Toronto and author of conspira- the racist and antisemitic Liberty Lobby, ideas. Its “pluralism,” he wrote, while torial books like UFOs: Nazi Secret Weap-

4 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 ons?, dispatched one of his underlings to illegal in Russia—proved to be a fruitful World History,” coverage of the meeting Moscow to meet with a few seemingly time for Western deniers who ventured presented Russia as a haven for “dissi- sympathetic Russian officials. Among there. Denialist organizations such as dent” views.30 (“Revisionists Enjoy Free them was Vladimir Zhirinovsky, head of the Institute for Historical Review (IHR) Speech Without Fear of Thought Police,” the ironically named Liberal Democratic praised the speed at which translations pronounced one headline.31) Although Party of Russia, who had just begun ad- of Western “revisionist” materials were Carto’s efforts in the country appear to vocating for a pan-European union of sold in the country. Among them were be minimal after this period, one con- far-right parties.19 Zündel would later Graf’s Myth of the Holocaust and Six Mil- ference speaker would pick up the torch travel to Russia on his own. Others, such lion “Lost” and Found, written by British and carry it forward: former Ku Klux Klan as Swiss author Jürgen Graf and Italian National Front author Richard Harwood, Grand Wizard and perennial candidate writer Carlo Mattogno, followed Zündel’s the pen name of Richard Verrall. Graf’s David Duke. lead in 1995, taking two “research trips” text, which was excerpted in a special to dive into the recently opened Moscow edition of Русский Вестник (Russkiy Vest- PUTIN: SAVIOR OF THE WHITE RACE? archives, which contained numerous nik) and published in full in a special In David Duke’s 2013 book, The Secret World War II related documents, but also 123-page booklet, was said to have sold Behind Communism, the former Klans- to build up additional contacts.20 over 200,000 copies in its first year on man writes of meeting the famous—or While these three floated under the in- the market alone.24 Zündel attributed infamous—Russian dissident writer ternational media’s radar, not all of their these successes to an effort to change Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn soon after the like-minded colleagues were as lucky. Russia’s collective memory. “In the wake publication of Solzhenitsyn’s book on David Irving, a self-appointed Holocaust of the collapse of Communism,” he told Russian Jews, Two Hundred Years To- scholar who became a central figure in an audience at IHR’s 1994 conference, gether, which argues that Jews were com- denialist circles, managed to create an “…people are enduring a drastic, soul- plicit, at the very least, in Communist international incident during his 1992 searching re-evaluation of their national atrocities. “I waited for ten years in vain trip to Moscow. Irving, like many legiti- history and collective self-identity.”25 for the book to be published in English,” mate historians, had been drawn to the While human rights groups like Memo- writes Duke. “It remains unpublished to newly independent Russia by the allure rial sought to correct the Communist this day. Of course. The secret behind of long-inaccessible Soviet archives, Party’s whitewashed version of history, Communism must remain a secret to much of which included a wealth of pre- Holocaust deniers used this necessary re- most of the public.”32 Duke was referring viously unseen World War II material. visiting of the country’s past as a cover for to a talking point that had made its way Under the auspices of publishing a biog- hate.26 Zündel’s wistful dreams “of future through White nationalist and antisemit- raphy of Joseph Goebbels, Irving became close collaboration between a revived, ic circles for years: that while we are told the first Western researcher to gain -ac nationalist Russia and a revived, nation- to “never forget” the Holocaust (in Duke’s cess to the war diaries of the Nazi’s for- alist Germany”—a sentiment echoed by terms, “the Jewish Holocaust”), we never acknowledge the even bigger geno- Untethered from the dark magic of Kremlinology, we can cide carried out by the Bolsheviks. understand what the U.S. Far Right sees in Russia: a mirror. And that, Duke argued, is because the “Jewish tribalists” in power mer minister of propaganda, spanning Pamyat—became, in a way, a reality.27 make such discussion impossible.33 from 1941 to 1945.21 When both Irving’s The “revisionist” project did manage to Duke’s meeting with Solzhenitsyn in penchant for referring to himself as a foster transnational relationships, but 2002 was far from his first experience in “mild fascist”22 and his abuse of archival did so in part by making its stated goals the country. His escapades began in Sep- privileges nearly resulted in a permanent more explicitly racist and White nation- tember 1995, when he traveled to Russia ban from all 2,000 archives within the alist in the process. and met with the Liberal Democratic Par- former Soviet Union, the international By the time Carto—who was forced ty’s Vladimir Zhirinovsky, whom Duke right-wing media became apoplectic. out of the IHR over an internal dispute referred to as “protective of … the white Much like the contemporary White na- with a colleague28—brought his own re- race.”34 (Duke, somehow, either ignored tionalist movement’s obsession with pro- visionist conference to Russia in 2002, or didn’t know that Zhirinovsky himself tecting their right to hate under the aus- this process was well underway. The is of Jewish ancestry.) Four years later, he pices of free speech, the global Far Right meeting was a joint operation of Carto’s returned.35 In 1998, one of Duke’s asso- was outraged by this apparent violation latest venture, The Barnes Review, which ciates, General Albert Makashov, a noto- of the antisemite’s “free speech” rights.23 merged more explicit White national- rious antisemite, proposed “round[ing] The Russians, for their part, claimed they ist and White supremacist rhetoric with up all the Yids and send[ing] them to the were duped into believing Irving was a le- IHR-style revisionist historiography, and next world.”36 One undated photo shows gitimate historian. the Moscow-based Encyclopedia of Russia Duke meeting with Aleksandr Dugin,37 a But overall, the 1990s—close to two Civilization.29 Billed as the “First Interna- neo-Eurasianist, neo-fascist thinker with decades before Holocaust denial became tional Conference on Global Problems of deep ties to the European Far Right and

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 5 author of several books frequently cited cil of all Indo-European nations.”40 To British far-right movements and who by U.S. White nationalists, including put it another way, what Atenei and the was reportedly working as DPNI’s Direc- The Fourth Political Theory. Duke’s pres- Russian racologists sought was “White tor of International Relations,45 spent ence helped drum up interest in Rus- pride worldwide.” most of his time pontificating on the im- sian translations of his work. In 2001, Contrary to various articles attributing portance of Russia to the broader White reports began to circulate regarding the the Alt Right’s interest in Russia to Du- nationalist movement while touting the sale of his first Russian-language book, gin’s influence, it was Duke who, in large benefits of an anti-immigrant Russian The Jewish Question Through the Eyes of an part, helped bridge the organizing gap be- identity.46 (Although he was believed to American, which consisted of translated tween Holocaust deniers and “White na- have once sublet David Duke’s Moscow excerpts from his 1998 autobiography, tionalism 2.0” in Russia. One author pos- apartment,47 Wiginton also began stak- My Awakening. (According to the Los An- itively compared Duke to John Reed, the ing out his own territory, dubbing Duke an “opportunist” who “will meet with It was the U.S. 2016 election that solidified the U.S. Alt anyone if it makes him look good.”48) Right’s appreciation of the Russian Far Right. Wiginton would later use his contacts and access to Texas A&M, his former geles Times, copies of the book were even Russian revolution’s foremost English- alma mater, to host various pro-White advertised and sold “next to the cafeteria language chronicler.41 Duke, and to a nationalist events. Among his guests in the Duma.”38) By the early 2000s, it lesser extent Carto, demonstrated that were Aleksandr Dugin, who spoke to the became clear that Duke had secured his Russia, specifically Putin’s Russia, was university by Skype because sanctions own Moscow apartment. a worthwhile ally for White national- prevented him from attending his own Meanwhile, several native Russian ists. Above all, what Russia may offer, event in person,49 and Richard Spencer, groups with White nationalist and White Duke speculated, was the “key to white the White nationalist credited with coin- supremacist leanings made their pres- survival.”42 As Duke observed in a speech ing the term “Alt Right.”50 ence known. The Russian journal At- at the Mayakovsky Museum in Moscow: The Alt Right proper was not far be- enei, created by three prominent racist What role does Russia and the former hind, although joint organizing with Russian thinkers (Pavel Tulaev, Anatoly Eastern Bloc countries play in this Russian extremists has been haphazard. Ivanov, and Vladimir Avdeyev), sought scheme of things? Russia is a White na- On the one hand, there is the Alt Right’s to advance the cause of preserving racial tion! Of the many capital cities of Eu- interest in Dugin. Arktos, a White na- purity. Avdeyev’s concept of “raciology,” rope, it is accurate to say that Moscow is tionalist publishing house now based for instance, “biologizes ethnicity” in the Whitest of them all. . . . In my opin- in Hungary, has published a number an effort to explain the distinct develop- ion, Russia and other Eastern countries of Dugin’s works in English, beginning ment of different cultures while asserting have the greatest chance of having ra- with The Fourth Political Theory in 2012. the need for ethnoracial homogeneity.39 cially aware parties achieve political Another book, the 2014 essay collection Here, Russia’s supposed racial purity puts power. If just one nation would break Eurasian Mission, outlined Dugin’s ap- it in a unique position to help hold togeth- through for our people, I think it would proach to working with White nation- er a White racial front—a unity of Russia, cause a domino effect that would cas- alists.51 Around the same time, Richard the United States, and Europe. With this cade throughout the whole world.43 Spencer and his innocuously named goal in mind, Atenei held a 2006 Moscow think tank, the National Policy Institute conference titled “The White World’s Duke’s “domino effect” didn’t play out (NPI), began churning out translations of Future.” Although the manifesto that as expected, and by the mid-2010s, a Dugin’s work with the help of Spencer’s emerged from the conference focused number of far-right leaders—including then-wife, Nina Kouprianova. In 2014, on European-Russian relations, Atenei Alexander Potkin, better known as Al- Dugin was even billed as one of the main invited numerous European and U.S. exander Belov, of Russia’s xenophobic speakers at NPI’s inaugural “European attendees to participate, including Duke, Movement Against Illegal Immigration Congress” in Hungary. The conference, Guillaume Faye of the French New Right, (DPNI)—were facing anti-extremism which was organized by Spencer and sev- and the head of the now-banned Slavic charges.44 Even the once-massive “Rus- eral other prominent White nationalists Union Dmitriy Demushkin. Though At- sian March”—an annual nationalist ex- from American Renaissance and other enei has since faded from international travaganza—became a shadow of its for- outfits, proved to be too racist even for relevance, several points from the mani- mer self. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, festo were telling. In an effort to facilitate Yet the Kremlin’s concern about the who prevented Dugin and others from cooperation across borders, it proposed: possible threat posed by domestic ethno- entering the country.52 But the following “[creating] an alternative international nationalist groups didn’t dissuade the year, in 2015, Taylor, along with White council aimed at fighting for the survival West’s burgeoning Alt Right from turn- supremacist lawyer Sam Dickson, made of . . . white nations”; “protecting the ing to Russia for support and inspiration. his way to Russia for a conference host- rights of fighters for the life and identity In 2008, Preston Wiginton, a U.S. White ed by Russia’s nationalist party, Rodina of their nations”; and “form[ing] a coun- nationalist with ties to both Russian and (“Motherland”).53 The event, dubbed

6 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 the International Russian Conservative As a project of the U.S.-based Inter- natural family. Forum, sought to bring together far- national Organization for the Family, The WCF helped cultivate the image of right activists from across the globe— which promises to “[unite] and [equip] Russia as a valuable partner for U.S. far- what Jared Taylor, the long-time head leaders worldwide to promote the natural right thinkers and organizers across the of American Renaissance, called “an ex- family,”58 the WCF was founded with the spectrum. “We are convinced that Russia ercise in vigorous free speech that prob- primary mission of defending the tradi- plays and should play a very prominent ably could not have been held anywhere tional family from the destructive forces role in the matter of family advocacy and else in Europe.”54 Around the same time, of modern liberalism. The WCF was born moral values on a global scale,” Larry Ja- Rodina, along with the far-right, Ortho- out of the Illinois-based Howard Center cobs, WCF’s now-deceased managing di- dox Christian nationalist Russian Impe- for Family, Religion, and Society—one rector, said in a 2013 interview.66 rial Movement (RIM), sought to form an of several organizations, including Focus Cooperation between Russian and U.S. international organization for far-right on the Family, that rose to prominence far-right activists continued and grew. In groups dubbed the World National Con- thanks to a wave of institutionalized ho- 2014, a massive leak from Russian hack- servative Movement (mezhdunarodoe mophobia within fundamentalist Chris- er group Shaltai Boltai revealed strong natsional’no-konservativnoe dvizhenie).55 tianity in the 1970s and ’80s. But while connections between Alexey Komov, But it was the U.S. 2016 election that the WCF’s origins are thoroughly Ameri- WCF’s Russian representative, and prom- solidified the U.S. Alt Right’s apprecia- can, it could not exist without Russia. inent nationalists such as Aleksandr Du- tion of the Russian Far Right. For many As WCF co-founder Allan Carlson told gin and Orthodox oligarch Konstantin in the movement, Trump’s praise of ThinkProgress, the organization was cre- Malofeev.67 Although Russia’s invasion Putin and his campaign promise to im- ated several years after he was “contacted of Ukraine forced the WCF to withdraw prove U.S.-Russian relations was more out of the blue” by Anatoly Antonov, a public sponsorship for what was meant to than welcome. Matthew Heimbach, professor at Lomonosov Moscow State be a big blowout in Moscow, the meeting former head of the neonazi Traditional- University, in the early ’90s.59 Antonov nevertheless was set to feature speeches ist Worker Party, became a central orga- invited Carlson, a former Reagan admin- from National Organization for Mar- nizer in the effort to forge transnational, istration official, to Russia to discuss the riage President Brian Brown and leaders far-right ties between the countries. Al- importance of the “natural family.”60 In of other major right-wing U.S. Christian though Heimbach was unable to attend 1995, Carlson went, meeting with a va- organizations—although the tumultu- the St. Petersburg forum, he traveled to riety of scholars, politicians (including ous political climate between the United the United States in September 2017 with members of Russia’s Ministry for Social States and Russia may have lowered the RIM’s Stanislav Shevchuk, who, as Heim- Protection), and activists.61 Some, such turnout.68 Leaked data also showed that bach told Think Progress, was the group’s as Ivan Shevchenko, head of the Ortho- many U.S. far-right activists, including Western Europe representative. Their dox Brotherhood of Scientists and Spe- WCF communications director Donald joint tour came just weeks after White cialists, were eager to make their reli- Feder, received financial backing from nationalists stormed Charlottesville, Vir- gious affiliations known.62 sanctioned Russian oligarch Vladimir ginia—a live reenactment, of sorts, of the All shared serious concerns about an Yakunin’s Foundation of St. Andrew the Charlottesville marchers’ chant: “Russia impending demographic winter—a term First-Called.69 is our friend!”56 used by “pro-family” groups to refer to In Russia, WCF proved instrumen- the quasi-apocalyptic effects of popula- tal in developing some of the country’s RUSSIA AS A HAVEN FOR ANTI-LGBTQ tion decline that, at least in some cas- most radical anti-LGBTQ laws, including HATE? es, is akin to White nationalist fears of bans on “gay propaganda” (spearheaded While Russia may have seemed a “White genocide.”63 In the West, figures by WCF associate Yelena Mizulina) and promising ally for Holocaust deniers and such as Steve Mosher of the WCF-partner on the adoption of children by same-sex White nationalists, Russian far-right ac- organization, the Population Research couples.70 Indeed, a 2014 report from tors have, thanks to various government Institute, have expressed concerns that Mother Jones observed that “the rise of crackdowns, found their reach to be “anti-family” policies and non-White im- anti-gay laws in Russia has mirrored, al- limited, forcing them to instead rely on migration will lead to the decline of West- most perfectly, the rise of WCF’s work in fleeting personal connections. As schol- ern civilization.64 In Russia, population the country, with 13 new anti-gay laws ar Marlene Laruelle has argued in re- decline was and continues to be a serious passed since Jacobs first traveled there.”71 searching the issue, “It is important not concern, even outside far-right politics,65 It did so, in part, by establishing relation- to conflate influence with confluence.”57 as poverty, low life expectancy (especial- ships with conservative Orthodox hier- That is, while both groups sought to col- ly among men), and brain drain have all archs, such as Archpriest Dmitri Smirnov laborate on certain issues, broader co- contributed to a population decline. But of the Russian Orthodox Church’s com- operation was hard to achieve. Yet they rather than address the long-time struc- mission on the family, and nurturing found common ground in anti-LGBTQ tural inadequacies behind these statis- relationships with prominent oligarchs activism, most prominently through the tics, conservative activists have blamed such as Yakunin and Malofeev.72 In ad- World Congress of Families. liberalism for destroying the so-called dition to funding, these ties ensured fa-

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 7 vorable coverage through networks such transnational relationships themselves. open bottles of Russian vodka.78 In an- as Malofeev’s own Tsargrad TV and the Lacking substantive ground on which to other video, the pair wanders around a Russian Orthodox Church aligned chan- connect, the communities that grow out sanctioned opposition protest, before nel Spas. While Spas is far from popular, of these relationships tend to be almost offering inane commentary, proudly un- and Tsargrad TV exists only on the web, endlessly adaptable—and, as a result, de- familiar with prominent opposition lead- they’ve delivered WCF’s message to the void of the stability that can encourage a ers, marveling that the protesters carried exact population it has targeted. movement to grow. Constant change and Russian flags79 (something, Southern infighting ensure that the ties that bind would later tell me, “Antifa” would never FROM RUSSIA, WITH APATHY are far from strong. If Putin is the “grand do).80 For the Nazis, Russians were never part godfather” of “extreme nationalism” as “Brittany and I are not experts on Rus- of a “White” country, and the same U.S. Hillary Clinton once said, he’s a rather es- sian politics,” Southern said in an inter- immigration quotas from the 1920s that tranged relation to its U.S. practitioners. view soon after their trip, while recount- White nationalists herald today at the Rather than view Far Right mobiliza- ing the impulsive origins of the pair’s time categorized Russians as racially un- tion as a sinister Russian plan to under- project—a Russian fan of Pettibone’s who desirable.73 The country is far from being mine U.S. democracy, we ought to see it offered to show them around.81 It was the “sole White power in the world” that as just one more instance where Russia as if the pair had undertaken their pil- Richard Spencer imagined. has served as an object of obsessive in- grimage on a whim, driven to uncover Likewise, contrary to the image of Rus- trigue—the Russophilia that currently the “real” Russia—a fairy-tale land of fur hats, where “traditionalism” is king and What is enthralling about Russia is not the nation itself, gender norms are respected.82 As talking with Southern made clear, it was not but what a Russia imaginary means in relation to the Russia that mattered to them so much as United States or the idea of “White civilization.” the idea of Russia: an imagined embodiment of far-right ideals, the geographic equivalent of what Russian sociologist sia as a haven for the Far Right, Putin has tantalizes the U.S. Far Right as a close Yuri Levada once said of Putin—that he imposed domestic crackdowns on Rus- cousin of the Russophobia that animated was a mirror “in which everyone, com- sian ultra-nationalist activists after far- more mainstream conservatives a gen- munist or democrat, sees what he wants right, anti-government protesters found eration before. Just as scholar David S. to see and what he hopes for.”83 common ground with more mainstream Foglesong described U.S.-Russia rela- For the U.S. Far Right, there is no opposition protesters. tions in the 19th and 20th Centuries, the “real Russia,” but merely a blank canvas Yet none of this has had an effect on country has again become the United upon which the movement’s desires can the Alt Right’s pro-Putin rhetoric. For States’s “imaginary twin” and “dark dou- be drawn. Not a sovereign nation, but a the Far Right, what matters more is the ble” today.76 What is enthralling about bastion of traditionalism and a haven for Kremlin’s general strategy of propping Russia is not the nation itself, but what those keen on espousing hate; the last up right-wing and nationalist groups a Russia imaginary means in relation to cradle of Christian civilization, albeit a abroad. “Putin is supporting nationalists the United States or the idea of “White Christianity that few among them under- around the world and building an anti- civilization.” Mainstream U.S. politics, stand. It is, as the Charlottesville rioters globalist alliance, while promoting tra- as historian and host of the SRB Podcast put it, a “friend,” though in reality, more ditional values and self-determination,” Sean Guillory observed, “has oscillated of a politically expedient znakomiy, or Matthew Heimbach told Business Insider between [seeing] Russia as an object of acquaintance. The enigmatic “Russian in 2016.74 That David Duke’s books are American narcissistic desire to a subject soul” does not exist in its own right. It is currently categorized in Russia as “ex- of American neurosis.”77 So, too, has the whatever they will it to be. tremist” literature matters far less than Far Right. Russia’s image as a traditionalist, racially In May 2018, this trend reached a per- Hannah Gais is a freelance writer who re- pure hedge against the West. plexing apex. Lauren Southern—a Cana- cently completed a graduate program at Harvard Divinity School, where Gais fo- This lack of substance has made the dian far-right YouTuber who often parrots cused on the intersection of nationalism, prospect of long-term, meaningful coop- White nationalist talking points—head- extremism, and Russian Orthodox identity eration impossible. “Mutual admiration ed to Moscow with noted “Pizzagate ex- in a post-Soviet context. Gais was also a and shared worldviews are not enough to pert” Brittany Pettibone for a series of graduate student associate at Harvard’s demonstrate any kind of concrete inter- odd, rambling interviews with Dugin. In Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian actions,” writes Marlene Laruelle, “and a brief trailer released that June, South- Studies. still less any kind of Russian influence ern and Pettibone danced around an over U.S. far right public opinion.”75 To abandoned, graffitied building wearing some extent, the flimsiness of the -alli traditional Russian ushankas with the ance is baked into the nature of these Red Army logo on them while cracking

8 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 INFORM YOUR RESISTANCE RE/SUBSCRIBE TO THE PUBLIC EYE TODAY

Renew Your subscription or purchase a subscription for a friend today. Order a one-year subscription (4 issues) for $45 or two-years (8 issues) for a discounted rate of $45 at politicalresearch.org/subscribe.

New and renewed subscribers will receive a gift of the special, commemorative 100th issue of The Public Eye. Special offer ends September 15, 2020.

POLITICALRESEARCH.ORG/SUBSCRIBE

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 9 BY CLOEE COOPER AND DARYLE LAMONT JENKINS

Culture and Belonging in the USA Multiracial Organizing on the Contemporary Far Right

A Black Trump supporter at an Arizona rally in 2016. Credit: Johnny Silvercloud/Flickr.

ugust 4, 2018, the day of the after the deadly “Unite the Right” rally centers, and their various supporters, “Gibson for Senate Freedom in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August converged on the city.3 The Arkansas- March,” was a balmy day in 2017, Patriot Prayer’s presence in the based neo-Confederate group the Hiway- Portland, Oregon. Patriot streets had only grown. (While Patriot men—themselves veterans of the Unite APrayer, a group loosely associated with Prayer members were not openly pres- the Right rally—waved Confederate flags the Alt Right, had organized the march, ent in Charlottesville, reputed members against a backdrop of men in MAGA hats calling on like-minded people to “make of the Proud Boys, a group with overlap- and a smattering of Blue Lives Matter history today” and fight for free speech ping membership, were.) A year later, flags (pro-police symbols in opposition to in the face of Portland’s “intolerant hate- the Southern Poverty Law Center warned the Black Lives Matter movement). ful culture.”1 Joey Gibson, the founding that the Patriot Prayer rally could be And yet, when counter protesters chal- leader of Patriot Prayer, was running for Charlottesville 2.0, drawing Alt Right lenged Gibson’s coalition with antiracist U.S. Senate in Washington state in the groups from all along the West Coast to chants, they encountered a strange re- Republican primary—a platform he used flex their muscles.2 buttal.4 As one rally-goer told a counter to promote and coalesce local far-right Chants of “USA! USA!” filled the air protester, “If you support the Left, you forces in the Pacific Northwest. It was along the Naito Parkway as an estimat- are 100 percent racist. It’s the Left that one of dozens of rallies the group had or- ed 500 members of Patriot Prayer, the wanted to keep Black people in Slavery. ganized in the region since April 2017; Proud Boys, the militia group Three Per- It’s the Left that wanted to keep Black

10 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 people from voting. If you support them, connections to Three Percenter militia tifa protesters who demonstrated against that’s exactly what you are supporting.”5 circles,12 was founded in 2016 by Joey an appearance by McInnes at the Repub- Gibson, a Washington-based Japanese- Gibson under the pretense of promoting lican Club in Manhattan.17 American activist6 who says he was politi- libertarian ideas and free speech—al- Our concern is that multiculturalism cized during the 2016 Trump campaign,7 though for Patriot Prayer, that has often within the Far Right may represent an Patriot Prayer and the Proud Boys are part of a trend of Far Right organizing that departs from their explicitly White nationalist contemporaries, and often fuses antiracist language into otherwise nationalist, misogynistic, libertarian, and xenophobic platforms. echoed those thoughts. When asked by meant physically attacking those they effort to copy the Left’s embrace of mul- a journalist to respond to antifascists’ consider to be enemies of free speech. ticulturalism in the service of a new ver- charge that Patriot Prayer is racist, Gib- Its two most prominent members, Gib- sion of right-wing rebellion. son said, “Why is it that we have way son and Tusitala “Tiny” Toese, are both more [people] of color than they have? men of color. (Toese, who is of Samoan AN UNEASY ALLIANCE … I am darker than 90 percent of those descent and in his early 20s, claims to While Joey Gibson denies any accusa- people that are calling me a racist.”8 have been anti-Trump before meeting tions of racism, he regularly organizes Coming onto the scene in 2016, Patriot Gibson.13) and attends rallies with well-known Prayer and the Proud Boys are part of a Founded in 2016 by Vice Magazine White supremacists and neonazis. And trend of far-right organizing that departs co-founder Gavin McInnes, the Proud some of them have turned to violence. from their explicitly White nationalist Boys describes itself as a men’s frater- In April 2017, a White supremacist contemporaries, and often fuses antira- nity dedicated to the idea that the “West named Jeremy Christian attended a Pa- cist language into otherwise nationalist, is the Best.” Its rhetoric is marked by triot Prayer “free speech” rally in Port- misogynistic, libertarian, and xenopho- inflammatory misogynistic positions land; less than a month later, Christian bic platforms. With people of color in po- that defend “natural” gender differences killed two Portland residents and injured sitions of leadership and representing 10 and advocates for violence and protest a third, in one of the most shocking dis- percent9 of their August rally, the groups against Muslims, undocumented im- plays of White supremacist violence in represent something substantively dif- migrants, reproductive justice, the Left, Oregon’s history.18 ferent from old-style White supremacism and transgender rights. McInnes denies When Gibson attended a later rally in in terms of both ideology and organizing: being a White supremacist and the group Rhode Island with Brien James, a Proud what scholars and journalists refer to as welcomes men of various ethnic and re- Boys member who also co-founded the the Multiracial Far Right. ligious backgrounds, including Jewish neonazi organizations Vinlanders Social The emergence of this new bloc raises men, as long as they agree to the Proud Club and American Guard, he told a jour- several questions. First, why are people Boys’ principles.14 Their website features nalist that James’ history was irrelevant of multiracial backgrounds gravitating a video of a young Black man, identified since he said nothing bad at the rally.”19 to Far Right groups? Further, is this a only as “Yosef,” who describes the Proud At the Unite the Right rally in August new phenomenon or is there historical Boys as a “multi-ethnic organization 2017, the infusion of people of color into precedent for this sort of unlikely part- that like [sic] pounding beer, defending the Far Right was evident. In fact, Alex nership? Finally, if racial exclusion isn’t the Constitution, and making Western Michael Ramos, a Latinx person associ- the ultimate glue that binds this sector of babies.”15 ated with the Three Percenters militia Far Right groups together, how are these The 211 Bootboys are far-right nation- movement and the Proud Boys, is now groups “transcending” race, and what alists with roots in New York City. Found- in prison for his role in attacking a Black issues continue to be fault lines within ed in 1999 by Dennis “F.U.” Davila, the man named DeAndre Harris in a parking their movement? lead singer of a hardcore punk band lot that day.20 Ramos later claimed that called Fed Up, the 211 Bootboys come he attended the rally not because he was THE MULTIRACIAL FAR RIGHT out of the New York City hardcore punk racist, but because he was a conservative Patriot Prayer and the Proud Boys are scene, and in particular traditional16 and who cared about free speech, claiming two of the most prominent Far Right10 anti-racist skinhead circles. In recent he can’t be racist because he is Puerto organizations that include significant years, 211 Bootboys shifted to embrac- Rican.21 membership of people of color. But street ing Far Right and xenophobic politics, crews like Battalion 49 and the 211 Boot- despite its predominantly Latinx mem- HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS boys11 are also part of the contemporary bership. Members of its multiracial crew Since the election of Donald Trump, Multiracial Far Right. were implicated, along with the Proud many have rightfully pointed out that Patriot Prayer, an organization with Boys, in an October 2018 attack on An- White nationalism, a movement that

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 11 seeks to create an all-White nation-state, nations and governments within the U.S. rights movement, Mormon ultra-con- is on the rise in the United States.22 White They also shared the antisemitic position servatives, Christian Reconstructionists, nationalist movements spiked in the U.S. that Jewish people had taken control of and elements of the anti-environmental- in the wake of the Civil Rights move- the government.25 ist Wise Use movement. But the militias’ anti-government, pro Second Amend- Some militia groups explicitly embraced and “promoted ment emphasis also attracted some sym- pathizers from groups more commonly blatant racism” and others “directly confronted or associated with the Left, including some harassed White nationalist organizations such as the communities of color that have immi- KKK.” grant populations, who saw government encroachment on individual rights as a threat. According to Lyons, some militia groups explicitly embraced and “promoted blatant racism” and others “directly confronted or harassed White nationalist organizations such as the KKK.”27 In 1994, James J. Johnson, a Black utility worker from Columbus, Ohio, cofounded a Patriot Movement group called E Pluribus Unum and became a leader and spokesperson for the Ohio Unorganized Militia.28 Johnson actively attempted to recruit other people from Black communities, calling the militia movement “the Civil Rights Movement of the ’90s.”29 Despite blatant White supremacist and antisemitic trends within the mi- Virgina Second Amendment Rally, January 2020. Credit: Anthony Crider/Flickr litia movement, Johnson embraced its ment.23 But in the past as well as today, Multiracial far-right organizing that aspirational American patriotism and there is political tension within the Far doesn’t advocate separation of races is less saw a place for Black Americans within Right regarding race: some groups with common in the Far Right, however. The the burgeoning anti-government move- roots in paleoconservatism advocate for 1990s militia movement, which is the ment. an all-White nation and predicate mem- precursor to the modern Patriot move- “The KKK and the Aryan Nation[s] bership based on what they refer to as be- ment (and with which Patriot Prayer is neither invite or desire the presence of ing part of the “Aryan race”; other groups closely associated), may offer the best non-whites at their meetings,” Johnson align with White nationalist politics on example. wrote.30 “The militia does... The militia some principles but embrace a broader Matthew Lyons, author of the recent does not hyphenate its membership. We notion of America-first nationalism, book Insurgent Supremacists: The U.S. Far are all Americans first.”31 which doesn’t discriminate based on Right’s Challenge to State and Empire, de- While Johnson saw government agen- race, as long as other far-right principles scribes tensions surrounding race within cies as the primary enforcer of racism, are shared. the 1990s militia movement. The move- he embraced a movement that not only Within the former group, there is a his- ment drew inspiration from White su- had its roots in White supremacist and tory of White nationalist organizations premacist and antisemitic organizations antisemitic ideology but also held anti- building tactical alliances with national- like the Posse Comitatus, which rejected globalization and anti-Communist be- ist movements within U.S.-based communities of color, to advance their goal In many ways, what seems to bind this new sector of of separatism. The most famous example the Far Right together is a secularized Christian Right is when Tom Metzger, founder of the neonazi group White Aryan Resistance, traditionalism. led his supporters to join Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan and his support- the federal government’s legitimacy liefs, which led militia chapters to plot ers in a 200-person meeting in Michigan and advocated against “the New World violence against the Latinx community. in 1985.24 The meeting was allegedly Order.”26 Considered a right-wing anti- According to an April 2009 report on held based on shared notions that Black government phenomena, the militias right-wing extremism prepared for the and White people should have separate shared membership with the revived gun Department of Homeland Security, the

12 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 1990s militia and other Far Right groups anti-immigrant and anti-Communist become a topic of inquiry across academ- were concerned with immigration’s effect advocacy, and multiracial member- ic, journalist and activist spaces. Some of on people competing for jobs.32 Believing ship are all mirrored in their current the inquiry follows the question: If race that illegal immigrants were taking away counterparts: today’s Patriot Prayer and is not the glue that binds these far-right American jobs through their willingness Proud Boys groups. This was particularly groups together, what is? to work at significantly lower wages, one evident at a June 30, 2018, rally in Port- According to Daniel Martinez HoSang Wyoming militia member was arrested in land when a Proud Boys organizer said, and Joseph Lowndes, authors of Produc- February 2007 for plotting to kill immi- “[For] all the illegals trying to jump over ers, Parasites, Patriots: Race and the New grants crossing into the United States at our border, we should be smashing their Right-Wing Politics of Precarity,38 the as- the Mexican border. Later that year, six heads into the concrete—handling busi- cent of select elites of color and multicul- militia members were arrested for vari- ness, separating them from their kids.”35 turalism within the Right reflects a shift. ous weapons and explosives violations, (At the August 4 rally, Proud Boys mem- “Racially subordinated groups have with the specific purpose of violently ber “Tiny” Toese, as well as other mem- been made even more vulnerable in this bers of the group, period of economic crisis, evident in dis- wore shirts read- parities of wealth, income, debt, incar- ing, “Pinochet did ceration rates, health outcomes, etc.,” nothing wrong.” Lowndes explained in an email to PRA.39 When asked by “Multiculturalism on the right becomes reporter Christo- represented as the ethical embodiment pher Mathais about of an exceptional American national Pinochet killing, identity…These figures are meant to tes- torturing and de- tify to the enduring qualities and virtues taining an esti- of the nation, the exemplars of individu- mated 40,000 of alistic striving and persistence in the face his countrymen, of hostility and institutional failure.”40 Toese responded, Lowndes highlighted the irony of Gib- “Aren’t they all son calling himself a Civil Rights activist, communists?”36 and featuring Civil Rights imagery on The reference was his website, while aligning in the streets to Chilean dictator with White supremacists and violently Augusto Pinochet, defending a nationalist, racist, xenopho- notorious for mur- bic and misogynist U.S. president. dering thousands According to journalist Arun Gupta, of Leftists after ris- people of color are often drawn into the ing to power in a movement for its patriarchal elements, U.S.-backed mili- and to find companionship and affinity. tary coup, includ- He also suggests that the Left tends to ing some executed over-homogenize the views of people of by being thrown color, assuming they all share progres- out of helicopters— sive values. a historical atrocity “There is a complex reality of com- that has since be- munities of color [joining far-right or- come a right-wing ganizations],” Gupta told PRA.41 “The meme.37) Left wants to reduce [all communities of “I HATE THE LEFT N RACISM” – Seen at a far-right rally in Portland, Oregon, in August 2018 . Credit: Old White Truck/Flickr. color] to progressivism, which is just not true… These are more suburban middle- attacking Latinx immigrants.33 But while the 1990s militia provides class and upper-middle-class [guys],” Fighting Communism against Central some context for what we are seeing to- Gupta said. “Some are in the tech in- America and the Philippines became a day, the specific attributes of the contem- dustry. They work with computers for a galvanizing force for 1990s militia and porary Multiracial Far Right are unique living. It gives them a feeling that they Second Amendment advocacy. Against and require further probing and explora- are engaged in a heroic struggle. That the backdrop of the Cold War, they saw tion. sweeps in men of color along with it.”42 gun control laws as signs of an impend- When Gupta spent time with members ing tyrannical and Communist govern- “TRANSCENDING” RACE of Patriot Prayer and the Proud Boys in ment.34 Why people of color in the U.S. are Vancouver, Washington, prior to their These groups’ embrace of violence, joining Far Right organizations has August 2018 demonstration, he asked

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 13 their Caribbean and Latinx members Life rally in Portland.52 them due to the color of their skin or any what attracted them to the movement. In many ways, what seems to bind this other reason,” he said in a YouTube vid- Enrique Tarrio, the Proud Boys’ Afro- new sector of the Far Right together is a eo.56 “The biggest problem for the White Cuban chairman, argued that institu- secularized Christian Right traditional- nationalists is trying to bring a racially tional racism no longer exists in the U.S. ism. With Patriot Prayer and Proud Boys exclusive message to events organized by Elysa Sanchez, who is Black and Puerto combining support for restrictive gen- people who have other goals in mind.”57 Rican, and attends rallies with the Proud der roles with a fantasy of a new male To some on the Far Right, building a Boys and Patriot Prayer, told Gupta, “If supremacy and embrace of Western cul- broader coalition that includes people of black people are committing more mur- ture, they invoke a new version of the color is self-evidently part of their project ders, more robberies, more thefts, more traditional Judeo-Christian values that to redefine nationalism. However, -ten violent crime, that’s why you would see defined the Christian Right over the past sions around race, and who should be more black men having encounters with four decades.53 included in their vision of a new society, the police.”43 Gupta added, “If you are anti-Com- To some on the Far Right, building a broader coalition munist and you do have reactionary at- titudes about gender, then the combina- that includes people of color is self-evidently part of their tion tends to make you more in sync with project to redefine nationalism. Alt Right views.”44 For example, some U.S. communities that were part of Cold continue to be fault lines within their War refugee resettlements hold lingering FAULT LINES movements. But above all, what the Mul- anti-Communist views45 that make some The factors outlined above are only tiracial Far Right demonstrates is how right-wing perspectives more attractive. a few hypotheses regarding the rise of much their movement can and will con- Far-right positions on gender roles also a Multiracial Far Right. But within the tinue to change form, at times coalescing provide common ground for groups like ranks of the contemporary movement, within communities more often associ- Patriot Prayer, Proud Boys, and 211 Boot- multiracial membership has sparked inated with the Left, and along other axes boys. Alex DiBranco, a Yale doctoral can- tense debate and controversy. Some ex- than race. didate on social movements and the U.S. plicitly White nationalist Far Right lead- Right, makes the case that the contempo- ers have condemned the Proud Boys and Cloee Cooper holds a master’s degree in rary Far Right is as much about misogyny Patriot Prayer over their inclusion of peo- journalism from the Medill School of Jour- nalism, specializing in social justice and as it is about race.46 Being a man (as well ple of color. Others support a multiracial investigative reporting. Cloee tracked, as a “Western Chauvinist”) is a prerequi- coalition in pursuit of creating a broader monitored and organized against anti- site to joining the Proud Boys, for exam- Far Right alliance. immigrant organizations with ties to white ple.47 And as Proud Boys founder Gavin In an article on the explicitly antise- nationalism with the Center for New Com- McInnes elaborated in a 2018 video, “We mitic and White nationalist website the munity from 2009-2012. Her work can are going to continue being proud of our- Daily Stormer, Adrian Sol writes, “Jews be seen at Chicago’s local PBS affiliate – selves. We are going to continue getting and shitlibs have gotten so insufferable WTTW, Alternet, Social Justice News Nex- married, living in the suburbs, having these days that even brown people are us, Imagine2050 and Hard Crackers. She kids and loving America.”48 joining the ‘Neo-Nazi White supremacist’ currently serves on the Editorial Board of One of the Proud Boys’ organizational movement in droves.”54 (The article was Hard Crackers, a journal documenting the tenets is to “venerat[e] the housewife.”49 a direct response to Gupta’s Daily Beast everyday life of those striving to overturn When asked what that means, McInnes article, “Why Young Men of Color Are the mess we are in. says that women are capable of many Joining White-Supremacist Groups.”55) things, but there are just some things Others, such as American Guard Daryle Lamont Jenkins is the founder and women can’t do, like write. Consequent- founder Brien James, advocate in favor executive director of One People’s Project (OPP), a Philadelphia-based anti-hate orly, there is a Proud Boys’ Girls organiza- of building coalitions across far-right ganization that researches, monitors, and tion, for women who are supportive of organizing—the same goal that inspired reports on right-wing groups and individu- Proud Boys politics.50 the Unite the Right rally. James criticizes als that seek to polarize communities. Jen- Last fall, Patriot Prayer members at- White nationalist groups, which he sees kins has appeared on A Current Affair, tended a #HimToo rally in Portland that as dividing the “civic nationalist” move- The Montel Williams Show, CNN, Fox displayed the misogyny common within ment by excluding people of color from News, MSNBC’s Rachel Maddow Show, the Multiracial Far Right. In the wake of their ranks. AMJoy with Joy Reid, ABC’s 20/20 and the Kavanaugh hearings, the rally ad- “It’s just as foolish for the civic na- in countless newspaper and magazine ar- dressed what organizers claimed was a tionalists to try to appease or convince ticles as well as documentaries focusing on rash of “false rape allegations.”51 Proud the Left as it is for White nationalists to Antifa’s fight against the Alt Right. Boys and Patriot Prayer also recently turn away good patriotic citizens who turned up in support of the annual pro- are willing to bleed in the streets beside

14 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 YOU RELY ON US TO INFORM YOUR RESISTANCE. WE RELY ON YOU TO KEEP US GOING.

“ PRA’s work is critical for those of us doing the work on the ground. There is no way that organizers, advocates and movement builders can navigate the terrain of white nationalism and its connections to everything else we are facing, without the work of PRA.” - Carla Wallace PRA Board Member & Donor, Co-founder of Showing Up for Racial Justice (SURJ)

JOIN US TODAY Become a donor. Visit bit.ly/ISupportPRA or contact us at [email protected] to learn more and discuss your giving plan.

Paul Becker/Becker1999 BY EMILY GORCENSKI

Ben Shapiro and the Conservative Chorus

Ben Shapiro speaking at the 2019 Student Action Summit hosted by Turning Point USA at the Palm Beach County Convention Center in West Palm Beach, Florida. Credit: Gage Skidmore/Flickr.

n May 2019, a young man in Indi- as the Tree of Life synagogue massacre in Purpose Made the West Great—Shapiro ana was sentenced to three years 2018.4 has frequently advocated for right-wing in federal prison for a hate crime. Evidence against Nolan showed an af- positions on social issues. He opposed Nolan Brewer, along with his finity for Nazism. His phone’s wallpaper Obergefell v. Hodges, which legalized then-17-year-oldI wife, Kiyomi Brewer, displayed a swastika; he wore a pendant same-sex marriage nationwide; he sup- spray-painted a Nazi flag on a garbage with a swastika-like design; he shared ports a total ban on abortion; and he’s shed at a Carmel, Indiana, synagogue Nazi and racist memes with co-workers; argued that more than half of Muslims and set fire to its lawn.1 While Nolan had one had even referred to him in a text worldwide are “radicalized.” After the never before defaced a house of worship, message as “lil Hitler.”5 And yet, in ar- Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in favor of after the Brewers’ arrest, investigators guing for leniency, Nolan’s defense team transgender protections under Title VII linked Kiyomi to at least two other inci- claimed it wasn’t Nolan who inspired this June, with Trump-appointee Neil dents regarding houses of worship in the the attack, but rather Kiyomi, who, No- Gorsuch penning the majority opinion, surrounding area, starting with break- lan claimed, had herself been set on the Shapiro lambasted the conservative Jus- ins and theft and escalating to vandalism path to neonazism by a series of increas- tice, calling his decision “a bad, outcome- and arson.2 Despite being a minor at the ingly reactionary media sources. Among driven legal decision.” time of the crimes, Kiyomi was tried as an them was conservative commentator Ben It wasn’t the first time Shapiro has been adult for state charges of arson and was Shapiro.6 cited as inspiring reactionary violence. sentenced to two years’ probation. Shapiro, 36, is a former Breitbart staff- Evidence against Alexandre Bissonette, The Brewers’ crimes come at a time of er who has since become editor-in-chief who killed six Muslim men at a Quebec increasing antisemitism throughout the of The Daily Wire, a conservative opin- City mosque in 2017, shows that he fre- United States.3 The government argued ion website. Best known for his liberal- quently visited Ben Shapiro’s Twitter pro- for an “upward departure” in Nolan’s sen- tweaking quips, such as “facts don’t care file in the months before his rampage.8 tencing—that is, more jail time than fed- about your feelings,” or his declaration In 2019, U.S. federal authorities charged eral sentencing guidelines recommend that “‘Right side of history’ may be the Matthew Haviland, then 30, with cyber- given Nolan’s plea, criminal history, and most morally idiotic phrase of modern stalking and threatening to murder a severity of the act—pointing out that times”7—a tweet later undermined when university professor partly because of the a strict penalty for Nolan would deter he published his 2019 book, The Right professor’s liberal views on abortion and other acts of antisemitic violence such Side of History: How Reason and Moral gender; in now-deleted YouTube videos,

16 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 Haviland had encouraged his YouTube the victim and offender. When Buzzfeed these talking points have been found in followers to check out Shapiro’s videos.9 reported on the Brewers,22 for example, the motives and manifestos of violent Shapiro rejects the idea that he’s influ- a tweet promoting their story mistakenly far-right actors, as almost unavoidably, enced these far-right violent actors10 and stated that Nolan, rather than Kiyomi, some fans, like the Brewers, use this categorically denies any association with was most swayed by Shapiro’s rhetoric.23 rhetoric as a stepping-stone to more reac- the Alt Right.11 As a Jewish man, he says Although the article itself was accurate, tionary positions. he’s been targeted himself by the hate of and the tweet was quickly corrected, Shortly after their attack on the syna- the Alt Right, which blames Jews for so- this minor gaffe gave right-wing media gogue, Kiyomi and Nolan Brewer met called societal ills.12 Private chat records all the ammunition needed to attack the with recruiters from the White national- from numerous neonazi groups (leaked report. These counter-narratives also ist group Identity Evropa38—one of the by independent media collective Unicorn pointed to Shapiro’s Jewish heritage and organizations responsible for planning Riot) demonstrate reactions to Shapiro’s his status as a victim of Alt Right rancor the fatal 2017 Unite the Right rally in work that range from tepid acceptance13 as evidence that he could not possibly Charlottesville, Virginia—and mailed in to outright hostility.14 And to be clear, inspire hate crimes. Soon, articles at- membership dues to join. After details there is no evidence to suggest that Sha- tacking Buzzfeed’s credibility sprung up of Nolan’s sentencing were made pub- piro has explicitly called for violence or in the Daily Caller,24 RT,25 the Washing- lic, Patrick Casey, the group’s leader, that he approves of it. ton Examiner,26 The Blaze,27 and others. released a statement claiming that the Nevertheless, Shapiro has joined an A chorus of conservative voices ridiculed membership dues paid by the Brewers ensemble of right-wing leaders cited by Nolan’s claim that Shapiro’s work had applied only to Kiyomi, that the orga- perpetrators of bias attacks. The man ac- helped radicalize his wife. nization was unaware of the Brewers’ cused of killing 51 Muslims in the 2019 But Shapiro’s invectives against trans crimes or that Kiyomi was a minor, and Christchurch massacre in New Zealand people,28 Arabs,29 Muslims,30 and even that Kiyomi’s membership was promptly referenced Black conservative media per- “Bad Jews”31—by which he means Jew- terminated.39 Facing a bevy of legal and sonality Candace Owens in his manifesto ish people who vote against his political public relations challenges stemming (although perhaps mockingly).15 The tri- interests32—is otherwise indistinguish- from Unite the Right, Identity Evropa real of a married couple who were fans of able from standard Alt Right rhetoric. cently rebranded as the American Iden- former Breitbart writer and Alt Lite star This unified defense by right-wing media tity Movement and has tried to rehabili- Milo Yiannopoulos for allegedly shooting seems designed less to absolve Shapiro tate its image as a non-violent, pro-White a counter-protester and pepper-spraying of accusations of bigotry than to provide identitarian movement.40 Nevertheless, others outside one of Yiannopoulos’ cam- him rhetorical cover to continue promot- despite this ex post facto attempt to dis- pus events in Seattle, ended in mistrial.16 ing it. tance themselves from the incident, their Both the mass package bombing17 and This is no mistake. Shapiro and many extended legacy as a violent hate move- Kroger shooting18 in late 2018 were com- of his peers are not Alt Right personali- ment is a permanent blemish on their mitted by fervent supporters of President ties themselves. And there’s little doubt veneer. Donald Trump. An ABC News investiga- that Shapiro sincerely abhors attacks on Violent White supremacist groups tion found over 50 criminal cases involv- synagogues. But he nonetheless traffics have long sought legitimacy by sanitiz- ing violence, threats, or assaults invok- in inflammatory rhetoric against -mar ing their image without toning down ing Trump’s name.19 ginalized individuals with language that their hateful views. While these groups More recently, a man allegedly shot a frequently overlaps that of Hard Right may despise Shapiro for both his Jewish protester during a rally to remove a stat- movements. He regularly criticizes the faith and his proximity to mainstream ue of Juan de Oñate in Albuquerque, New transgender rights movement, claim- conservativism, nevertheless, as the Mexico.20 The alleged shooter’s Twitter ing in at least one case that gender con- Brewers’ case demonstrates, he and his account shows he replied multiple times firmation surgeries “don’t work.”33 He peers provide a gateway to more radical to Shapiro’s tweets, in one case posting a often engages in Islamophobic rhetoric, corners of the Right, where violence is tweet in defense of the assassination of including his claim that there’s “not any part and parcel of the territory. Iranian general Qasem Soleimani.21 evidence” that only a minority of Mus- So frequently are violent right-wing lims are radical.34 Emily F. Gorcenski is a data scientist and acts linked to well-known conservative Shapiro’s comments are typically short activist. A former Charlottesville resident, she now resides in Berlin, Germany. Her personalities that right-wing media out- on actual policy or factual analysis,35 activism focuses on transgender issues, lets have developed rapid responses to and instead seem designed to provoke data and technology ethics, and modern distance themselves. From straw man anxiety in his supporters: kernels of anti-fascism. As a survivor of the White arguments to outlandish conspiracy populist right-wing identity politics that supremacist violence in Charlottesville, theories, these tactics are designed to help drive a rightward shift in the Over- she now tracks far-right violence across the deflect and distract from the underlying ton window—the spectrum of what po- U.S. at First Vigil. story, often employing “DARVO” tac- litical viewpoints are considered accept- tics—that is, to deny, attack, and reverse ably mainstream. Time36 and again,37

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 17 BY MARY ANNETTE PEMBER

The New War on ICWA

The Carlisle Indian Industrial School (c.1900), a government-sponsored boarding school to assimilate Native children. Credit:Wikicommons.

he story on NPR’s website over the non-parental custody of its chil- tered for a year-and-a-half. In 2017, the first introduces the Buckley- dren. But according to Buckley, Mason’s Brackeens filed a lawsuit in Texas -seek Becker family with a beautiful birth mother, whom they’d met, never ing to adopt the two-year-old boy, iden- portrait of the young, middle- mentioned her or Mason’s heritage. Plus, tified in the lawsuit as A.L.M. Although class,T White couple and their children. he continued, “Mason didn’t even look a Navajo family was available to take the In the photo, the father, Paul Buckley, Indian in the least regards.”2 boy, in January 2018 the Brackeens won holds their toddler son Mason, whom The occasion for NPR’s article—one their case in a Texas district court and he and his wife, Cheryl Becker, were in- in a long list of misleading stories in the successfully finalized their adoption.3 spired to foster after seeing the example mainstream media about Indian adop- But their lawsuit, Brackeen v. Zinke, pro- of their fellow church members.1 tion issues—was an important ICWA rul- ceeded anyway, joined by several other But then the story takes a sharp turn: ing in federal court last fall. On October plaintiffs, including the states of Texas, the family’s dream to adopt Mason has 4, 2018, federal Judge Reed O’Connor of Louisiana, and Indiana,4 and eventually been threatened by a federal law, the In- the Northern District of Texas ruled that landed before Judge O’Connor. dian Child Welfare Act (ICWA). The cou- ICWA is unconstitutionally race-based. Most coverage of O’Connor’s ruling, ple’s adoption process was nearly com- The ruling wasn’t based on Buckley and like NPR’s, tended to gloss over ICWA’s plete when they were blindsided by the Becker’s experience, but rather on that of political and legal context and the far- news that Mason is a citizen of the Choc- Chad and Jennifer Brackeen, who simi- reaching implications of its reversal. taw Nation and the tribe was considering larly wanted to adopt an Indian child: Many failed to mention that conflicts con- intervening in the proceedings. Under an enrolled citizen of the Navajo and cerning ICWA can often be traced back to ICWA, tribes have primary jurisdiction Cherokee Nations whom they had fos- the failure of state and county authorities

18 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 to notify a tribe when an enrolled child racism, greed, and the othering of poor ber of their tribe or, failing that, a family enters child protective services (as was people. from another tribe. the case with the Buckley-Becker family’s Since 2013, challenges to ICWA have “Typically, the mainstream press picks foster son, Mason). And most neglected gained new urgency and support from up a story regarding ICWA only when a to explain that tribal identity is based not wealthy right-wing interest groups. non-Indian family has somehow been in- on racial identifiers, or whether a child Brackeen v. Zinke was itself bankrolled jured,” said Terry Cross, founding direc- “looks Indian,” but on their political con- by an unlikely alliance of right-wing po- tor and current advisor for the National nection to a sovereign nation. And that litical, legal, economic, and religious Indian Child Welfare Association.13 gets at issues that go far beyond the abil- groups that outwardly appear to have But the law stems from generations of ity of non-Natives to adopt Native Ameri- little connection to Indian Country or its abusive policies that tore Native Ameri- can children. children. They include right-wing think can families apart. Beginning in the late The designation that the children of tanks, representatives of the private 19th Century, the federal government enrolled tribal citizens are automati- adoption industry, the evangelical adop- forced or coerced the separation of thou- cally enrolled citizens as well “is foun- tion movement, anti-treaty rights orga- sands of Native children from their fami- dational to federal Indian law,” noted a nizations, and conservative fossil fuel lies, sending them to federal or religious statement released by the Native Ameri- industrialists.10 boarding schools often many hours away can Journalists Association.5 In March Although the final goals of these seem- from their homelands. 2019, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ingly disparate groups may differ, their Created as part of President Ulysses S. in New Orleans heard oral arguments in shared strategy of commodifying Na- Grant’s Peace Policy of 1869, the board- the Brackeen case. Although the court tive American children reveals a colo- ing school era was framed as a bloodless, hasn’t yet issued a decision, the case is nial mindset that not only depicts Native more humane answer to the country’s likely headed for the Supreme Court.6 If American people as incapable of manag- “Indian Problem”: that is, the fact that the court finds that ICWA is based on race ing their own affairs but also frames their Indian land claims stood in the way of rather than tribal membership, the law children and resources as free for the tak- greater Western expansion by the United could be determined to be in violation of ing. States. The schools’ explicit mission was the Equal Protection Clause, which guar- According to J. Eric Reed, former tribal to destroy Native cultures, languages, and spirituality, and prepare the chil- Attacks on ICWA are a right-wing foot in the door to dren for assimilation into American so- rewrite the Constitution. ciety. Modeled on education tactics used on Native prisoners at Fort Mason in the antees equal protection of laws regard- prosecutor and a member of the Choctaw 1870s by Captain Richard H. Pratt, the less of race.7 This finding, in turn, would Nation, the current ICWA fight is part boarding schools followed a punitive phi- call tribal sovereignty into question. And of a strategy that feeds into ending the losophy of rigid order and Pratt’s motto: without sovereignty, treaties between federal government’s trust relationship “Kill the Indian, and save the man.” the U.S. government and tribes could be with tribes as well as challenging federal The schools would continue well into subject to debate. authority over states’ rights. If the deci- the 20th Century.14 Today, the Bureau of Reversing ICWA would mean that “The sion in Texas is upheld, he said, its legal Indian Education (BIE), within the De- hundreds and thousands of federal stat- precedent could reach even beyond Indi- partment of the Interior (DOI), oversees utes benefiting Indians would be open an Country, where it would strike at the 183 schools and dormitories serving for reconsideration,” said Michigan State heart of tribal sovereignty, to effectively Native students, including 51 boarding University law professor Matthew Fletch- declare all federal Indian law unconstitu- schools.15 (One-hundred and twenty-five er, a member of the Grand Traverse Band tional. of the 183 schools are tribally operated of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians and “Brackeen v. Zinke,” said Reed, “is a under BIE grants or contracts.16) editor of Turtle Talk,8 the leading blog on right-wing foot in the door to rewrite the By the late 1970s, the means of sepa- American Indian law and policy. “Feder- Constitution.”11 rating children from their families al services for Indians and statutes such had changed, as 25 to 35 percent of all as the Indian Self Determination Act, In- THE ROOTS OF ICWA American Indian and Alaska Native chil- dian Gaming Regulatory Act and others Most people in the U.S. have never dren were removed from their homes by could be challenged.”9 heard of the Indian Child Welfare Act state welfare and private adoption agen- And that might be the point. Tribal (ICWA), enacted in 1978 to stop the near cies. Of those removed, 85 percent were leaders, legal scholars and ICWA advo- wholesale removal of Native American placed outside of their families and com- cates speculate that attacks on the law children from their birth families to non- munities.17 Native Americans continue are seldom rooted in genuine concern Native foster and adoption placements.12 to face entrenched racial bias by courts for American Indian children, but are Today, under ICWA, tribes typically try and child welfare authorities; today, merely the latest strategy for right-wing to place children who come into tribal or American Indians and Alaska Natives are groups to advance agendas rooted in state care with a family member, a mem- overrepresented in foster care at a rate

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 19 2.7 times greater than their proportion far from the reservation. Notably, in both privatize American Indian lands, destroy in the general population.18 the Brackeen and Buckley-Becker cases, tribal cultures, and reverse the tribes’ It’s these dynamics that ICWA was tribes ruled in favor of the non-Native and government’s “trust relationship,” created to address: helping ensure that families’ adoptions. These scenarios, which protects tribal treaty rights, lands, tribes, as sovereign nations, have juris- however, seldom receive media cover- assets, and resources.28 The assault on diction over their own children.19 Since age. this trust responsibility and Indian rights ICWA’s establishment, several promi- There is little data regarding states’ became known as the Termination Era. nent child advocacy organizations have compliance with ICWA, but a 2015 study During those two decades, over 100 declared it the gold standard for child by Casey Family Programs suggests that tribes had their federal trust relationship welfare policies and practices for Ameri- many government child protection agen- terminated,29 meaning their lands and can Indian children.20 cies fail to follow the law. The lack of fed- governments were lost; tribal govern- But beginning in 2013, with an infa- eral oversight for enforcing ICWA adds to ments dismantled; reservation lands di- Getting rid of ICWA isn’t only about adoption. If ICWA is found to be unconstitutional, the ruling could undermine the authority of tribal courts, abolish tribal casinos, and privatize tribal lands, opening them up to developers with interests in fossil fuels and other extractive industries.

mous lawsuit known as “Baby Veronica” gaps in compliance.24 vided and sold to individual developers, that reached the Supreme Court, chal- “For years, under ICWA, tribes have then subjected to local property taxes; lenges to ICWA have increased. In the been making determinations in child and federal Indian programs dissolved. Baby Veronica case—formally called welfare cases based on the best interest of Thousands of American Indians were Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl—power- the child,” noted law professor Matthew also moved off reservations to cities as ful interests in the adoption industry Fletcher. “Suggesting that tribes don’t a means of forced assimilation. But that and evangelical churches joined with routinely make child welfare decisions mostly meant exchanging rural poverty high-profile attorneys to challenge- IC based on the best interest of the child is for urban poverty. WA’s authority regarding the adoption just ignorant.”25 President Trump’s contemporary poli- of an infant citizen of the Cherokee Na- The legal battle over the Texas ICWA cies and opinions regarding Indian sov- tion named Veronica. Eventually the decision will likely continue for several ereignty harken back to the Termination non-Native couple seeking to adopt Ve- years, and Fletcher and others believe Era. Trump has longstanding animus ronica, Matt and Melanie Capobianco, that future challenges to ICWA are in- toward tribal sovereignty and its po- prevailed.21 Not long after the Supreme evitable. In Indian Country Today, writer tential threat to his casino interests.30 Court ruled in the Capobiancos’ favor, and Native rights advocate Rebecca Nagle In 1993 Trump claimed that the Indian Veronica’s non-Native biological mother, writes that even if O’Connor’s decision is Gaming Regulatory Act grants tribes un- Christina Maldonado, signed onto a law- overruled, other attacks on ICWA will fair advantage over non-Indian gaming suit against the U.S. government claim- continue.26 enterprises, such as his own. He’s also ing that ICWA was unconstitutional. (She And that, said former tribal prosecu- repeatedly insisted that, since some Na- later dismissed the suit voluntarily.22) tor J. Eric Reed, is because getting rid of tive people don’t meet his impressions When a similar case arose in 2018, ICWA isn’t only about adoption. If ICWA of what Native Americans should look Native American Rights Fund attorney is found to be unconstitutional, the rul- like, their tribal affiliations are invalid.31 Erin C. Dougherty Lynch described the ing could undermine the authority of In 1993, for example, when Trump tes- attacks on ICWA as part of an ongoing tribal courts, abolish tribal casinos, and tified before Congress to protest Indian and “well-funded multiyear effort by privatize tribal lands, opening them up gaming laws, he argued, “If you look at antitribal interests, who use Indian chil- to developers with interests in fossil fuels some of the reservations that you have dren as weapons in their assault on ICWA and other extractive industries. “Elimi- approved—you, sir, in your great wis- and on tribes more broadly. It is a shame- nating ICWA,” said Reed, “is part of an dom, have approved—I will tell you right ful, nakedly political effort … to undo de- ultra-conservative agenda to return Indi- now, they don’t look like Indians to me, cades, even centuries, of settled law.”23 an Country to the Termination era, abro- and they don’t look like Indians.”32 Ironically, despite ICWA, tribes often gate tribal treaties, and make tribes and Both tribes and legal precedent main- decide not to transfer eligible children tribal citizens fully subject to state law.”27 tain that tribal citizenship is not based on to tribal jurisdiction for a number of race but rather on a political relationship reasons: that the child may have close TERMINATION OF TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY between tribal governments and the fed- tribal and family connections in a non- From the mid-1940s through 1970, the eral government, according to a January Indian placement, or the tribe may lack federal government employed a series 12, 2017 decision in the Arizona Court resources to intervene in cases located of assimilationist policies designed to of Appeals in S.S. v. Colorado River Indian

20 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 Native American Community Mural in the Cesar Chavez Student Center Building, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. Credit:Wikicommons.

Tribes.33 In a 2017 challenge to ICWA, and can figure out a way to get the case group Citizens Equal Rights Foundation the Supreme Court upheld this interpre- heard in Judge O’Connor’s court, you can (CERA), which advocates for the termina- tation.34 expect a sympathetic ear,” Fletcher said. tion of U.S. and tribal treaty agreements; But in 2018, in Brackeen v. Zinke, Judge But before the stay had been granted, the Southern Baptist Convention; and O’Connor seemed to endorse Trump’s shortly after Judge O’Connor’s decision, others.44 view, declaring ICWA a race-based stat- the office of the Attorney General of For longtime ICWA supporters, the al- ute that violates the Constitution’s Equal Texas had already issued an instructional liance of seemingly disparate groups op- Protection Clause—an important basis letter to the state’s Department of Family posing the law was surprising. for anti-ICWA arguments, since it un- and Protective Services, declaring that “It’s like this weird triad of strange and dermines tribal rights to determine their own membership criteria. (This comes Overturning ICWA would lead the way to terminating less than a decade after the U.S. signed the United Nations Declaration on the the entire canon of Indian law, including the existence Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which of federal Indian trust lands. enumerates this right, in 2010.35) Describing Brackeen as a “kitchen-sink ICWA is “no longer good law and should powerful bedfellows,” said Nicole Adams complaint,”36 several tribes success- not be applied to any pending or future of the Colville Confederated Tribes and fully moved to stay O’Connor’s decision child custody proceedings in Texas.”41 advisor at the Partnership for Native Chil- pending appeal, and were joined by the dren.45 Some of the players may have un- Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the- De THE WEIRD TRIAD wittingly signed on to this war and don’t partment of the Interior (DOI), Depart- The leading figures in the newest necessary share the duplicitousness of ment of Justice (DOJ), and Department anti-ICWA drama include the right-wing others. But their combined opposition of Health and Human Services (HHS).37 think tank Goldwater Institute; the Na- to ICWA represents titanic influence, In a written statement, the Partnership tional Council for Adoption, represent- power, and money—all in service of an for Native Children further decried Judge ing the private adoption industry; and agenda of privatization. O’Connor’s decision as a legal anomaly by an evangelical Christian adoption move- The alliances are, in fact, not unlikely an outlier judge,38 since O’Connor, nom- ment that sees adoption as a means to at all. The united opposition to ICWA inated by President George W. Bush,39 live out their faith.42 Ancillary support- of conservative and neoliberal groups has a history of conservative rulings, ers include the Koch brothers; the De- is part of a strategic plan to privatize including on cases involving same-sex Vos family; the Mercer Family (who are everything from land use to child wel- marriage, transgender people’s rights, among Trump’s largest donors); the Cato fare. Under the guise of promoting free and the Affordable Care Act.40 Institute; the American Legislative Ex- market principals of federalism, limited “If you’re a right-wing interest group change Council (ALEC);43 the anti-treaty government, and individual liberty, or-

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 21 ganizations and individuals such as the research include constitutional law, edu- and gas reserves as well as 30 percent of Goldwater Institute, the National Council cation reform, and healthcare policy. the nation’s coal reserves, making them for Adoption, ALEC, the Koch brothers, Among the Goldwater Institute’s ma- a tempting acquisition for extractive in- and others want to reduce governmental jor donors are the Koch brothers, well- dustries.59 The Koch brothers have al- social and environmental protections in known opponents to federal power and ready been investigated by the federal order to benefit wealthy corporations. “It spending.54 Through their various ad- government for stealing oil from reser- is a worrisome marriage of corporations vocacy organizations, the Koch brothers vation lands.60 If the trust relationship and politicians,” explains Lisa Graves, fund and support groups such as ALEC, between tribes and the federal govern- former executive director of the Cen- which, like the Goldwater Institute, has ment were dissolved, reservation land ter for Media and Democracy, “which called for a constitutional convention would likely be privatized and no longer seems to normalize a kind of corruption that would focus on elevating states’ subject to federal regulations governing of the legislative process—of the demo- rights and reducing federal oversight and leases and permitting of American In- cratic process—in a nation of free peo- regulation.55 dian lands.61 ple where the government is supposed Koch Industries, which operates many to be of, by, and for the people, not the businesses involved in the petroleum, The Adoption Industry and the Religious corporations.”46 chemical, mineral, and logging indus- Right tries, is one of the country’s largest pol- The other components of the “weird The Goldwater Institute luters, incurring substantial fines from triad”—the National Council for Adop- One of the richest anti-ICWA funders is both state and federal authorities56 for tion, and the adoption movement they the Goldwater Institute. Since 2015, the pipeline spills, chemical leaks, soil and represent—bring their own interests to libertarian non-profit has underwritten groundwater contamination, illegally ex- the table, often with support from, or in several legal challenges to ICWA.47 At- tracting oil and gas from federal and In- partnership with, groups like the Gold- torneys at the Goldwater Institute filed dian lands, and more. It would certainly water Institute. Matthew McGill, the lead an amicus brief in Brackeen v. Zinke, benefit from less federal regulation and plaintiffs’ attorney in Brackeen v. Zinke, reiterating its past claims that ICWA is race-based and unconstitutional.48 And For this right-wing coalition, getting ICWA declared Timothy Sandefur, the Institute’s vice president for litigation, compared ICWA unconstitutional is a vital first step in undermining to discrimination suffered under Jim tribal sovereignty. But for Native American Crow laws, telling The Nation in 2017 communities, it’s just the most recent chapter of a very that ICWA subjects Native children to an unfair set of rules based on race.49 old story. The Institute describes Indian communities as environments “where poverty, oversight.57 is part of a husband-and-wife legal team crime, abuse and suicide are rampant,” If ICWA is declared unconstitutional, with a long history of challenging ICWA. and cites data showing that American less regulation protecting Indian land McGill also represented the National Indian children have the highest rate of would be one likely result. Overturning Council for Adoption, a non-profit adop- foster care of any ethnic group as an ar- ICWA would lead the way to terminat- tion advocacy organization, and a pri- gument against ICWA.50 In essence, this ing the entire canon of Indian law, in- vate adoption agency 62 in the 2015 case blames American Indians for the out- cluding the existence of federal Indian National Council for Adoption v. Jewell, comes of generations of federal assimila- trust lands. That would in turn open up which also challenged ICWA as unconsti- tionist policies and recommends more of an enormous opportunity to exploit the tutional and race-based.63 The case was the same as a solution. vast natural resources on Indian trust dismissed in federal district court.64 He And yet, as Fletcher noted, “The Gold- lands, currently protected under federal also joined Goldwater Institute VP Timo- water Institute has no history of express- law. At present, tribes as sovereign enti- thy Sandefur at the Cato Institute in 2018 ing interest in either Indian or family ties are allowed to act as states under the for a presentation on their work chal- law.” Although the Goldwater Institute Clean Water Act, which enables them lenging ICWA.65 has created an organization called Equal to establish water and air quality stan- McGill’s wife, Lori Alvino McGill, also a Protection for Native Children51 and fre- dards on their lands.58 If sovereignty is lawyer, represented the adoptive parents quently works with other ICWA oppo- overturned, however, these tribal stan- and the non-Indian biological mother in nents such as the Cato Institute, it has no dards—frequently more rigorous than the Baby Veronica case,66 accompany- history of working to improve the eco- their state and federal laws—would being them on a media tour, including an nomic, educational, or health circum- come meaningless. appearance on the Today Show,67 that stances of Native children.52 Indeed, ac- Although reservations make up just 2 helped make their challenge to ICWA a cording to the organization’s income tax percent of land in the U.S., they hold up national story. filling from 2016,53 its primary areas of to 20 percent of the country’s known oil The couple represent a larger con-

22 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 stituency in the private adoption indus- ties, it’s just the most recent chapter of a ers labeled that tradition as neglect, gen- try, which has become a powerful lobby very old story. Beginning with the 1819 erations of Indian children were removed against ICWA.68 Private adoptions are Indian Civilization Fund Act,75 enacted from their homes. a lucrative business, with attorney fees to force assimilation and wipe out Native “Instead of saving Native families, routinely running between $10,000 and cultures, generations of Native American these policies robbed them of the nurtur- $40,000. But as obstacles to interna- communities and families have borne ing traditional values where the whole tional adoptions have grown, there is a the impact of non-Native political and community embraced the child,” said greater interest in domestic adoptions in economic battles over their existence Nicole Adams. “Who are these people to the U.S.—including adoptions from In- and way of life. think they can take away ICWA, one of dian Country.69 Assimilationist policies such as the the few good things Native people have Many clients of private adoption at- boarding school era traumatized genera- to protect our families?” torneys like the McGills are members of tions of Native Americans in ways that we And from the perspective of adoptees, a Christian adoption movement that en- are now only beginning to understand,76 even the best non-Native family place- courages evangelicals to see adoption as as health researchers are finding that the ment, in a loving family, can’t always fill a means to live out their faith,70 help the trauma of loss of identity, family, cul- the hunger to know one’s history and cul- needy, and evangelize children.71 The ture, and spirituality is passed from one ture. Rachel Banks Kupcho, of the Leech statement of faith for Nightlight Chris- generation to the next and contributes Lake Ojibwe tribe of Minnesota, was ad- tian Adoptions—the agency affiliated to high rates of addiction, suicide, vio- opted by White parents in 1977 shortly with the Baby Veronica case—holds that lence, and other entrenched maladaptive before ICWA became law. Although her adoption fulfills the Bible’s Great- Com behavior in some Native American com- adoptive family is loving and supportive, mission mandate to make disciples of all munities. she said, “I always had a void in my life no nations.72 Sandy White Hawk, program manager matter what I did or where I went.” Practicing Christians are more than with the Indian Child Welfare Act Law Kupcho’s adoption experience motivat- twice more likely to adopt than the gen- Center in Minneapolis, and a team of ed her to pursue work as an ICWA inves- eral population, according to a 2013 researchers found that adult American tigator for Hennepin County in Minne- study by the Barna Group.73 The study Indians who were adopted to non-Indian sota as well as non-profit ICWA advocacy also found that most adoptive parents are parents experienced high rates of sexual, organizations. She began searching for White, while the children they adopt are physical, and emotional abuse in their her birthmother in 2008. Several years overwhelmingly non-White. adoptive families. Adoptees also experi- later, she found her, and, to her surprise, For many Native Americans, these de- ence traits common to trauma survivors learned that her mother, too, had been mographics bear a troubling resemblance such as anxiety, intrusive imagery or adopted. Back in the 1950s and ’60s, to historical interactions between White nightmares, depression, withdrawal/ Kupcho’s biological grandmother was co- Christians and Native peoples—whether isolation, guilt, and unresolved grief.77 erced by social workers into relinquish- the Catholic Church’s 15th Century docu- The National Indian Child Welfare Asso- ing her children for adoption in order to ments granting European Christian ex- ciation also cites studies indicating that give them better lives. For generations, plorers permission to use any means nec- Indian children placed in non-Indian Kupcho’s family had faced family separa- essary to subdue and convert indigenous adoptive homes suffer a far greater risk tion based on the idea that growing up peoples,74 or the more recent abuses of than the general American Indian popu- outside of Indian Country was best. the boarding school era. lation of psychological damage and have As Kupcho develops her relationship “There is nothing original about some a higher tendency to abuse drugs and al- with her biological mother, she said she’s of the evangelical Christian adoption cohol.78 realized that “Love is not always enough. movements to focus on Native children “I believe some of the motivation for Going to the occasional pow wow is not and take it upon themselves to decide evangelical Christians to adopt Ameri- enough. … Even knowing you’re Indian is what’s best for Native families,” said the can Indian children comes from a savior not enough.” Partnership for Native Children’s Nicole complex,” said White Hawk. “Minority “I needed to know where I came from Adams. populations are often portrayed as un- and make that tribal connection,” she able to care adequately for their children; continued. “When visiting the reserva- GENERATIONS OF HARM some of the adoptive parents may believe tion, I am suddenly among family, and I No matter what goal they’re after, for they are offering homes for unwanted, feel good.”80 this coalition of right-wing think tanks, neglected children.”79 adoption industry professionals and ad- But too often, then as now, this im- Mary Annette Pember is an independent vocates, and industrialists eager to plun- pulse may spring from a failure to un- journalist based in Cincinnati, Ohio. der tribal lands, getting ICWA declared derstand American Indian culture or ex- unconstitutional is a vital first step in un- tended family structure, wherein aunts dermining tribal sovereignty. or uncles might raise a child instead of a But for Native American communi- biological parent. As child welfare work-

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 23 endnotes

In Search of the Russian Soul wasn’t completely unwarranted. The systematic caust denial and the new nationalist historiog- https://donotlink.it/0R94. oppression of the Russian Orthodox Church— raphy,” Patterns of Prejudice 35, no. 4 (2001): 44. Mariya Petkova, “The Death of the Rus- 1. “What’s Behind the Hanging of the Eleven an institution long associated with Russian 64–76, but esp. 64, 70–71. sian Far Right,” Al Jazeera English, Decem- Jews in Prague?,” National Renaissance Bulletin (russkiy) identity—throughout the Soviet Union 27. Institute for Historical Review, “Spirited ber 16, 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/ (Beacon, NY: National Renaissance Party, De- is just one of many examples of the oppression Twelfth IHR Conference Brings Together Lead- indepth/features/2017/11/death-rus- cember 1952). The full text is available online of Russian heritage. For more, too, on the RS- ing Revisionist Scholars and Activists,” The sian-171123102640298.html. as part of a package of documents released by FSR’s position within the totality of Soviet na- Journal of Historical Review 14, no. 6 (Novem- 45. ruskybound, “Re: Russian lawmak- the FBI as a result of a FOIA request: https:// tionalities policy, see: Terry Dean Martin, The ber/December 1994), 2. ers target Halloween, Valentine’s Day,” archive.org/details/foia_NRP-HQ-1/page/n87. Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and National- 28. Brian Levin, “History as a Weapon: How Stormfront, September 21, 2008, https:// 2. “What’s Behind the Hanging of the Eleven ism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (New York: Extremists Deny the Holocaust in North Ameri- www.stormfront.org/forum/t524210- Jews in Prague?,” National Renaissance Bulletin Cornell University Press, 2001), esp. ch. 10. ca,” in Crimes of Hate: Selected Readings, edited 6/?postcount=51#post5891061. (Beacon, NY: National Renaissance Party, De- 15. Robert Horvath, The Legacy of Soviet Dis- by Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld and Diana R. Grant 46. See: David Holthouse, “Preston Wiginton cember 1952). The full text is available online sent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical (London: Sage Publications, 2004), 198. Emerges in Russia Promoting Race Hate,” In- as part of a package of documents released by Nationalism in Russia (New York: RoutledgeCur- 29. “Revisionists Enjoy Free Speech Without telligence Report, May 20, 2008, https://www. the FBI as a result of a FOIA request: https:// zon, 2005), 130. Fear of Thought Police,” in Revisionist His- splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-re- archive.org/details/foia_NRP-HQ-1/page/n87. 16. Pamyat is often viewed as a more modern tory Uncensored in Russia!, February 2002, Wil- port/2008/preston-wiginton-emerges-russia- 3. The term refers to the work and thought of version of the Black Hundred—a late tsarist-era lis A. Carto Library, http://willisacartolibrary. promoting-race-hate; ruskybound, “Default Re: the German historian Oswald Spengler, author radical right-wing nationalist group respon- com/2018/02/02/revisionist-history-confer- Russian lawmakers target Halloween, Valen- of such revered right-wing tomes as The Decline sible for, among other things, many of the po- ence-in-russia/. tine’s Day,” Stormfront, September 21, 2008, of the West. Yockey not only saw himself as the groms in 1905 to 1906. Walter Laqueur, author 30. “Revisionists Enjoy Free Speech Without https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t524210- heir to Spengler’s legacy, but in the introduc- of the 1993 book The Black Hundred: The Rise Fear of Thought Police,” in Revisionist His- 5/; Tom Bartlett, “How One White Nationalist tion to Imperium, for instance, he is described of the Extreme Right in Russia, obviously buys tory Uncensored in Russia!, February 2002, Wil- Became — and Remains — a Thorn in Texas as starting “where Spengler left off”—e.g., he, into this argument—the title of his text, after lis A. Carto Library, http://willisacartolibrary. A&M’s Side,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, too, envisioned cultures as operating in a cycli- all, implies a connection of sorts between these com/2018/02/02/revisionist-history-confer- August 21, 2017, https://www.chronicle.com/ cal fashion, thereby repudiating the liberal no- tsarist-era fringe groups and those born out of ence-in-russia/. article/How-One-White-Nationalist/240969. tion of “progress.” Kerry Bolton, “Forward,” in the final years of the USSR. But this lineage is 31. “Revisionists Enjoy Free Speech Without 47. David Holthouse, “Preston Wiginton Francis Parker Yockey), Imperium: The Philoso- not as simple as it may seem: as Paul Midford Fear of Thought Police,” in Revisionist History Emerges in Russia Promoting Race Hate,” In- phy of History and Politics (Abergele, UK: Wer- has argued, Pamyat did engage in a sort of revi- Uncensored in Russia!, February 2002, B4, Wil- telligence Report, May 20, 2008, https://www. mond & Wermond Publishing Group, 2013), sionism, playing down the Black Hundred’s role lis A. Carto Library, http://willisacartolibrary. splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-re- xxviii. in the pogroms, as well as referring to them dur- com/2018/02/02/revisionist-history-confer- port/2008/preston-wiginton-emerges-russia- 4. Francis Parker Yockey, Imperium: The Phi- ing one protest as one of the most “democratic” ence-in-russia/. promoting-race-hate. losophy of History and Politics (Abergele, UK: organizations in tsarist Russia to focus on 32. David Duke, The Secret Behind Communism: 48. ruskybound, “Re: Russian lawmakers tar- Wermond & Wermond Publishing Group, quashing “riots.” See Paul Midford, “Pamyat’s The Ethnic Origins of the Russian Revolution and get Halloween, Valentine’s Day,” Stormfront, 2013), 727. Political Platform: Myth and Reality,” The Jour- the Greatest Holocaust in the History of Mankind, September 21, 2008, https://www.stormfront. 5. The author of the introduction to one ver- nal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 19:2 (1991), 14. Available online at: https://legiochristi. org/forum/t524210-6/#post5891099. sion of Imperium is quick to note that there is a 183–213. See also Vladimir Krasnov, “Pamyat: com/static/lit/The_Secret_Behind_Commu- 49. Robert Beckhusen, “That Time a Texan fair bit of complexity to Yockey’s views here. In A Force for Change?” Nationalities Papers 19, nism.pdf. Neo-Nazi and a Russian Fascist Got Into a Room response to accusations that Yockey was “anti- no. 2 (1991), for a dissection of what Western 33. David Duke, The Secret Behind Communism: Together,” Medium, January 17, 2017, https:// American and pro-Russian,” the author noted: commentators and Russia-watchers ostensibly The Ethnic Origins of the Russian Revolution and medium.com/war-is-boring/that-time-a-tex- “Although this libel was of course vomited for get wrong about the nature of the organization’s the Greatest Holocaust in the History of Mankind, an-neo-nazi-and-a-russian-fascist-got-into-a- the benefit of gullible newspaper readers, it antisemitic discourse. 17–21. Available online at: https://legiochristi. room-together-6ec1ed63129f. shows that some of his later writings could have 17. Trans. John Garrard, “A Pamyat Manifesto: com/static/lit/The_Secret_Behind_Commu- 50. Tom Bartlett, “How One White National- been misinterpreted as being pro-Russian, just Introductory Note and Translation,” Nationali- nism.pdf. ist Became—and Remains—a Thorn in Texas as Imperium indicates an anti-Russian attitude. ties Papers 19, no. 2 (1991), 135. 34. Martin A. Lee, “Duke Travels in European A&M’s Side,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Of course, Yockey was neither pro- nor anti- 18. Remick refers to “yogurt,” not kefir, in his Anti-Semitic Circles,” Intelligence Report, April August 21, 2017, https://www.chronicle.com/ Russian; he was concerned with the health and book but the latter is probably more accurate 15, 2003, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting- article/How-One-White-Nationalist/240969. continuity of the West, and his view of the rest given late-Soviet and post-Soviet consumption hate/intelligence-report/2003/duke-travels- 51. While Dugin is clear that “[w]e can only win of the world was at all times subjective to what habits. David Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb: The Last european-anti-semitic-circles. if we combine our efforts,” he does note that he considered in the best interests of the West Days of the Soviet Empire (New York: Random 35. Martin A. Lee, “David Duke Guilty of Cor- while he considers “the ‘White nationalists’ al- at that time.” Ulick Varange (Francis Parker House, 1993), 90. ruption, Continues Cons,” Intelligence Report, lies when they refuse modernity, global oligar- Yockey), Imperium: The Philosophy of History 19. Anton Shekhovtsov, Russia and the Western April 15, 2003, https://www.splcenter.org/ chy and liberal-capitalism,” he cannot defend and Politics (1948), xxii. Available online at: Far Right: Tango Noir (New York: Routledge, fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/david- the anti-Muslim rhetoric of White nationalists. https://www.solargeneral.org/wp-content/up- 2018), 50. duke-guilty-corruption-continues-cons. He also sees “the differences of other ethnic loads/library/imperium-ulick-varange-francis- 20. Jürgen Graf, “Holocaust Revisionism and 36. Martin A. Lee, “Duke Travels in European groups as being a natural thing,” and thus can- parker-yockey.pdf. its Political Consequences,” n.d., http://juer- Anti-Semitic Circles,” Intelligence Report, April not support any claims regarding the existence 6. Anton Shekhovtsov, Russia and the Western gen-graf.vho.org/articles/holocaust-revision- 15, 2003, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting- of ethnic hierarchies. Alexander Dugin, Eur- Far Right: Tango Noir (New York: Routledge, ism.html (accessed December 6, 2018). hate/intelligence-report/2003/duke-travels- asian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasian- 2018), 22. 21. Peter Pringle and Ian MacKinnon, “Irving european-anti-semitic-circles. ism (Budapest: Arktos Media, 2014), 168-171. Anton Shekhovtsov, Russia and the Western 7. faces Russian ban: Moscow archive alleges 37. The first time this photo appears on the 52. Paul Brian, “The Bumbling Bigots of Buda- Far Right: Tango Noir (New York: Routledge, ‘dirty play’ to gain access to Goebbels war internet is 2005—at least on David Duke’s pest,” Foreign Policy, October 13, 2014, https:// 2018), 3. diaries: Second historian to take charge of ed- website—so the meeting, wherever it hap- foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/13/the-bumbling- 8. Leonard Zeskind, Blood and Politics: The iting,” Independent, July 4, 1992, available at: pened, could have taken place then or earlier. bigots-of-budapest/. History of the White Nationalist Movement from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/irving- See: Vladimir Romanov, “Jewish Attacks on 53. “Europe’s far right flocks to Russia,” Me- the Margins to the Mainstream (New York: Far- faces-russian-ban-moscow-archive-alleges- Russian Parliamentarians Reveal Their Own duza, March 24, 2015, https://meduza.io/en/ rar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009), 245. dirty-play-to-gain-access-to-goebbels-war-dia- Hypocrisies,” DavidDuke.com, January 26, feature/2015/03/24/europe-s-far-right-flocks- 9. George Lincoln Rockwell, “Rockwell ries-1531156.html. 2005, https://davidduke.com/jewish-attacks- to-russia. Was Right,” https://www.counter-currents. 22. “David Irving: The Man and His Motives,” on-russian-parliamentarians-reveal-their-own- 54. Jared Taylor, “Report from Saint Peters- com/2011/03/rockwell-was-right/. Searchlight: On the Struggle Against Racism hypocrisies/. burg,” American Renaissance, March 23, 2015, There is a great deal of work examining 10. and Fascism, p. 20, in RG-56.001*6, Box 12, 38. John Daniszewski, “Ex-Klansman David https://donotlink.it/NYX6. transnational relationships from both a his- Records of David Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd. Duke Sets Sights on Russian Anti-Semites,” Los 55. «Активисты петербургской «Родины» torical and political science perspective, and and Deborah Lipstadt, United States Holocaust Angeles Times, January 6, 2001, https://www. пытаются создать международное a growing body of literature exploring how Memorial Museum Archives, Washington, D.C. latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-06- национально-консервативное движение,» these relationships relate to non-state actors in 23. See, for instance: “David Irving in Prison,” mn-9088-story.html. СОВА информационно-аналитический центр, particular. As one of the earlier articles in this Intelligence Survey XLII, no. 2 (February 1994), 39. Виктор Шнирельман, «‘Цепной пес 7 сентября 2015, https://www.sova-center.ru/ genre notes, an honest exploration of transna- p. 1, in RG-56.001*6, Box 12, Records of David расы’: диванная расология как защитница racism-xenophobia/publications/2015/09/ tional relationships ought to make clear that Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd. and Deborah Lip- ‘белого человека’,» СОВА Информачионно- d32737/. while many are “initiated and sustained by stadt, United States Holocaust Memorial Mu- аналитическии Центр, 3 октября 2007, 56. Casey Michel, “Russian, American White entirely, or almost entirely, by governments seum Archives, Washington, D.C.; and Frank https://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenopho- Nationalists Raise Their Flags in Washington,” of nation-states,” many also fall under the pur- Devine, “Holocaust Truth Struggles Against the bia/publications/2007/10/d11692/#6. Trans- ThinkProgress, September 22, 2017, https:// view of non-nation-state actors. See: Joseph S. Gag of Denial,” The Australian, July 25, 1994, lation by author. thinkprogress.org/russian-american-national- Nye Jr. and Robert O. Keohane, “Transnational pp. 2-3, in RG-56.001*6, Box 12, Records of 40. Richard Arnold and Ekaterina Romanova, ists-washington-5bd15fd18eaf/. Relations and World Politics: An Introduction,” David Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd. and Deborah “The ‘White World’s Future?’ An Analysis of the 57. Marlene Laruelle, “Russian and American International Organization 25, no. 3 (Summer Lipstadt, United States Holocaust Memorial Russian Far Right,” Journal for the Study of Radi- Far Right Connections: Confluence, Not Influ- 1971), 329–349, esp. 332. Museum Archives, Washington, D.C. calism, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2013), 98-99. Translated ence,” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, no. 516 Leonard Zeskind, Blood and Politics: The 11. 24. Institute for Historical Review, “A Major by Arnold and Romanova. (March 2018), http://www.ponarseurasia. History of the White Nationalist Movement from Revisionist Breakthrough in Russia,” The Jour- 41. David Duke, “Jewish Attacks on Russian org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/ the Margins to the Mainstream (New York: Far- nal of Historical Review 16, no. 4 (July/August Parliamentarians Reveal Their Own Hypoc- Pepm516_Laruelle_March2018.pdf. rar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009), 10. 1997), 36. risies,” DavidDuke.com, January 26, 2005, 58. “Mission,” International Organization Andrew Glass, “Reagan brands Soviet 12. 25. Institute for Historical Review, “Spirited https://donotlink.it/61aV. for the Family, accessed December 18, 2018, Union ‘evil empire,’” Politico, March 8, 2018, Twelfth IHR Conference Brings Together Lead- 42. David Duke, “Is Russia the Key to White https://www.profam.org/mission/. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/08/ ing Revisionist Scholars and Activists,” The Survival?,” DavidDuke.com, October 23, 2004, 59. Casey Michel, “Russians and the Ameri- this-day-in-politics-march-8-1983-440258. Journal of Historical Review 14, no. 6 (Novem- https://donotlink.it/0R94. can right started plotting in 1995. We have the Samizdat is a term used to describe unsanc- 13. ber/December 1994), 2. 43. David Duke, “Is Russia the Key to White notes from the first meeting,” ThinkProgress, tioned dissident self-published works. 26. Stella Rock, “Russian revisionism: Holo- Survival?,” DavidDuke.com, October 23, 2004, June 19, 2018, https://thinkprogress.org/ 14. To be clear, this victim-like mentality

24 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 endnotes

history-of-christian-fundamentalists-in-russia- ‘Gay Propaganda’ Bans,” Right Wing Watch, The Guardian, August 3, 2018, https://www. white-nationalism-eugene-smith-grant.html. and-the-us-a6bdd326841d/. September 12, 2014, http://www.rightwing- theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/03/ 23. Eric K. Ward, “Skin in the Game: How Anti- 60. Casey Michel, “Russians and the Ameri- watch.org/post/moscow-forum-attended-by- portland-patriot-prayer-rally-fears-violence- semitism Animates White Nationalism,” Politi- can right started plotting in 1995. We have the american-activists-ends-with-call-for-more- charlottesville. cal Research Associates, June 29, 2017, https:// notes from the first meeting,” ThinkProgress, gay-propaganda-bans/#sthash.aqZjenYD. 3. “Live: ‘Patriot Prayer’ rally in Portland meet www.politicalresearch.org/2017/06/29/ June 19, 2018, https://thinkprogress.org/ dpuf. The extent to which the WCF’s effort was by counter demo,” Youtube, Ruptly, streamed skin-in-the-game-how-antisemitism-animates- history-of-christian-fundamentalists-in-russia- symbolic is unclear, as WCF content promot- live on August 4, 2018, https://www.youtube. white-nationalism/. and-the-us-a6bdd326841d/. ing the conference has remained online. See, com/watch?v=LVUds_LugBw. 24. Wayne King, “White Supremacists Voice 61. Allan Carlson, “Diary: Trip to Mos- for instance, a bizarre promo video posted by 4. “Live: ‘Patriot Prayer’ rally in Portland meet Support of Farrakhan,” The New York Times, cow/Prague, January 15-22, 1995,” WCF’s managing director: Larry Jacobs, “Wel- by counter demo,” Youtube, Ruptly, streamed October 12, 1985, https://www.nytimes. available at: https://www.scribd.com/ come To Russia: World Congress of Families live on August 4, 2018, https://www.youtube. com/1985/10/12/us/white-supremacists- document/381183064/Account-of-WCF- Moscow 2014 - Animated Cartoon,” YouTube, com/watch?v=LVUds_LugBw, 32:00-34:00. voice-support-of-farrakhan.html. Founder-Allan-Carlson-in-Russia, esp. 1-6. September 6, 2013, https://www.youtube. 5. “Live: ‘Patriot Prayer’ rally in Portland meet 25. Wayne King, “White Supremacists Voice At times, it becomes unclear who is influenc- com/watch?v=JiLxOD8RstE. by counter demo,” Youtube, Ruptly, streamed Support of Farrakhan,” The New York Times, ing whom more. Carlson, for instance, notes 69. J. Lester Feder and Susie Armitage, “Emails live on August 4, 2018, https://www.youtube. October 12, 1985, https://www.nytimes. that during a meeting with Dr. Sergey V. Dar- Show ‘Pro-Family’ Activists Feeding Contacts com/watch?v=LVUds_LugBw, 17:00-20:00. com/1985/10/12/us/white-supremacists- modekhin—then head of the Research Institute To Russian Nationalists,” BuzzFeed News, De- 6. Lilly Fowler, “Patriot Prayer leader dis- voice-support-of-farrakhan.html. for the Family, which operated under the um- cember 8, 2014, https://www.buzzfeednews. likes racists, but they seem to hear a whistle,” 26. Matthew Lyons, Insurgent Supremacists: brella of the Ministry for Social Protection—the com/article/lesterfeder/emails-show-pro- Crosscut, August 24, 2017, https://crosscut. The U.S. Far Right’s Challenge to State and Em- latter “produced the first two issues of a new family-activists-feeding-contacts-to-russian#. com/2017/08/patriot-prayer-joey-gibson- pire, (Montreal: Kersplebedeb, 2018), 49-52. publication, THE FAMILY IN RUSSIA. The llQ2Y5PBQ. white-supremacists-rally. 27. Matthew Lyons, Insurgent Supremacists: name, he said, was consciously adapted from 70. Hannah Levintova, “How US Evangelicals 7. Spencer Sunshine, “Joey Gibson And Pa- The U.S. Far Right’s Challenge to State and Em- Rockford’s THE FAMILY IN AMERICA, and for Helped Create Russia’s Anti-Gay Movement,” triot Prayer: The Westboro Baptist Church of pire, (Montreal: Kersplebedeb, 2018), 47, 49- the same reason: the family pre-exists state and Mother Jones, February 21, 2014, https:// the Alt Right,” Political Research Associates, 52. nation.” Ibid., 5, emphasis in text. Darmodekh- www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/02/ September 6, 2017, https://www.political- 28. J.J. Johnson, “A Heartfelt Invitation to Black in, it seemed, was also instrumental in the pro- world-congress-families-russia-gay-rights/2/; research.org/2017/09/06/joey-gibson-and- Americans,” https://www.zianet.com/web/ liferation of Carlson’s own work within Russia, Miranda Blue, “Globalizing Homophobia, Part patriot-prayer-the-westboro-baptist-church-of- blackman.htm. which was also central to the original “proto- 4: The World Congress of Families and Rus- the-alt-right/. 29. J.J. Johnson, “A Heartfelt Invitation to Black cols” governing Russian-American cooperation sia’s ‘Christian Saviors’,” Right Wing Watch, 8. “KGW Interview with Joey Gibson, Patriot Americans,” https://www.zianet.com/web/ laid out by Darmodekhin and endorsed by Carl- October 4, 2013, http://www.rightwingwatch. Prayer founder,” KGW News, August 4, 2018, blackman.htm. son and others. Likewise, Carlson’s meeting, ac- org/post/globalizing-homophobia-part-4-the- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oddm6_ 30. J.J. Johnson, “A Heartfelt Invitation to Black cording to ThinkProgress, with Shevchenko and world-congress-of-families-and-russias-chris- Hqao. Americans,” https://www.zianet.com/web/ Antonov to discuss convening an international tian-saviors/. 9. Telephone interview with Arun Gupta, blackman.htm. conference of “pro-family” groups arguably lay 71. Hannah Levintova, “How US Evangelicals January 3, 2019. 31. J.J. Johnson, “A Heartfelt Invitation to Black the groundwork for the WCF’s first meeting in Helped Create Russia’s Anti-Gay Movement,” 10. PRA defines Far Right as a range of tenden- Americans,” https://www.zianet.com/web/ 1997.” Casey Michel, “Russians and the Ameri- Mother Jones, February 21, 2014, https://www. cies on the political Right that hold small gov- blackman.htm. can right started plotting in 1995. We have the motherjones.com/politics/2014/02/world- ernment values, embrace explicit ideologies of 32. “Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic notes from the first meeting,” ThinkProgress, congress-families-russia-gay-rights/2/. supremacy, and seek a different government and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in June 19, 2018, https://thinkprogress.org/ 72. See: Hannah Levintova, “How US Evan- structure in line with their values. Radicalization and Recruitment,” Office of In- history-of-christian-fundamentalists-in-russia- gelicals Helped Create Russia’s Anti-Gay Move- 11. Not to be confused with the prison gang telligence and Analysis, April 7, 2009, https:// and-the-us-a6bdd326841d/. ment,” Mother Jones, February 21, 2014, https:// 211 Crew. fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf. 62. Allan Carlson, “Diary: Trip to Mos- www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/02/ 12. Bill Morlin, “Patriot Prayer rally in Se- 33. “Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic cow/Prague, January 15-22, 1995,” world-congress-families-russia-gay-rights/2/; attle: Plenty of guns and shouting,” Hate- and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in available at: https://www.scribd.com/ Miranda Blue, “Globalizing Homophobia, Part watch, Southern Poverty Law Center, August Radicalization and Recruitment,” Office of In- document/381183064/Account-of-WCF- 4: The World Congress of Families and Rus- 20, 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/hate- telligence and Analysis, April 7, 2009, https:// Founder-Allan-Carlson-in-Russia, esp. 1-6. sia’s ‘Christian Saviors’,” Right Wing Watch, watch/2018/08/20/patriot-prayer-rally-seat- fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf. 63. Kathryn Joyce, “Missing: The ‘Right’ Ba- October 4, 2013, http://www.rightwingwatch. tle-plenty-guns-and-shouting. 34. Matthew Lyons, Insurgent Supremacists: bies,” The Nation, February 14, 2008, https:// org/post/globalizing-homophobia-part-4-the- 13. “Tiny Story,” Youtube, June 21, The U.S. Far Right’s Challenge to State and Em- www.thenation.com/article/missing-right- world-congress-of-families-and-russias-chris- 2017, https://www.youtube.com/ pire, (Montreal: Kersplebedeb, 2018), 44. babies/. For crossover between WCF’s preferred tian-saviors/. watch?v=g9DUdbtNJyk. 35. The Grouch, “In Portland, Patriot Prayer & rhetoric and the White nationalist crowd, see, 73. James E. Hassell, “Russian Refugees in 14. Spencer Sunshine, “A Guide to Who’s Com- Proud Boys Want Immigrant Heads ‘Smashed for instance, Andrew Hamilton, “Overpopu- France and the United States Between the World ing to the Largest White Nationalist Rally in a Into the Concrete’; Gave Nazi Salutes While lation in Context,” Counter-Currents, Febru- Wars,” Transactions of the American Philosophi- Decade,” Political Research Associates, August Screaming Racial Slurs,” It’s Going Down, July ary 17, 2018, https://www.counter-currents. cal Society 87, pt. 7 (1991), 36. 10, 2017, https://www.politicalresearch. 5, 2018, https://itsgoingdown.org/in-portland- com/2012/02/overpopulation-in-context/. 74. Natasha Bertrand, “‘A model for civiliza- org/2017/08/10/a-guide-to-whos-coming- patriot-prayer-gave-nazi-salutes-while-scream- 64. Much like White nationalist concerns re- tion’: Putin’s Russia has emerged as ‘a beacon to-the-largest-white-nationalist-rally-in-a- ing-racial-slurs/. garding “White genocide,” ultra-conservative, for nationalists’ and the American alt-right,” decade/. 36. Christopher Mathias and Andy Campbell, “pro-family” groups have asserted that migra- Business Insider, December 10, 2016, https:// 15. “Who are the Proud Boys in 60 seconds,” “Violent Proto-Fascists Came to Portland. The tion and high birth rates among non-White, www.businessinsider.com/russia-connec- ProudBoysUSA, http://proudboysusa.com/. Police Went After the Anti-Fascists,” HuffPost, non-Christian migrants in Europe have added tions-to-the-alt-right-2016-11?r=UK. 16. A Traditional Skinhead, or “Trad Skin,” is August 8, 2018, https://www.huffpost.com/ to the region’s political instability. Here, the 75. Marlene Laruelle, “Russian and American a skinhead who adheres to the original skin- entry/portland-patriot-prayer-proud-boys- decline is more of a product of demographic Far Right Connections: Confluence, Not Influ- head culture created by those who emulated the police-antifascists_n_5b668b7de4b0de86f4a suicide than “genocide.” As Kathryn Joyce ence,” PONARS Eurasia, March 2018, http:// style of the Jamaican Rude Boys back in the late 22faf. observed at The Nation, “[t]he white Christian www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/russian-and- 1960s, and was not rooted in Nazism or racism. 37. Matt Novak, “Why Are Trump Supporters West, in this telling, is in danger of forfeit- american-far-right-connections-confluence- 17. Emily Gorcenski, “The Proud Boys: A Re- Offering People ‘Free Helicopter Rides’ Online?” ing itself through sheer lack of numbers to an not-influence. publican Party Street Gang,” The Public Eye, Gizmodo, October 12, 2018, https://gizmodo. onslaught of Muslim immigrants and their 76. David S. Foglesong, The American Mission Winter Issue, 2019, http://feature.politicalre- com/why-are-trump-supporters-offering-peo- purportedly numerous offspring. In other and the “Evil Empire” (Cambridge, UK: Cam- search.org/the-proud-boys. ple-free-helicopte-1829705238. words, Mosher and his colleagues aren’t really bridge University Press, 2007), 6. 18. Corey Pein and Nigel Jaquiss, “Who Radi- 38. Daniel Martinez HoSang and Joseph concerned about wolves.” Kathryn Joyce, “Miss- 77. Sean Guillory, “A Genealogy of American calized Jeremy Christian? Alt-Right Extremists Lowndes, Producers, Parasites, Patriots: Race ing: The ‘Right’ Babies,” The Nation, February Russophobia,” InRussia, n.d., http://inrussia. Rush to Distance Themselves From MAX Slay- in the New Right-Wing Politics of Precarity, Uni- 14, 2008, https://www.thenation.com/article/ com/a-genealogy-of-american-russophobia. ing Suspect,” Willamette Week, May 31, 2017, versity of Minnesota Press, 2019, https://www. missing-right-babies/. 78. Lauren Southern,” What happens in Rus- https://www.wweek.com/news/2017/05/31/ upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/produc- 65. Федеральная служба государственной sia…,” YouTube (video), June 6, 2018, https:// who-radicalized-jeremy-christian-alt-right- ers-parasites-patriots. статистики (Росстат), Информация о www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG0ptZxc0bM. extremists-rush-to-distance-themselves-from- 39. Email interview with Joseph Lowndes, Feb- социально-экономическом положении России: 79. Brittany Pettibone, “Anti-Putin Protest max-slaying-suspect/. ruary 28, 2019. январь-август 2018 года (Москва: Федеральная in Moscow,” YouTube (video), June 10, 2018, 19. “Daryle Jenkins vs Joey Gibson of Patriot 40. Email interview with Joseph Lowndes, Feb- служба государственной статистики, 2018), https://youtu.be/aY2uv8fgQQk. Prayer,” Youtube, Oct. 7, 2018, https://www. ruary 28, 2019. esp. 108–112. 80. Interview with author, July 2018. youtube.com watch?v=1Wg9kLCVtX8&t=145s, 41. Telephone interview with Arun Gupta, 66. “Послом Всемирного Конгресса Семей к 81. Interview with author, July 2018. 3:43-8:00. January 3, 2019. европейским структурам стал генеральный 82. Interview with author, July 2018. 20. “Georgia man gets six years for Charlottes- 42. Telephone interview with Arun Gupta, директор АЦ «Семейная политика.РФ»,” 83. Quoted in: Stephen White and Ian Mcallis- ville beating of black man,” Associated Press, January 3, 2019. Семейная политика, 21 февраля, 2013, http:// ter, “The Putin Phenomenon,” Journal of Com- August. 28, 2018, https://www.timesfree- 43. Arun Gupta, “Why Young Men of Color are www.familypolicy.ru/read/1448. Translation munist Studies and Transition Politics 24, no. 4 press.com/news/breakingnews/story/2018/ Joining White Supremacists Groups,” The Daily by author. (2008), 615. aug/28/georgia-man-gets-six-years/477916/. Beast, September 4, 2018, https://www.the- 67. J. Lester Feder and Susie Armitage, “Emails 21. Yesha, “White Nationalist Says He’s Not dailybeast.com/why-young-men-of-color-are- Show ‘Pro-Family’ Activists Feeding Contacts Racist Because He’s ‘Spanish’ and From Puerto joining-white-supremacist-groups. Culture and Belonging in the USA To Russian Nationalists,” BuzzFeed News, De- Rico,” The Root, August 17, 2017, https://www. 44. Email interview with Arun Gupta, June 20, cember 8, 2014, https://www.buzzfeednews. 1. “Live: ‘Patriot Prayer’ rally in Portland meet theroot.com/white-nationalist-says-hes-not- 2019. com/article/lesterfeder/emails-show-pro- by counter demo,” Youtube, August 4, 2018, racist-because-hes-spani-1797946491. 45. Telephone interview with Arun Gupta, family-activists-feeding-contacts-to-russian#. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVUds_ 22. James Estrin, “Documenting the Rise of January 3, 2019. llQ2Y5PBQ. LugBw. White Nationalism,” The New York Times, 46. Alex DiBranco, “Mobilizing Misogyny,” 68. Miranda Blue, “Moscow Forum Attended 2. Jason Wilson, “Portland fears planned righ- October 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes. The Public Eye, March 8, 2017, https://www. By American Activists Ends With Call For More twing rally could be ‘another Charlottesville,’” com/2018/10/17/lens/documenting-rise- politicalresearch.org/2017/03/08/mobilizing-

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 25 endnotes

misogyny/. ened to ‘Eradicate’ All Democrats, Eat Pro- vandal was inspired by Ben Shapiro – an or- NPR, December 17, 2018, https://www.npr. 47. “GAVIN MCINNES explains the origins Choice Professor: Feds,” The Daily Beast, April thodox Jew,” RT, May 28, 2019, https://www. org/2018/12/17/677390031/native-american- of the PROUD BOYS,” YouTube, January 27, 25, 2019, 3:57 a.m. EST, https://www.thedai- rt.com/usa/460406-buzzfeed-ben-shapiro- adoption-law-challenged-as-racially-biased. 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_ lybeast.com/rhode-island-man-threatened-to- nazi/. 2. Wade Goodwyn, “Native American Adop- continue=13&v=lPpb-nfQW_8. eradicate-all-democrats-eat-pro-choice-profes- 27. Julio Rosas, “BuzzFeed News corrects tion Law Challenged As Racially Biased.” 48. “GAVIN MCINNES explains the origins sor-feds. tweet about Ben Shapiro and synagogue hate NPR, December 17, 2018, https://www.npr. of the PROUD BOYS,” YouTube, January 27, 11. Andy Riga, “I didn’t incite mosque shoot- crime,” Washington Examiner, May 27, 2019, org/2018/12/17/677390031/native-american- 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_ er, conservative pundit Ben Shapiro insists,” https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/ adoption-law-challenged-as-racially-biased. continue=13&v=lPpb-nfQW_8. Montreal Gazette, May 4, 2018, https://mon- buzzfeed-news-corrects-tweet-about-ben-shap- 3. Rebecca Nagle, “Texas Judge Rules Indian 49. Robert Culkin, “Proud Boys: Who Are trealgazette.com/news/quebec/i-didnt-incite- iro-and-synagogue-hate-crime. Child Welfare Act as Unconstitutional,” Indian They?” Proud Boy Magazine, August 24, 2017, mosque-shooter-conservative-pundit-ben-sha- 28. Chris Enloe, “BuzzFeed attempts to link Country Today, October 8, 2018, https://news- https://officialproudboys.com/proud-boys/ piro-insists. Ben Shapiro — an Orthodox Jew — to man who maven.io/indiancountrytoday/news/texas- whoaretheproudboys/. 12. Joe Concha, “Shapiro rips Economist af- vandalized synagogue with Nazi symbols,” The judge-rules-indian-child-welfare-act-as-uncon- 50. Jason Wilson, “FBI now classifies far-right ter it labels him alt-right,” The Hill, March Blaze, May 27, 2019, https://www.theblaze. stitutional-X_4Gx2-IkEKVEYCEdGxSFg/; Chad Proud Boys as ‘extremist group,’ documents 28, 2019, https://thehill.com/homenews/ com/news/buzzfeed-connects-ben-shapiro- Brackeen, et al, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Ryan say,” The Guardian, November 19, 2018, media/436271-shapiro-rips-economist-after- indiana-man-nazi. Zinke, Secretary of the Interior, et al., Defen- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/ it-labels-him-alt-right. 29. Tomo Albanese, “Debunking Ben Shapiro’s dants, and Cherokee Nation, et al., Defendants- nov/19/proud-boys-fbi-classification-extrem- 13. Ben Shapiro (@benshapiro). 2019. “.@ Transgender Denialism,” Medium, January 4, Appellants. Appeal from the United States ist-group-white-nationalism-report. TheEconomist, this is a vile lie. Not only am 2018, https://medium.com/@tomo.albanese/ District Court of the Northern District of Texas, 51. Shane Burley, “Survivors confront far I not alt-right, I am probably their leading debunking-ben-shapiros-transgender-denial- Case No. 4:17-CV_00868-O, November 19, right’s #Himtoo campaign in Portland,” critic on the right. I was the number one tar- ism-c39b090116e1. 2018, in the United States Court of Appeals for Truthout, November 21, 2018, https://truthout. get of their hate in 2016 online according to 30. Shapiro, Ben (@benshapiro). 2010. “Is- the Fifth Circuit, https://www.indianz.com/ org/articles/survivors-confront-far-rights-him- ADL data. I demand a retraction.” Twitter, raelis like to build. Arabs like to bomb crap News/2018/12/04/00514729433.pdf. too-campaign-in-portland/. March 28, 2019. https://twitter.com/ben- and live in open sewage. This is not a difficult 4. National Indian Child Welfare Association, 52. Shane Burley, “Fractured Far Right Esca- shapiro/status/1111261175268794369?ref_ issue. #settlementsrock.” Twitter, September “Summary of the Brackeen (Texas) v. Zinke De- lates Harassment Against Left in Portland,” src=twsrc%5Etfw. 27, 2010. https://twitter.com/benshapiro/ cision,” October 9, 2018, https://www.nicwa. TruthOut, February 2, 2019, https://truthout. 14. “Message from WilderBeast in Nice Re- status/25712847277?lang=en. org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Texas-fed- org/articles/fractured-far-right-escalates-ha- spectable People Group #general,” Discord 31. Jon Greenberg, “Ben Shapiro says a majori- eral-district-court-decision-summary-final.pdf. rassment-against-left-in-portland/. Leaks, Unicorn Riot, messaged September 25, ty of Muslims are radicals,” PunditFact, Novem- 5. “NPR airs inaccurate story about Indian 53. Daniel Steinmetz-Jenkins and Brittany 2018, https://discordleaks.unicornriot.ninja/ ber 5, 2014, https://www.politifact.com/pun- Child Welfare custody case,” Native American Pheiffer Noble, “Steve Bannon’s Would-Be discord/view/1787326?q=shapiro#msg. ditfact/statements/2014/nov/05/ben-shapiro/ Journalists Association, December 18, 2018, Coalition of Christian Traditionalists,” The 15. “Message from SDifference in Vibrant shapiro-says-majority-muslims-are-radicals/. https://mailchi.mp/131f830cc6d1/npr-airs- Atlantic, March 23, 2017, https://www.the- Diversity #general,” Discord Leaks, Unicorn 32. Shapiro, Ben (@benshapiro). 2011. “The inaccurate-story-about-icwa-custody-case. atlantic.com/international/archive/2017/03/ Riot, messaged August 16, 2017, https:// Jewish people has always been plagued by Bad 6. Teresa Wiltz, “Fate of Native Children steve-bannon-american-evangelicals-russian- discordleaks.unicornriot.ninja/discord/ Jews, who undermine it from within. In Amer- May Hinge on U.S. Adoption Case,” State- orthodox/519900/. view/541722?q=shapiro#msg. ica, those Bad Jews largely vote Democrat.” line, March 12, 2019, https://www.pewtrusts. 54. Adrian Sol, “The Rise of Multiracial White 16. Kristen Gelineau, “Mosque shooter a white Twitter, November 8, 2011. https://twitter. org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/state- Supremacy,” Daily Stormer, October 15, 2018, nationalist seeking revenge,” AP News, March com/benshapiro/status/13391883007335219 line/2019/03/12/fate-of-native-children-may- https://dailystormer.name/lolwat-the-rise-of- 15, 2019, https://www.apnews.com/1e19fefcb 2?lang=en. hinge-on-us-adoption-case. multiracial-white-supremacy/. 2e948a1bf7ce63429bc186e. 33. Ezra Schwartz, “Ben Shapiro’s ‘Hateful’ 7. “Equal Protection and Race, U.S. Constitu- 55. Arun Gupta, “Why Young Men of Color are 17. Mike Carter, “Mistrial declared in trial of Attack on His Fellow Jews,” Canadian Jewish tion Annotated Toolbox,” Congressional Re- Joining White Supremacists Groups,” The Daily couple accused of UW assault, after jury can’t News, https://www.cjnews.com/perspectives/ search Service, https://www.law.cornell.edu/ Beast, September 4, 2018, https://www.the- reach a verdict,” Seattle Times, August 13, opinions/ben-shapiros-hateful-attack-on-his- constitution-conan/amendment-14/section-1/ dailybeast.com/why-young-men-of-color-are- 2019, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle- fellow-jews. equal-protection-and-race. joining-white-supremacist-groups. news/crime/mistrial-declared-in-trial-of- 34. Tomo Albanese, “Debunking Ben Shapiro’s 8. Turtle Talk Blog: https://turtletalk.blog. 56. “How to stop ‘punching right’ by Brien couple-accused-of-uw-assault-after-jury-cant- Transgender Denialism,” Medium, January 4, 9. Matthew Fletcher, telephone interview James and American Guard,” Youtube (9:00), reach-a-verdict/. 2018, https://medium.com/@tomo.albanese/ with author, December 2018. June 26, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/ 18. Benjamin Weiser, “Trump Supporter Sobs debunking-ben-shapiros-transgender-denial- 10. Rebecca Clarren, “A Right-Wing Think watch?v=zr-GhBW-tco&feature=youtu.be. as He Describes Mailing Bombs to Obama, ism-c39b090116e1. Tank is Trying to Bring Down the Indian Child 57. “How to stop ‘punching right’ by Brien Clinton and Other Democrats,” The New York 35. New Guard Staff, “FACE THE FACTS: Ben Welfare Act. Why?” The Nation, April, 6, 2017, James and American Guard,” Youtube (9:00), Times, March 21, 2019, https://www.nytimes. Shapiro Busts This Big Leftist Myth About https://www.thenation.com/article/a-right- June 26, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/ com/2019/03/21/nyregion/cesar-sayoc- Radical Islam Wide Open,” New Guard, Young wing-think-tank-is-trying-to-bring-down-the- watch?v=zr-GhBW-tco&feature=youtu.be. trump-mail-bomber.html. America’s Foundation, November 25, 2019, indian-child-welfare-act-why/. 19. Amanda Arnold, “All About the White https://www.yaf.org/news/shapiro-radical- 11. J. Eric Reed, telephone interview with au- Man Who Shot and Killed Two Black People at islam/. thor, December 2018. Ben Shapiro and the Conservative Chorus a Kentucky Kroger,” The Cut, November 16, 36. Aisling McCrea, “The magical thinking 12. “The Indian Child Welfare Act,” National 1. United States v. Brewer, 1:18-cr-00286- 2018, https://www.thecut.com/2018/11/ of guys who love logic,” The Outline, February Indian Child Welfare Association, https://www. TWP-DLP 1, 225, COURTLISTENER (S.D. Ind. kroger-shooting-kentucky-man-shoots-kills- 15, 2019, https://theoutline.com/post/7083/ nicwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Indi- 2018). two-people.html. the-magical-thinking-of-guys-who-love- anChildWelfareActof1978.pdf. 2. State v. Signorino, 07C01-1808-F5-000397 20. Mike Levine, “‘No Blame?’ ABC News finds logic?zd=1&zi=ei57zqnr. 13. Terry Cross, telephone interview with au- (Ind. Brown Cir. 2018). 54 cases invoking ‘Trump’ in connection with 37. Ryan Reilly and Christopher Mathias, thor; Mary Annette Pember, “NICWA Confer- 3. “2017 Hate Crime Statistics,” Federal Bu- violence, threats, alleged assaults,” ABC News, “Right-Wing Extremists Guilty In Terror Plot ence Addresses Challenges of the Indian Child reau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Jus- May 30, 2020, https://abcnews.go.com/Poli- Against Muslim Refugees,” HuffPost, April Welfare Act,” Indian Country Today, April 27, tice, released fall 2018, https://ucr.fbi.gov/ tics/blame-abc-news-finds-17-cases-invoking- 18, 2018, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ 2012, https://indiancountrytodaymedianet- hate-crime/2017/topic-pages/incidents-and- trump/story?id=58912889. trump-muslim-militia-terror-plot-kansas_n_5a work.com/2012/04/27/nicwa-conference- offenses. 21. KRQE Staff, Jami Seymore, “City of Albu- d78882e4b029ebe0207801?j. addresses-challenges-of-the-indian-child-wel- 4. United States v. Brewer, 1:18-cr-00286- querque removes statue of Juan de Oñate in Old 38. Keneally, Meghan, Jack Date, Mike Levine, fare-act-110270#ixzz1tG1Xblya. TWP-DLP 1, 364, COURTLISTENER (S.D. Ind. Town,” KRQE, June 16, 2020, https://www. Josh Margolin, Aaron Katersky, James Hill, 14. Mary Annette Pember, “The Bitter Legacy 2018). krqe.com/news/albuquerque-metro/city-of- Lee Ferran, et al. “Package bomb suspect of Boarding Schools,” http://mapember.com/ 5. Ibid. albuquerque-to-remove-statue-of-juan-de- Cesar Sayoc’s van contained possible bomb- historical-trauma-in-indian-country/the-bitter- 6. United States v. Brewer, 1:18-cr-00286- onate/. making materials: Sources,” ABC News, Oc- legacy-of-boarding-schools/. TWP-DLP 1, 585, COURTLISTENER (S.D. Ind. 22. Steven Baca Twitter account, Jan 3, 2020, tober 28, 2018, https://abcnews.go.com/ 15. “Indian Elementary-Secondary Education: 2018). https://archive.vn/KjanO. US/package-bomb-suspect-now-custody/ Programs, Background, and Issues,” October 9, 7. Ben Shapiro (@benshapiro). 2014. “‘Right 23. Claudia Koerner, “An Indiana Man Who story?id=58770690. 2007 – June 16, 2017, https://www. everycrsre- side of history’ may be the most morally idiotic Vandalized A Synagogue With Nazi Symbols 39. United States v. Brewer, 1:18-cr-00286- port.com/reports/RL34205.html. phrase of modern times. History is not God, Admitted How Far-Right Figures Radicalized TWP-DLP 1, 421, COURTLISTENER (S.D. Ind. 16. “Bureau of Indian Education (BIE),” U.S. and has no morality.” Twitter, May 12, 2014. Him,” BuzzFeed News, May 26, 2019, https:// 2018). Department of the Interior, Indian Affairs, https://twitter.com/benshapiro/status/465869 www.buzzfeednews.com/article/claudiakoern- 40. Casey, Patrick (@PatrickCaseyUSA). 2019. https://www.bia.gov/bie. 637872521216?lang=en. er/indiana-man-vandalized-synagogue-nazi- “Statement on Nolan and Kiyomi Brewer.” Twit- 17. “Setting the Record Straight: The Indian 8. “Conservatives blast Gorsuch after LGBTQ symbols-radicalized. ter, May 27, 2019, https://twitter.com/Patrick- Child Welfare Act Fact Sheet,” National Indian discrimination decision: ‘Among the worst 24. BuzzFeed News (@BuzzFeedNews). 2019. CaseyUSA/status/1133200972002615296. Child Welfare Association, 2018, https://www. jurists in the history of the United States,’” “We have deleted this tweet because it was in- 41. Hatewatch Staff, “White Nationalist Group nicwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Set- The Week, June 15, 2020, https://theweek. accurate: the man told prosecutors his road to Identity Evropa Rebrands Following Private ting-the-Record-Straight-2018.pdf. com/speedreads/920080/conservatives-blast- radicalization included his wife reading Ben Chat Leaks, Launches ‘American Identity Move- 18. “Disproportionality Rates for Children of gorsuch-after-lgbtq-discrimination-decision- Shapiro, Breitbart News, and the Nazi pro- ment,’” Hatewatch, Southern Poverty Law Cen- Color in Foster Care (Fiscal Year 2015),” NCJF- among-worst-jurists-history-united-states paganda site Stormfront.” Twitter, May 27, ter, March 12, 2019, https://www.splcenter. CJ, September 2017, http://www.ncjfcj.org/ 9. Amanda Coletta, “Quebec City mosque 2019. https://twitter.com/BuzzFeedNews/sta- org/hatewatch/2019/03/12/white-nationalist- sites/default/files/NCJFCJ-Disproportionality- shooter scoured Twitter for Trump, right-wing tus/1133065921373843456. group-identity-evropa-rebrands-following-pri- TAB-2015_0.pdf. See also: Joshua Padilla, figures before attack,” Washington Post, April 25. Molly Prince, “BuzzFeed News Faces Blow- vate-chat-leaks-launches. M.A. and Alicia Summers, Ph.D., “Dispropor- 18, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/ back For Claim Ben Shapiro Radicalized A tionality Rates for Children of Color in Foster news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/18/quebec- Nazi,” Daily Caller, May 27, 2019, https://dai- Care,” National Council of Juvenile and Family The New War on ICWA city-mosque-shooter-scoured-twitter-for- lycaller.com/2019/05/27/buzzfeed-news-ben- Court Judges, May 2011, https://www.ncjfcj. trump-right-wing-figures-before-attack/. shapiro-nazi/. 1. Wade Goodwyn, “Native American Adop- org/sites/default/files/Disproportionality%20 10. Will Sommer, “Rhode Island Man Threat- 26. “BuzzFeed panned for claiming synagogue tion Law Challenged As Racially Biased.” TAB1_0.pdf.

26 • The Public Eye FALL 2019 endnotes

19. “Setting the Record Straight: The Indian of Their Motion for Summary Judgement,” In- of Louisiana; and State of Indiana, Plaintiffs, V. case-law/. Child Welfare Act Fact Sheet,” The National In- tervenor-Defendant Cherokee Nation, Brackeen RYAN ZINKE, in his official capacity as Secretary 65. “The Indian Child Welfare Act at 40,” Cato dian Child Welfare Association, https://www. v. Zinke, Case No. 4:17-cv-868-O (N.D. TX, Ft. of the United States Department of the Interior; Institute, September 20, 2018, https://www. nicwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Set- Worth Div.), June 15, 2018, https://turtletalk. BRYAN RICE, in his official capacity as Director cato.org/events/the-indian-child-welfare-act- ting-the-Record-Straight-2018.pdf. files.wordpress.com/2018/06/145_interve- of the Bureau of Indian Affairs; JOHN TAHSUDA at-40. 20. “Re: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking – Reg- nordef_msj.pdf. III, in his official capacity as Acting Assistant 66. “Adoptive Couple V. Baby Girl (12-399),” ulations for State Courts and Agencies in Indian 37. In the United States Court of Appeals for Secretary for Indian Affairs; the BUREAU OF Tribal Supreme Court Project, Native American Custody Proceedings,” Casey Family Programs, the Fifth Circuit, Chad Brakeen, et al., Plaintiffs- INDIAN AFFAIRS; and the UNITED STATES Rights Fund, https://sct.narf.org/caseindexes/ May 19, 2015, http://www.nativeamericanbar. Appellees, V. Ryan Zinke, Secretary of the Inte- DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. Defendants, adoptivecouplevbabygirl.html. org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/CFP-et-al- rior, et al., Defendants, and Cherokee Nation et https://goldwaterinstitute.org/wp-content/up- 67. Linda Carroll, “Adoptive parents awarded Support-Letter-Re-Proposed-ICWA-Regula- al., Defendants-Appellants. https://turtletalk. loads/2018/04/GIs-Brief-Amicus-Curiae.pdf. custody of girl, 3, but ‘nobody showed,’” Today tions.pdf. files.wordpress.com/2018/11/motionforstay- 49. Rebecca Clarren, “A Right-Wing Think Show, August 9, 2013, https://www.today. 21. Kathryn Joyce, “The Adoption Crunch, pendingappeal.pdf; In the United States Court Tank is Trying to Bring Down the Indian Child com/news/adoptive-parents-awarded-custody- the Christian Right, and the Challenge to of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, NO. 18.11479, Welfare Act. Why?” The Nation, April, 6, 2017, girl-3-nobody-showed-6C10884389. Indian Sovereignty,” The Public Eye, no. 78 Chad Everet Brackeen: Jennifer Kay Brackeen: https://www.thenation.com/article/a-right- 68. Suzette Brewer, “War of Words: ICWA Faces (Winter 2014), https://www.politicalresearch. State of Texas; Altgracia Socorro Hernandez: wing-think-tank-is-trying-to-bring-down-the- Multiple Assaults from Adoption Industry,” org/2014/02/23/the-adoption-crunch-the- State of Indiana: Jason Clifford: Frank Nicholas indian-child-welfare-act-why/. Indian Country Today, July 8, 2015, https:// christian-right-and-the-challenge-to-indian- Libretti: State of Louisiana: Heather Lynn Li- 50. “Death on a Reservation,” The Goldwater newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/ sovereignty/. bretti: Danielle Clifford, Plaintiffs-Appellees V. Institute, June 10, 2015, https://goldwaterin- war-of-words-icwa-faces-multiple-assaults- 22. Suzette Brewer, “Baby Veronica’s Birth Cherokee Nation: Oneida Nation: Quinault In- stitute.org/article/death-on-a-reservation/. from-adoption-industry-IEoKzrVNKkGJ7pYb- Mother Files Suit, Claims ICWA Unconsti- dian Nation: Morongo Band of Mission Indians, 51. Equal Protection for Indian Children, PiJQOA/. See also: “Adoption and Child Welfare tutional,” Indian Country Today, July 26, Intervenor Defendants-Appellants, Appeal from http://equalprotection.org. Services Industry in the US,” Industry Market 2013, http://indiancountrytodaymedianet- the United States District Court for the Northern 52. Rebecca Clarren, “A Right-Wing Think Research Report, IBISWorld, December 2018, work.com/2013/07/26/veronicas-birth- District of Texas, https://www.indianz.com/ Tank is Trying to Bring Down the Indian Child https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-trends/ mother-sues-doj-says-icwa-unconstitution- News/2018/12/04/00514745522.pdf. Welfare Act. Why?” The Nation, April, 6, 2017, market-research-reports/healthcare-social- al-150597. 38. “PNC supports ruling to stay TX ICWA de- https://www.thenation.com/article/a-right- assistance/social-assistance/adoption-child- 23. Cecily Hilleary, “Challenges to Indian cision,” Partnership for Native Children, De- wing-think-tank-is-trying-to-bring-down-the- welfare-services.html. Child Welfare Act Concern Native Ameri- cember 3, 2018, https://www.nativechildren. indian-child-welfare-act-why/. 69. Kathryn Joyce, “The Adoption Crunch, cans,” VOA News, October 21, 2018, https:// org/latest/pnc-supports-ruling-to-stay-tx-icwa- 53. Barry Goldwater Institute for Public Policy the Christian Right, and the Challenge to www.voanews.com/a/native-americans-con- decision. Research, Internal Revenue Service Form 990, Indian Sovereignty,” The Public Eye, no. 78 cerned-by-challenges-to-indian-child-welfare- 39. “Hon. Reed O’Connor, U.S. District Court Tax year 2016, filed November 15, 2017, (Winter 2014), https://www.politicalresearch. act/4624278.html. for the Northern District of Texas,” The Feder- https://goldwaterinstitute.org/wp-content/ org/2014/02/23/the-adoption-crunch-the- 24. “Measuring Compliance with the Indian alist Society, https://fedsoc.org/contributors/ uploads/2017/04/Goldwater-Form-990-2016. christian-right-and-the-challenge-to-indian- Child Welfare Act,” Casey Family Programs, reed-o-connor. pdf. sovereignty/. March 2015, https://caseyfamilypro-wpengine. 40. Ian Millhiser, “Obamacare repeal is back, 54. Alex Kotch, “Kochs Bankroll Move 70. Kathryn Joyce, “The Adoption Crunch, netdna-ssl.com/media/measuring-compli- and it’s dumber than ever,” ThinkProgress, to Rewrite the Constitution,” PRWatch, the Christian Right, and the Challenge to ance-icwa.pdf. Feb. 28, 2018, https://thinkprogress.org/ March 23, 2017, https://www.prwatch.org/ Indian Sovereignty,” The Public Eye, no. 78 25. Matthew Fletcher, interview with author, obamacare-repeal-lawsuit-republican-gover- news/2017/03/13229/koch-brothers-bank- (Winter 2014), https://www.politicalresearch. December 2018. nors-attorneys-general-2aef6cde8775/; Mi- roll-constitutional-convention. org/2014/02/23/the-adoption-crunch-the- 26. Rebecca Nagle, “A long legal battle is ex- chael Hiltzik, “A Texas federal judge OKs na- 55. Alex Kotch, “Kochs Bankroll Move christian-right-and-the-challenge-to-indian- pected as tribes appeal Texas court ruling on tionwide discrimination in healthcare against to Rewrite the Constitution,” PRWatch, sovereignty/. ICWA,” Indian Country Today, November 27, transgender people,” The Los Angeles Times, March 23, 2017, https://www.prwatch.org/ 71. Peter Smith, “Adoption Growing among 2018, https://newsmaven.io/indiancountry- Jan. 9, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/busi- news/2017/03/13229/koch-brothers-bank- Evangelical Christians,” Orphan Care Alliance, today/news/a-long-legal-battle-is-expected- ness/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-transgender-aca- roll-constitutional-convention. excerpt from the Louisville Courier Journal, as-tribes-appeal-texas-court-ruling-on-icwa- 20170109-story.html; Sheryl Gay Stolberg, 56. “Koch Industries Pollution,” GreenPeace, https://orphancarealliance.org/adoption- eMh99qdrtEa8ZnThO7XcIA/. Robert Pear and Abby Goodnough, “Ruling https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/global- growing-among-evangelical-christians/. 27. J. Eric Reed, interview with author, Decem- Striking Down Obamacare Moves Health De- warming/climate-deniers/koch-industries/ 72. “Statement of Faith,” Nightlight Christian ber 2018. bate to Center Stage,” The New York Times, koch-industries-pollution/. Adoptions, https://www.nightlight.org/state- 28. “Frequently Asked Questions- What is the December 15, 2018, https://www.nytimes. 57. “Toxic 100 Air Polluters Index (2016 Re- ment-faith/. federal Indian trust responsibility?” U.S. De- com/2018/12/15/us/politics/obamacare-rul- port, Based on 2014 Data),” Political Economy 73. “5 Things You Need to Know About Adop- partment of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Af- ing-health-care.html. Research Institute, University of Massachusetts tion,” Barna Group, November 4, 2013, https:// fairs, https://www.bia.gov/frequently-asked- 41. John Kelly, “State Actions on Indian Child Amherst, https://www.peri.umass.edu/toxic- www.barna.com/research/5-things-you-need- questions. Welfare Act Since Federal Judge Struck it 100-air-polluters-index-2016-report-based-on- to-know-about-adoption/#.UnvPco2E7Tw. 29. Alysa Landry, “Harry S. Truman: Begin- Down,” The Chronicle of Social Change, Novem- 2014-data. 74. Steve Newcomb, “Five Hundred Years of ning of Indian Termination Era,” Indian Country ber 30, 2018, https://chronicleofsocialchange. 58. “Tribes and Water Quality Standards,” Unit- Injustice: the Legacy of Fifteenth Century Reli- Today, August 16, 2016, https://newsmaven. org/child-welfare-2/state-actions-indian-child- ed States Environmental Protection Agency, gious Prejudice,” Shaman’s Drum, (Fall 1992), io/indiancountrytoday/news/a-long-legal-bat- welfare-act-since-judge-struck-down-law. https://www.epa.gov/wqs-tech/tribes-and- http://ili.nativeweb.org/sdrm_art.html. tle-is-expected-as-tribes-appeal-texas-court- 42. Kathryn Joyce, “The Adoption Crunch, water-quality-standards. 75. Dennis Wagner, “1818 James Monroe - ruling-on-icwa-eMh99qdrtEa8ZnThO7XcIA/. the Christian Right, and the Challenge to 59. Valerie Volcovici, “Trump advisors aim to Indian Civilization Act of 1819,” State of the 30. Nancy LeTourneau, “Trump’s Direct As- Indian Sovereignty,” The Public Eye, no. 78 privatize oil-rich Indian reservations,” Reuters, Union History, April 7, 2017, http://www. sault on Native American Tribal Sovereignty,” (Winter 2014), https://www.politicalresearch. December 5, 2016, https://www.reuters.com/ stateoftheunionhistory.com/2017/04/1818- Washington Monthly, April 24, 2018, https:// org/2014/02/23/the-adoption-crunch-the- article/us-usa-trump-tribes-insight/trump- james-monroe-indian-civilization.html. washingtonmonthly.com/2018/04/24/ christian-right-and-the-challenge-to-indian- advisors-aim-to-privatize-oil-rich-indian-res- 76. Mary Annette Pember, “Intergenera- trumps-direct-assault-on-native-american-trib- sovereignty/. ervations-idUSKBN13U1B1. See also: https:// tional Trauma: Understanding Native’s Inher- al-sovereignty/. 43. Alex Kotch, “Kochs Bankroll Move resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/ ited Pain,” Indian Country Today, 2015, http:// 31. “Donald Trump and Federal Indian Policy: to Rewrite the Constitution,” PRWatch, RWI_Native_American_Lands_2011.pdf. mapember.com/historical-trauma-in-indian- ‘They Don’t Look Like Indians to Me,’” In- March 23, 2017, https://www.prwatch.org/ 60. “‘Hidden History’ Of Koch Broth- country/all-about-generations-trauma-report/. dian Country Today, July 28, 2016, https:// news/2017/03/13229/koch-brothers-bank- ers Traces Their Childhood And Politi- 77. Sandy White Hawk, “Letter to Bureau of newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/ roll-constitutional-convention. cal Rise,” Fresh Air, National Public Ra- Indian Affairs Secretary Kevin Washburn.” donald-trump-and-federal-indian-policy-they- 44. Rebecca Clarren, “A Right-Wing Think dio, January 19, 2016, https://www.npr. First Nations Repatriation Institute, May don-t-look-like-indians-to-me-5_J8sXQCPEm- Tank is Trying to Bring Down the Indian Child org/2016/01/19/463565987/hidden-history- 19, 2015, https://turtletalk.files.wordpress. WqXcgAr93Ew/. Welfare Act. Why?” The Nation, April, 6, 2017, of-koch-brothers-traces-their-childhood-and- com/2015/06/1524_-_white_hawk_sandy.pdf. 32. “Donald Trump and Federal Indian Policy: https://www.thenation.com/article/a-right- political-rise. 78. “Attachment and Bonding in Indian Child ‘They Don’t Look Like Indians to Me,’” In- wing-think-tank-is-trying-to-bring-down-the- 61. Valerie Volcovici, “Trump advisors aim to Welfare Summary of Research,” National In- dian Country Today, July 28, 2016, https:// indian-child-welfare-act-why/. privatize oil-rich Indian reservations,” Reuters, dian Child Welfare, 2016, https://www.nicwa. newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/ 45. Nicole Adams, interview with author, Janu- December 5, 2016, https://www.reuters.com/ org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Attach- donald-trump-and-federal-indian-policy-they- ary 2019. article/us-usa-trump-tribes-insight/trump- ment-and-bonding-NICWA-final-breif-092817. don-t-look-like-indians-to-me-5_J8sXQCPEm- 46. Lisa Graves, “About ALEC Exposed,” advisors-aim-to-privatize-oil-rich-indian-reser- pdf. WqXcgAr93Ew/. PRWatch, July 13, 2011, https://www.prwatch. vations-idUSKBN13U1B1. 79. Sandy White Hawk, interview with author, 33. “Frequently Asked Questions,” U.S. De- org/news/2011/07/10883/about-alec-ex- 62. Building Arizona Families Adoption Agen- January 2019. partment of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Af- posed. cy, https://www.buildingarizonafamilies. 80. Mary Annette Pember, “A Mother’s Day fairs, https://www.bia.gov/frequently-asked- 47. Rebecca Clarren, “A Right-Wing Think com/. story: Mother and daughter both given up for questions. Tank is Trying to Bring Down the Indian Child 63. Native American Rights Fund, “National adoption,” Our history: Lost Children of the In- 34. Mark E. Hills, “U.S. Supreme Court Rejects Welfare Act. Why?” The Nation, April, 6, 2017, Council for Adoption v Jewell,” National Indian dian Adoption Projects. First published in Indian Race-Based Challenge to ICWA,” Varnum Attor- https://www.thenation.com/article/a-right- Law Library, October 20, 2015, https://narf. Country Today, May 14, 2012, https://ameri- neys at Law, November 30, 2017, https://www. wing-think-tank-is-trying-to-bring-down-the- org/nill/bulletins/federal/documents/natl_ canindianadoptees.blogspot.com/2012/05/ varnumlaw.com/newsroom-publications-us- indian-child-welfare-act-why/. council_adoption_v_jewell.html. knowing-you-indian-is-not-enough_43.html. supreme-court-rejects-race-based-challenge- 48. In the United States District Court For the 64. Scott Trowbridge, JD, “ Legal Challenges to-icwa. Northern District of Texas Fort Worth Division, to ICWA: An Analysis of Current Case Law,” 35. “United Nations Declaration on the Rights CHAD EVERET BRACKEEN; JENNIFER KAY American Bar Association, January 2, 2017, of Indigenous Peoples,” United Nations, March BRACKEEN; FRANK NICHOLAS LIBRETTI; https://www.americanbar.org/groups/ 2008, https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/ HEATHER LYNN LIBRETTI; ALTAGRACIA SO- child_law/resources/child_law_practiceonline/ documents/DRIPS_en.pdf. CORRO HERNANDEZ; JASON CLIFFORD; and child_law_practice/vol-36/january-2017/legal- 36. “Intervenor-Defendants’ Brief in Support DANIELLE CLIFFORD, and State of Texas; State challenges-to-icwa--an-analysis-of-current-

FALL 2019 Political Research Associates • 27 POLITICAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES 1310 BROADWAY, SUITE 201 SOMERVILLE, MA 02144

Spring 2020: The Public Eye Celebrates 100 Issues

Celebrate the 100th issue of The Public Eye with a time tracking of the recent history of the Right, we special edition double issue, filled with excerpts hope readers will join PRA in embracing the lesson of some of our favorite, most important, and that guides our work: that the first step of taking prescient articles, alongside contemporary on a formidable opponent is understanding who commentary and updates on what’s happened and what they are, and that research, reporting, with these stories since then. and analysis are the best means of achieving that understanding. Reading through the archives to make our selections has felt a bit like time travel and was We are excited to bring you this special issue, both often a sobering experience, as piece after piece in print and on PRA’s website. Subscribers receive a seemed to add another layer of explanation for copy of the 100th Issue as part of their subscription how we’ve come to the place we occupy today. and all the featured articles can be read online at: But rather than being demoralized by this real- www.politicalresearch.org/THEPUBLICEYE100.

Political Research Associates (PRA) is a think tank devoted to challenging the Right and advancing social justice. Visit our website, www.politicalresearch.org, to access past issues of The Public Eye, connect with us through social media, and donate. You’ll also find in-depth reports, web-only features, and our Eyes Right blog. Need to renew or purchase a subscription? Go to politicalresearch.org/subscribe. Email us at [email protected] for more information.

Your support makes The Public Eye possible. Subscribe and donate today! 28 • The Public Eye FALL 2019