Libya Before and After Gaddafi: an International Law Analysis
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Québec (Canada) 21 – 26 October 2012
127th Assembly of the 127ème Assemblée de Inter-Parliamentary Union and Related Meetings l’Union interparlementaire et réunions connexes Québec City, Canada Québec, Canada 21-26 October 2012 21-26 octobre 2012 www.ipu2012uip.ca Assembly A/127/4(a)-R.1 Item 4 14 September 2012 ENFORCING THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENT IN SAFEGUARDING CIVILIANS’ LIVES Draft report submitted by Mr. L. Ramatlakane (South Africa), co-Rapporteur Introduction The IPU, the global organization of parliaments, works for peace and cooperation among peoples and for the firm establishment of representative democracy;1 as such, it has identified Enforcing the responsibility to protect: the role of parliament in safeguarding civilians’ lives as a current issue of urgent concern. The "responsibility to protect" concept was endorsed by 191 countries in a resolution (A/RES/60/1) adopted at the United Nations World Summit in 2005. It refers to the responsibility of every State to safeguard its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. If a State fails to protect its citizens – meaning that it is no longer upholding its responsibility as a sovereign nation – and peaceful measures have failed, the international community has a responsibility to take corrective measures, with military action being the last resort. The concept’s proper and effective operationalization and implementation have often fallen short of the resolution adopted at the World Summit. This observation has been borne out by events in Egypt, Côte d’Ivoire and Libya, and the ambiguous responses to them. It is evident that parliaments – as assembled by a body such as the IPU – should express themselves on the issue. -
The Responsibility to Protect: Challenges & Opportunities in Light of the Libyan Intervention
The Responsibility to Protect: challenges & opportunities in light of the Libyan intervention Thomas G. Weiss | Ramesh Thakur | Mary Ellen O’Connell | Aidan Hehir Alex J. Bellamy | David Chandler | Rodger Shanahan Rachel Gerber | Abiodun Williams | Gareth Evans e-International Relations 2011 the world’s leading website for students of international politics November 1 Created in November 2007 by students from the UK universities Contents of Oxford, Leicester and Aberystwyth, e-International Relations (e-IR) is a hub of information and analysis on some of the key 4 Introduction issues in international politics. Alex Stark As well as editorials contributed by students, leading academics and policy-makers, the website contains essays, diverse 7 Whither R2P? perspectives on global news, lecture podcasts, blogs written by Thomas G. Weiss some of the world’s top professors and the very latest research news from academia, politics and international development. 12 R2P, Libya and International Politics as the Struggle for Competing Normative Architectures Ramesh Thakur 15 How to Lose a Revolution Mary Ellen O’Connell 18 The Illusion of Progress: Libya and the Future of R2P Aidan Hehir 20 R2P and the Problem of Regime Change Alex J. Bellamy 24 Libya: The End of Intervention David Chandler 26 R2P: Seeking Perfection in an Imperfect World Rodger Shanahan 28 Prevention: Core to R2P Rachel Gerber 31 R2P and Peacemaking Abiodun Williams Front page image by Joe Mariano 34 Interview: The R2P Balance Sheet After Libya Gareth Evans 2 3 Introduction Alex Stark | November 2011 he international community has a contentious The framework and scope of R2P was officially State to civil society members, that states have the perspectives has opened the floodgates to Thistory when it comes to preventing and codified at the 2005 UN World Summit. -
Big Sandbox,” However It May Be Interpreted, Brought with It Extraordinary Enchantment
eScholarship California Italian Studies Title The Embarrassment of Libya. History, Memory, and Politics in Contemporary Italy Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9z63v86n Journal California Italian Studies, 1(1) Author Labanca, Nicola Publication Date 2010 DOI 10.5070/C311008847 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Embarrassment of Libya: History, Memory, and Politics in Contemporary Italy Nicola Labanca The past weighs on the present. This same past can, however, also constitute an opportunity for the future. If adequately acknowledged, the past can inspire positive action. This seems to be the maxim that we can draw from the history of Italy in the Mediterranean and, in particular, the history of Italy's relationship with Libya. Even the most recent “friendship and cooperation agreement” between Italy and Libya, signed August 30, 2008 by Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi and Libyan leader Colonel Moammar Gadhafi, affirms this. Italy’s colonial past in Libya has been a source of political tensions between the two nations for the past forty years. Now, the question emerges: will the acknowledgement of this past finally help to reconcile the two countries? The history of Italy’s presence in Libya (1912-1942) is rather different from the more general history of the European colonial expansion. The Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (referred to by the single name “Libya” in the literary and rhetorical culture of liberal Italy) were among the few African territories that remained outside of the European dominion, together with Ethiopia (which defeated Italy at Adwa in 1896) and rubber-rich Liberia. -
Responsibility to Protect: the Use and the Abuse
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2014 Responsibility To Protect: The Use and The Abuse Marwan Hameed CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/544 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] ! Responsibility to Protect: The Use and The Abuse Marwan Hameed May/2014 Master’s Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of International Affairs at The City College of New York Advisor: Dr. Jean Krasno ! ! DEDICATION I dedicate this research to my people, the people of Iraq, who suffered and still suffering of being victims of armed conflicts that they did not choose, I also dedicate this work to all civilian around the world who got caught in middle of armed conflicts, and to my wife Noor who gave me the strength and backed me all the way to finish this thesis. ! 1! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to give my special thanks and gratitude to my advisor Professor Jean Krasno for her tremendous support, guidance and patience through the writing of this paper. Without her support and guidance this paper would have never been completed the way it is now. I also would like to thank Michael Bush for being my second reader, and for his advise on how to concentrate on finishing my writing and reduce distraction came from too much reading. -
The Derna Mujahideen Shura Council: a Revolutionary Islamist Coalition in Libya by Kevin Truitte
PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5 The Derna Mujahideen Shura Council: A Revolutionary Islamist Coalition in Libya by Kevin Truitte Abstract The Derna Mujahideen Shura Council (DMSC) – later renamed the Derna Protection Force – was a coalition of Libyan revolutionary Islamist groups in the city of Derna in eastern Libya. Founded in a city with a long history of hardline Salafism and ties to the global jihadist movement, the DMSC represented an amalgamation of local conservative Islamism and revolutionary fervor after the 2011 Libyan Revolution. This article examines the group’s significant links to both other Libyan Islamists and to al-Qaeda, but also its ideology and activities to provide local security and advocacy of conservative governance in Derna and across Libya. This article further details how the DMSC warred with the more extremist Islamic State in Derna and with the anti-Islamist Libyan National Army, defeating the former in 2016 but ultimately being defeated by the latter in mid-2018. The DMSC exemplifies the complex local intersection between revolution, Islamist ideology, and jihadism in contemporary Libya. Keywords: Libya, Derna, Derna Mujahideen Shura Council, al-Qaeda, Islamic State Introduction The city of Derna has, for more than three decades, been a center of hardline Islamist jihadist dissent in eastern Libya. During the rule of Libya’s strongman Muammar Qaddafi, the city hosted members of the al-Qaeda- linked Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) and subsequently served as their stronghold after reconciliation with the Qaddafi regime. The city sent dozens of jihadists to fight against the United States in Iraq during the 2000s. -
THE ACCOUNTING EDUCATION in LIBYAN UNIVERSITIES AFTER LIBYAN REVOLUTION of 2011 Case Study on Libyan Universities
70 The Accounting Education in Libyan Universities .... THE ACCOUNTING EDUCATION IN LIBYAN UNIVERSITIES AFTER LIBYAN REVOLUTION OF 2011 Case study on Libyan Universities. Abdarahman M Kalifa Iwan Triyuwono Ali Djamhuri University of Brawijaya, Indonesia Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the accounting educa tion in Libyan universities after Libyan revolution of 2011. This study analyses the influence of recent political regu lation on accounting education in Libyan universities. This study uses accounting courses, textbooks and accounting lecturers and teaching method on two Libyan universities as indicators of accounting education. Interviews were con ducted with some lecturers from University of Al-Zawiya and University of Al-Asmrya to obtain the required data. The study finds that Libyan accounting education has been reformed after Libyan revolution by current Libyan political system through the issuance of Libyan Education law No. (66) 2011 by the Ministry of Libyan Education. This law cancels any subjects relating to previous Libyan political system such as four courses of political culture. Other find ings are: the introduction and implementation, the number of lecturers sent to UK to learn new teaching methods and the number of Libyan lecturers are increasing. Key words: accounting courses, textbooks and accounting lectures and teaching method. INTRODUCTION An accounting education system is similar to any education sys tem which consists of students, academic staff, accounting curriculum, and resources (library, computers, facilities and technology). Additional ly, the accounting education system itself is a factor of the wider national education system of the country. The education system is affected by and affects social, economical, political, and cultural environments of the Vol. -
The Impact of Arab Spring Throughout the Middle East and North Africa
A MODEL OF REGIME CHANGE: THE IMPACT OF ARAB SPRING THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By OMAR KHALFAN BIZURU BA, Al Azhar University, Egypt, 1996 MA, Institute of Arab Research and Studies, Egypt, 1998 Ph.D. Nkumba University, Uganda, 2019 2021 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL April 21st, 2021 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Omar Khalfan Bizuru ENTITLED A Model of Regime Change: The Impact of Arab Spring Throughout the Middle East and North Africa BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. Vaughn Shannon, Ph.D. Thesis Director Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: _________________________________ Vaughn Shannon, Ph.D. School of Public and International Affairs ___________________________________ Liam Anderson, Ph.D. School of Public and International Affairs ___________________________________ Awad Halabi, Ph.D. Department of History ___________________________________ Barry Milligan, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Academic Affairs Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Bizuru, Omar Khalfan, M.A., International and Comparative Politics Graduate Program, School of Public and International Affairs, Wright State University, 2021. A Model of Regime Change: The Impact of the Arab Spring Throughout the Middle East and North Africa. This study examined the catalysts for social movements around the globe; specifically, why and how the Arab Spring uprisings led to regime change in Tunisia, why they transformed into civil war in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa (Syria), and why they did not lead to significant change at all in other places (Bahrain). -
The Externalisation of Migration Control a Comparative Study on the Impact of Bilateral Migration Agreements on Migrant Rights
Master Thesis Out of sight, out of mind: The externalisation of migration control A comparative study on the impact of bilateral migration agreements on migrant rights Name: Joscha van Tol Student Number: s2305836 E-mail: [email protected] Master Programme: European Union Studies Date: 10-8-2019 Supervisor: Mr. drs. G. G. Lodder Abstract Irregular migration to the European Union is not a new phenomenon. For decades, migrants have crossed the external borders of the Union illegally, hoping to find a better life. With the abolishment of internal border controls in the European Union, the necessity for increased protection of the external borders arose. This became especially clear when after the Arab Spring uprisings an unprecedented amount of people made their way to Europe, culminating in the 2015 European migration crisis. The response of the EU and its Member States entailed policies of deterrence and entry-prevention. Furthermore, agreements were made with third countries in order to stem the migration flows. These agreements effectively externalised migration control beyond the borders of Europe. In this comparative case study, the bilateral migration control agreements between Italy and Libya, and between Spain and Morocco are analysed, with the aim of assessing the impact of these agreements on the human rights of migrants residing in North Africa. The study suggests that through the bilateral agreements, externalisation of migration control is facilitated, which in turn has resulted in a crackdown on irregular migration, with severe consequences for the perception and treatment of irregular migrants in North Africa. Key words: externalisation of migration control, irregular migration, bilateral agreements, Libya, Morocco, human rights, European migration crisis. -
Identity Crisis in Italy This Page Intentionally Left Blank IDENTITY CRISIS in ITALY
168 25 168 Spurred by ongoing conflicts between city-states and the nobility, unification for Italy was a gradual and difficult process. While such divisions shortly subsided to allow the peninsula to become unified, Italy has always been troubled by the difficulties of cultivating a national identity. Identity Crisis Throughout the past and in the present, Italy has been a nation of division. But recently this division has become deeper because of the growing differences between the various parts of the country caused by ITALY IN DENTITY CRISIS unresolved political, institutional, economic and secu- rity problems. The need for academic discourse on the in Italy division encouraged scholars to cooperate and identify the most important causes and elements of the Ital- ian identity crisis such as the political crisis caused by feelings of lack, instability or injustice, the economic 238 and financial crises leading to the erosion of social cohesion and the insecurity linked to immigration. This book presents the result of this dialogue. Fanni Tanács-Mandák (ed.): I (ed.): Tanács-Mandák Fanni The work was created in commission of the National University of Public Service under the priority project PACSDOP-2.1.2- CCHOP-15-2016-00001 entitled “Public Service Development Establishing Good Governance.” Edited by: FANNI TANÁCS-MANDÁK European Social Fund INVESTING IN YOUR FUTURE Identity Crisis in Italy This page intentionally left blank IDENTITY CRISIS IN ITALY Edited by Fanni Tanács-Mandák Dialóg Campus Budapest, 2019 The work was created in commission of the National University of Public Service under the priority project PACSDOP-2.1.2- CCHOP-15-2016-00001 entitled “Public Service Development Establishing Good Governance”. -
Aspects of Education in the Maghreb Countries of Algeria, Libya. Morocco
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 029 527 72 FL 001 283 By- Azzouz. Azzedine: And Others Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria. Libya. Morocco. Tunisia.Volume 2. Numbers 1. 2. 3. 1968. Agence Tunisienne de Public Relations. Tunis (Tunisia). Spons Agency-National Science Foundation. Washington. D.C.: Office ofEducation (DHEW). Washington. D.C. Repor t No- TT-68-50081-1-2-3 Pub Date 68 Note-147p. EDRS Price MF-$0.75 HC-S7.45 Descriptors- Annotated Bibliographies.Arabic. Cultural Differences. *Education. Educational Philosophy. *EducationalProblems. Educational Theories. Elementary Schools.English.Foreign Countries. Foreign Relations.French,HigherEducation.InstructionalMaterials.InternationalEducation.Italian.School Administration. Secondary Schools. Teacher Education. Vocational Education Identifiers-Algeria. Libya. *Maghreb Countries. Morocco. Tunisia Three volumes comprise a 375-item bibliographywith abstracts of books and articles in English. French. Italian. and Arabic that providesinformation on various aspects of education in the Maghreb countriesof Algeria, Libya. Morocco. and Tunisia. Each entry identifies the country with which it isconcerned, and foreign language titles are translated into English. Special attention is given tothe subiect of educational organization, with listings covering primary.secondary. vocational, higher. and adult education. Along with entries dealingwith the administration of the educationalsystem.the bibliographyplacesconsiderable emphasis on items concerning educational philosophy andtheory. statistics. and cooperation. Sublects also treated are North African (1) educational structure. (2)teacher training. (3) teaching aids. (4) religious, art, and special education, and (5) specialproblem areas. For related documents see FL 001 056 and FL 001 170. (AF) ,st N. 're-63-6 6efl/ LeNt CE--7.1:2T-4 ON SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OFEDUCATIONAL MATERIALa v r\I cD 11 3 cp ALGERIA U-1 LIBYA MOROCCO TUNISIA Vol.a N°11968 U.S. -
TEFL, Perceptions and the Arab World, Vith a Case EDES PRICE Culture
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 135 257 FI 008 431 AUTHOR Bagnole, John W. TITLE TEFL, Perceptions and the Arab World, vith a Case Study of the University of Garyounis (Benghazi). INSTITUTION American Friends of the Middle East, Inc., Washington, D.C. REPOET NO AFME-OP-3 PUB DATE Jan 77 NOTE 57p. AVAILABLE FROM American Friends of the Middle East, Suite 100, 1717 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 ($2.00) EDES PRICE BF-$0.83 Plus Postage. BC Not Available from EDRS. DESCEIFTORS Arabic; *Arabs; Coeducation; Cultural Factors; Curriculum; *English (Second Language); *Foreign Culture; Interference (Language Learning); language Attitudes; language Instruction; language Teachers; language Usage; Non Western Civilization; Second language Learning; Sex Discrimination; *Sociocultural Patterns; Student Attitudes; *Teadher Attitudes; *Values IDENTIFIERS *Middle East ABSTRACT This paper prepares teachers of English as a foreign language for many of the conditions they will encounter vhile teaching in the Arab vorld. The general theme is that attitudes of understanding and tolerance can lead to substantive improvements in professional morale and classroom effectiveness. Emphasizing the different regicnal factors and cultural sources of many areas known to be problematic, the paper identifies and analyzes such attitudinal and perceptual concepts as time, nncver-say-no-ism," expatriate feelings of temporariness and alienation, education as a perceived 'value, the image of teachers, and the role and image of women. 2actors affecting linguistic pre-conditionings and their effects on teaching are evaluated as well. Draving upon the accumulated and multi-national experiences of English teachers in Libya (case study), Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab countries, the paper also examines various practical aspects of teaching which include coeducation, familiarity with students, cheating, and the role of EFL in the curriculum. -
The Libyan National Transitional Council: Social Bases, Membership and Political Trends
Reports The Libyan National Transitional Council: Social Bases, Membership and Political Trends Professor Ali Abdullatif Ahmida* Al Jazeera Centre for Studies 30 October 2011 Tel: +974-44663454 [email protected] http://studies.aljazeera.net The aim of this essay is to examine the historical bases of the opposition forces behind the making of the revolutionary coalition in Libya, which led the struggle and defeated the dictatorship of Muammar Qaddafi on 21st October 2011. The current reporting and commentary on Libya‟s democratic uprising is framed by three myths: the focus on Qaddafi, that Libya‟s colonial brutal experience is similar to that of Egypt and Tunisia, and the view of Libyan society through the ideology of tribalism. The Libyan people suffered from one of the most brutal colonial powers in Africa, and half a million people died during the colonial period between 1922-1943, including 60,000 in Italian concentration camps before the holocaust. The trauma and the scars of colonialism were silenced during the Sanusi monarchy between 1951-69. One can make the argument that Qaddafi‟s early anti-colonial populism was not an obsession, but rooted in the modern colonial experience of the Libyan people who felt that their suffering had not been recognized. There are two phases to the old regime: a populist and modernising nationalist regime between 1969 and 1980, and a police state led by a demagogy and a cult of personality using larger oil revenues of a rentier economy and Arab and foreign labor to assert its autonomy from society. The main thesis here is that the inability of the Qaddafi regime to make serious political reforms appropriate to the changes in the economy, education, and society inevitably led to conflict between social structure and the rigid political system.