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Planing Machine PLANING MACHINE A Planing Machine tro duction Cross-rail In Tool head Column This is also a recipro cating typ e of ma chine like shap er The table with T slots for mounting workpiece slides in the guideways of the machine b ed past Table the stationary to ol head The to ol Table holding the to ol machines du reciprocating head the forward or cutting stroke of movement ring orktable during the cutting stroke Roller the w to ol remains stationary The to ol Bed the tal feed is given during return Open Side Planer horizon backward strokeof the worktable Sketch S-8.1-A or Feed screws Cross-rail elevating screw Cross- Swivel heads rail Tools Table Bed Cross-feed cranks Column or housing Double Housing Planer Sketch S-8.1-B Planing Machine Divided Table Planer In this typ e of planer the table on the bed is divided into two parts it may b e recipro cated separately or together This typ e is mostly suitable for continuous pro duction and thus reduces the machining time by saving the idle time One of the table is used for setting up large number of identical workpieces while the other one recipro cates against the stationary cutting to ol machining the workpieces Both the tables may clamp together for holding large and heavy workpiece and can also recipro cate together under the to ol A Table Drive Mechanism The table recipro cates in the guideways on the machine b ed The mechanism used to drive the table is mainly by gear drive and the reversible mechanism is adopted byany of the following ways a By having an op en and cross b elt drive in whichthe b elts are alter nately used as drivers b By having a reversible typ e of DC motor drive c By means of a crank as employed on shap ers d By reversing the ow of oil from a hydraulic pump A Quick Return Mechanism of a Planer to Drive the Table by Op en and Cross Belting Open belt (OB) Cross belt (CB) Pinion P1 Table S1 OF OL CF SG CL R Free on S2 the shaft Fixed on Gear P the shaft 2 Rack and Pinion Sketch S-8.5.1 In op en and cross b elt drive the b elts are alternatively used as drivers to recipro cate the table The cross b elt with a greater arc of contact on the larger pulley is used to drive the table on the cutting strokeorforward stroke Greater power and less sp eed is essential during the cutting stroke and is being achieved by connecting the cross b elt with larger diameter pulley CF which is xed on the shaft S The p ower from the shaft S transmits to the shaft S through pinion P and spur gear SG Power again from the shaft S Planing Machine Setting of prop er to ols as mentioned ab ove in prop er op erational sequ ences Tslot Planing to ol mayhave to b e set either to the left side or right side according to the recess op erations to the left or to the right side resp ectively After arranging the ab ove the machine is started with the following steps a By switching on the planing machine the table holding the job recipro cates the to ol holder holding square nose planing to ol feeds vertically for machining keyslot op eration Both roughing and nishing op erations are done with prop er cutting conditions b Stopping the machine changing the to ol to Tslot planing to ol feeds crosswise directions for Tslot op erations b oth left side and right side recesses with roughing and nishing cuts are done with prop er cutting conditions Suitable spring is provided to raise the to ol b ox automatically after each cutting stroke Measuring and checking the workpiece are necessary with prop er insp ec ting to ols A Distinction Among Shaping Planing And Slotting Machines The recipro cating typ e Machine To ols like shaping planing and slotting are primarily used to pro duce at surfaces but they dier in jobto ol motion construction work size machining time accuracy use etc Points Shaping Planing Slotting Machine Machine Machine JobTool Tool recipro cates Job recipro cates Tool recipro cates motion in horizontal axis in horizontal axis in and Job feeds in and Tool feeds in vertical axis and intermittent tran intermittent tran Job feeds in inter slatory motion slatory motion mittent transla tory motion Construction Lighter in con Heavier in con Lighter in and rigidity struction and less struction and construction and rigid more rigid less rigid but more rigid than vertical shap er Motor Power Power is very less Power is very high Same as shap er required round ab out as compared to kW the shaping and slotting machines ab out to ti mes the shap er Contd Machine Tools Points Shaping Planing Slotting Machine Machine Machine Job size and Smaller jobs can Bigger jobs require Same as shap er xing time b e xed quickly xtures for xing and simply in a and hence more vice Job size xing time and mm cub e skillness are requi max red Max Job size m m m Number of Only one surface Three surfaces can Same as shap er surfaces that at a time be machined at a can be ma time chined at a time Machining More time requi Less time required Same as shaping time and red as one to ol as a number of machine typ e of job works at a time to ols can work at a suitability suitable for job time suitable for bing work and few pro duction typ e of no of pieces work Number of Only one to ol can Three or more Same as shap er to ols that be op erated at a to ols can be op e can be op e time rated at a time rated at a time To ol size Standard to ol size Robust to ol size is Same as shap er is not so robust required for ma as used in Planing chining bigger Machine jobs with higher depth of cut feed and to takeupthe impact forces Range and Smaller range and Wide range and Same as shap er number of smaller number of more number of sp eeds and sp eeds and feeds sp eeds and feeds feeds available Amount of Heavier depth of Heavier depth of Same as shap er feed and cut and course cut and course depth of cut feed is not em feed can be em ployed ployed Cutting Fixed in a particu Ratio can b e chan Same as shap er return ratio lar machine ged indep endently Arrangement Generally b eing Not generally Same as shaping of quick re adopted b eing adopted but machine turn mecha quick return is nism p ossible by using variable gearing arrangement Contd GRINDING MACHINES A Intro duction (A) Cylindrical Grinding Machine Sketch S-9.01 (A) Grinding is a pro cess of removing materials in the form of ground chips from a workpiece by mechanical action of many small abrasive particles b onded together in a grinding wheel Each abrasive particle is acting as a small cut ting to ol It is a nishing pro cess employed for pro ducing close dimensional accuracies and smo oth surface nish (B) External Cylindrical (C) Internal Cylindrical Surface Grinding Surface Grinding Sketch S-9.01 (B, C) (D) Taper Grinding (E) Flat Surface Grinding Sketch S-9.01 (D & E) Machine Tools the workpiece The regulating wheel is having same direction of rotation as the grinding wheel The axial movement of the workpiece is obtained a longitudinal feed by tilting the regulating wheel at a slight angle of to degrees relative to grinding wheel 6 4 563 2 7 5 1 1. Grinding head 2. Regulating wheel head 3. Work rest 4. Workpiece 5. Grinding wheel 6. Regulating wheel 7. End stop Sketch S-9.09.3 D N sin R R Rate of longitudinal feed of the work f V sin mmin R where feed f in mmmin p eripheral sp eed of regulating wheel V in mmin R diameter of regulating wheel D in mm R revolution of regulating wheel N in rpm R angle of inclination of Regulating wheel in degrees sp eed of rotation of the workpiece V V cos mmin w R Peripheral sp eed of the grinding wheel to ms is to times that of the p eripheral sp eed of the regulating wheel to mmin Thus the sp eed of rotation of the work is a function of the regulating wheel After completion of grinding the regulating wheel is backed out and the work is replaced by a new one A Finishing an Internal Surface by Centreless Grinder In centreless internal surface grin three rollers are used to + 2 ding 3 and drive the work 5 supp ort + 1 = Grinding wheel They are i driving rollers 2 = Workpiece ii workrest roller and 4 + 3 = Driving wheel iii pressure roller Automatic 4 = Roller rest loading and unloading can b e ar 5 = Pressure roller ranged by swinging the pressure roller out of the way at the end of the cycle This system can elimi 1 nate the use of workholding x tures and can grind b oth straight Sketch S-9.09.4 and tap ered holes Workpiece is rotated by the driving wheel The grinding wheel rotates at a sp ecied sp eed and eects the longitudinal feed and crossfeed motion The workpiece rests on work rest roller in a predetermined p osi tion but the pressure roller is oscillated in a manner to provide a uctuating Machine Tools c Grinding by Vertical Spind le on Reciprocating Table In vertical spindle surface grinding ma chine with recipro cating table arrange ment the workpiece mounted on magne Grinding huck or on xture recipro cates under wheel tic c the rotating grinding wheel in its vertical Vertical and crosswise adjustment Workpiece axis the grinding wheel is incorp orated in Magnetic chuck for wheel head assembly This typ e is sp eci Sketch S-9.09.5 (c) ally adopted for grinding large surfaces d Grinding by Vertical Spind le on Rotary Table In vertical spindle surface grinding machine with rotary table arrange t the workpiece mounted on mag men Grinding wheel netic chuck or on xture rotates with Workpieces the rotating grinding wheel in its ver tical axis The combination motion of the table ie rotation as well as late ral movement helps to grind the en surface of the workpiece Down tire Magnetic
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