Libya Before and After Gaddafi: an International Law Analysis

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Libya Before and After Gaddafi: an International Law Analysis Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea Libya Before and After Gaddafi: An International Law Analysis. Relatore Ch. Prof. Fabrizio Marrella Correlatore Ch. Prof. Antonio Trampus Correlatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Sara De Vido Laureando Enrica Oliveri Matricola 817727 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS “RINGRAZIAMENTI”...................................................................................................I ABSTRACT.........…………………………………………...………...……….……….II INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................VI FIRST PART. LIBYA BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS. CHAPTER 1. The Birth of the Independent Libya, 1969 Gaddafi’s Revolution and his Political Ideology. 1.1. An Overlook on the Libyan Situation prior to Gaddafi’s Dictatorship……………..2 1.2. Gaddafi’s Education and the 1969 Great Revolution……………………………….5 1.3. Gaddafi’s Ideology, his Affinities with Nasser and the Green Book……………….8 1.4. The Constitutional, Institutional and Administrative Changes of the Seventies…..14 CHAPTER 2. The 1986 US Benghazi Bombing, the 1988 Lockerbie Attack and the Consequent International Sanctions. 2.1. An Overview on the Second Period of Gaddafi’s Dictatorship……………………21 2.2. USA and Libya: the 1986 American Benghazi and Tripoli Bombings……………25 2.3. The International Sanctions: the Lockerbie Attack and the Consequent United Nations Security Council Resolutions………………………………………………….29 2.4. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………..33 CHAPTER 3. The Withdrawal of the International Sanctions, the Opening towards the West and the 2011 Libyan Revolution. 3.1. The Network of Relations between Libya and the World’ States…………………36 1 3.2. An Overview on Libyan Economic Reforms and Social Conditions during the 2000s……………………………………………………………………………………39 3.3. The Libyan Crisis………………………………………………………....……….43 SECOND PART. THE LAW OF TREATIES: CONCLUSION AND SUSPENSION OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND THE 2008 BENGHAZI TREATY BETWEEN ITALY AND LIBYA. CHAPTER 4. Some International Notions about the Conclusion and Suspension of International Agreements (with Special Reference to the Rebus Sic Stantibus Clause and the Effects of Armed Conflicts on International Treaties). 4.1. A General Overview on the Matter of Treaties: the Pacta Sund Servanda Principle and the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties……………………………...50 4.2. Making Treaties: the Procedures of Conclusion of International Agreements……55 4.3. The Cause of Suspension and Extinction of International Treaties Provided by the 1969 Vienna Convention……………………………………………………………….57 4.4. The Rebus Sic Stantibus Clause……………………………………………………59 4.5. The Effects of Armed Conflicts on International Treaties……………………...…61 4.6. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………..67 CHAPTER 5. The Benghazi Treaty between Italy and Libya, its Relation to the Libyan Crisis and the Tripoli Declaration. 5.1. The Reasons behind the Conclusion of the 2008 Benghazi Treaty………………..68 5.2. The Body of the Treaty: Preamble; Part II; and Part III…………………………..70 5.3. The Consequences of the Libyan Crisis on the Benghazi Treaty and the Relationship between Italy and Libya: Part I………………………………………..…72 5.4. The Tripoli Declaration: Which Future for the Benghazi Treaty?...........................80 5.5. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………..83 2 THIRD PART. THE LIBYAN CRISIS: THE STATUS OF LIBYAN REBELS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION. CHAPTER 6. The Position of Rebels under International Law and their Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts. 6.1. The International Status of Insurgents and National Liberation Movements (with Reference to the Right to Self-Determination)…………………………………………85 6.2. The International Recognition: Libyan Rebels between the Status of Insurgents and National Liberation Movement………………………………………………………...93 6.3. The Responsibility of Insurrectional Movements (or others) for Internationally Wrongful Acts…………………………………………………………………….........99 6.4. Two Distinct Cases: the Libyan Insurgents vs Palestinians as a National Liberation Movement......................................................................................................................103 6.5. Conclusions............................................................................................................104 CHAPTER 7. The Principle of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and its Application to the Libyan Crisis. 7.1. Some General Notions about Human Rights: the Concept of Gross Violations.......................................................................................................................106 7.2. The Principle of the Responsibility to Protect and the Ideas that Stand at the Base of it.....................................................................................................................................110 7.3. The Role of the United Nations Security Council and NATO in the Implementation of the R2P......................................................................................................................113 7.4. The Regulation of the Use of Force in International Law and the Principle of Sovereignty Applied to R2P: When is Military Intervention Legitimated?..................116 7.5. The Military Intervention in Libya: an Application of the R2P.............................121 7.6. The Stages of the Transformation of the Libyan Conflict Status...........................129 3 7.7. Some Considerations about the International Intervention in Libya..............................................................................................................................133 7.8. R2P and the Contemporary Scenarios: Libya vs Syria...........................................138 7.9. Conclusions............................................................................................................140 CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………...……….......142 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................146 APPENDIXES: A. Human Rights Watch (HRW), Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison, June 27, 2006, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim- prison, first access 10.11.2012.......................................................................................160 B. 2008 Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya..............................................................................................................................165 C. 2012 Tripoli Declaration...........................................................................................176 D. S/RES/1973, March 17, 2011, United Nations Security Council, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1973(2011), first access 5.08.2012.......................................................................................................................177 4 “RINGRAZIAMENTI” Uno speciale ringraziamento al Professor Fabrizio Marrella, il quale mi ha dato l’idea per approfondire questo interessante argomento; al Professor Antonio Trampus, che non mi ha seguito solo nella preparazione di questo lavoro, ma anche durante i sei anni della mia “carriera” universitaria a Ca’ Foscari; ed infine alla Professoressa Sara De Vido, grazie alla quale la mia tesi ha acquisito forma e struttura. A tutti voi: grazie. 1 ABSTRACT Lo scopo di questa tesi di laurea è quello di analizzare il conflitto libico dal punto di vista giuridico, cercando di individuarne i punti più importanti. Innanzitutto, è fondamentale comprendere gli anni che hanno preceduto la crisi, in particolare i quarantadue di dittatura del Colonnello Muammar Gheddafi e la sua ideologia. Infatti, la rivoluzione libica può essere considerata il risultato del regime che il paese ha sopportato così a lungo. Muammar Gheddafi, proveniente da una tribù berbera del deserto, è riuscito a farsi strada nell’esercito libico fino a formare una squadra di “seguaci”, con i quali ha orchestrato e messo in atto il colpo di stato che ha detronizzato re Idris I nel 1969. Da lì in poi, si può affermare che gli anni di Gheddafi siano stati caratterizati da tratti di incoerenza, sia in politica interna che estera, che è quella su cui maggiormente si concentra la tesi. Per quello che riguarda la prima, da sottolineare è la vicinanza ideologica di Gheddafi con Nasser. Il Libro Verde racchiude, oltre alle idee riconducibili al leader egiziano, anche la grande teoria di Gheddafi, denominata “The Third Way”, ovvero una terza strada, lontana sia da socialismo che da capitalismo, e cioè i due grandi poli della guerra fredda. Per quello che riguarda invece la politica estera, tra gli eventi storici che più hanno influito sulla stabilità politica ed economica della Libia, è opportuno ricordare il bombardamento americano su Tripoli e Bengasi del 1986 e l’attacco terroristico di Lockerbie avvenuto nel 1988. Il rapporto tra la Libia e gli Stati Uniti d’America non è mai stato facile: già dagli anni settanta, il governo libico iniziò a intrattenere raporti con quello sovietico, inimicandosi sempre più la Casa Bianca. La firma del trattato di Camp David nel 1979, che vedeva Egitto e Israele impegnarsi reciprocamente a costruire un rapporto basato sulla pace e le cui trattative erano state condotte dagli Stati Uniti, portò Gheddafi a dire apertamente a Carter, il presidente statunitense dell’epoca,
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