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A Study on Libyans Living Abroad Profiling of Libyans Living Abroad to Develop a Roadmap for Strategic and Institutional Engagement

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A Study on Libyans Living Abroad Profiling of Libyans Living Abroad to Develop a Roadmap for Strategic and Institutional Engagement A STUDY ON LIBYANS LIVING ABROAD PROFILING OF LIBYANS LIVING ABROAD TO DEVELOP A ROADMAP FOR STRATEGIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ENGAGEMENT. A Study on Libyans Living Abroad International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Gonzagagasse 1 1010 Vienna, Austria ICMPD Office in Tunisia Carthage Centre, Block A Rue du Lac de Constance Les Berges du Lac 1 1053 Tunis www.icmpd.org Written by: Martin Russell and Ramadan Sanoussi Belhaj ICMPD Team (in alphabetical order): Jihène Aissaoui, Brahim El Mouaatamid, Marcello Giordani, Emelie Glad, Sabiha Jouini-Marzouki, Theodora Korkas, Dr. Mohamed Kriaa Design and Layout: Moez Akkari Suggested Citation: ICMPD (2020), A Study on Libyans Living Abroad, Vienna: ICMPD. This publication was produced in the framework of the EU-funded project “Strategic and institutional management of migration in Libya”. © European Union, 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the copyright owners. The information and views set out in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opi- nion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained there. NOTE FROM AUTHORS: All views expressed in this research are the views of the co-authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Centre for Migration Policy Development. The research remains independent in its findings and any errors/omissions in the research are the sole responsibility of the authors of the research. Furthermore, the research team would like to express special gratitude for the assistance and expertise provided by Mustapha Kaaniche throughout the research project. 2 A Study on Libyans Living Abroad CONTENTS Executive Summary 04 Introduction 17 Methodology 20 Primary Tools: Survey, Interview Guide and Workshops 20 Local, Regional and Global Context 21 Profile of Libyans Living Abroad 23 Historiography 24 A Note of Framing and Terminology 25 Constituencies and Characteristics 26 Phase One: The Early Phase 26 Phase Two: The Emigrant & Exclusionary/Exile Phase 27 Phase Three: The Engagement Phase – Events of 2011 34 Phase Four: The Existing Phase – Transition and Unrest 39 Density and Demographics 41 Profile Consultations 44 Libyan Institutional and Policy Framework 61 Setting an institutional and policy framework – From Mandate to Mechanism 63 Governance and Mechanism to Facilitate Engagement 66 Layers of the Organogram: A Short Synopsis 70 Organizational and Operational Culture 72 Organizational Culture 72 Operational Culture 73 Engagement Behaviour/Implementation 73 Roadmap: Recommendations for Policy Engaging Libyans Living Abroad 75 Roadmap: Early Activities 76 Market Readiness to Engagement: Risk-Management & Engagement Activities 79 Visualizing the Roadmap 81 Conclusion 83 Annex – Bibliography 84 3 A Study on Libyans Living Abroad TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES Table i. Distribution (%) of Libyans Living Abroad by Level of Development 08 and Income of Countries of Destination for Various Years, 2017-1990 Table ii. Ranking by Libyans Living Abroad of the Importance of Libyan 10 Actors for Engagement Table 1. Distribution (%) of Libyans Living Abroad by Level of Development 44 and Income of Countries of Destination for Various Years, 2017-1990 Table 2. Distribution (%) of Survey Respondents by Year of Birth 47 Table 3. Distribution (%) of Survey Respondents by Year Left Libya 47 Table 4. Length of Stay (Years) of Survey Respondents in Country of 48 Destination Table 5. Ranking by Libyans Living Abroad of the Importance of Libyan 52 Actors for Engagement FIGURES Figure i. Constituencies and Characteristics of Libyans Living Abroad 08 Figure ii. Institutional Tiers of Proposed Model of Engagement Governance 11 Figure iii. Road Map for Market Readiness for Engagement of Libyans 14 Living Abroad Figure iv. Policy Road Map for Engagement of Libyans Living Abroad 15 Figure 1. Key Deliverables of Methodology 23 Figure 2. Estimated Number of Libyans Abroad (in thousands) for Various 43 Years, 1990 to 2017 Figure 3. Estimated Libyan Population by Destination Region for Libyans for 46 Various Years, 2017-1990 Figure 4. Educational Profile of Survey Respondents 49 Figure 5. Type of Future Relationship with Libya of Interest to Libyans Living 51 Abroad Figure 6. Synopsis of Findings from London Focus Group 53 Figure 7. Overview of Aims/Needs Expressed by London Focus Group 54 Figure 8. Synopsis of Findings from Tunis Focus Group 56 Figure 9. Overview of Aims/Needs Expressed by Tunis Focus Group 57 Figure 10. Synopsis of Findings from Sfax Focus Group 59 Figure 11. Overview of Aims/Needs Expressed by Sfax Focus Group 60 4 A Study on Libyans Living Abroad TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 12. Primary and Supplementary Apparatus in Proposed Institutional 66 Road Map Figure 13. Mandate of Department of Expatriate Affairs 67 Figure 14. Phases of Governance of Proposed Institutional Road Map 68 Figure 15. Proposed Tiered Governance Structure for Engagement of 69 Libyans Living Abroad Figure 16. Institutional Tiers of Proposed Model of Engagement Governance 70 Figure 17. Options for Structure of Tier 2 of Proposed Governance Structure 71 Figure 18. Road Map for Market Readiness for Engagement of Libyans 79 Living Abroad Figure 19. Engagements as Verification of Market Readiness 81 Figure 20. Policy Road Map for Engagement of Libyans Living Abroad 83 5 A Study on Libyans Living Abroad EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The following executive summary provides a nent source material. This includes relevant synopsis of the key chapters, findings, and government data and institutional mandates recommendations of the Study on Libyans along with external documentation such as Living Abroad research project commis- academic and policy-orientated research. sioned by the International Centre for Migra- This desk-review will be supplemented by tion Policy Development (ICMPD). A series of direct in-market consultations with Libyan annex materials accompanying this research stakeholders and Libyans living abroad. paper are outlined in the Table of Contents. It is a phased methodological approach INTRODUCTION in line with normative standards of policy The Study on Libyans Living Abroad is de- orientated research. An Inception Report was signed to be a flagship study to enhance developed and approved with ICMPD collea- the institutional and strategic manage- gues. The methodology was then verified ment of the engagement of Libyans living through participation at a regional confe- abroad. The study is based upon a reco- rence on migration and development which gnition of the emerging and innovative aca- resulted in the operationalization of the me- demic treatment of Libyans living abroad. thodology. This culminated in the production The aim is to supplement this knowledge of consultations and the V1 draft of the re- through a preliminary scoping of Libyans li- search. The final phase of the methodology ving abroad and the institutional apparatus focused on the final drafting of the research for effective engagement of these commu- along with the delivery of a capacity deve- nities. In doing so, the research concludes lopment workshop agenda in line with fin- by advancing a series of recommendations dings of the research. and roadmap for the strategic engagement of Libyans living abroad. The study is de- LOCAL, REGIONAL AND signed to function as a bridge between GLOBAL CONTEXTS academia and policy. This research paper is reflective of a growing local, regional and global interest in enga- METHODOLOGY gement of communities abroad. The enga- The methodology of the study is inter-disci- gement of communities living abroad is ad- plinary and delivered through a mixed-me- vancing as a policy of choice to deliver the thod approach. It entails the engagement developmental vision for many countries. Re- of primary and secondary source material gionally, there has been a progressive growth through an extensive desk review of perti- in the number of engagement strategies and 6 Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY policies in the sector. This research aims to HISTORIOGRAPHY enhance Libya’s compatibility and competi- Through this historiography, the research tiveness in these contexts. uncovers the realities of the current situation of Libyans living abroad – addressing the The prominence of such engagement to challenges, histories, memories and oppor- global policy dialogues and developmental tunities for engagement – spanning across agenda has strengthened significantly over the diverse identities at play within Libyans the past few years. The potential impact living abroad. This diversity is to be em- of communities abroad to the Sustainable braced and individual strategies can be de- Development Goals (SDGs) is beginning to signed to negotiate and support the varied feature within global development agenda, expectations of the Libyans living abroad on particularly in the context of Goal 10 of the their relationship with home. SDGs. Target 10.7 of the SDGs aims to “fa- cilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible The historiography follows the standardized migration and mobility of people, including academic categorizations and chronology through the implementation of planned and of Libyan migration –
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