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The Image of the Middle East in Secondary School Textbooks. INSTITUTION Middle East Studies Association of North America, New York, N.Y DOCUMENT RESUME ED 117 013 SO 008 847 AUTHOR Griswold, William J. TITLE The Image of the Middle East in Secondary School Textbooks. INSTITUTION Middle East Studies Association of North America, New York, N.Y. \g,:DATE 75 N TE 108p. AV ILABLE FROM Middle East Studies Association, Hagop Kevorkian Center. for Near Eastern Studies, 50 Washington Square South, New York University, New York, New York 10003 (2.50) EDRS PRICE MP-$0.76 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Annotated Bibliographies; *Area Studies; Course Descriptions; Curriculum Guides; Geography; Instructional Materials; Islamic Culture; Middle Eastern History; *Middle Eastern Studies; Secondary Education; *Social Studies; Social Studies Units; Textbook Bias; *Textbook Evaluation; World History ABSTRACT Forty-two secondary-level Canadian and American world history, social studies, and geography textbooks on the Middle East are examined for errors in content, oversimplification ofcomplicated issues, and stereotyping. Areas under examination for distortion ,include Middle East geography and culture, economics, and maldistribution of wealth, cultural bias and ethnic stereotypes, religious bias and stereotypes, United States relations in the Middle East, and the Arab-Israeli wars. An annotated bibliography contains critical references for 62 texts as well as a list of superior textbooks by, American publishers. Two course syllabuses are also included. The first syllabus provides a guide to essential features of Muslim history and culture from the seventh to the twentieth, centuries. It contains evaluation questions, student objectives, and references to suggested readings. The second syllabus provides student objectives, references to suggested readings, selected readings, teaching strategies, and student activities about the four major Arab-Israeli wars from 1947 to 1973.(Author/DE) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes everyeffort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this `affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** TEXTBOOKS THE IMAGE OF THE EAST IN SECONDARY SCHOOL U S DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH. EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY ASRECEIVED FROM THE PERSON ORORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEWOR OPINIONS REPRE- STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYINSTITUTE OF SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL EDUCATION POSITION ORPOLICY TO REPRODUCETHIS BY MICRO COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL By FICHF.ON).NHAS REE GRANTED Wait Otr74144triy ORGANIZATIONS OPERAS TO ERIC ANDAGREEMtNikwITH THE NA MG UNDER EDUCATION TIONAL INSTITUTE OF OUTSIDE FURTHER REPRODUCTIONREQUIRES PERMIS THE ERIC SYSTEM. SION OF THE COPYRIGHTOWNER" f , CV. Middle East StudiesAssociation of North America, Inc. / COPYRIGHT 1975 by Middle East Studies Associationof North America, Inc. Headquarters and Secretariat, New York University Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near EasternStudies 50 Washington Square South, New York,New York 10003 Views expressed in this reportare those of the authors and do not necessarily represent theMiddle East Studies Association. THE IMAGE OF THE MIDDLE EAST IN SECONDARYSCHOOL TEXTBOOKS by William J. Griswold Colorado State University in collaboration with Ayad al -Qazzaz - California State University John Joseph - Franklin and MarshallCollege Lorne Kenny - Toronto University Don Peretz - State University of New York Glenn Perry - Indiana State University Michael W. Suleiman - Kansas State University Farhat Ziadeh - University of Washington (Chairman of the Image Committee) The cover photographs were taken from Aramco WorldMagazine and the catalogues of The ShiloahCenter for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University,and the American University of Beirut. PREFACE In forming a Committee on the Image of the Middle East in Secondary Educa'tion, the Middle East Studied Association has gone beyond its previous activities related to teaching and scholrship in colleges` and universities. Yet the set of mind that students bring with them from secondary into higher education has much to do with the effectiveness and psibilities of college teaching. Thus the image of a foreign area is important for itself, in forming enlightened citizens of a country and of the world, but it is also important as a part of the continuing stream of education. It is in this spirit that the "Image Committee" has prepared this report. It feels that understanding of the Middle East is often clouded by unrepreSentative connotations in common parlance and that these connotations are sometimes reinforced in education. Such evaluations will doubtless arouse further discussion and should be useful in bringing to light a more accurate appreciation of this important area of the world that is in some ways so different from ours. In this spirit too the Committee welcomes further comments on this report. I. William'Eartman Executive Secretary Middle East Studies Association 32 ISRAEL --- it,/st,at 1t 08.290 - 1 14K ,1 32 MMAN MEDITERRANEAN SEA O 0 0 42 T r o 0 hasoreproamm ow wirsor#, NI % 0.or Irm trimIlm dm a th rerul 1,1.601 Mal gni fro a Mr Sen iv Is I Wow, kW awl Syr/ RED SEA AON;Mams lispa re Nf .4., Reprinted from Background Notes, Israel, Department of State, U.S. Government Printing Office, August 1974. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: NORTH AMERICAN IMAGES OF THE MIDDLE EAST . 1 PART II: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 PART III: HISTORY AND CULTURE OF ISLAM: A SYLLABUS . 45 PART IV:. FOUR MAJOR ARAB-ISRAELI WARS:A SYLLABUS . 56 71; t4 fri reY 7.4.0 so CI A51 WAIF ikifir *447 it* ft* Part I North American Images of theMiddle East For some time, scholarshave recognized that secondary school textbooks in the UnitedStates and Canada often convey image of Middle anoversimplified, naive, and even distorted Eastern cultures, history, andpolitics. At its annual meeting in 1971 the Middle EastStudies Association (MESA) charged Image in an eight-member"Committee on the Middle East Secondary Schools" to reviewsecondary school textbooks to adequately, determine whether the Middle Eastis being dealt with infor- and whether such treatmentis free of bias and mistaken distribution in the mation. Representing a wide geographical schoOl United States and Canada, andworking through local reviewed more than eighty districts, the Committee members At world history, socialstudies and geography textbooks. chairman of the annual MESA Meetingin November 1972 the Professor Farhat Ziadeh ofthe Univer- the "Image Committee," the work of the Committeein sity of Washington, summarized 1 a brief report. Although the Committeeestablished in advance no speci- judgements fic criteria for its views,the members made their -1 after critically reading secondary schooltexts and, in many cases, after having consulted with secondary school teachers. They found some well-written, thoroughly researchedtextbooks 2 with few discernible faults. Yet the majority of books erred in content, perpetuated stereotypes inpolitical and social description, oversimplified complicatedissues, listed outcomes while ignoring causes, and often providedmoral judgements on the actions of nations in the guiseof factual history. Admittedly, the Committee "found what it was-looking fox," yet so frequent and so flagrant were thestereotypes that members felt justified in calling attentionto at least some of the errors with the hope that textbook authorsand their publishers might become aware of the problem. Committee members found very few authors whose identi- fication or reputation indicated specific training in Middle East culture. Most textbooks were written by more thanone author, some with consultants, some with contributingauthors. Professors of history and teachers of high school social studies predominated as authors, along withsome professors of geography, anthropology and political science. Some authors had no professional identification. Generally, they worked with data at least five, in some cases tenyears old, which mays help to explain some of the readily-accepted misinformation. Few of the authors referred to the extraordinary changes occurring in the Middle East in industry, agriculture, and finance which vitally affect North American interests. The Committee found in interviews that only a small percentage of -2- classroom teachers had formally studied theMiddle East, and virtually all relied on the textbooks forinformation, a fact which underscored the vital importance of an author's accuracy and understanding. Based on these findings, this sectiondescribes some typical distortions of selected secondary schoolsocial studies and geography textbooks from the UnitedStates and Canada.3 The prevalence of error and stereotypingin text- books demonstrates that teachers must be made awareof pos- sible bias in their own views of the Middle East,that authors should present precise, balanced information,and that pub- lishers should consider providing inexpensive,up-dated supplementary material for standard textbooks,relying on Mid- dle East experts where textbook authorslack the scholarly
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