General Congress of the International Commission for Optics (ICO-22)

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22nd General Congress of the International Commission for Optics (ICO-22)

Light for the development of the world

ABSTRACTS BOOK

Ramón Rodríguez-Vera (CIO) Rufino Díaz-Uribe (CCADET-UNAM) Editors

15 -19 August 2011 Puebla, Mexico

Organized by: Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (CIO) Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM-CCADET) Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)

Conference Committees Conference Chairs

Fernando Mendoza-Santoyo, General Chair, CIO (México) Alejandro Cornejo-Rodríguez, General Co-Chair, INAOE (México)

International Scientific Committee

Ramón Rodríguez-Vera, Chair, CIO (MÉXICO) Rufino Díaz-Uribe Co-chair, CCADET-UNAM (MÉXICO)

Eva Acosta (SPAIN) Alfonso Lastras (MEXICO) G.P. Agrawal (USA) Fredrik Laurell (SWEDEN) Armando Albertazzi (BRAZIL) Lother Lilge (CANADA) Miguel Andrés (SPAIN) Daniel Malacara-Hernández (MEXICO) Yasuhiko Arakawa (JAPAN) Eugenio Méndez-Méndez (MEXICO) Anand Asundi (SINGAPORE) Sagrario Millán García-Varela (SPAIN) Eusebio Bernabeu (SPAIN) Andrew Moore (UK) Angel Calderin Augier (CUBA) Héctor Moya-Cessa (MEXICO) Maria Luisa Calvo-Padilla (SPAIN) Wolfgang Osten (GERMANY) Roman Castañeda (COLOMBIA) Hector J. Rabal (ARGENTINA) K. Chalasinka-Macukow (POLAND) Yvon Renotte (BELGIUM) Pierre Chavel (FRANCE) Giancarlo C. Righini (ITALY) Sabino Chávez-Cerda (MEXICO) Gustavo Rodríguez-Zurita (MEXICO) Siu Chungtam (SINGAPORE) Peeter Saari (ESTONIA) Chris Dainty (UK) José Sasián (USA) Nikolai Espinosa (ECUADOR) Kedro Sidiki Diomande (IVORY COAST) V.L. Fajer-Ávila (CUBA) Maria Strojnik (MEXICO) Manuel Fernández-Guasti (MEXICO) J. Shamir (ISRAEL) Cosme Furlong (USA) Lluis Torner (SPAIN) Jaime Frejlch (BRAZIL) Marcelo Trivi (ARGENTINA) Ari T. Friberg (FINLAND) Jim Trolinger (USA) Joseph W. Goodman (USA) Eric Van Stryland (USA) Peter Gunter (SWITZERLAND) Gert Von Bally (GERMANY) Angela M. Guzman (USA) Valentin I. Vlad (ROMANIA) Hans Peter Herzig (SWITZERLAND) Ahmadou Wague (SENEGAL) Emmanuel Haro-Poniatowska (MEXICO) Bernardo Wolf-Kurt (MEXICO) John Holdsworth (AUSTRALIA) Maria Yzuel (SPAIN) Rocio Jauregui (MEXICO) Evgueni M. Zolotov (RUSSIA) Guillermo Kaufmann (ARGENTINA) Joris J.J. Dirckx (BELGIUM) Ursula Keller (SWITZERLAND) Malgorzata Kujawinska (POLAND

National Organizing Committee

Raúl Rangel-Rojo, Chair, CICESE (México) Roberto Machorro, Co-Chair, UNAM (México)

Jorge Gaspar-Armenta, UNISON Erwin Martí-Panameño, BUAP (México) (México) Brenda Martínez, U. de G. (México) Oracio Barbosa-García, CIO (México) Roberto Ortega-Martínez, (México) Héctor Cerededo, UV (México) Eric Rosas, CENAM (México) Miguel Cervantes, UNISON (México) Martha Rosete-Aguilar, CCADET-UNAM Alberto Cordero-Dávila, BUAP (México) (México) Jorge Luis Flores, U. de G. (México) Romeo Selvas, UANL (México) Guillermo García-Torales, U. de G. Diana Tentori, CICESE (México) (México) Miguel Torres, UG (México) Julio C. Gutiérrez-Vega. ITESM (México) Volke Sepulveda Karen, UNAM (México) José Luis Hernández Pozos, UAM (México) Ricardo Legarda-Sáez, UADY (México)

Local Organizing Committee

Fermín Granados, Chair, INAOE (México) Sergio Vázquez, Co-Chair, INAOE (México) Cruz Meneses-Fabián, BUAP (México) Amalia Martínez-García, CIO (México) Rosario Pastrana, BUAP (México) Carlos Treviño, INAOE (México)

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ORGANIZED BY

CIO – Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (México)

INAOE – Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (México)

UNAM – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

CCADET-UNAM – Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico de la UNAM (Mexico)

CICESE – Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (México)

SPONSORED BY

CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México)

SPIE – The International Society for Optical Engineering

BUAP – Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

ICO – International Commission for Optics

OSA – Optical Society of America

AMO – Academia Mexicana de Óptica, A.C.

CLAF – Centro Latinoamericano de Física

ICTP – International Centre for Theoretical Physics

IUPAP – International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

PI – Physik Instrumente

EXHIBITORS

LITERATOS S.A DE C.V

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Foreword

On behalf of Dr. Fernando Mendoza-Santoyo, General Chair of the 22th General Congress of the International Commission for Optics (ICO-22) we would like to welcome you to what we believe will be an extraordinary event, ICO-22 light for the development of the world.

Back in the winter of 2008 Mexico was chosen as the host country, a decision reached ICO General Congress is during the General assembly of the ICO in Sydney, Australia. The ICO General Congress is held every three years and is indeed the premium event among all ICO events.

2011 is the year when Mexico is garlanded to host ICO22 and is pleased to receive all the participants, highly qualified scientists, engineers, technicians, and students from all over the world.

The city of Puebla of the Angels was chosen as the scenario to hold the ICO-22: the city is in itself considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage City. Most of the Congress activities will be held at the William O. Jenkins Convention Centre, during the week of August 15- 19, 2011. A total of 592 papers will be presented during five days, making of this Congress one of the most hectic of recent years. Authors come from 46 different countries, thus endowing this Congress with a truly international character, a characteristic feature of the International Commission for Optics. We are proud to specially welcome all those attendees from African countries, who were fully supported by ICO22 Mexican sponsor institutions.

Among the invited speakers there will be paper presentations by distinguished researchers granted with the 2010 ICO Prize (Abbe‘s Lecture), 2010 ICO Galileo Galilei Award, 2009 IUPAP Young Scientist Prize in Optics, 6 Plenary, 49 Invited Keynotes, and 2 Special Talks, all in all a total of 60 invited speakers.

Along the busy week schedule all of us will be able to exchange work experiences by sharing ideas and scientific and technical knowledge, and not less important we will make new long lasting friendships. All the organizers have taken the right steps to create an easy, friendly and casual atmosphere, hoping we all will find time to fulfil these goals.

Aside from the invited talks, the scientific program contains 50 simultaneous sessions and three posters sessions. Each simultaneous session starts with an invited keynote presentation.

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The simultaneous sessions are divided in 11 rather ample themes that embrace all the topics of classical and modern optics. These are:

AOA Applied Optics to Artwork BMO Bio-Medical Optics FDI Fabrication, Design and Instrumentation IAPD Information Acquisition, Processing and Display NO Nanotechnology and Optics OE Optical Engineering OIS Optical Interaction Science POE Photonics and Opto-Electronics SS Science & Society TO Theoretical Optics VC Vision and Colour

Recently, we sent all Corresponding Authors a paper code and presentation data, viz.: Identification number (ID #), the thematic, day and time of your session and presentation. As an example: if your paper ID number is 2280000, POE, Mo, am, use this booklet and go to POE- Photonics and Opto-Electronics, on early morning Monday. The room name is pointed out at the top of each session.

Please note that we will be having a special Student Award presentations kindly funded by SPIE and OSA. We encourage all students to attend this ceremonies, the prize is in cash!

An important part of ICO-22 will be the vendor exposition. Vendors will display their latest products, please browse around the exhibitors area, no doubt you will find the latest technology from these vendors. The exhibition will take place from Tuesday to Thursday in room La Luz. You can find in this booklet details of participating companies and academic.

The social aspect is an issue not less important than the scientific one. During the week we will have several social gatherings and events that will no doubt enrich the ICO22 and provide all attendees and their companions with an unforgettable WEEK with us, in Puebla, and in Mexico. We will begin on Monday night with a welcome cocktail in a casual atmosphere. On Tuesday we will have a tourist trip to the archaeological site of Teotihuacán. Please bring your raincoat and cap with you, August is a rainy season in the region and we certainly expect some afternoon showers. Box lunches will be provided for the trip to Teotihuacan, a ride that will take under 2 hours. On Wednesday night we will have the Conference Gala Dinner. Dinner will comprise a variety of true Mexican food, specially cooked for you. We will enjoy the Mariachi music and why not, some music to dance so we all get rid of the midweek stress! Please don't forget to bring your dinner ticket, we will have a lot of fun. Finally, on Thursday we will have Mexican folk music and

dances, that will be staged at the Benemerita University Complex (BUAP, buses will take us there and back).

This ICO22 General Congress would not have been possible without the intensive and enthusiastic participation of our colleagues in all the organizing committees. We would like to thank them all by name here, but the list is so large that we ask you to look at their names listed at the top of this booklet, THANK YOU!. Our gratitude is also extended to our sponsors: CONACYT, SPIE, BUAP, OSA, AMO, CLAF, ICTP, IUPAP, and PI. Last but not at all least, our deepest gratitude and appreciation go to all CIO´s technical staff for their support (administrative and computer engineers), and in particular to ICO22 Secretary Ms. Annette Torres Toledo (what can we do without you!) and her young trainee Maria Lara-Villalpando, and co-worker Mrs. Claudia Medina-Sanchez, thank you girls for your invaluable technical support in the preparation of this booklet, the extreme care in the bookkeeping and general organization of the Congress.

The ICO-22 International Scientific Committee Ramon Rodriguez-Vera, Chair Rufino Diaz-Uribe, Co-chair

GENERAL INFORMATION Registration Hours: Registration Desk, William O. Jenkins Convention Centre

Sunday, August 14, 2011 15:00-18:00 h. Monday, August 15, 2011 9:00-18:00 h. Tuesday, August 16, 2011 9:00-13:30 h. Wednesday, August 17, 2011 9:00-18:00 h. Thursday, August 18, 2011 9:00-18:00 h. Friday, August 19, 2011 9:00-11:00 h. Exhibition Hours Room La Luz

Vendors will display their latest products, please browse around the exhibitor‘s area, no doubt you will find the latest technology from these vendors. The exhibition will take place from Tuesday to Thursday in room La Luz. The Exhibition hours are as follows:

Tuesday, August 16, 2011 9:00-13:30 h. Wednesday, August 17, 2011 9:00-18:00 h. Thursday, August 18, 2011 9:00-18:00 h.

Message Centre A message board will be located at the Congress Registration area for those who wish to contact fellow attendees.

IMPORTANT The message board will also be used to post last-minute program changes. All attendees are urged to check this board frequently.

Audio visual equipment Each session room will be supplied with a LCD projector and microphone. Authors will be able to present his/her contribution using the previously uploaded file (done at the Storing Centre or the Audiovisual Room La Esperanza).

Poster Session Details We recommend that posters are made with a portrait format (vertical) and should have a maximum size of 120cm high by 90cm wide, corresponding to a A0 page format. Velcro tape and/or self-adhesive tape will be provided on site to fix their posters onto the boards.

Location of posters is as shown in the enclosed diagram.

Posters will be displayed at "La Luz Room" during the following times:

Monday August 15, from 16:00 to 18:00 h. Wednesday August 17, from 16:00 to 18:00 h. Thursday August 18, from 16:00 to 18:00 h.

Authors are requested to consult the technical program to find the tracking number of their respective poster, and should ensure that their poster is placed on the board showing the appropriate index number (please do this well in advance before the start of the corresponding poster session).

We kindly ask the author or co-author of the work to be available at his/her poster to answer questions and discuss their research. Posters should be removed after at the end of each session. Although organizers will do their best to retrieve posters left behind, they cannot guarantee the safe keeping of these posters.

Technical papers Due to circumstances beyond our control, some undesired modifications to the technical program have occurred since the advance program was issued a few weeks ago. These changes were the result of papers being withdrawn or request to session change by the authors. If you are interested in the subject of the withdrawn papers, we suggest that you contact the author directly.

Proceedings The ICO-22 Congress Proceedings are being produce by SPIE and will be available soon after the Congress is over. All contributed papers are being reviewed and may require revision before they are published on the SPIE Digital Library and in the Proceedings of SPIE book volumes. We thank all attendees for your kind understanding on this matter. However, a non-edited and no reviewed version of all manuscripts may be found in the USB device given to attendees at registration. We will let you know when the definite SPIE version is available.

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PROGRAM

Monday 15

8:30-9:00 Opening El Alto

9:00-10:00 Plenary 1 El Alto Chair: Fernando Mendoza-Santoyo, México

2285662 SPECKLE CONTRAST MEASUREMENT WITH LOW LIGHT LEVELS AND IMPERFECT LASER ILLUMINATION JOSEPH W. GOODMAN Stanford University, USA

10:15-11:45 OIS 1 Constancia Optical Interaction Science Chair: Elder de la Rosa, CIO, México Co-Chair: Andreas Norrman, Aalto University, Finland

10:15-10:45 2285956 OIS1 Invited Keynote MIE-SCATTERING OF LIGHT WITH ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM BY NANOPARTICLES ACHARYA P., GUZMÁN A.M. Florida Atlantic University, USA

10:45-11:00 2284661 OIS1Oral DEPENDENCE OF THE LOCAL ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE ILLUMINATION DIRECTION KHAKIMOV R., SHEVCHENKO A., KAIVOLA M. Aalto University, Finland

11:00-11:15 2284698 OIS1 Oral ENHANCEMENT OF SI NANOCRYSTALS PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IN PRESENCE OF AG NANOPARTICLES BORNACELLI J., REYES-ESQUEDA J.A., RODRIGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ L, SILVA-PEREYRA H.G., OLIVER A Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

11:15-11:30 2285671 OIS1 Oral ENHANCEMENT OF ALPHA-AL203: C PHOTOLUMINESCENCE WHEN DOPED WITH AU NANOPARTICLES MÉNDEZ-RESÉNDIZ L.C.1, JIMÉNEZ-HERNÁNDEZ J.L.1, MOTA-SANTIAGO P.E.1, CRESPO-SOSA A.1, REYES-ESQUEDA J.A.1, OLIVER A.1, BARBOZA-FLORES M.2 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigación en Física

11:30-11:45 2285318 OIS1 Oral OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THIN FILM MOLYBDENUM OXIDES INDUCED BY ULTRASHORT LASER PULSES CANO M.1, CAMACHO S.1, CAMACHO M.A.2, ESPARZA A.3 1CICESE-Departamento de Óptica/2UAEM-Facultad de Química/3UNAM-Fotofísica y Películas Delgadas

12:00-13:30 OIS 2 Constancia

Optical Interaction Science Chair: Ángela Guzmán, Florida Atlantic University, USA Co-Chair: Francisco Villa, CIO. México

12:00-12:30 2286179 OIS2 Invited Keynote ONE POT SYNTHESIS OF FE3O4 MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES BY PRECIPITATION METHOD PÉREZ-MAYEN L.P.M.1, CHAMÉ-FERNÁNDEZ K.C.F.1, DE LA ROSA E.R.C.1, TORRES A.T.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2FIME, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

12:30-12:45 2284851 OIS2 Oral SURFACE PLASMON PROPAGATION IN NOVEL MULTILAYERED METALLIC THIN FILMS FERRI F.A.1, RIVERA V.A.G.1, SILVA O.B.1, ZANATTA A.R.1, BORGES B.-H.V.2, MAREGA JR. E.1, WEINER J.1 1Instituto de Física de São Carlos, USP, Brazil/2Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, EESC, USP, Brazil

12:45-13:00 2285090 OIS2 Oral PARTIAL SPATIAL COHERENCE AND POLARIZATION PROPERTIES OF SURFACE-PLASMON FIELDS NORRMAN A.1, SETALA T.1, FRIBERG A.T.2 1Aalto University/2Aalto University, University of Eastern Finland, Royal Institute of Technology

13:00-13:15 2285121 OIS2 Oral OBSERVATION OF SURFACE PLASMONS IN AN AL-COATED SNOM TIP PALM V., RäHN M.1, HIZHNYAKOV V. Institute of Physics, University of Tartu

13:15-13:30 2286015 OIS2 Oral SHAPE AND SIZE CONTROLLED VISIBLE PHOTO-CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES UPENDRA KUMAR K.1, CARDOSO-ALIVA P.E.2, PICHARDO-MOLINA J.L.2 1Division de ciencias e ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato. Campus León, León Gto, México/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C., León Guanajuato, México.

10:15-11:45 FDI 1 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design and Instrumentation Chair: Izabela Naydenova, Ireland Co-Chair: Eric Rosas, CENAM, México

10:15-10:45 2285382 FDI1 Invited Keynote RULES FOR OPTICAL METROLOGY PHILIP H. STAHL NASA

10:45-11:00 2284915 FDI Oral SOME OF TESTING METHODS OF SURFACE PARAMETERS OF NONIMAGING MIRROR SEGMENTS SCHOVANEK P., HRABOVSKY M., PALATKA M., PECH M., MANDAT D., NOZKA L., HIKLOVA H. Joint Laboratory of Optics, Institute of Physics of AS CR, Czech Republic

11:00-11:15 2285697 FDI1 Oral MEASUREMENT OF ABSOLUTE OPTICAL THICKNESS BY WAVELENGTH TUNING INTERFEROMETER HIBINO K1, KIM Y2, BITOU Y1, MITSUISHI M3 1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology/2Korean Institute of Machinery and Materials/3University of Tokyo

11:15-11:30 2285978 FDI1 Oral

LATERAL SHEAR FOR PHASE-SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY ROBLEDO-SÁNCHEZ C. I.1, MENESES-FABIAN C.1, AREVALO-AGUILAR L.M.1, NANCO- HERNÁNDEZ P.2, IXBA-SANTOS V.1, RODRÍGUEZ-ZURITA G.1, CORDERO-DÁVILA A.1 1Fac. Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, BUAP./2Fac. Ciencias de la Electrónica, BUAP

11:30-11:45 2286168 FDI1 Oral OPTICAL TESTING OF THE SURFACE QUALITY OF A VARIABLE FOCAL LENGTH LENS WITH NULL-SCREENS CAMPOS-GARCÍA M.1, SANTIAGO-ALVARADO A.2, MORENO-OLIVA V.I.3, DÍAZ-URIBE R.1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico/2Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca/3Universidad del Istmo

12:00-13:30 FDI 2 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design and Instrumentation Chair: Philip H. Stahl, NASA, USA Co-Chair: Manuel Campos-García, CCADET-UNAM, Mexico

12:00-12:30 2285161 FDI2 Invited Keynote DYE DEPOSITION LITHOGRAPHY – A VERSATILE METHOD FOR FABRICATION OF OPTICAL FAN-OUT DEVICES CLARKE G1, PAVANI K1, ATHANASEKOS L2, MARTIN S1, VAINOS N2, TOAL V1, NAYDENOVA I1 1Dublin Institute of Technology/2University of Patras, National Hellenic Research Foundation-NHRF

12:30-12:45 2285146 FDI2 Oral VALIDATION OF THE CRYOGENIC OPTO-MECHANICS FOR THE LENSES OF FRIDA INSTRUMENT LUIS ALVAREZ L.A.1, SALVADOR CUEVAS S.C.1, OSCAR CHAPA O.C.1, CARLOS ESPEJO C.E.1, VICENTE BRINGAS V.B.2, ADI CORRALES A.C.2, RENE ESTRADA R.E.2, DIANA LUCERO D.L.2 1Instituto de Astronomía Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial

12:45-13:00 2285380 FDI2 Oral CALIBRATION OF A SHACK-HARTMANN SENSOR (SHS) WITH A POINT DIFFRACTION INTERFEROMETER (PDI) TO MEASURE THE WAVEFRONT ABERRATIONS OF THE HUMAN EYE GARCIA-FLORES P.C., DIAZ-URIBE J.R. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico

13:00-13:15 2285960 FDI2 Oral

DRAGGING FORCE AND ASTIGMATISM SURFACE IN COMMERCIAL POLISHING MACHINES LEMUS G.P.1, CORDERO A.1, IZAZAGA R.2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

13:15-13:30 2286031 FDI2 Oral ILLUMINANCE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION BASED TOTAL LUMINOUS FLUX DETERMINATION FOR WHITE LEDS VIDAL N., ROSAS E., HURTADO-RAMOS J.B. Centro Nacional de Metrología, México

10:15-11:45 POE 1 Oriental Photonics and Opto-Electronics Chair: Javier Sánchez-Mondragón, INAOE, México Co-Chair: Miguel Alonso, University of Rochester, USA

10:15-10:45 2286192 POE1 Invited Keynote ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS ALEXIS MÉNDEZ MCH Engineering, USA

10:45-11:00 2285717 POE1 Oral PHOTONIC CRYSTAL INTEGRATED IN A WAVEGUIDE OF A PERFECT CONDUCTOR MENDOZA SUÁREZ ALBERTO M.S.1, PÉREZ AGUILAR HÉCTOR P.A.1, VILLA VILLA FRANCISCO V.V.2 1Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

11:00-11:15 2285475 POE1Oral FIBER OPTIC MULTIPLEXED SENSORS USING COHERENT CORRELATION DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY ARIAS A., SHLYAGIN M.G. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, México

11:15-11:30 2285585 POE1 Oral MANUFACTURING A CHALCOGENIDE GLASS CORE FIBER WITH A SILICA CAPILLARY LOPEZ D.1, TARASENKO O.2, MARGULIS W.2 1KTH, INAOE/2ACREO

11:30-11:45 2284717 POE1 Oral PLASTIC OPTICAL FIBER TO ASSIST FREQUENCY RESPONSE IN PHOTODETECTORS CERECEDO-NÚÑEZ H.H., MÉNDEZ-CRUZ J. E., PADILLA-SOSA P. , SÁNCHEZ-OREA J. , GONZÁLEZ-MARTÍNEZ F.J. Universidad Veracruzana, México

10:15-11:45 OE 1 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Colin J.R. Shepard, National University of Singapore Co-Chair: Noé Alcalá-Ochoa, CIO, México

10:15-10:45 2283983 OE1 Invited Keynote INVARIANT CORRELATION BY USING VECTORIAL SIGNATURES AND SPECTRAL INDEX FIMBRES-CASTRO CLAUDIA C.FC.1, ÁLVAREZ-BORREGO JOSUÉ J. AB.2, BUENO-IBARRA MARIO ALONSO M.A.BI.3 1Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño de Ensenada, B. C./2CICESE/3CIIDIR-IPN

10:45-11:00 2285205 OE1 Oral AUTHENTICATION OF PAPER BY CLASSIFYING ITS VISUAL MICRO TEXTURE KURMYSHEV E.V.1, GUILLEN-BONILLA J.T.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., México/2University of Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa

11:00-11:15 2285712 OE1 Oral EDGE DETECTION OF FINGERPRINT WITH THE RADIAL HILBERT TRANSFORM YAILETH JOHANNA MORALES DAZA MORALES Y.J, CESAR ORLANDO TORRES TORRES C.O, LORENZO MATTOS VASQUEZ MATTOS L. Universidad Popular del Cesar, Colombia

11:15-11:30 2285821 OE1 Oral PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR RECOGNITION IN A WAVELET JOINT TRANSFORM CORRELATOR MESTRE CARRILLO G.I.1, TORRES MORENO C.2 1Universidad de la Salle/2Universidad Popular del Cesar, Colombia

11:30-11:45 2286076 OE1Oral DESIGN OF A 3D DIGITALIZER BY USING AN INTERFEROMETRIC PATTERN RANGEL-BARBOSA F.J., PÉREZ-PANTOJA E., AGUILERA-GÓMEZ E., GUZMÁN-CABRERA J.R., TORRES-CISNEROS M. DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato

12:00-13:30 OE 2 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Josué Álvarez-Borrego, CICESE, México Co-Chair: Yaileth Morales Daza, Universidad Popular del Cesar, Colombia

12:00-12:30 2286213 OE2 Invited Keynote PHASE SPACE AND PHASE IMAGING SHEPPARD C.J.R.1, MEHTA S.B.2 1Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543 2Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576 Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore

12:30-12:45 2284495 OE2 Oral NOVEL APPROACHES FOR NEAR AND FAR FIELD SUPER RESOLVED IMAGING ZALEVSKY 1, BEIDERMAN 1, MICÓ 2, GARCÍA 2 1Bar-Ilan University/2University of Valencia

12:45-13:00 2285685 OE2 Oral HYBRID SUPER-RESOLVING PUPILS WITH SMOOTH PROFILE ALCALÁ OCHOA N.1, LANDGRAVE J. E. A.1, GARCÍA-MÁRQUEZ J.1, GONZÁLEZ-VEGA A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C./2División de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Guanajuato

13:00-13:15 2285831 OE2 Oral ANALYSIS OF NEAR FIELD MICROWAVE AND CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL IMAGES LÓPEZ-MALDONADO G., VARGAS-HERNÁNDEZ. H., ORDÓÑEZ-ROMERO C.L., AVENDAÑO- ALEJO. M., KOLOKOLTSEV. O., QURESHI. N. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

13:15-13:30 2286009 OE2 Oral KNOW PLAINTEXT ATTACK ON THE 4F AND JTC OPTICAL ENCRYPTING SYSTEMS VARGAS C.A.1, BARRERA J.F.2, TORROBA R.3, TEBALDI M.3, BOLOGNINI N.3 1Universidad Catolica de Oriente/2Universidad de Antioquia/3Universidad Nacional de La Plata

12:00-13:30 IAPD 1 Oriental Information Acquisition, Processing and Display Chair: Emilia Giorgetti, ISC-CNR, Italy Co-Chair: Raúl A. Vázquez-Nava, CIO, México

12:00-12:30 2286226 LARGE APERTURE QPM DEVICES TOWARD GIANT MICRO-- PHOTONICS TAKUNORI TAIRA Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaili, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan

12:30-12:45 2284708 IAPD1 Oral CAVITY-ENHANCED DIRECT FREQUENCY COMB SPECTROSCOPY REYES-REYES A.1, ZEITOUNY M.G.1, VAN MASTRIGT E.2, PERSIJN S.T.3, BHATTACHARYA N.1, URBACH H.P.1 1Delft University of Technology/2Erasmus MC-Sophia Children‘s Hospital/3VSL, Delft

12:45-13:00 2284756 IAPD1 Oral STUDY OF THE DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE LIBS PLASMA UNDER CONDITIONS OF LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE JIJÓN D., COSTA-VERA C. Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador

13:00-13:15 2286139 IAPD1 Oral CONSTRUCTION OF A SEMI AUTOMATIC M-LINES SPECTROSCOPY DEVICE HERNANDEZ-PEREZ M.A.1, VILLANUEVA-IBAÑEZ M.2, GARNICA-PACHECO J.V.2, AGUILAR- HERNANDEZ J.R.3, FLORES-GONZALEZ M.A.2 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIQIE/2Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca/3Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESFM

13:15-13:30 2286197 IAPD1 Oral I.R. LASER-BASED REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING TAIEB GASMI Division of Sciences & Engineering Saint Louis University-Madrid Camp

10:15-11:45 BMO 1 Violeta 2 Bio-Medical Optics Chair: Giancarlo Righini, IFA- CNR, Italy Co-Chair: Gerardo Gutiérrez-Juárez, UG, México

10:15-10:45 2286209 BMO1 Invited Keynote GAS IN SCATTERING MEDIA ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (GASMAS) - FROM MATERIAL SCIENCE TO HUMAN GAS-FILLED CAVITY MONITORING SUNE SVANBERG Physics Department and Lund Laser Centre, Lund University, Sweden

10:45-11:00 2285045 BMO1 Oral MULTIFOCAL NONLINEAR MICROSCOPE WITH SINGLE ELEMENT DETECTOR FOR MULTIDEPTH IMAGING CARRILES R.1, HOOVER E.E.2, FIELD J.J.2, SHEETZ K.E.3, SQUIER J.A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Colorado School of Mines/3United States Military Academy

11:00-11:15 2284229 BMO1 Oral TUNABLE ULTRASHORT FS-PULSES BASED ON PHOTONIC FIBER CRYSTALS FOR NONLINEAR MICROSCOPY LICEA-RODRIGUEZ J., ROCHA-MENDOZA I., RANGEL-ROJO R. Optics Department / CICESE

11:15-11:30 2285794 BMO1 Oral EXTRACTING CHROMOPHORE CONCENTRATION INFORMATION FROM CONTINUOUS-WAVE TRANS-ILLUMINATION BREAST SPECTROSCOPY DATA WALTER E, LILGE L. University of Toronto/University Health Network

11:30-11:45 2286218 BMO1 Oral PHYSIC AND AGRICULTURE KEDRO DIOMANDE Universite de Cocody, Ivory Coast

12:00-13:30 TO 1 Violeta 2 Theoretical Optics Chair: Kurt Bernardo Wolf, ICF-UNAM, México Co-Chair: Nicole Moore, Beloit College, USA

12:00-12:30 2285900 TO1 Invited Keynote OPTICAL EFFECTS CONNECTED WITH SPIN-ORBIT COUPLING OF A PHOTON NATALIYA KUNDIKOVA Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University, Russia

12:30-12:45 2284853 TO1 Oral BEAM MAPPING ON THE ORBITAL POINCARÉ SPHERE ALIEVA T.1, CÁMARA A.1, BASTIAANS M.J.2 1Universidad Complutense de Madrid/2Eindhoven University of Technology

12:45-13:00 2284589 TO1 Oral STRATIFIED MEDIA: NONLINEAR ODE IS BETTER FERNANDEZ-GUASTI M, DIAMANT R. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Iztapalapa, México

13:00-13:15 2284621 TO1 Oral SPECKLE ISSUED FROM NUMEROUS INDEPENDENT LASER BEAMS LE CAIN A.L.C1, RIAZUELO G.R2, SAJER J.M.S1 1CEA CESTA 33114 Le Barp/2CEA/DAM/DIF Bruyères le Châtel

13:15-13:30 2285286 TO1 Oral OPTICAL RESONATOS AND DYNAMIC MAPS ABOITES V., WILSON M. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., México

15:00-16:00 Plenary 2 El Alto Chair: José Luis Maldonado-Rivera, CIO, México

2286188 QUANTUM DOT NANOPHOTONICS: FROM OPTICAL SCIENCE TO PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION YASUHIKO ARAKAWA Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, The University of Tokyo, Japan

16:00-18:00 Poster Session 1 La Luz

Chair & Jury: Manuel Costa, Universidade do Minho, Portugal Co-chairs: Marija Strojnik, CIO, México Francisco Renero, INAOE, México Guillermo Baldwin, PUCP, Perú Hector Cerecedo-Núñez, UV, México Ricardo Legarda, UADY, México

OIS La Luz Optical Interaction Science

2284607 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FILMS OF ASPHALTENES USING DIFFUSE REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY MUNOZ MORALES A,A1, NAREA F.2, LABRADOR H.3 1Laboratorio de Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigación Médica y Biotecnológica de la Universidad de Carabobo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud/2Laboratorio de Espectroscopia de Óptica de Superficies, Grupo de Instrumentación y Óptica, Departamento de Física, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología/3Departamento de Química, Departamento de Física, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología

2284792 LEAKAGE RADIATION MICROSCOPY GARCÍA C.E.1, COELLO V.M.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/2Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, México

2284982 EVANESCENT WAVE FAR FIELD INTERFERENCE CORTÉS R., COELLO V. CICESE, Unidad Monterrey, México

2285049 DIFFERENCES IN ONE-PHOTON AND TWO-PHOTON RESONANT- EMISSION-SPECTRA OF TWO FLUORESCENT DYES

CAN-UC B.A., RANGEL-ROJO R. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, México

2285124 NANOPARTICLE COATED OPTICAL FIBERS FOR SINGLE MICROBUBBLE GENERATION PIMENTEl-DOMÍNGUEZ R., HERNÁNDEZ-CORDERO J. Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, UNAM, México

2285211 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FULLERENES CONFINED IN ORDERED ALUMINA NANOTUBE ARRAYS ONTIVEROS-BARRERA F.G, MORALES-SAAVEDRA O.G, MATA-ZAMORA M.E., BAÑUELOS J.G, RODRIGUEZ-ROSALES A.A, ÁLVAREZ-ZAUCO E. CCADET-UNAM

2285692 EFFECTS OF B2O3 DOPING ON CRYSTALLITE PHASE AND VISIBLE UPCONVERSION EMISSION OF ZRO2: ER (1%),YB (2%) NANOCRYSTALS DIAZ-TORRES L.A.1, BORJA-URBY R1, SALAS P2, VEGA M3, ANGELES-CHAVEZ C4 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM 3Centro de Geociencias-UNAM/4Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo

2285816 PHOTO-CONTROL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR CHIRAL STRUCTURES IN AZOPOLYMER FILMS SOLANO C.1, RODRIGUEZ-GONZALEZ R.J.2, LARIOS-LOPEZ L.2, NAVARRO-RODRIGUEZ D.2, MARTINEZ-PONCE G.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C./2Centro de Investigaciones en Química Aplicada

2285945 FOUR-WAVE MIXING IN THE DETECTION OF ELECTRON-AND HOLE-BASE HOLOGRAMS JORGE ENRIQUE RUEDA JR, LUIS ALFONSO GUERRA LG, LINA MIREYA CASTRO LC Universidad de Pamplona

2285983 NLO CHARACTERIZATION FOR NOBEL BORINATES: EVALUATION OF THE N-B BOND CASTRO-BELTRAN R.1, RODRÍGUEZ M.1, RAMOS-ORTIZ G.1, LEDOUX-RAK I.2, FARFÁN N.3, SANTILLAN R.4 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica/2Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan/3Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/4Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN

2285999 EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON POLYETHYLENE FILMS MARTÍNEZ-ROMO A.1, GONZÁLEZ-MOTA R.1, SOTO-BERNAL J.J.1, FRAUSTO-REYES C.2, ROSALES-CANDELAS I.1, ALBA-NEVARES L.L.3 1Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C./3Instituto Tecnológico de Pabellón

2286074 WAVE PROPAGATION IN A MULTIPLE INTERFACES NANOWAVEGUIDE

LUIS-RAMOS A1, GÓMEZ-PAVÓN L.C.1, ROJAS-GARCÍA I1, FÉLIX-BELTRÁN O1, PARADA- ALFONSO R2, MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E1 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/2Institututo Politécnico Nacional

2286107 OPTICAL SENSOR BASED ON PSI/GD2O2S:TB DEVICES HERNANDEZ-ADAME L.1, SALADO-LEZA D.E.1, MEDELLÍN-RODRÍGUEZ F.1, VEGA-CARRILLO H.R.2, PALESTINO G. 1 1Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí/ Facultad de Ciencias Químicas/2Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas/b Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares

2286141 OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY AND HIGH PRESSURE ON EMERALDS: SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL SÁNCHEZ-ALEJO SANCHEZAMA1, HERNÁNDEZ HERNÁNDEZAJM2, MURRIETA MURRIETASHO2, FLORES FLORESJMC2, CALDERÓN CALDERÓNGT3, CAMARILLO CAMARILLOGE2 1Posgrado de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales/2UNAM/3U.A. de Madrid

2286142 INFLUENCE OF PRECURSOR CHEMISTRY ON THE LUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF BATIO3:ER3+ FILMS CARRILLO ROMO F. DE J., GARCÍA MURILLO A., GARCÍA HERNÁNDEZ M., GONZÁLEZ PENGUELLY B., GARRIDO HERNÁNDEZ A. Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica CIITEC-IPN

2286146 SIMPLE OPTICAL TWEEZERS SYSTEM FOR MESOSCOPIC BIOPHOTONICS MELO C.A., SOLARTE E. Grupo de Óptica Cuántica, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Valle, Cali - Colombia

2286184 IMPROVING THE RED UP-CONVERSION EMISSION OF Y2O2S:ER3+ - YB3+ NANOCRYSTALS WITH AN OPTIMUM SODIUM SULFIDE CONCENTRATION. CAMPOS VILLALOBOS I.1, LÓPEZ-LUKE T.1, DE LA ROSA E.1, TORRES-CASTRO A.2, SALAS P.3 1Centro de Investigaciones de Óptica A.C./2Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/3Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

FDI La Luz Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation

2283162 SINGLE POLARIZATION, YB3+-DOPED FIBRE AMPLIFIER DESIGN FOR CARS NEGRETE-GONZALEZ G.1, OFFERHAUS L.H.2, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A.1 1CIITEC-IPN/2Optical Sciences Twente University

2283923 CALCULATION OF HIGHER ORDER DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS IN PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS MARTINEZ-RIOS A.1, ILAN B.2, TORRES-GOMEZ I.1, MONZON-HERNANDEZ D.1, CEBALLOS- HERRERA D. E.1

1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced

2284304 MEASUREMENT OF THE REFRACTION INDEX OF A GLASS PLATE USING A POINT DIFFRACTION INTERFEROMETER (PDI) RUEDA-SORIANO E., GRANADOS-AGUSTÍN F.S., CORNEJO-RODRÍGUEZ A. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica.

2284444 ANALYSIS OF INTERFEROGRAMS OF A LENS USING A KNIFE EDGE INTERFEROMETER KORNEEV N.1, GRANADOS F.S.1, DÍAZ R.2, CORNEJO A.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica/2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico UNAM

2284482 ASE DETECTION ON TRANSVERSAL OPTICAL FIBER WITH ERBIO DOPPING MIRELES J.R., TENTORI D. CICESE, México.

2284518ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL STRESS ON THIN FILMS BY LASER MICROTOPOGRAPHY COSTA M.F.M., TEIXEIRA V. Universidade do Minho.

2284572 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A COMPACT Z-SCAN PORTABLE SYSTEM JIMÉNEZ-SALINAS M.F., ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R., RODRÍGUEZ-ROSALES A.A., MORALES- SAAVEDRA O.G., QURESHI N. Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico-UNAM

2285094 EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DEVIL’S VORTEX- LENSES CALATAYUD A.1, REMÓN L. 1, CASANOVA C. 2, RODRIGO J.A. 3, FURLAN W.D. 2, MONSORIU J.A.1 1Universitat Politècnica de València/2Universitat de València/3Instituto de Óptica

2284757 OBTAINING THE WAVEFRONT IN THE RONCHI TEST WITHOUT POLINOMIAL FIT OR TRAPEZOIDAL INTEGRATION AGUIRRE-AGUIRRE D., GRANADOS-AGUSTIN F. S., CORNEJO-RODRÍGUEZ A. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

2284889 FLUORESCENT ALBUMIN HOLOGRAMS ORDÓÑEZ-PADILLA M.J, OLIVARES-PÉREZ A, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R, MEJIAS-BRIZUELA N.Y, FUENTES-TAPIA I. INAOE

2284897 HOLOGRAPHIC COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GLUCOSE, PECTIN AND SUGAR ORDÓÑEZ-PADILLA M.J., OLIVARES-PEREZ A., BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R, FUENTES-TAPIA I. INAOE

2285032 DIRECTIONAL HOLOGRAPHIC GRATINGS: APPLICATION TO COLOR AND LINEAR POLARIZATION MULTIPLEXING LUGO PÉREZ L. I., RODRÍGUEZ COBOS A., RAMÍREZ FLORES G., GUEL SANDOVAL S., GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ J. M. Instituto de investigación en Comunicación Óptica, UASLP

2285067 LASER ABLATED GLASS MICROLENS ARRAYS: ABERRATIONS DEPENDENCE ON REFLOWING TEMPERATURE J. ARINES1, D. NIETO1,2,3, M.T. FLORES-ARIAS1,2, C. GÓMEZ-REINO1,2, GERARD M. O’CONNOR3 1Departamento de Física Aplicada (área de Óptica), Escola de Óptica e Optometría (Campus Vida), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain/2Grupo de Microoptica y Optica (GRIN), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain/3School of Physics, National Centre for Laser Applications, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland

2285169 GENERATION OF IRRADIANCE PATTERNS USING A SEMI- SPHERICAL IRRADIANCE METER OF TWO DEGREES OF LIBERTY TECPOYOTL-TORRES M.1, VERA-DIMAS J. G.1, ESCOBEDO-ALATORRE J. 1, SANCHEZ- MONDRAGON J. 2, TORRES-CISNEROS M.3, PÉREZ-CASPETA I. Y.1, VARONA J.4 1Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica 3Universidad de Guanajuato/4Universidad Panamericana Campus Bonaterra

2285345 CHARACTERIZATION OF PLANAR WAVEGUIDES FABRICATED BY MULTIPLE SOL-GEL DIP-COATINGS REY-GARCÍA F.1, FLORES-ARIAS M.T.1, GOMEZ-REINO C.1, DE LA FUENTE X.F.2, BERNESCHI S.3, PELLI S.3, NUNZI-CONTI G.3, RIGHINI G.C.3 1Universidade de Santiago de Compostela/2ICMA/CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza/3Istituto di Fisica Applicata ―Nello Carrara‖

2285348SSANTA MARIA DEGLI ANGELI LUCERNARIA PRISMATIC LENSES CUEVAS S. 1,QUAGLIATA N.2,SIGISMONDI C3., CHAPA O.1 ,PEREZ F.1, TINOCO S. 1 1 Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2 Quagliata Studio, 3University of Roma, La Sapienza, ICRA, Dept. of Physics,

2285365 HOLOGRAMS OF ALBUMIN WITH GENTIAN VIOLET DORANTES-GARCÍA V, OLIVARES-PÉREZ A, ORDÓÑEZ-PADILLA M.J, MEJIAS-BRIZUELA N.Y. INAOE

2285500 REFRACTIVE-INDEX DISPERSION OF ABSORBING AND TURBID SOLUTIONS SANCHEZ-PEREZ C, GARCIA-VALENZUELA CCADET, UNAM

2285723 INTERFEROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POLISHING SURFACE WITH A PETAL TOOL

SALAS-SANCHEZ ALFONSO J.1, LEAL-CABRERA IRCE2, PERCINO-ZACARIAS ELIZABETH1, GRANADOS-AGUSTIN FERMIN S.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica/2Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tepeaca

2285844 OPTO-MECHANICAL FABRICATION OF THE SPECTROMETER FOR THE EDIFISE PROJECT ARREDONDO-VEGA L, PEREZ-SANTOS C, POMPA-CARRERA O, RUIZ-MARQUEZ A, HURTADO- ORTEGA J, PAEZ G. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C. México

2285880 MEASUREMENTS OF SURFACE OPTICAL ANISOTROPIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS WITH A MULTICHANNEL SPECTROMETER NÚÑEZ-OLVERA O.F, BALDERAS-NAVARRO R.E, ORTEGA-GALLEGOS J, LASTRAS-MARTÍNEZ L.F, LASTRAS-MARTÍNEZ A. Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí

2285961 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A PROTOTYPE MICROPOSITIONING AND FUSION OF OPTICAL FIBERS VEGA F, TORRES C.O, MATTOS L. Universidad Popular del Cesar

2286007 SELF ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER, AS OPTICAL TRANSDUCERS, USING SPIROPYRAN PHOTOCHROMIC MATERIAL ORTIZ A.1, DELGADO R.2, ROJAS M.2, LÓPEZ V.2 1CIBA TLAXCALA/2CIBA IPN TLAXCALA

2286045 FABRICATION AND STUDY OF THE OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC THIN FILM BASED ON THE P3HT: PCBM BLEND SANCHEZ A.A, ALEMAN K, MANSUROVA S, KOSAREV A. National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics

2286053 QUANTIFICATION OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS FOR A ROTATIONAL SHEARING INTERFEROMETER TO DETECT EXTRASOLAR PLANETS GALAN M, STROJNIK M, PAEZ G. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C.

2286082 CHARACTERIZATION BY XDR OF AMORPHOS SICX/C-SI STRUCTURES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES IVALDO TORRES CHÁVEZ Pamplona University

2286117 OPTO-MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A SOLAR CONCENTRATOR PROTOTYPE CRUZ –MARTÍNEZ V.M.1, SANTIAGO – ALVARADO A1, GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA J1, CAMPOS GARCÍA M2, VÁZQUEZ – MONTIEL S3, GRANDOS-AGUSTÍN F.S.3, VÁZQUEZ MEJIA T. G.1 1Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca/2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/3Instituto de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

2286121 CDSE/CDS MULTILAYER FILMS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES LÓPEZ-RAMÍREZ L.M.1, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M.A.1, AGUILAR-HERNÁNDEZ J.R.2, VARGAS- GARCÍA J.R.1, CONTRERAS-PUENTE G.2 1Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional/2Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional

2286164 IMPROVING THE QUANTITATIVE TESTING OF FAST ASPHERICS SURFACES WITH NULL SCREENS USING DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM MORENO-OLIVA V.I.1, CAMPOS-GARCÍA M.2, DÍAZ-URIBE R.2 1Universidad del Istmo, campus Tehuantepec/2CCADET-UNAM

POE La Luz Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284148 GAUSSIAN BEAMS TO CALCULATE MULTIMODE INTERFERENCE IN WAVEGUIDES GUSTAVO RODRÍGUEZ MORALES Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

2284511 WAVELENGTH-SWITCHABLE FIBER LASER BASED ON TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT TRANSMITTANCE OF A LPFG ANZUETO-SÁNCHEZ G.1, CASTRELLÓN-URIBE J.1, TORRES-GÓMEZ I. 2, MARTÍNEZ-RIOS A.2, OSUNA-GALÁN I.3 1Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas CIICAp, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica/3Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas

2284781 TUNABLE DUAL-WAVELENGTH FIBER LASER BASED ON ADJUSTMENT OF CAVITY LOSS BY A FIBER OPTICAL LOOP MIRROR MANUEL DURAN SANCHEZ M. D. S.1, R. IVAN ALVAREZ TAMAYO R. I. A. T.2, E. A. KUZIN E. A. KUZIN3, BALDEMAR IBARRA ESCAMILLA B. I. E.3, OLIVER POTTIEZ O. P.4 1Universidad Tecnológica de Puebla/2Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/3INAOE/4Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

2284977 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LIBR-WATER USING MMI IN OPTICAL FIBER ANTUNEZ-CERON E.E.1, ESTRADA-VAZQUEZ J.A.1, BASURTO-PENSADO M.A.2, SANCHEZ- MONDRAGON J.J.2, GARCIA-CASTREJON J.C.1 1Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Óptica y Electrónica

2285097 HIGH-VISIBILITY PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER INTERFEROMETER FOR ULTRASENSITIVE REFRACTOMETRIC SENSING FERNANDO C. FÁVERO F. F.1, VITTORIA FINAZZI V. F.2, JOEL VILLATORO J. V.2, VALERIO PRUNERI V. P.2 1Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro/2ICFO-Institut de Ciences Fotoniques

2285160 VITRIFICATION OF PHOTOCURING RESINS BY EMBEDDED CANTILEVER AND FIZEAU INTERFEROMETER ARENAS G.F.1, DUCHOWICZ R.2 1Laboratorio Láser, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina/2Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata / Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CCT CONICET La Plata- CIC), La Plata, Argentina

2285838 OPTICAL CHANNEL WAVEGUIDES IN ND:YVO4 CRYSTALS BY MULTI-IMPLANTS WITH PROTONS SANCHEZ-MORALES M E1, VÁZQUEZ G.V.2, RICKARDS J3, TREJO-LUNA R3 1CUCienega Universidad de Guadalajara/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/3UNAM

2285867 STUDY OF LASER CHANNEL WAVEGUIDES IN ND: YAG CRYSTALS OBTAINED BY PROTON IMPLANTATION FLORES-ROMERO E.1, VAZQUEZ G.V.2, MARQUEZ H.3, LÓPEZ-URQUIETA M.A.2, RANGEL-ROJO R.3, RODRÍGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ L.1 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 3Departamento de Óptica, CICESE

2286069 METAL-GERMANIUM-METAL PHOTODETECTORS INTEGRATED WITH DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES CERVANTES-GONZALEZ J.C. 1, AHN D. 2, TORRES-JACOME A. 1, BANERJEE S.K.3, ZALDIVAR- HUERTA I.E.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Alcatel-Lucent/4University of Texas at Austin

2286073 MEASUREMENT OF GROUP VELOCITY DISPERSION IN OPTICAL FIBER WITH A HUNDREDS OF METERS LENGTHS RAMOS-BELTRÁN J, BELTRÁN-PÉREZ G, MUÑOZ-AGUIRRE S, CASTILLO-MIXCÓATL J. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

2286158 STUDY OF MACH-ZEHNDER MICROINTERFEROMETER PARAMETERS CORRESPON ROJAS- HERNÁNDEZ A.G, GARCIA-JUAREZ A. Universidad de Sonora

2286166 INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY OF WAVEGUIDE ARRAYS TO GET DISCRETE SOLITONS VERGARA A, MENDOZA G, GÓMEZ L.C, MARTÍ E.A. BUAP

2285482 PLASMONIC CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLE BASED THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS LIU F, QU D, XU Q, XIE W, HUANG Y. Tsinghua University

2286180 PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TIO2 SENSITIZED WITH CDSE QDS, AU NANOCRYSTALS AND P3OT ZARAZÚA1, E. DE LA ROSA1 T PEZ-LUKE1, S. RUIZ1, J. REYES2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948 Leon, Gto. 37150 MÉXICO/2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima. Colima, MÉXICO

OE La Luz Optical Engineering

2284978 ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS UNDER THE BHJ APPROACH USING CONVENTIONAL/INVERTED ARCHITECTURES SALINAS J.F.1, SALTO C.1, MALDONADO J.L.1, RAMOS-ORTIZ G.1, RODRIGUEZ M.1, MENESES- NAVA M.A.1, BARBOSA-GARCIA O.1, FARFAN N.2, SANTILLAN R.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Facultad de Química, UNAM/3Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV

2285898 SOLAR CONCENTRATOR WITH DIFFUSER SEGMENTS ESPARZA D, MORENO I. Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

2284114 DIGITAL SYSTEM OF INVARIANT CORRELATION TO POSITION AND SCALE USING ADAPTIVE RING MASKS AND UNIDIMENSIONAL SIGNATURES SOLORZA S.1, ÁLVAREZ-BORREGO J.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Baja California/2Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación de Ensenada

2284313 RELATIVE ENTROPY OF IMAGES DEGRADED BY BIT- QUANTIZATION AND NOISE GONZALO URCID INAOE

2284371 INVARIANT CORRELATION TO POSITION, ROTATION AND SCALE USING ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPOSITE FILTERS ÁLVAREZ-BORREGO J, CHAPARRO GILDARDO C.G. CICESE.

2284630 OPTICAL-DIGITAL RESTORATION OF OUT-OF-FOCUS COLOR IMAGES DETECTED IN MICROSCOPY ORTIZ-SOSA R, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R, AGUILAR J.F, ORLANDO GUERRERO I.J, MEJÍA ROMERO S. INAOE

2284892 TOMATO CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LASER METROLOGY AND COMPUTER ALGORITHMS IGNO-ROSARIO O., MUÑOZ-RODRIGUEZ J.A. Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, A. C.

2285061 REAL-TIME VIDEOENDOSCOPIC DISTORTION CORRECTION USING A GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT. VAN DER JEUGHT S, BUYTAERT J.A.N, DIRCKX J.J.J. University of Antwerp 2285264 MODULATED SPECKLE PATTERNS FOR VORTEX METROLOGY ANGEL-TORO L, SIERRA-SOSA D.E. Universidad EAFIT

2285266 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIONAL FILTERING TECHNIQUES IN FRINGE PATTERNS ESCALANTE N, VILLA J, GONZÁLEZ E, ARAIZA M. Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

2285297 TOPOMETRY AND REAL COLOR ASOCIATION BY RGB FRINGE PROJECTION TECHNIQUE LÓPEZ Y.Y.1, MARTÍNEZ A21, RAYAS J.A.1, GENOVESE K.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C/2Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Fisica dell‘Ambiente, Università degli Studi della Basilicata.

2285497 RETRIEVAL SPECTROSCOPIC INFORMATION OF ASTRONOMICAL PLATES FROM TONANTZINTLA SCHMIDT CAMERA DÍAZ-HERNÁNDEZ R.1, COSTERO GRACIA R2, GONZÁLEZ GONZÁLEZ J.J.2, GUICHARD J.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

2285875 REAL-TIME NUMERICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF DIGITALLY RECORDED HOLOGRAMS TRUJILLO C, RESTREPO J, GARCIA-SUCERQUIA J. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín

2285981 SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROCESS OF OPTICAL FIBER FUSION VEGA F, TORRES C.O, MATTOS L. Universidad Popular del Cesar

IAPD La Luz Information Acquisition, Processing and Display

2284470 OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR THE SUPERVISION OF THE OPERATION OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR VILLANUEVA-REYES V. M, VAZQUEZ-NAVA R. A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C.

2284762 MINERAL SPECIES TO REMOVAL CONTAMINANTS: CHARACTERIZATION TROUGH DYNAMIC SPECKLE TECHNIQUES

GONZÁLEZ M.J.1, BERTOLINI G.2, CABELLO C.I.2, BOTTO I.L. 3, ARIZAGA R.A.4, TRIVI M. 4 1Centro de Química Inorgánica (CONICET La Plata-UNLP), Calle 47 y 115 and Instituto de Recursos Minerales (CIC-UNLP), Calle 64 y 120 (1900) La Plata, Argentina. .3Centro de Química Inorgánica (CONICET La Plata-UNLP), Calle 47 y 115, (1900) La Plata, Argentina. 4Centro de Investigaciones Opticas (CONICET La Plata - CIC) and UID Optimo, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 3, (1897) Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina

2285130 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF METFORMIN TABLETS BY LASER- INDUCED BREAKDOWN * SPECTROSCOPY CONTRERAS U.1, ORNELAS-SOTO N.1, MENESES-NAVA M. A.1, BARBOSA-GARCÍA O.1, LÓPEZ- DE-ALBA P. L.2, LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ L.6 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C./2Universidad de Guanajuato6

2285505 SERS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS COMPOSITION MEDINA-RAMÍREZ I.E.1, FRAUSTO-REYES C2, GONZÁLEZ-DÍAZ M.C.1 1Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

2285729 OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY AS MONITOR OF INHOMOGENEOUS FILM GROWTH ABUNDIZ N.1, PÉREZ A.2, GARCIA V.3, MACHORRO R.3 1Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada/2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California/3Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología

2285907 VARIABLE FOCUSING INTEGRAL IMAGING SYSTEMS TOLOSA A.1, PONS A.2, NAVARRO H.2, SAAVEDRA G.2, MARTINEZ-CORRAL M.2, MARTINEZ- CUENCA R.3, JAVIDI B.4 1AIDO/2University of Valencia/3Universitat Jaume I/4University of Connecticut

2286012 APPLICATION OF SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY FOR SENSING HEAT TRANSMISSION IN ECOLOGICAL BUILDINGS TUN-EK E.A.1, BACELIS-JIMENEZ A.A.1, PÉREZ-CORTÉS M.1, ORDOÑEZ-LÓPEZ E.1, ORTÍZ- GUTIÉRREZ M.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán/2Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.

2286024 FLICKER REDUCTION IN AN LCOS SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATOR GARCÍA-MÁRQUEZ J.1, GONZALEZ-VEGA A.2, LÓPEZ-PADILLA V. E.3, NOÉ-ARIAS E.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica/2Universidad de Guanajuato/3LP Consulting

2286150 MONITORING THE RADIATION OF LINEAL ACCELERATOR USING SCINTILLATOR POLYMER GUZMÁN-GATICA L, PALOMINO-MERINO R, MORENO-BARBOSA E., MARTÍNEZ-BRAVO O. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

BMO La Luz Bio-Medical Optics

2284393 A COMPARATIVE THEORETICAL-EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A VIDEO REFLECTOMETRY SETUP CUNILL M.1, DELGADO ATENCIO J.A.1, VÁZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.1, MORALES CRUZADO B.1, PRAHL S.A.2, CASTRO RAMOS J.1 1INAOE/2Oregon Medical Laser Center.

2284605 DIFFUSE REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY OF BREAST ADIPOSE TISSUE VS HISTOLOGICAL GRADE MUNOZ MORALES A.A1, VAZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.2, REIGOSA A.3 1Grupo de Instrumentación de Óptica Biomédica, Coordinación de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica / Laboratorio de Espectroscopía Óptica de Superficies, Grupo de Instrumentación y Óptica, Departamento de Física, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología/2Grupo de Instrumentación de Óptica Biomédica, Coordinación de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica 3Laboratorio de Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigaciones Médica y Biotecnológica de la Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela

2284683 LASER VIBROMETRY FOR MEASUREMENT OF NON-LINEARITIES IN TIME VARIANT VIBRATIONS AERTS J.R.M.1, DE GREEF D.1, DIRCKX J.J.J.2 1University of Antwerp/2Univerity of Brussels

2284557 GASTRIC MUCOSA ANALYSIS USING SPECKLE PATTERNS: A MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS ALTERNATIVE ANDRADE-ERASO C.A.1, PATIÑO-VELASCO M.M.1, VASQUEZ-LOPEZ J.A.2, LEON-TELLEZ J.1, BRAVO L.E.3, RABAL H.J.4, TRIVI M4 1Grupo de Óptica y Laser, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Cauca. Carrera 5#4-70. , Popayán, Colombia/2Docente Asociado Departamento Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia/3Grupo de Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali, Universidad del Valle, Sede San Fernando, Cali, Colombia/4Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata - CIC) and UID Optimo, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 3, 1897 Gonnet- La Plata, Argentina

2284872 STUDY OF INHOMOGENEITIES IN TURBID MEDIA. EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS CARBONE N.A.1, DI ROCCO H.O.2, IRIARTE D.I.2, PARDINI P.1, POMARICO J.A.2, RANEA- SANDOVAL H.F.2, WAKS- SERRA M.V.1 1UNCPBA - Tandil – Argentina/2UNCPBA and CONICET- Tandil - Argentina

2285109 OPTOMECHATRONIC PROTOTYPE BASED ON DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY AIMED TO THE STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES ALCARAZ A, HERNÁNDEZ M.S, MENDOZA F, MUÑOZ S. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

2285503 RESOLUTION STUDY OF IMAGING IN NANOPARTICLE OPTICAL PHANTOMS ORTIZ-RASCÓN E, BRUCE N.C, FLORES-FLORES J.O, SATO-BERRU R.Y. Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

2285638 SPECTRA ACQUISITION SOFTWARE FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE USB4000 SPECTROMETER MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ A.E, VÁZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S, DELGADO ATENCIO J.A, GORDIANO ALVARADO G. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

2284925 SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE VARIATIONS IN TWO MAIZE HIBRIDS AS RESPONSE TO ABIOTIC STRESS WEBER CH1, ACCIARESI H.A.2, RODRIGUEZ E.J.3, ANTONIETTA M3, GUIAMET J.J.4, TOCHO J.O.3 1Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Inv. Ópticas/2Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales UNLP, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas/3Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas CONICET/4Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas

TO La Luz Theoretical Optics

2285370 ANALYTICAL DESCRIPTION OF BAND GAPS IN A TERNARY METALLO-DIELECTRIC STACK ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.1, ZAMUDIO-LARA A.2, ROMERO-ANTEQUERA D.L.1, TORRES-CISNEROS M.3, CEBALLOS-HERRERA D.E.1 1INAOE/2UAEM, CIICAp/3UG, FIMEE

2285395 ON NON-PLANAR RADON TRANSFORMS FOR WEAKLY ABSORBING MEDIA JURADO-TARACENA M.G, GUTIÉRREZ-VEGA J.C. Tecnológico de Monterrey

2285407 SCATTERED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY A DIELECTRIC NANO-SPHERE OVER A PLANE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO DIELECTRIC MEDIA GUEL-TAPIA J.A.1, VILLA-VILLA F.1, MENDOZA-SUÁREZ A.2, PÉREZ-AGUILAR H.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica (CIO)/2Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

2285524 PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SLAB WITH LAYERED ELEMENTS ROMERO-ANTEQUERA D.A.1, ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.1, LÓPEZ- GALMICHE G.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.2, GUIZAR-ITURBIDE I.1 1INAOE/2UAT

VC La Luz Vision and Colour

2284382 SIMPLE PERCEPTUAL COLOR SPACE FOR COLOR SPECIFICATION AND REAL-TIME PROCESSING KOTSARENKO Y., RAMOS F.Q. ITESM, Campus Cuernavaca

2284814 PSYCHOPHYSICS OF THE HUE TEST CARRANZA J.1, CERVANTES P.R.2 1INAOE/2UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO

2285897 ASSESSING INVISIBILITY IVÁN MORENO Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

2286008 AN ILLUMINATION-INVARIANT NOVEL COLOUR CONSTANCY ALGORITHM TORRES-MÉNDEZ L.A., OLAYA-BENÍTEZ E.J. CINVESTAV Unidad Saltillo

Tuesday 16

8:30-10:00 ICO Awards Session El Alto Chair: Maria L. Calvo, UCM, Spain

8:30-9:15 2286194 ICO PRIZE 2010 AND ABBE´s LECTURE THE WORLD OF ATTOSECONDS – WHERE A SECOND LASTS AS LONG AS THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE REINHARD KIENBERGER Technische Universität München, Germany

9:15- 10:00 2286203 ICO GALILEO GALILEI AWARD 2010 MIRAGE IS THE IMAGE OF AN OBJECT IN THE FLAT GROUND SURFACE MOHMMAD T. TAVASSOLY University of Tehran

10:15-11:45 FDI 3 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design and Instrumentation Chair: Philip H. Stahl, NASA,USA Co-Chair: Esperanza Carrasco, INAOE, México

10:15-10:45 2283842 FDI3 Invited Keynote| OFF-AXIS PARABOLIC OPTICAL RELAYS: ALMOST PERFECT IMAGING HOLDSWORTH J.L.1, SHARAFUTDINOVA G.1, SANDERSON M.J.2, VANHELDEN D.F.1 1Universiy of Newcastle/2University of Massachusetts

10:45-11:00 2284030 FDI3 Oral METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASTIGMATISM COMPENSATION IN OFF-AXIS SPHERICAL REFLECTIVE SYSTEMS GÓMEZ VIEYRA A.1, MALACARA-HERNÁNDEZ D.2 1Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

11:00-11:15 2284859 FDI3 Oral OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND ALGORITHMS FOR PHASE-SPACE TOMOGRAPHY OF ONE- AND TWO- DIMENSIONAL BEAMS CÁMARA A.1, ALIEVA T.1, RODRIGO J.A.2, CALVO M.L.1 1Universidad Complutense de Madrid 2Instituto de Óptica, CSIC.

11:15-11:30 2285906 FDI3 Oral THROUGH-FOCUS PERFORMANCE OF MULTIFOCAL INTRAOCULAR LENSES REMÓN L.1, CASANOVA C.2, CALATAYUD A. 1, PONS A. 2, MONSORIU J. A. 1, FURLAN W.D. 21Universitat Politécnica de Valencia/2Universitat de Valencia

11:30-11:45 2285163 FDI3 Oral HOLOGRAPHIC SENSORS BASED ON ZEOLITE DOPED TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTION HOLOGRAMS RECORDED IN PHOTOPOLYMERISABLE NANOCOMPOSITES MCFADDEN M1, LEITE E1, MARTIN S1, TOAL V1, MINTOVA S2, NAYDENOVA I1 1Dublin Institute of Technology/2ENSICAEN - Université de Caen – CNRS

12:00-13:30 FDI 4 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design and Instrumentation

Chair: John Holdsworth, University of Newcastle, Australia Co-Chair: Francisco Renero, INAOE, México

12:00-12:30

2285210 FDI4 Invited Keynote COST MODELING FOR SPACE TELESCOPES STAHL H.P.1, HENRICHS T.2 1NASA/2MTSU

12:30-12:45 2284336 FDI4 Oral DESIGN OF COMPACT MULTIBAND SATELLITE IMAGER USING COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL MODEL MAKAROV A.L.1, VARICHENKO L.V.2, LYKHOLIT N.I.3, HRYNYUK I.E.3, TIAGUR V.M.3, TKACHENKO V.F.4, KURDYDYK R.V.4 1Yuznoye Design Office/2State Scientific Research Enterprise "CONECS"/3State Scientific Special Device Prodaction "ARSENAL"/4Lviv Polytechnic National University

12:45-13:00 2285060 FDI4 Oral SLICED PUPIL GRATING GARCIA-VARGAS M.L.1, SÁNCHEZ-BLANCO E.1, GALLEGO J.2, GIL DE PAZ A.2, CARRASCO E.3, PÉREZ A.1, MALDONADO M.1, ZAMORANO J.2 1FRACTAL SLNE/2Universidad Complutense de Madrid, UCM/3INAOE

13:00-13:15 2285381 FDI4 Oral OPITCAL DESIGN FOR MEGARA: A MULTI-OBJECT SPECTROGRAPH FOR THE GTC CARRASCO E.1, SÁNCHEZ-BLANCO E.2, GARCÍA-VARGAS M.L.2, GIL DE PAZ A.3, GALLEGO J. 3, PÁEZ G.4, ZAMORANO J. 3, CASTRO J. 1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)/2FRACTAL SLNE/3Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)/4Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

13:15-13:30 2286174 FDI4 Oral WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT WITH ITERATIVE SELF-IMAGING PHENOMENON MATTEUCCI G1, GARCIA SUCERQUIA J2 1 University of Bologna/2Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellin

10:15-11:45 OE 3 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Marija Strojnik, CIO, Mexico Co-Chair: M.T. Tavassoly, University of Tehran

10:15-10:45 2284626 OE3 Invited Keynote

PARALLEL APPROACH TO MEMS AND MICRO-OPTICS INTERFEROMETRIC TESTING KUJAWINSKA M.1, BEER S.2, GASTINGER K.3, GORECKI C.4, HAUGHOLT K.H.5, LAMBELET P.6, PARIS R.7, ZEITNER U.8 1Warsaw University of Technology/2CSEM SA/3Norwegian University of Science and Technology/4FEMTO- ST/5SINTEF ICT/6Heliotis AG/7IMMS/8Fraunhofer IOF

10:45-11:00 2285087 OE3 Oral INFLUENCE OF V-SHAPED GROOVE PROFILE DISTORTIONS ON HETERODYNE MICROSCOPE RESPONSE AKHMEDZHANOV I.M., BARANOV D.V., ZOLOTOV E.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

11:00-11:15 2285716 OE3 Oral ANALYSIS OF CRACKS AND DAMAGES IN OPTICAL ELEMENTS BY A SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE MUÑOZ G., ALCALÁ N. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C

11:15-11:30 2285889 OE3 Oral DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR TOPOGRAPHY MEASUREMENT AMÉZQUITA R.1, RINCÓN O.2, TORRES Y.M.2, AMÉZQUITA S.1 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá, Combustión Ingenieros Ltda/2Combustión Ingenieros Ltda

11:30-11:45 2285969 OE3 Oral MICROMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF INDUCED EFFORTS TERMALLY USING DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY MONROY F.A.M.1, GARCÍA J.I.G.S.2 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Bogotá/2Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Medellín

12:00-13:30 OE 4 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Malgorzata Kujawinska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Co-Chair: Manuel de la Torre, CIO, México

12:00-12:30 2285572 OE4 Invited Keynote NEAR IR DIODES AS ILLUMINATION SOURCES TO DETERMINE REMOTELY-INVISIBLE-IMAGES ON CENTURY-OLD PAINTINGS STROJNIK M, PAEZ G, ORTEGA A.

Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

12:30-12:45 2284038 OE4 Oral ASSIGNING PSEUDODOLOR TO 3-D DATA ARRAYS CHRISTIAN LÓPEZ ALARCÓN C.L.A, JOSÉ JAVIER BÁEZ ROJAS J.J.B.R. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

12:45-13:00 2285154 OE4 Oral EFFECT OF THE SPECKLE´S SIZE IN LASER SPECKLE IMAGING FOR BLOOD FLOW MEASUREMENT MENDEZ-AGUILAR E.M.1, FUENTES-GARCÍA A1, SALAZAR-HERMENEGILDO N1, RAMOS- GARCÍA R1, CHOI B2, RAMIREZ-SAN-JUAN J.C.1 1INAOE/2University of California

13:00-13:15 2285557 OE4 Oral OPTICAL AND MECHANICAL NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS FOR MEASURING TOMATO FRUIT FIRMNESS MANIVEL-CHÁVEZ R.A, GARNICA-ROMO M.G, ARROYO-CORREA G, ARANDA-SÁNCHEZ J.I Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

13:15-13:30 2285736 OE4 Oral STUDY OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF METALLIC SAMPLES AZ91E/ALN CRUZ MANDUJANO JAVIER 1, EGBERTO BEDOLLA BECERRIL 2, VILLAFAÑA RAUDA EDGAR 3 1Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Dpto. de Ciencias Básicas y Matemáticas, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil/2Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo/3Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Los Lagos, Dpto. Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología

10:15-11:45 OIS 3 Constancia Optical Interaction Science Chair: Eric Van Stryland, CREOL, USA Co-Chair: Erwin Marti-Panameño, BUAP, México

10:15-10:45 2285923 OIS3 Invited Keynote LOOKING AT THE MULTI-FREQUENCY RAMAN GENERATED SPECTRA STRICKLAND D.1, TURNER F.C.1, CHATURVEDI M.2, CUI Z.1, TIAN B.1, ACKERT J.1 1University of Waterloo/2IIT Bombay

10:45-11:00

2284509 OIS3 Oral NONLINEARITY ENHANCEMENT IN RUBIDIUM VAPOR WITH VECTORIAL MECHANISMS NIKOLAI KORNEEV Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

11:00-11:15 2284712 OIS3 Oral TWO-PHOTON LASER MICROSCOPY USING NANOPARTICLES OF FLUORENE MONOMERS AS MARKERS APARICIO IXTA L.1, RAMOS ORTIZ G.1, PICHARDO MOLINA J. L. 1, MALDONADO J. L. 1, RODRIGUEZ M.1, ZOLOTUKHIN M. G.2, TELLEZ LOPEZ V. M.3, DANIEL MARTINEZ-FONG 3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/3CINVESTAV

11:15-11:30 2284960 OIS3 Oral CORONA POLING ASSISTED SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION IN NANOSTRUCTURED POLYMETHYLMETACRYLATE FILMS FRANCO A1, TORRES-MENDIETA R2, GARCÍA-MACEDO J.A.1 1Departamento de Estado Sólido, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

11:30-11:45 2286020 OIS3 Oral SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF WATERCOLOR PAPER PHOTODEGRADATION MENDOZA-ALEMAN M.G.1, GONZALEZ-MOTA R.1, SOTO-BERNAL J.J.1, FRAUSTO-REYES C.2, ROSALES-CANDELAS I.1, MORÁN-CHÁVEZ C.M.1 1Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C.

12:00-13:30 OIS 4 Constancia Optical Interaction Science Chair: Donna Strickland, University of Waterloo, Canada Co-Chair: Alexis Mendez, MCH Engineering, USA

12:00-12:30 2284550 OIS4 Invited Keynote EXTREME NONDEGENERATE TWO-PHOTON ABSORPTION VAN STRYLAND E.W., CIRLOGANU C.M., PADILHA L.A., FISHMAN D., WEBSTER University of Central Florida

12:30-12:45 2284340 OIS4 Oral MODEL FOR COHERENCE TRANSFER IN A BACKWARD OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATOR

MONTES C.1, ASCHIERI P.1, PICOZZI A.2 1LPMC-CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, France/2Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France

12:45-13:00 2285947 OIS4 Oral DISCRIMINATING THIN FILM VERSUS SUBSTRATE CONTRIBUTIONS IN Z- SCAN MEASUREMENTS EVANS C.C.1, BARRANCO CRUZ J.D.2, BRADLEY J.D.B.1, GÓMEZ PAVÓN L.C.2, MAZUR E.1, MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E.A.2 1Harvard University/2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

13:00-13:15 2286224 OIS4 Oral NLO-PROPERTIES OF AU- AND AG-NANOPARTICLES DISPERSED IN SILICA SONOGEL FILMS MORALES-SAAVEDRA O.G, TORRES-ZUÑIGA V, RODRIGUEZ-ROSALES A.A, ZANELLA R. CCADET-UNAM

13:15-13:30 2285980 OIS4 Oral SELF-FOCUSING MECHANISM IN NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS WITH SUB- MILLISECOND RESPONSE PORRAS-AGUILAR R, BEECKMAN J, NEYTS K. Ghent University

10:15-11:45 POE 2 Oriental Photonics and Opto-Electronics Chair: Diana Tentori, CICESE, Mexico Co-Chair: Felix Aguilar, INAOE, México

10:15-10:45 2285159 POE2 Invited Keynote ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXCITED STATE MIGRATION ON THE POPULATION GRATINGS AMPLITUDE RECORDED IN THE TRANSIENT TWO WAVE MIXING CONFIGURATION IN ER-DOPED OPTICAL FIBERS HERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ E, MARTÍNEZ-MARTÍNEZ L.O, STEPANOV S. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada

10:45-11:00 2284574 POE2 Oral INVESTIGATION OF REFRACTIVE INDEX DISTRIBUTION IN DIFFERENT PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER ELEMENTS JAROSZEWICZ L.R.1, KUJAWINSKA M.2, STASIEWICZ K.1, MARC P.1

1Military University of Technology/2Warsaw University of Technology

11:00-11:15 2285796 POE2 Oral MEASUREMENT OF GASOLINE ADULTERATION USING OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR DIAZ M. D.M.1, TORRES M. T.M.2, MATTOS V. M.V.2 1Universidad Popular del Cesar/2Grupo LOI Universidad Popular del Cesar

11:15-11:30 2284664 POE2 Oral A SIMPLE THEORETICAL METHOD FOR ERBIUM DOPED PCF RING LASERS DESIGN SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍN J.A.1, ÁLVAREZ J.M.1, REBOLLEDO M.A., ANDRÉS M.V.2, VALLÉS J.A.1, MARTÍN J.C.1, BERDEJO V.1, DÍEZ A.1 1Universidad de Zaragoza/2Universidad de Valencia

11:30-11:45 2284830 POE2 Oral POLARIZED LIGHT PROPAGATION ALONG A HELICAL TRAJECTORY BOLSHAKOV M.V, GUSEVA A.V, KUNDIKOVA N.D, SAMKOVA E.S. Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University

12:00-13:30 POE 3 Oriental Photonics and Opto-Electronics Chair: Leszek R. Jaroszewicz, Military University of Technology, Poland Co-Chair: Yasuhiko Arakawa, The University of Tokyo, Japan.

12:00-12:30 2284528 POE3 Invited Keynote TWIST INDUCED BIREFRINGENCE IN HEXAGONAL PHOTONIC FIBERS TENTORI D1, GARCIA-WEIDNER A1, TORRES-GOMEZ I2 1CICESE/Física Aplicada-Óptica/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

12:30-12:45 2284666 POE3 Oral STUDY OF UPCONVERSION IN PCFS WITH HIGH ERBIUM CONCENTRATION BERDEJO V.1, VALLES J.A.1, REBOLLEDO M.A.1, DIEZ A.2, MARTIN J.C.1, SANCHEZ-MARTIN J.A.1, ALVAREZ J.M.1, ANDRES M.V.1 1Department of Applied Physics - University of Zaragoza/2Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism - University of Valencia

12:45-13:00

2285922 POE3 Oral AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NONLINEAR MODES OF SILICON WAVEGUIDES LOZANO-CRISOSTOMO N.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J.2, VAZQUEZ-GUARDADO A.2, LOPEZ- GALMICHE G.2, FUENTES-FUENTES M.A.2, MAGAÑA-LOAIZA O.S.3, ESCOBEDO-ALATORRE J.2 1The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Óptica y Electrónica/3Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester

13:00-13:15 2285984 POE3 Oral NEW FEATURES OF THE NONLINEAR OPTICAL PULSES ENERGY AMARO DE FARIA A.C, CASTELLANO DE VASCONCELLOS L, OSNY DE TOLEDO A. IEAv

13:15-13:30 2286144 POE3 Oral PLASMON EXCITATION USING A DIELECTRIC SLAB WITH DIFFUSION- TYPE PHOTOREFRACTIVE NONLINEARITY SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.1, CEBALLOS-HERRERA D. E.1, ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D.2, MAGAÑA-LOAISA O. S.3, LOZANO-CRISOSTOMO N.3 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad de Tamaulipas/3Universidad de Rochester

10:15-11:45 VC 1 Violeta 2 Vision and Colour Chair: Jazmín Carranza, INAOE, México Co-Chair: J. Oracio C. Barbosa García, CIO, México.

10:15-10:45 2286013 VC1 Invited Keynote LINKING OPTICS, STRUCTURE AND VISUAL FUNCTION USING QUANTITATIVE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY SUSANA MARCOS Instituto de Óptica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain

10:45-11:00 2284961 VC1 Oral OBJECTIVE PERFORMANCE OF A SET OF UNCORRECTED 20/20 NORMAL EYES: CLINICAL REFERENCE. TEPICHÍN E, LÓPEZ-OLAZAGASTI E, SÁNCHEZ-DE-LA-LLAVE D, CRUZ FÉLIX A. S, RAMÍREZ- ZAVALETA G., IBARRA-GALITZIA J. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

11:00-11:15

2285068 VC1 Oral CALIBRATION OF A MULTISPECTRAL CAMERA SYSTEM USING INTERFERENCE FILTERS NISHI S.N, TOMINAGA S.T. 1Osaka Electro-Communication University/2Chiba University

11:15-11:30 2285145 VC1 Oral REGISTRATION OF SCANNING OPHTHALMOSCOPE IMAGES USING 1-D DEFORMATION FIELDS FAISAN S.1, LARA D.2, PATERSON C.2 1University of Strasbourg, CNRS/2Imperial College London

11:30-11:45 2285166 VC1 Oral WAVELET-MULTIFRACTAL APPLIED TO DETECT GREENING DISEASES BY FLUORESCENCE IMAGING JORGE L.A.C.1, SILVA D.C.P.2, POSADAS A.3, RODA V.O.2, MILORI D.M.B.P.1, PAIVA M.S.V.2 1Embrapa Instrumentation/2University of São Paulo/3CGIAR

12:00-13:30 TO 2 Violeta 2 Theoretical Optics Chair: Sabino Chávez, INAOE, México Co-Chair: Tatiana Alieva, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

12:00-12:30 2283985 TO2 Invited Keynote FINITE OPTICAL HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS WOLF K.B.1, ATAKISHIYEV N.M.2, VICENT L.E.3, KRöTZSCH G.2, RUEDA-PAZ J.4 1Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2UNAM/3CICATA-IPN Unidad Altamira, Instituto Politécnico Nacional/4Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

12:30-12:45 2284612 TO2 Oral MIE SCATTERING OF HIGH NUMERICAL APERTURE FIELDS NICOLE MOORE ,MIGUEL A. ALONSO Department of Physics, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, USA./The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA

12:45-13:00 2284687 TO2 Oral VECTOR-ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING FROM METAL SURFACES USING THE INFINITE-SLOPE KIRCHHOFF APPROXIMATION NEIL C. BRUCE

CCADET. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

13:00-13:15 2284793 TO2 Oral GENERALIZED PHASE SPACE REPRESENTATIONS IN CLASSICAL OPTICS ALONSO M.A.1, PETRUCCELLI J.C.2, CHO S.K.3 1University of Rochester/2Massachusetts Institute of Technology/3University of Rochester

13:15-13:30 2285904 TO2 Oral TRANSVERSE ENERGY FLUX CALCULATION IN OPTICAL VORTICES BY SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION TERBORG R.A, VOLKE-SEPÚLVEDA K. Instituto de Física, UNAM

Wednesday

9:00-10:00 Plenary 3 El Alto Chair: Sergio Vázquez, INAOE, México

2286193 DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF TUMOURS USING LASER TECHNIQUES KATARINA SVANBERG Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, and Lund University Medical Laser Centre Lund University, SPIE President

10:15-11:45 POE 4 Oriental Photonics and Opto-Electronics Chair: Laureano A. Bulus Rossini, CIOp, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina Co-Chair: Miguel Torres-Cisneros, Universidad de Guanajuato, México

10:15-10:45 2285207 POE4 Invited Keynote MODELOCKED ALL-FIBER LASERS BASED ON ADVANCED ACOUSTO- OPTIC MODULATORS BELLO-JIMÉNEZ M.1, CUADRADO-LABORDE C.2, DÍEZ A.1, CRUZ J. L.1, ANDRÉS M. V.1 1Universidad de Valencia/2Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas - CONICET

10:45-11:00 2284347 POE4 Oral

PLANAR AND CHANNEL WAVEGUIDES FABRICATED BY ION IMPLANTATION IN YB:YAG CRYSTALS VÁZQUEZ G.V.1, FLORES-ROMERO E.2, MÁRQUEZ H.3, RICKARDS J.2, TREJO-LUNA R.2, RAMÍREZ D.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Instituto de Física, UNAM/3Departamento de Óptica, CICESE

11:00-11:15 2284627 POE4 Oral ALUMINOSILICATE GLASSES DOPED WITH TB3+, CE3+, SM3+ FOR WHITE LIGHT GENERATION BERNESCHI S.1, BRENCI M.2, RIGHINI G.C.2, BETTINELLI M.3, SPEGHINI A.4, CALDINO U5, FERRARI M.6, CHIASERA A.6 1IFAC CNR & Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Italy/2IFAC CNR/3IFAC CNR, Università di Verona & INSTM Verona, Italy/4Università di Verona & INSTM Verona, Italy/5Departamento de Fisica, UAM - Iztapalapa, Mexico/6IFN CNR, Trento

11:15-11:30 2285026 POE4 Oral DUAL WAVELENGTH TITANIUM:SAPPHIRE LASER ZAPATA-NAVA O.J, TREVINO-PALACIOS C.G. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

11:30-11:45 2285083 POE4 Oral THEORY AND SIMULATION OF A TWO COUPLED-CAVITIES FIBER LASER PAULUCCI E.1, RUSSO N.A.1, SICRE E.E.2, DUCHOWICZ R.1 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CCT CONICET La Plata - CIC)/2Intec, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa

12:00-13:30 POE 5 Oriental Photonics and Opto-Electronics Chair: Miguel V. Andres, Department of Applied Physics - University of Valencia, Spain Co-Chair: Verónica Vázquez, CIO, México

12:00-12:30 2284955 POE5 Invited Keynote COMPRESSION AND EQUALIZATION OF ARBITRARY FORM PULSES FOR OPTICAL FIBER APPLICATIONS BULUS-ROSSINI L. A.1, COSTANZO-CASO P. A.1, DUCHOWICZ R.1, SICRE E. E.2 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CIO) and Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (BA), Argentina/2Instituto de Tecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa, Buenos Aires, Argentina

12:30-12:45 2284510 POE5 Oral

ERBIUM-DOPED PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER CHAOTIC LASER: STUDY FOR SECURE COMMUNICATIONS MARTIN J.C.1, USED J2, SANCHEZ-MARTIN J.A.1, BERDEJO V1, VALLÉS J.A.1, ALVAREZ J.M.1, REBOLLEDO M.A.1 1University of Zaragoza/2University Rey Juan Carlos

12:45-13:00 2284867 POE5 Oral PHOTONIC SECOND-ORDER DUTY-CYLE MODULATOR COSTANZO-CASO P. A.1, JIN Y.2, GRANIERI S.2, SIAHMAKOUN A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CIOp) and Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (BA), Argentina/2Physics and Optical Engineering Department, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute (IN), United States

13:00-13:15 2285528 POE5 Oral IMPROVEMENTS AMPLIFICATION PARAMETERS FOR RADIO OVER FIBER WILLIAM PUCHE W.P1, FERNEY AMAYA F.A1, GERMAN MONTOYA G.M2, JAVIER SIERRA J.S1 1Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana/2Universidad de los Andes

13:15-13:30 2285952 POE5 Oral DESIGN OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC CRYSTALS BY PLANE WAVE EXPANSION METHOD LÓPEZ-AVILÉS H.E.1, GÓMEZ-SARABIA C.M.1, TORRES-CISNEROS M.1, ALEJO-MOLINA A.2, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.2 1DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato/2Lab. de Fotónica y Física Óptica, INAOE

10:15-11:45 FDI 5 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation Chair: Carlos Gómez-Reino, Grupo de Microoptica y Optica (GRIN), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain Co-Chair: Yukitoshi Otani, CORE-Utsunomiya University, Japan

10:15-10:45 2285818 FDI5 Invited Keynote DEVELOPING THE REFRACTIVE LIGHT BEAM SHAPERS AS LOW-LOSS APODIZATION SYSTEMS SUPPRESSING SIDE-LOBES IN THE FOURIER TRANSFORM OPTICAL SYSTEMS LASKIN ALEXANDER1, SHCHERBAKOV ALEXANDRE2 1AdlOptica GmbH/2National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics & Electronics

10:45-11:00 2284908 FDI5 Oral

NON-PERPENDICULAR INCIDENCE ON TRANSMISSIVE LCDSLM: INFLUENCE IN THE MODULATION PREDICTION VARGAS A.1, FIGUEROA H.1, MORENO I.2 1Universidad de La Frontera/2Universidad Miguel Hernández

11:00-11:15 2285250 FDI5 Oral IN VACUUM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE MUX CAMERA FOR THE CBERS 3&4 SATELLITES SCADUTO L.C.N, MALAVOLTA A.T, VALES L.F, MODUGNO R.G, CARVALHO E.G, STEFANI M.A., CASTRO NETO J.C. Opto Eletrônica S.A.

11:15-11:30 2286115 FDI5 Oral MICROREFLECTANCE DIFFERENCE SPECTROSCOPY LASTRAS-MARTÍNEZ L.F., ZAMUDIO-DEL POZO O., HERRERA-JASSO R., ULLOA-CASTILLO N.A., CASTRO-GARCÍA R., BALDERAS-NAVARRO R.E., LASTRAS-MARTÍNEZ A. Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí

11:30-11:45 2286120 FDI5 Oral STUDY OF THE FOCUSING OPTICS IN A CZERNY-TURNER SPECTROGRAPH SÁNCHEZ E.R, COELLO R.R, BALDWIN G. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

12:00-13:30 FDI 6 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation Chair: Asticio Vargas, Universidad de la Frontera, Chile Co-Chair: Duncan T. Moore, University of Rochester, USA

12:00-12:30 2285772 FDI6 Invited Keynote FULL AND PARTIAL MUELLER MATRIX POLARIMETER BY DOUBLE PHOTO-ELASTIC MODULATORS OTANI Y.O., ISHIDA S.I. CORE, Utsunomiya University

12:30-12:45 2284674 FDI6 Oral POLARIMETRY-BASED FAR-FIELD METHOD FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL MICROSCOPY RODRIGUEZ O.1, LARA D.2, DAINTY C.1

1National University of Ireland, Galway/2Imperial College London

12:45-13:00 2284689 FDI6 Oral STOKES POLARIMETRY USING LIQUID-CRYSTAL VARIABLE RETARDERS AND NON-LINEAR VOLTAJE-RETARDANCE FUNCTION VELÁZQUEZ OLIVERA C.A.1, LÓPEZ TELLEZ J.M.1, BRUCE N.C.1 1CCADET, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

13:00-13:15 2285117 FDI6 Oral HIGH RESOLUTION CONFOCAL POLARIMETER FOR THE LIVING HUMAN RETINA LARA D., PATERSON C. Imperial College London

13:15-13:30 2285951 FDI6 Oral MULTIPLEXED OPTICAL DATA STORAGE AND HIGH NA POLARIMETRY MACÍAS-ROMERO C., FOREMAN M.R., TöRöK P. Imperial College of London

OIS 5 Constancia Optical Interaction Science Chair: Min Gu, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Co-Chair: Alejandro Crespo-Sosa, IF-UNAM, México

10:15-10:45 2285106 OIS5 Invited Keynote INTEGRATED OPTOFLUIDIC CHIP FOR TRAPPING AND STRETCHING OF SINGLE CELLS BELLINI N.1, VISHNUBHATLA K.C.2, OSELLAME R.3, RAMPONI R.1, BRAGHERI F.4, FERRARL.4,MINZIONI P.4, CRISTIANI I.4 1Department of Physics - Politecnico di Milano/2Center for Nano Science and Technology (CNST) - IIT @ PoliMI/3Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology (IFN) - CNR, Milano/4Department of Electronics and CNISM - University of Pavia

10:45-11:00 2284670 OIS5 Oral LEVITATION OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES ON AN EVANESCENT OPTICAL WAVE KHAKIMOV R., SHEVCHENKO A., HAVUKAINEN A., LINDFORS K., KAIVOLA M. Alto University

11:00-11:15

2285837 OIS5 Oral OPTICAL PROPULSION OF CELL IN MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES LILGE L.1, CHARRON L.2 1University of Toronto and University Health Network/2University of Toronto

11:15-11:30 2285873 OIS5 Oral STOCHASTIC OPTIMIZATION TO PATTERN NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL FORCES FOR MICROMANIPULATION RUIZ-CORTÉS V.1, MACIAS D.2 1Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada/2Université de Technologie de Troyes

11:30-11:45 2285994 OIS5 Oral VELOCITY SELECTIVE POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY OF THE D2 HYPERFINE TRANSITIONS IN ATOMIC RUBIDIUM FLORES-MIJANGOS J1, HERNANDEZ Y HERNANDEZ A1, MENDEZ-MARTINEZ E2, RAMIREZ- MARTINEZ F1, JIMENEZ-MIER J1 1Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM/2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

10:15-11:45 OE 5 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Andrew J. Moore, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom Co-Chair: Guillermo García Torrales, U. de G., México

10:15-10:45 2285416 OE5 Invited Keynote DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO OVERCOME EXISTING LIMITS IN OPTICAL MICRO AND NANO METROLOGY WOLFGANG OSTEN Universität Stuttgart Institut für Technische Optik, Germany

10:45-11:00 2284380 OE5 Oral INTERFEROMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF JOINT OPTICAL TABLES CORZO-GARCIA S.C., MEDINA-LOPEZ R.J., ANDERSON S., CARRILES R., RUIZ-MARQUEZ A., CASTRO-CAMUS E. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

11:00-11:15 2284381 OE5 Oral HOLOGRAPHIC OTOSCOPE FOR NANO-DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS OF SURFACES UNDER DYNAMIC EXCITATION

FLORES-MORENO J.M.1, FURLONG C.2, ROSOWSKI J.J.3, DOBREV I.2, HARRINGTON E.2, CHENGJ. T.3, MENDOZA SANTOYO F.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica/2Worcester Polytechnic Institute/3Harvard Medical School

11:15-11:30 2284405 OE5 Oral METAL NANOSTRUCTURES FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE RAMAN RESPONSE OF MOLECULAR ADSORBATES GIAMMANCO F.1, MARGHERI G. 2, TRIGARI S.2, MUNIZ-MIRANDA M.3 1University of Pisa/2ISC CNR/3University of Firenze

11:30-11:45 2285235 OE5 Oral X-RAY PHASE NANOTOMOGRAPHY THROUGH PTYCHOGRAPHIC COHERENT LENSLESS IMAGING GUIZAR-SICAIROS M., DIAZ A., MENZEL A., BUNK O. Paul Scherrer Institut

12:00-13:30 OE 6 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Wolfgang Osten, Universität Stuttgart Institut Für Technische Optik, Germany Co-Chair: Javier Cruz-Mandujano, Universidad Michoacana, México

12:00-12:30 2284772 OE6 Invited Keynote SUBSAMPLING TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE THE DECODED OUTPUT OF JTC ENCRYPTING SYSTEM BARRERA J.F.1, RUEDA E.A.1, RÍOS C.A.1, TEBALDI M.2, BOLOGNINI N.2, TORROBA R.2 1Grupo de Óptica y Fotónica, Instituto de Física, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia. 2Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata-CIC), UID OPTIMO - Facultad de Ingeniería and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, P.O. Box 3 C.P 1897, La Plata, Argentina.

12:30-12:45 2285135 OE6 Oral IMAGE SEGMENTATION BY THE USE OF A HYBRID-TECHNIQUE: OPTICAL AND DIGITAL METHODS AGUAYO J.P.1, FLORES J.L.1, FERRARI J.A.2, GARCÍA-TORALES G.1 1Universidad de Guadalajara/2Universidad de la República

12:45-13:00 2285196 OE6 Oral OPTICAL GRANULOMETRIES BY DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING ANIBAL MONTENEGRO

Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

13:00-13:15 2285768 OE6 Oral QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ON KEY ESTIMATION BY KNOWN-PLAINTEXT ATTACKS TO DRPE KAZUYA NAKANO K.N.1, HIROYUKI SUZUKI H.S.2, MASAHIRO YAMAGUCHI M.Y.1, TAKASHI OBI T.O.3, NAGAAKI OHYAMA N.O.2 1Global Scientific Information and Computing Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology/2Imaging Science and Engineering Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology/3Global Scientific Information and Computing Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology/4Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

13:15-13:30 2285819 OE6 Oral IMAGE ENCRYPTION BASED ON CONVOLUTION OPERATION IN THE GYRATOR TRANSFORM DOMAIN SANDRA DAZA S.D.1, LORENZO MATTOS V L.M.2, CÉSAR TORRES M. C.T.2 1Universidad Popular del Cesar/2Grupo LOI Universidad Popular del Cesar

10:15-11:45 BMO 2 Violeta 2 Bio-Medical Optics Chair: Daniela Iriarte, UNCPBA-CONICET, Argentina Co-Chair: Gonzalo Paez Padilla, CIO, México

10:15-10:45 2285932 BMO2 Invited Keynote ULTRAFAST-LASER INTERACTIONS WITH VIABLE-CELL 3D HYDROGEL TISSUE MODELS QIAN Z.1, MORDOVANAKIS A.G.1, FENG Y.1, COVARRUBIAS A.1, LILGE L.2, MARJORIBANKS R.S.1 1Department of Physics, University of Toronto/2Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto

10:45-11:00 2284704 BMO2 Oral CROSS-TALK ANALYSIS IN ARTERIAL HEMOGLOBIN OXYGEN SATURATION MEASUREMENTS VAZQUEZ-JACCAUD C., PAEZ G., STROJNIK M. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

11:00-11:15 2285259 BMO2 Oral PERFORMANCE OF A NEW DEFORMABLE MIRROR FOR IN-VIVO RETINAL IMAGING

BALDERAS-MATA S.E, ZAWADZKI R.J, WERNER J.S. VSRI UC Davis Eye Center, University of California Davis

11:15:11:30 2284758 BMO2 Oral DETERMINATION OF COAGULATION TIME OF HUMAN BLOOD BY BIOSPECKLE TECHNIQUE PATIÑO-VELASCO M.M.1, VÁSQUEZ-LOPEZ J.A.2, ANDRADE-ERAZO C.A.1, RABAL H.J.3, ARIZAGA R.A.3, TRIVI M.3 1 Grupo de Optica y Laser. Departamento de Física, Universidad del Cauca. Carrera 5#4-70. Popayan, Colombia/2 Docente Asociado Departamento Morfologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán Colombia/3Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata - CIC) and UID Optimo, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 3, 1897 Gonnet- La Plata, Argentina

11:30-11:45 2286052 BMO2 Oral AUTOFOCUSING IN MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY VALDIVIEZO N. J.C.1, NAVA R.2, REDONDO R.3, BUENO G.4, CRISTÓBAL G.3, DENIZ O.4, GARCIA M.5, ESCALANTE-RAMÍREZ B.2 1INAOE/2Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/3Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés" (CSIC)/4Visilab, Univ. Castilla la Mancha/5Hospital General de Ciudad Real

12:00-13:30 BMO 3 Violeta 2 Bio-Medical Optics Chair: Sune Svanberg, Lund University, Sweden Co-Chair: Ramón Carriles-Jaimes, CIO, Mexico

12:00-12:30 2284840 BMO3 Invited Keynote NANOPROBES FOR BIOLOGICAL SENSING BARUCCI A.1, BERNESCHI S.2, COSI F.1, PELLI S.1, RIGHINI G.C.1, SORIA S.1 1IFAC CNR/2IFAC CNR & Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi

12:30-12:45 2285162 BMO3 Oral CYSTEINE OPTICAL SENSOR BASED ON VANADIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES BEZERRA-JR A.G.1, OLIVEIRA V.S.1, CELESTINO-SANTOS W.2, CEZAR A.B.2, MATTOSO N.2, SCHREINER W.H.2 1Federal University of Technology, Parana/2Universidade Federal do Paraná

12:45-13:00 2284870 BMO3 Oral WHOLE FIELD REFLECTANCE OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY

CARBONE N.A.1, GARCÍA H.A.1, DI ROCCO H.O.2, IRIARTE D.I.2, POMARICO J.A.2, RANEA SANDOVAL H.F.2 1UNCPBA - Tandil – Argentina/2UNCPBA and CONICET- Tandil - Argentina

13:00-13:15 2285551 BMO3 Oral IMMUNOSENSOR BASED ON SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE FOR DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODIES TO THE EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS KOSTYUKEVYCH K.V.1, KOSTYUKEVYCH S.A. 1, KHRISTOSENKO R.V.1, NESTEROVA N.V. 2, ZAGORODNYAYA S.D. 2, BARANOVA G.V. 2, GOLOVAN A.V. 2 1Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 41, prospect Nauki, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine/ 2Institute of Microbiology and Virusology, NAS of Ukraine, 154, Akademika Zabolotnogo str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine

13:15-13:30 2285839 BMO3 Oral PHOTOACOUSTIC IMAGING SYSTEM BRAVO-MIRANDA C.A.1, MOOCK V.2, QUISPE-SICCHA R.M.2, GRACÍA-SEGUNDO C2, ESPINOZA- LUNA R.3, GUTIÉRREZ-JUÁREZ G.1 1División de Ciencias e Ingenierías-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato/2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico-UNAM/3Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./4División de Ciencias e Ingenierías-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato

12:00-13:30 NO Constancia Nanotechnology and Optics Chair: Yasuhiko Arakawa, The University of Tokyo, Japan Co-Chair: Nikolai Korneev, INAOE, Mexico

12:00-12:30 2286195 NO Invited Keynote NONLINEAR OPTICS AT THE NANOSCALE ERIC MAZUR Area Dean of Applied Physics Balkanski Professor of Physics and Applied Physics Harvard University

12:30-12:45 2285857 NO Oral OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL SILICON NANOSTRUCTURES ARZATE N.1, VAZQUEZ-NAVA R.A.1, CABELLOS J.L.1, CARRILES R.1, CASTRO-CAMUS E.1, FIGUEROA-DELGADILLO M.E.2, MENDOZA B.S.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Unidad Académica de Física, Universidad de Zacatecas

12:45-13:00 2285919 NO Oral ANALISYS AND FABRICATION OF A MICRO MAGNETIC SENSOR (MOEMS)

TORRES-CISNEROS M.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D:A:2, LIKAMWA P.3, HERRERA-MAY A.L.4, AGUILERA- CORTÉS L.A.1, IBARRA-MANZANO O.G.1, PLASCENCIA-MORA H.1 1DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato/2Reynosa Rhode, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas/3CREOL, University of Central Florida/4MICRONA, Universidad de Veracruz

13:00-13:15 2286212 NO Oral LASER SPECTROSCOPIC AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN BIO AND NANO- TECHNOLOGY YAHIA BADR National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University

13:15-13:30 2286217 NO Oral DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TOWARDS THE DETERMINISTIC COUPLING OF A SINGLE QD TO A PHOTONIC CRYSTAL CAVITY MODE I.PRIETO1, J.HERRANZ1, Y.GONZÁLEZ1, P.A.POSTIGO1*, B.ALÉN1, L.GONZÁLEZ1, J.MARTÍN‐SÁNCHEZ1, L.J.MARTÍNEZ1, M.KALDIRIM1, D. FUSTER2, J.CANET‐FERRER2, G.MUÑOZ‐MATUTANO2, AND J.MARTÍNEZ‐PASTOR2 1 IMM-Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid (CNM-CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, PTM, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain/2 UMDO (Unidad Asociada al CSIC-IMM), Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad de Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 4607 Valencia, Spain

15:00-16:00 Plenary 4 El Alto Chair: Marcelo Trivi, CIOp, Argentina

2284356 OPTICAL DESIGN OF SYSTEMS WITH OFF-AXIS SPHERICAL MIRRORS DANIEL MALACARA-HERNANDEZ Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., México

16:00-18:00 Poster Session 2 La Luz

Chair & Jury: Hector Rabal, CIOp, CONICYT, La Plata-CIC, Argentina Co-chairs: Diana Tentori, CICESE, Mexico J. Oracio C. Barbosa García CIO, México Miguel Torres- Cisneros, Universidad de Guanajuato, México Carlos Treviño, INAOE, México Roberto Ortega,CCADET-UNAM, México POE

Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284141 EMERGENCE AND DEGRADATION OF SQUEEZING IN RESONANCE FLUORESCENCE CASTRO-BELTRAN H.M. 1, HERRERA-GARZA J.R.2, HORVATH L.3 1Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos 2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/3Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Macquarie University

2284568 COMMUTATION BETWEEN BRIGHT AND DARK SPATIAL OPTICAL SOLITONS RODRÍGUEZ-ROSALES A.A, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R, ORDOÑEZ-FLORES E, KOLOKOLTSEV O. Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico-UNAM

2284804 ALTERNATIVE ANALISYS OF PERTURBATION THEORY MARTINEZ-CARRANZA J, SOTO-EGUILAR F, MOYA-CESSA H.M. INAOE

2285115 LOW-COST AND BIO-COMPATIBLE LONG-PERIOD FIBER GRATINGS SOTO-OLMOS J.1, OROPEZA-RAMOS L.1, HERNÁNDEZ-CORDERO J.2 1Facultad de Ingeniería, UNAM/2Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, UNAM

2285179 LIQUIDS ANALYSIS USING BACK REFLECTION SINGLE-MODE FIBER SENSORS SALAZAR-HARO V.H, MÁRQUEZ-CRUZ V.A, HERNÁNDEZ-CORDERO J. Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, UNAM

2285277 HIGH-POWER TUNABLE ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER LASER BASED ON MMI EFFECT DE LOS REYES-CRUZ H, ARROYO-RIVERA E.S, CASTILLO-GUZMAN A.A, SELVAS-AGUILAR R.1 Physical and Mathematical Science Research Center FCFM-UANL

2285288 HIGHER-ORDER DISPERSION TERMS OF A PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER WITH HEXAGONAL HOLES MARQUEZ Y, TORRES-GOMEZ I, ARZATE N, MARTINEZ-RIOS A, RAMOS-ORTIZ G. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C.

2285471 STUDY OF PHOTOSENSITIVITY IN OPTICAL FIBERS WITH LOW CONTENT OF GERMANIUM SANTIAGO-NUÑEZ I.1, SHLYAGIN M.G. 1, MARTÍNEZ-MANUEL R.2, KUKUSHKIN S.A. 3 1Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C./2Centre for Optical Communications and Sensors Centre for Optical Communications and Sensors, University of Johannesburg, South Africa/3Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

2285538 NOON STATES IN ENTANGLED CAVITIES

RODRÍGUEZ MÉNDEZ D, MOYA CESSA H.M. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

2285852 PHASE POPULATION GRATINGS RECORDED IN YTTERBIUM DOPED FIBER AT 1064NM PLATA M.A, STEPANOV S.S. CICESE

2285864 ANALYSIS OF A MULTIPOINT SENSOR BASED ON TWO FABRY- PEROT CAVITIES EMPLOYING FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS MENDEZ-ZEPEDA O, MUÑOZ-AGUIRRE S, BELTRAN-PEREZ G, CASTILLO-MIXCOATL J. Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

2285914 NONLINEAR PULSE PROPAGATION INSIDE COUPLED SILICON NANOWIRES LOZANO-CRISOSTOMO N, AGRAWAL G.P, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J. 1The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Óptica y Electrónica

2286051 TUNABLE DUAL WAVELENGTH FIBER LASER USING MULTIMODE INTERFERENCE FILTERS ANTONIO-LOPEZ J.E, ARREDONDO-LUCIO J.A, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J, LIKAMWA P, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A. 1National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics/2Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas/3CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics

2286081 PULSE TRAIN PROPAGATION THROUGHOUT A BIMODAL OPTICAL FIBER. PARADA-ALFONSO R.1, LUIS-RAMOS A.2, GÓMEZ-PAVÓN L.C.2 MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E.2, VYSLOUKH V.3 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional/2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/3Universidad de las Américas Puebla

2286125 NON-CLASSICAL LIGHT SOURCES IN OPTICAL FIBERS GARAY-PALMETT K.1, CORONA M.2, RANGEL-ROJO R.2, U´REN A.B.1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California

2286147 ENTANGLED QUANTUM DOTS INTERACTING WITH THEIR OWN MICRO CAVITY CLASSICAL FIELD GARCÍA-MELGAREJO J.C.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.1, SÁNCHEZ-SÁNCHEZ S.1, MAY- ARRIOJA D.A.2, BASURTO-PENSADO M.A.3, RUIZ-PÉREZ V.I.1 1INAOE/2Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas/3CIICAp, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

2286156 SEMICLASSICAL RESONANCE FLUORESCENCE OF A QUANTUM DOT COUPLED TO ANOTHER ONE IN A BATH GARCIA-MELGAREJO J.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.1, SANCHEZ-SANCHEZ S.1, VAZQUEZ- GUARDADO A.1, MAGAÑA-LOAISA O. S.2, BASURTO-PENSADO M.3

1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad de Rochester/3CIICAP, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

2284703 STUDY OF ACTIVELY Q-SWITCH ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER LASER IN SYMMETRIC CONFIGURATION YU. O. BARMENKOV. 1 , S.A. KOLPAKOV. 2,A.D. GUZMÁN-CHÁVEZ. 3 A V KIR’YANOV1, M. V. ANDRES2, A. DIEZ2, J. L. CRUZ2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Loma del Bosque 115, c. p. 37150, Leon, Gto., Mexico/2Departamento de Óptica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain/3Departamento de Física Aplicada - ICMUV, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain

2284657 ESTIMATION OF FIBER PARAMETERS BY USING OFRR NONLINEAR DYNAMICS IMAI Y, YAMAUCHI S, YOKOTA H. Ibaraki University

FDI La Luz Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation

2283804 MEASURING RADII OF CURVATURE USING A CALIBRATED LATERAL SHEARING INTERFEROMETER ALBERTO JARAMILLO NUÑEZ INAOE

2284467 OPTICAL PRESSURE SENSOR BASED ON LIQUID LENSES AND THE POINT DIFFRACTION INTERFEROMETER GARCIA-ARELLANO A.1, GÓMEZ M.2, ACOSTA E.2 1National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics/2Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.

2284779 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENCE-BASED IR TO VISIBLE CONVERTER ALFARO M, PAEZ G, STROJNIK M. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

2284886 DYNAMIC MOIRÉ PATTERNS AND MICHELSON FRINGE PATTERNS FOR PROFILOMETRY: A RESULTS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. DE OLIVEIRA M.E, DE OLIVEIRA G.N, DOS SANTOS P.A.M. Universidade Federal Fluminense

2284985 FEEDBACK SCHEME BASED ON FUZZY CONTROL FOR SHEAR FORCE CONTROL ESCAMILLA D.1, SILLER H.1, COELLO V.2, CORTÉS R.2 1ITESM, Campus Monterrey/2CICESE, Unidad Monterrey

2284993 DIFFRACTION EFFICIENCIES PROFILE BY THICKNESS AND SPATIAL FREQUENCY VARIATION

FONTANILLA-URDANETA R.C, OLIVARES-PÉREZ A, FUENTES-TAPIA I, RÍOS-VELASCO M.A. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

2285046 INTEGRATION OF A FLUOROMETER AND A SPECTROPHOTOMETER TO MEASURED LUMINESCENCE OF MATERIAL DOPED WITH RARE EARTH RAMIREZ-DUVERGER ALDO S, GARCÍA-LLAMAS RAÚL, ACEVES R, PITERS T.M. UNIVERSIDAD DE SONORA

2285212 CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT TO MEASURE POSITION OF PARTICLES IN 3D WITH A HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION MARTINEZ A.M.G, GUERRERO J.A.G, MORENO D.M.H Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica.

2285224 CONCENTRATION LIMIT FOR MONO-DISPERSE COLLOIDS OBSERVABLE WITH NUMERICAL DIHM RESTREPO J, GARCIA-SUCERQUIA J Universidad Nacional de Colombia

2285313 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OPTICAL SYSTEM IN AN ADVANCED PROTOTYPE OF A NEW ACOUSTO-OPTICAL SPECTROMETER FOR MEXICAN LARGE MILLIMETER TELESCOPE ALEXANDRE S. SHCHERBAKOV 1, DANIEL SANCHEZ LUCERO 1, ALEXANDER LASKIN 2 1National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics/2AdlOptica GmbH

2285364 ACCURATE GENERATION OF STRUCTURED LIGHT FIELDS BY MEANS OF SYNTHETIC PHASE HOLOGRAMS CARRADA R, ARRIZÓN V. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

2285645 CHARACTERIZATION OF HALOGEN LAMPS AS SECONDARY STANDARD OF LUMINOUS FLUX MARQUES A.A.R, SANCHEZ JR. O, FERREIRA JR. A.F.G. IPT - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo

2285741 SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY SENSITIVE OUT-OF-PLANE BASED IN A COMMON-PATH INTERFEROMETER BARCELATA PINZON A, MENESES FABIAN C, PASTRANA SANCHEZ R, ROBLEDO SANCHEZ C, RODRIGUEZ ZURITA G. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

2285830 NEW NULL-SCREEN DESIGN FOR CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY CAMPOS-GARCÍA M, ESTRADA-MOLINA A, DÍAZ-URIBE R. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico

2285860 VARIABLE MAGNIFICATION NUMERICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF DIGITALLY RECORDED HOLOGRAMS RESTREPO J, GARCIA-SUCERQUIA J. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín

2285881 PHASE-SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY BY THE MODULATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD MODULE RIVERA-ORTEGA U, MENESES-FABIAN C, RODRIGUEZ-ZURITA G. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas

2285892 CHARACTERIZATION OF BIREFRINGENCE IN THE CORE OF OPTICAL FIBERS WITH INDUCED DISORDER PUENTE N.P.1, CHAIKINA E. I.2, HERATH S.3, YAMILOV A.3 1UANL/2CICESE/3Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science & Technology

2285995 CURVATURE MONITORING OF A TELESCOPE SPHERICAL MIRROR DURING ITS MANUFACTURE BALDWIN G.E.1, ROMERO S.M.1, GONZALES F.A.1, CORDOVA D.N.2 1Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú/2Radio Observatorio de Jicamarca

2286063 TESTING A CONVERGENT OPTICS SYSTEM OFF-AXIS USING A RONCHI RULE ON A NODAL BENCH GRANADOS-AGUSTIN F.S.1, ESCOBAR-ROMERO J.F.M.1, PERCINO-ZACARIAS M.E.1, CAMPOS- GARCIA M.2 1INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ASTROFISICA, OPTICA Y ELECTRONICA/2CENTRO DE CIENCIAS APLICADAS Y DESARROLLO TECNOLOGICO - UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO

2286187 HIGH TOPOGRAPHICAL ACCURACY BY OPTICAL NOISE REDUCTION IN DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPY LEÓN M, RODRÍGUEZ-VERA R., RAYAS J.A., CALIXTO S. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

2286216 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE AUTOMATED SCATTEROMETER FOR PARTICLE SIZING PÉREZ-MORET Y.1, MARTÍNEZ J.A.1, HERNÁNDEZ M.P.1, ABAD J.O.1, SIS R.1, LO GIOUDICE E.1, YEE-MADEIRA H.2, DÍAZ-GÓNGORA J.A.3 1Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (IMRE), Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba, 10400.Phone: 537-8707666/2Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas-IPN, UP 'ALM', Colonia Lindavista 07738, México/3Centro de Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología de Avanzada (CICATA), IPN. Legaria 694. Colonia Irrigación México, D.F. 11500, México

OIS Optical Interaction Science La Luz

2283999 GAUSS-LEGENDRE QUADRATURE METHOD USED TO EVALUATE THE ELECTRIC FIELD ENVELOPE OF ULTRASHORT PULSES IN THE FOCAL REGION OF LENSES GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ L, ROSETE-AGUILAR M, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCADET

2284104 SPECTRAL-PHASE-INFLUENCE-MATRIX TO SHAPE FEMTOSECOND PULSES CASTRO-OLVERA G.1, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R.1, GARCÍA-ROCHA M.2, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J.1 1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 2Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional

2284635 ENTANGLEMENT AND OPTIMIZED INTERFEROMETRIC PHASE MEASUREMENT HE Q, REID M.D, DRUMMOND P.D. Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology

2284773 SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS AND NANO-PARTICLES ARRAYS SEGOVIA OLVERA P1, COELLO CÁRDENAS V.M.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/2CICESE, Unidad Monterrey

2284888 FEMTO-, PICO-, AND NANO-SECOND REFRACTIVE NONLINEARITIES EXHIBITED BY AU NANOPARTICLES TORRES-TORRES C.1, TAMAYO-RIVERA L.2, RANGEL-ROJO R.3, REYES-ESQUEDA J.A.2, CHEANG-WONG J.C.2, RODRÍGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ L.2, CRESPO-SOSA A.2, OLIVER A.2 1Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F. 07738, México/2Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D. F. 04510, México/3Departamento de Óptica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Apartado Postal 2732, Ensenada, BC 22860, México

2284951 THERMOCAVITATION AS A TOOL FOR STRATUM CORNEUM PERMEATION PADILLA-MARTINEZ J.P.1, RAMIREZ-SAN-JUAN J.C.1, RAMOS-GARCIA R.1, FENG SUN 2, AGUILAR G.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2University of California Riverside

2285050 GAUSSIAN BEAM PROPAGATING IN A NONLINEAR MEDIUM USING PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION.. BARRANCO J.D, MARTI E.J.A. BUAP/FCFM

2285172 SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF SENSITIZERS ON THE UPCONVERSION OF ZRO2 : ER3+, YB3+ NANOCRYSTALS URBINA A.1, DE LA ROSA E.1, LÓPEZ T.1, SALAS P.2, TORRES A.3, ANGELES C.4 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C./2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/3Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/4Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo

2285183 TWO PRISMS TRANSMISSION ENHANCED BY WHISPERING GALLERY MODES: ABSORPTION EFFECTS NÁPOLES-DUARTE J. M, GASPAR-ARMENTA J. A, GARCÍA-LLAMAS R. Universidad de Sonora

2285191 AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY PROPERTIES OF A FOUR-PHONON BRAGG ANOMALOUS LIGHT SCATTERING IN A UNIAXIAL CRYSTAL WITH SPATIAL OPTICAL DISPERSION SHCHERBAKOV A.S.1, SANCHEZ PEREZ K.J1, NEMOV S.A2 1INAOE/2State Polytechnic University

2285201 NONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSE OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND SILICON QUANTUM DOTS TAMAYO-RIVERA L, FERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ R.C, BORNACELLI J, RODRÍGUEZ- FERNÁNDEZ L, REYES-ESQUEDA J.A, OLIVER A. Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

2285249 NOVEL PROPERTIES OF SOLITON-PLASMON INTERACTIONS CEBALLOS-HERRERA D.E.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.1, ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D.2, FERRANDO A.3, MILIÁN C.4 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad de Tamaulipas 3Universidad de Valencia/4Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

2285724 ASSIGNING AN EFFECTIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX FOR DIFFUSE LIGHT IN TURBID COLLOIDS CONTRERAS-TELLO H, GARCÍA-VALENZUELA A. CCADET-UNAM

2285742 A PARTICLE-LIKE MODEL FOR SOLITON PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL LATTICES RUELAS A, LÓPEZ-AGUAYO S, GUTIÉRREZ-VEGA J.C. Tecnológico de Monterrey

2285814 INVESTIGATIONS OF UPCONVERSION IN RARE-EARTH DOPED OPTICAL FIBERS MEJIA E.B.1, TALAVERA D.V.2, DE LA CRUZ-MAY L.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Universidad Politécnica de Guanajuato/3Universidad Autónoma del Carmen

2285850 SPIN SELF-REPHASING AND LONG COHERENCE TIMES IN TRAPPED ATOMIC GASES F. RAMÍREZ-MARTÍNEZ1, C. DEUTSCH3, C. LACROUTE2, F. REINHARD3, T. SCHNEIDER3, J. N. FUCHS4, F. PIÉCHON4, F. LALOE3, G. KLEINE BUNING5, J. WILL5, W. ERTMER5, E. RASEL5, J. ARLT6, C. KLEMPT5, J. REICHEL3 AND P. ROSENBUSCH2 1Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria. Delg. Coyoacán. C.P. 04510, México D.F., México/2LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, UPMC, CNRS, 61 av de l‘Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France/3Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, UPMC, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris,

France/4Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Univ. Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France/5Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany/ 6QUANTOP, Danish National Research Foundation Center for Quantum Optics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus

2285944 PROPERTIES OF THE NEAR FIELD INTERACTIONS PRODUCED BY SPHERICAL NANOPARTICLES AGUILAR J.F.1, SOLER D.2, GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ H.G.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Puebla

2286005 ANALYSIS OF THE MODAL STRUCTURE IN SILICA NANOWIRES LUIS-RAMOS A1, GÓMEZ-PAVÓN L.C.1, FÉLIX-BELTRÁN O1, CESSA-GIL H. N. 1, MARTÍ- PANAMEÑO E1, PARADA-ALFONSO R2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/2Instituto Politécnico Nacional

2286042 COLLISION OF TWO SPATIAL SOLITONS IN A KERR MEDIA RAMÍREZ MARTÍNEZ D.1, MÉNDEZ OTERO M.M.1, ITURBE CASTILLO M.D.2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

2286089 OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR MANIPULATE MESOSCOPIC OBJECTS ON FLOW MELO C.A, SOLARTE E. Grupo de Óptica Cuántica, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Valle, Cali-Colombia

2286094 INTERFEROMETRIC STRAIN SENSOR WITH CARBON NANOTUBES REYES E.F.1, BASILIO. C.M.1, BONILLA S.M.2, GUTIÉRREZ H.M.1, TORRES C.T.1, GÓMEZ L.H.1, CALDERÓN G.U.1 1Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2Centro de NanoCiencia y MicroNanotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional

2286140 LUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF Y2O3:EU3+,TB3+ SOL-GEL DERIVED THIN FILMS MORALES RAMÍREZ A. DE J. , GARCÍA MURILLO A., CARRILLO ROMO F.DEJ. , DE LA ROSA E., ARENAS REYES A.M. Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica CIITEC-IPN/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica

2286161 RADIATION FORCES ON AU NANOPARTICLES CONSIDERING INFRARED BEAMS TORRES-TURIJÁN J.1, ORTEGA-MENDOZA J.G.2, ZACA-MORÁN P.3, CHÁVEZ F.3, RAMIREZ- SAN-JUAN J.C.4, R. RAMOS-GARCIA R.4, ZAPATA-NAVA O.J.4, FELIPE C.5, GRAJALES COUTIÑO R.6 1 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Electrónica/2 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Física Aplicada/3 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Fisicoquímica de materiales, ICUAP/4Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Departamento de Óptica/5Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, CIIEMAD-IPN/6Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Escuela de Ciencias

2286185 SYNTHESIS AND LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF MESOPOROUS YTTERBIUM-ERBIUM CO-DOPED TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES VERA I.L.1, LÓPEZ-LUKE T.1, DE LA ROSA E.1, VILCHIS A.R.2, ANGELES-CHAVEZ C.3, SALAS P.4 1Centro de Investigaciones de Óptica A.C/2Universidad del Estado de México/3Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo/4Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada

OE Optical Engineering La Luz

2283828 COMPARISON OF BOS AND FRINGE DEFLECTION IN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BLANCO A, BARRIENTOS B, MARES C. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica.

2283830 MEASUREMENT OF TRANSIENT DEFORMATION BY COLOR ENCODING MARES C, BARRIENTOS B, BLANCO A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

2284224 UNSUPERVISED COLOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING A LATTICE ALGEBRA CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE URCID G.1, RITTER G.X.2 1INAOE/2University of Florida

2284535 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFRACTION PATTERNS PRODUCED BY APERTURES WITH DIFFERENT SHAPES ON ALUMINUM AND STEEL PLATES ZÁRATE E.A, RODRÍGUEZ A.C. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)-Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT)

2284818 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF MICRO-STRUCTURES BY MIRAU INTERFEROMETRIC OBJECTIVE MICROSCOPE MARIBEL JUÁREZ HERNÁNDEZ1, R.RODRÍGUEZ-VERA R2, J.A. RAYAS ÁLVAREZ.2 1Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías Campus León/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

2285292 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ABSORPTION TOMOGRAPHY FOR T- HISTORY CALORIMETRY MORENO-ALVAREZ L, MENESES-FABIAN C, HERRERA J.N, RODRIGUEZ-ZURITA G. Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.

2285614 WENDLAND RADIAL BASIS FUNCTIONS APPLIED AS FILTERS ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY JUAN C. AGUILAR, AGUILAR J. FELIX, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R.

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

2285677 DISCRETE WIGNER FUNCTION APPLIED TO IMAGES OF QUASI- POINT SOURCES IN COHERENT-LIGHT ROMERO S.MEJIA1, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R.1, AGUILAR J.FELIX1, ORLANDO-GERRERO I.J.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica INAOE (México)/2Universidad de la Cañada (México)

2285811 METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN FOOT: 3D MULTI- SENSOR EXAMINATION MUÑOZ POTOSI A.1, MENESES FONSECA J.2, TÉLLEZ J.L.3 1 Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad Industrial de Santander/3Universidad del Cauca

2285845 JOINT TRANSFORM CORRELATOR FOR MICRO-DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT USING SPECKLE PATTERNS LUIS GABRIEL VALDIVIESO GONZÁLEZ L.V.1, JÁDER ENRIQUE GUERRERO BERMUDEZ J.G.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad Industrial de Santander

2285979 PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE CORRELATION FILTERS IN TARGET RECOGNITION SANTIAGO E, GONZÁLEZ FRAGA J.A, ASCENCIO LÓPEZ J.I. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

2285985 DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT USING THE TALBOT EFFECT AND AN ADAPTIVE PHOTODETECTOR GUÍZAR-ITURBIDE I.1, DE LA FRAGA L. G.2, RODRÍGUEZ-MONTERO P.1, MANSUROVA S.1 1INAOE/2CINVESTAV, Departamento de Computación

2286079 DIRECTIONAL AND ISOTROPICAL EDGE EMPHASIS IN OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY OF PHASE OBJECTS ARELI MONTES-PEREZ MP, CRUZ MENESE-FABIAN MF, GUSTAVO RODRIGUEZ-ZURITA RZ Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

2286219 ANALOG – DIGITAL SEGMENTATION USING SPECTRAL IMAGES ACQUIRED BY ACOUSTO-OPTICAL SYSTEM ISAZA C.A.1, MOSQUERA J.C.2, PALECHOR A.F.2 1Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 14 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia-Quindío, Colombia/Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, CICATA Querétaro, Cerro/2Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 14 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia-Quindío, Colombia

2286222 A HOLOGRAPHIC SYSTEM FOR RECORDING AND RESTITUTING NOT ONLY A 3D IMAGE OF AN OBJECT, BUT SEVERAL SETS OF DATA. APPLICATION TO MULTILINGUAL HOLOGRAPHIC POCKET DICTIONARIES SEMLALI M.1, GROSMANN M.2, LARKIN A.3 1Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Maroc/2Groupe de Recherche en Photonique, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France/3Institut des Ingénieurs Physiciens, Moscou, Russie

2286230 DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-SPEED PHASE-SHIFTING DEVICE FOR SHAPE MEASUREMENT BY LIGHT SOURCE STEPPING METHOD OURA Y.1, FUJIGAKI M.2, MASAYA A.3, MORIMOTO Y.3 1Graduate School of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Japan/2Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Japan/3Moire Institute Inc., Osaka, Japan

BMO La Luz Bio-Medical Optics

2284487 VALIDATION OF GA-MCML ALGORITHM AGAINST IAD PROGRAM MORALES-CRUZADO B.1, PRAHL S.A.2, DELGADO-ATENCIO J.A.1, VÁZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Oregon Medical Laser Center.

2284904 DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPING TECHNIQUES FOR MICROFLUIDIC-BASED SPR SENSORS MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ J.I.1, SILLER-CARRILLO H.R.1, COELLO-CÁRDENAS V.M.2, RODRÍGUEZ GONZÁLEZ C.A. 1 1Tecnológico de Monterrey/2Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada

2285199 OPTIMAL WAVELENGTH SELECTION FOR NON-CONTACT REFLECTION PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY CORRAL L.F, PAEZ G, STROJNIK M Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica

2285260 DUAL-BEAM LASER DOPPLER VIBROMETER FOR MEASUREMENT OF PULSE WAVE VELOCITY CAMPO A.B, DIRCKX J.J.J. University of Antwerp

2285799 TIME KINETIC RESAZURIN BASED ASSAY FOR BACTERIAL AMOUNT QUANTIFICATION ARENAS Y.1, LILGE L.2 1National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics/2University of Toronto, Medical Biophysics department

2286017 POROUS SILICON DUAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES FOR OPTICAL BIOSENSING APPLICATIONS PÉREZ K, ESTEVEZ J.O, MÉNDEZ-BLAS A, PALESTINO G Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

2286059 THE STUDY OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES SURFACE MODIFICATION USING BSA AND CYSTEINE CARDOSO-AVILA P.E.1, PICHARDO-MOLINA J.L.1, KUMAR-KAGOLA U.2, BARBOSA-SABANERO G.3, BARBOSA-GARCIA O.1

1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C./2División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato. 3Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato

2285069 DETERMINATION OF STEREOISOMER IN SUGARS BY THZ-TDS YAMAUCHI S.Y.1, IMAI Y.I.1, YOKOTA H.Y.2, TONOUCHI M.T.1 1Ibaraki University/2Osaka University

TO Theoretical Optics La Luz

2283818 ALTERNATIVE COHERENT-MODE REPRESENTATION OF A PLANAR ELECTROMAGNETIC SOURCE OLVERA M.A., OSTROVSKY A.S. Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.

2284529 INFLUENCE OF THE MECHANICAL STRESS AND HEAT PARAMETERS INTO THE TRANSMITTANCE FUNCTION OF THE INTEGRALS OF THE DIFFRACTION PHENOMENA ZÁRATE E.A, RODRÍGUEZ A.C. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)-Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT).

2284806 REFLECTED WAVE ATYPICAL PHASE CHANGE AT A BOUNDARY DIAMANT R, FERNANDEZ-GUASTI M. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa

2284828 CHAIN-LIKE BEAMS WITH PHASE SINGULARITY CHEREPKO D.YU.1, KUNDIKOVA N.D.1, POPKOV I.I.1, ALIEVA T.2 1Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University/2Universidad Complutense de Madrid

2285369 OMNIDIRECTIONAL BANDGAPS IN A TERNARY ONE DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURE DIELECTRIC-DIELECTRIC-METAL ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.1, ESCOBEDO-ALATORRE J.J.2, VÁZQUEZ- GUARDADO A.1, RUIZ-PÉREZ V.I.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.3 1INAOE/2UAEM, CIICAp/3UAT

2285807 ANGULAR MOMENTA AND SPIN-ORBIT INTERACTION FOR NONPARAXIAL BEAMS BLIOKH K.Y.1, ALONSO M.A.2 1National University of Ireland/2University of Rochester

2285879 ANTENNA OF ADJUSTABLE BROADBAND BASED ON A PENTAGONAL ARRAY

TECPOYOTL-TORRES M.1, VERA-DIMAS J. G.1, CABELLO-RUIZ R.1, GARCÍA-GARCÍA O.1, ESCOBEDO-ALATORRE J. J.1, SANCHÉZ-MONDRAGÓN J. J.2, TORRES-CISNEROS M.3, VARONA J.4, VARGAS-BERNAL R. 5 1Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/2 Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/3Universidad de Guanajuato/4Universidad Panamericana Campus Bonaterra/5Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato

IAPD Information Acquisition, Processing and Display La Luz

2285355 DAMMANN GRATING COMPUTED-CONTROLLED APPLIED TO PROFILOMETRY NAVA VEGA A.1, DAVIS J.A.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Baja California/2San Diego State University

2286232 ENHANCEMENT OF A PALCoS DISPLAY EFFICIENCY BY REDUCING THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT NON-DESIRED PHENOMENA LIZANA A.1, LOBATO L.1, MARQUEZ A.2, MORENO I.3, IEMMI C.4, CAMPOS J.1 1Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona/2Universidad de Alicante/3Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche 4Universidad de Buenos Aires

2286228 RESEARCH AND CAPACITY BUILDING IN LASER PHYSICS AND SPECTROSCOPY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, KENYA KADUKI K.A1, KALAMBUKA H.A.1, DEHAYEM-MASSOP A.1, MITO C1, MJOMBA A.C.K1, KIMARI J.W.1, GATHONI R.N.1, WABWILE R.L.1 1Department of Physics, University of Nairobi/P.O. Box 30197-00110, Nairobi, Kenya

2286221 STUDY OF WOUND HEALING PROCESS USING ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES ISAZA C.A.1, MOSQUERA J.C.2, VOLOSHINOV V.B.3 1Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 14 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia-Quindío, Colombia/Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, CICATA Querétaro, Cerro/2Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 14 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia-Quindío, Colombia/3M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Physics Department , 119991 Moscow, Russia

NO Nanotechnology and Optics La Luz

2284780 ASPHERICAL CYLINDRICAL MICRO-DOUBLETS FOR ARTIFICIAL APPOSITION COMPOUND EYE RENERO-C. F.-J, GARZA-R. A. INAOE

2284996 LASER INDUCED DEGRADATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS SILICON PHOTONIC STRUCTURES MARTINEZ M1, MAYORGA D1, AGARWAL V1 CIICAP-UAEM

2285414 MOEMS TRANSDUCER DESIGN FOR A BIO-COMPATIBLE BLOOD PRESSURE SENSOR FRANCO-AYALA M.F.1, MARTINEZ-PIÑON F.1, REYES-BARRANCA M.A.2, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A.1 1CIITEC-IPN/2CINVESTAV-IPN

2285858 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A- SIGEB: H THIN FILMS DEPOSITED BY PECVD FOR APPLICATIONS IN MICROSTRUCTURE GALINDO MENTLE MARGARITA GMM1, ZUÑIGA ISLAS CARLOS ZIC2, PALOMINO MERINO RODOLFO PMR1 1Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/2INAOE

2285876 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF RECONFIGURABLE METAMATERIAL DEVICES USING MEMS ROSAS G.R.1, MURPHY R.M.1, MORENO W.M.2 1INAOE/2University of South Florida

2285920 LIQUID CRYSTAL NANO-DROPLETS FORMATION IN POLYMER DISPERSED MATERIALS TORRES-CISNEROS M.1, LIKAMWA P.2, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.3, AGUILERA-GÓMEZ E.1 1DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato/2CREOL, University of Central Florida/3Reynosa, Rodhe, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas

Thursday

8:30-10:00 IUPAP Ceremony Awards El Alto Chair: Ari Friberg, Aalto University, University of Eastern Finland, Royal Institute of Technology, Finland

IUPAP Young Scientist Prize in Optics 2009 2286225 TAMING LIGHT WAVES: ATTOSECOND CONTROL OF LIGHT AND MATTER ELEFTHERIOS GOULIELMAKIS Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany

10:15-11:45 FDI 7 Angelópolis

Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation Chair: Thomas Kreis, BIAS- Bremer Institut für Angewandte Strahltechnik, Germany Co-Chair: Maximino Avendaño-Alejo, CCADET,UNAM, México

10:15-10:45 2285804 FDI7 Invited Keynote FULL POINCARÉ BEAMS BECKLEY A.M, BROWN T.G, ALONSO M.A. University of Rochester, USA

10:45-11:00 2284364 FDI7 Oral OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND ITS VARIATIONS AT CO-NI-B AMORPHOUS METALLIC ALLOYS KRAVETS V.G.1, MANKO D.YU.2, POPERENKO L.V.1 1Institute for Information Recording NANU/2Kiev Taras Shevchenko University.

11:00-11:15 2284829 FDI7 Oral EFFECTIVE PARAMETERS OF COMPOSED POLARIZATION SYSTEMS BIBIKOVA E.A, KUNDIKOVA N.D, POPKOVA A.M, POPKOV I.I. Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University

11:15-11:30 2284967 FDI7 Oral CYCLIC PATH INTERFEROMETER ILLUMINATED WITH WHITE LIGHT WITH A PHASE SHIFT POLARIZATION MODULE TOTO-ARELLANO N.I, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A, SERRANO-GARCÍA D.I, RAYAS-ALVAREZ J.A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

11:30-11:45 2285722 FDI7 Oral MUELLER POLARIMETRY OF POLARIZATION GRATINGS IN AZOBENZENE-CONTAINING POLYMER FILMS MARTINEZ-PONCE G.1, GARCIA-TENORIO T.2, LARIOS-LOPEZ L.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C./2Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada

12:00-13:30 FDI 8 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation Chair: Nataliya Kundikova, Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University, Russia Co-Chair: Geminiano Martínez Ponce, CIO, México

12:00-12:30

2284660 FDI8 Invited Keynote HOLOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO 3D-TELEVISION THOMAS KREIS BIAS- Bremer Institut für Angewandte Strahltechnik

12:30-12:45 2284157 FDI8 Oral HOLOGRAPHIC GRATINGS IMPLEMENTED IN A PHOTOPOLYMERIZABLE GLASS: APPLICATION TO FEMTOSECOND LASER PULSES SHAPING HERNÁNDEZ-GARAY M.P.1, MARTÍNEZ-MATOS O.1, IZQUIERDO J.G.2, CALVO M.L.1, CHEBEN P.3, BAÑARES L.1 1Departamento de Óptica, Grupo Interdisciplinario de Computación Óptica (GICO-UCM,) Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid/2Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid/3Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council Canada

12:45-13:00 2286122 FDI8 Oral PROPERTIES OF CAUSTICS PRODUCED BY A CONIC LENS: MERIDIONAL RAYS AVENDAÑO-ALEJO MAXIMINO M.A.A, GONZÁLEZ-UTRERA DULCE MARÍA D.G.U. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado de Ingeniería

13:00-13:15 2285343 FDI8 Oral APPLICATION OF FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS FOR CALCULATION OF FRACTAL DIMENSION ZINCHIK A.A, MUZYCHENKO Y.B, STAFEEV S.C. Saint-Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

13:15-13:30 2285782 FDI8 Oral FRESNEL LENSES IN NOVEL OPTICAL SECURITY HOLOGRAMS KOSTYUKEVYCH S.A.1, BRAGINETS E.V.2, KOSTYUKEVYCH K.V.1, GIRNYK V.I.1 1Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University

10:15-11:45 VC 2 Violeta 2 Vision and Colour Chair: Susana Marcos, Instituto de Óptica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain Co-Chair: Francisco J. Cuevas, CIO, México 10:15-10:45 2286205 VC2 Invited Keynote

NEW TRENDS IN INTRAOCULAR LENS IMAGING MARÍA S. MILLÁN Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Spain

10:45-11:00 2284191 VC2 Oral OPTICAL PHENOMENA IN MICROPRISM DIAGNOSTIC SET KK-42 PETROV V.V, KRYUCHUN A.A, ANTONOV E.E, LAPCHUK A.S, SHANOYLO S.M Institute for Information Recording NAS of Ukraine.

11:00-11:15 2284402 VC2 Oral LENS PARADOX: GRIN ANALYTICAL EXPLANATION GOMEZ-REINO C.1, DÍAZ DEL RÍO A.1, ARINES J.2, FLORES-ARIAS M.T.1 1Universidade de Santiago de Compostela/2Universidad de Santiago.

11:15-11:30 2284686 VC2 Oral EFFECT OF CATARACTS ON SCATTERING OF LIGHT IN THE EYE KELLY PÉREZ I.1, BRUCE N.C.2, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2CCADET, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

11:30-11:45 2285583 VC2 Oral OPTICAL COMPUTING OF DIFFRACTION IMAGES OF NON-PERIODIC UNI- DIMENSIONAL TARGETS FORMED BY A HUMAN EYE IN THE PRESENCE OF STILES -CRAWFORD EFFECT-I MONDAL P.K.1, MONDAL A.K.2, GHOSH SUMIT3 1Mondal Institute of Optics ( MIO ), HYDERABAD, INDIA/2L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, HYDERABAD, INDIA/3A.V. College of Science, HYDERABAD, INDIA

12:00-13:30 TO 3 Violeta 2 Theoretical Optics Chair: Rubén Ramos, INAOE, México Co-Chair: Neil C. Bruce, CCADET- UNAM, México

12:00-12:30 2284513 TO3 Invited Keynote EFFECT OF PLASMA WAVES ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF WELLS VAZQUEZ-NAVA R. A, SANTIAGO-HERNANDEZ H, RODRIGUEZ-CARRERA S. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C.

12:30-12:45

2286234 TO3 Oral DERIVATION OF MATERIAL CONSTANTS IN NON-LINEAR ELECTRO- MAGNETO-THERMO-ELASTICITY OM NIRAULA Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University Amrit Campus, Nepal

12:45-13:00 2286220 TO3 Oral INTERACTION OF A MODEL ATOM EXPOSED TO A STRONG LASER PULSE: ROLE OF THE COULOMB POTENTIAL TETCHOU NGANSO H.M.1, KWATO NJOCK M.G.2 1Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Universite Catholique de Louvain, 2, chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium/2Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 8580, Douala, Cameroon. The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera, 11, 34014 Trieste, Italy

13:00-13:15 2285918 TO3 Oral CLASSICAL MODELLING OF THE FOURTH-ORDER SPATIAL COHERENCE STATE OF SCALAR WAVE-FIELDS CASTAÑEDA R.1, CAÑAS-CARDONA G.2, GONZÁLEZ-TORO J.1, VINCK-POSADA H.3 1Physics School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín/2Physics School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín and Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Chile/3Physics Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá

13:15-13:30 2286211 TO3 Oral STUDY OF SOLITON SELF-COMPRESSION IN PHOTONIC NANOWIRES BEN-SALEM A, CHERIF R, ZGHAL M. University of Carthage, Engineering School of Communication of Tunis (Sup Com), Cirta Com Laboratory, Ghazala Technopark

10:15-11:45 OE 7 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Ichirou Yamaguchi, Toyo Seiki and Gunma University, Japan Co-Chair: Carlos Pérez López, CIO, México

10:15-10:45 2284573 OE7 Invited Keynote MEASUREMENTS OF EXTREME PHYSICAL PHENOMENA BY FOURIER FRINGE ANALYSIS MITSUO TAKEDA UEC, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan

10:45-11:00 2284194 OE7 Oral IMPLEMENTATION OF NON-MONOTONIC LOGICS BY FOURIER- HOLOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE PAVLOV A.V, ALEKSEEV A.M. St.Petersburg State University for Information Technologies, Mechanics, and Optics

11:00-11:15 2285034 OE7 Oral REAL-TIME PARALLEL METHOD FOR QUADRATURE TRANSFORM ESTIMATION AND 3D SURFACE MEASUREMENT ESPINOSA-ROMERO A, LEGARDA-SAENZ R. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

11:15-11:30 2285262 OE7 Oral DECORRELATION AND UNIFORM IN-PLANE DISPLACEMENTS ANALYSIS IN VORTEX METROLOGY VIA FOURIER BASED TECHNIQUES ANGEL-TORO L, SIERRA-SOSA D.E. Universidad EAFIT

11:30-11:45 2286207 OE7 Oral IMAGE RESOLUTION LIMITS FOR SHAPE RECOGNITION USING THE GENERIC JACOBI FOURIER MOMENTS TOXQUI-QUITL C., PADILLA-VIVANCO A, SANTIAGO TEPANTLÁN C. Computer Vision Laboratory, Universidad Politécnica de Tulancingo

12:00-13:30 OE 8 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Mitsuo Takeda, UEC, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan Co-Chair: Cruz Meneses-Fabián, BUAP, México

12:00-12:30 2285232 OE8 Invited Keynote DYNAMICAL DIHM STUDY OF PARTICLE AGGREGATION ON MONO- DISPERSE COLLOIDS RESTREPO J, GARCIA-SUCERQUIA J Universidad Nacional de Colombia

12:30-12:45

2285108 OE8 Oral BUTTERFLIES’ WINGS DEFORMATIONS USING HIGH SPEED DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY MENDOZA SANTOYO F.1, D. AGUAYO D.1, DE LA TORRE-I M.H.1, SALAS-ARAIZA M,D.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Universidad de Guanajuato

12:45-13:00 2284812 OE8 Oral SPATIO-TEMPORAL EXPERIMENTS OF VOLUME ELASTIC OBJECTS WITH HIGH SPEED DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY PEREZ LOPEZ C, HERNÁNDEZ MONTES M.S, MENDOZA SANTOYO F, GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ D.A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C.

13:00-13:15 2285806 OE8 Oral OPTICAL ANALYSE OF ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEMS BY MTF CALCULUS SANTOS JR D1, STEFANI M. A.1, YASUOKA F. M. M.2, CASTRO N. J. C.2, RODRIGUES E. L. L3 1Opto Eletronica- Brazil/2IFSC-USP/Opto Eletronica – Brazil/3EESC-USP- Brazil

13:15-13:30 2286100 OE8 Oral SOFTWARE CONFIGURABLE OPTICAL TEST SYSTEM FOR REFRACTIVE OPTICS DOMINGUEZ M.Z, WANG L, SU P, PARKS R.E, BURGE J.H. University of Arizona

10:15-11:45 POE 6 Oriental Optical Engineering Chair: Wei Zhang, Tsinghua University, China Co-Chair: Brenda Martínez-Zérega, U. de G., México

10:15-10:45 2284995 POE6 Invited Keynote THERMOCAVITATION: A NOVEL METHOD OF CAVITATION PRODUCED BY CW LASERS RAMIREZ-SAN-JUAN J.C.1, PADILLA-MARTINEZ J.P2, PLACIDO-ZACA P.1, RAMOS-GARCIA R1 1INAOE/2Fisicoquímica de materiales, ICUAP-BUAP

10:45-11:00 2284744 POE6 Oral BEAM MODULATED FANNING IN A CRYSTAL BATIO3 RUBIO SAAVEDRA L.A.1, MÁRQUEZ AGUILAR P.A.2, ZAMUDIO LARA A.2, VERA DIMAS J.G.1

1Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos 2Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas

11:00-11:15 2284983 POE6 Oral HIGHLY EFFICIENT PHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMERS DOPED WITH CYANO NON-LINEAR CHROMOPHORES HERRERA V.M.1, MALDONADO J.L.1, RODRIGUEZ M.1, RAMOS-ORTIZ G.1, MENESES-NAVA M.A.1, BARBOSA-GARCIA O.1, SANTILLAN R.2, FARFAN N.3, LACROIX P.4 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV/3Facultad de Química, UNAM/4Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France

11:15-11:30 2285877 POE6 Oral ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF OPTOLECTRONICS CHARACTERISTICS OF INP PHOTODETECTORS MUÑOZ ZURITA A.L.1, CAMPOS ACOSTA J.2, MARIN CARDENAS J.M.1, LARRUQUERT J.I.2 1Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica. U. Torreón Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila 2Instituto de Física Aplicada IFA-CSIC

11:30-11:45 2285917 POE6 Oral OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EMPLOYING MULTIPLEXED WITH A BRAGG GRATING ANA PALOMINO LENGUA1, CESAR TORRES MORENO 2, ANNY JULIETH PRECIADO MOLINA 1, LORENZO MATTOS VASQUEZ.2 1Universidad Popular del Cesar/2Grupo LOI Universidad Popular del Cesar

12:00-13:30 POE 7 Oriental Photonics and Opto-Electronics Chair: Jorge Gaspar Armenta, UNISON, México Co-Chair: José Luis Maldonado-Rivera, CIO, México

12:00-12:30 2285492 POE7 Invited Keynote POLARIZATION ENTANGLED PHOTON PAIR GENERATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS WITH BIREFRINGENCE ZHANG WEI, ZHOU QIANG, WANG PENGXIANG, HUANG YIDONG, PENG JIANGDE Tsinghua University

12:30-12:45 2285755 POE7 Oral MEASUREMENT OF THE ORBITAL STOKES PARAMETERS OF OAM WAVES RANDUNU PATHIRANNEHELAGE N.1, GUZMAN A.M.1, RHODES W.T.

1Florida Atlantic University/ Department of Physics/2Florida Atlantic University/ Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

12:45-13:00 2286027 POE7 Oral POWER DEPENDENT VAN DER WAALS INTERACTION IN COLD ATOM REFLECTION ESTRADA G, GUZMÁN A.M. Florida Atlantic University

13:00-13:15 2286046 POE7 Oral STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF NOISY MULTISTABLE SYSTEMS MARTÍNEZ-ZÉREGA B.E.1, PISARCHIK A.N.2 1Universidad de Guadalajara 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica

13:15-13:30 2286149 POE7 Oral SEMICLASSICAL QUANTUM DOTS IN THEIR OWN MICRO CAVITY GARCIA-MELGAREJO J.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.1, SANCHEZ-SANCHEZ S.1, MAGAÑA- LOAIZA O. S.2, TECPOYOTL-TORRES M.3, BASURTO-PENSADO M.3 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad de Rochester/3CIICAP, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

10:15-11:45 OIS 6 Constancia Optics Interaction Science Chair: Bernardo Mendoza-Santoyo, CIO, México Co-Chair: Lothar Lilge, University of Toronto, Canada

10:15-10:45 2285127 OIS6 Invited Keynote TAILORING THE DISPERSION OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS FOR SUPERCONTINUUM AND PHOTON PAIRS GENERATION DÍEZ A.1, ANDRÉS M. V.1, SILVESTRE E.1, CASCANTE-VINDAS J.2, VELÁZQUEZ-IBARRA L.3, ABREU-AFONSO J.1, MARTÍNEZ MA. A.4, LUCIO J. L.3 1Universidad de Valencia/2Universidad de Costa Rica/3Universidad de Guanajuato/4Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica

10:45-11:00 2284947 OIS6 Oral SPECKLE PHOTOELECTROMOTIVE FORCE DETECTION FREJLICH J, KUMAMOTO R Universidad Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP

11:00-11:15 2285184 OIS6 Oral LINEAR AND NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALLIC NANOCRYSTALS IN SAPPHIRE MOTA-SANTIAGO P:E, CRESPO-SOSA A, JIMÉNEZ-HERNÁNDEZ J.L, SÁNCHEZ-DENA O, SILVA-PEREYRA H.G, REYES-ESQUEDA J.A, OLIVER A. Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

11:15-11:30 2284331 OIS6 Oral DIRECT LASER WRITING: SUPERRESOLUTION PHOTOINDUCTION- INHIBIED NANOLITHOGRAPHY (SPIN) GU M, CAO Y, GAN Z, JIA B, BAO H, LI X Swinburne University of Technology

11:30-11:45 2286124 OIS6 Oral TIO2 AS A PLATFORM FOR ALL-OPTICAL SWITCHING EVANS C.C.1, BRADLEY J.D.B.1, MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E.A.3, MAZUR E.1 1Harvard University/2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

12:00-13:30 OIS 7 Constancia Optical Interaction Science Chair: Roberta Ramponi, Department of Physics - Politecnico di Milano, Italy Co-Chair: Norberto Arzate-Plata, CIO, México

12:00-12:30 2285132 OIS7 Invited Keynote BAND STRUCTURE OF THREE DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC CRYSTALS DETERMINED BY USING INTEGRAL METHODS AND DYADIC GREEN’S FUNCTIONS VILLA F.V.1, MENDOZA A.S.2, GUEL J.A.T.1, PEREZ H.A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, A.C./2Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

12:30-12:45 2285091 OIS7 Oral OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF 3D NANOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITES BERNARDO MENDOZA 1, W. LUIS MOCHÁN 2, GUILLERMO ORTIZ 3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C 2UNAM-ICF-Cuernavaca 3U. del Nordeste, Argentina

12:45-13:00

2285991 OIS7 Oral PHOTOASSISTED POLING: ELECTRO-OPTIC MEASUREMENTS USING THE MACH-ZEHNDER INTERFEROMETER SHIMIZU F.M., GIACOMETTI J.A. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista

13:00-13:15 2286130 OIS7 Oral BLEACHING RESPONSE OF PHOTOSENSITIVE FILMS CONTAINING MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES DÍAZ COSTANZO G1, LEDESMA S2, GOYANES S3 1LPI y LP&MC, Dpto de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires/2LPI, Dpto de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET/3LP&MC, Dpto de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET

13:15-13:30 2285425 OIS7 Oral A PROBE FOR SCANNING NEAR-FIELD MAGNETIC MICROSCOPE IN VISIBLE RANGE WROBEL P.W.1, ANTOSIEWICZ T.J.A.2, SZOPLIK T.S.1 1University of Warsaw/2Chalmers University of Technology

15:00-16:00 Plenary 5 El Alto Chair: Daniel Malacara-Hernández

2286196 THE LAM NETWORK AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS IN AFRICA AHMADOU WAGUE Departement de Physique, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal

16:00-18:00 Poster Session 3 La Luz

Chair & Jury: Marcelo Trivi, CIOp, Argentina Co-chairs: Heriberto Márquez, CICESE, México Ruben Ramos, INAOE, México Miguel Asmad, PUCP, Perú Mourad Zgahl, University of Carthage, Tunis Guillermo García Torrales U. de G., México

FDI La Luz Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation

2283168 HIGH-INTENSITY YB3+-DOPED FIBRE LASER FOR ENGRAVING AND CUTTING ACRYLIC RAMIREZ-YAÑEZ E.A, CRUZ-CONTRERAS A, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A. CIITEC-IPN

2284302 INTERFEROMETRIC CHALMER’S TEST USING A REFLECTIVE MICRODISPLAY CANALES_PACHECO B, GRANADOS_AGUSTÍN F, CORNEJO_RODRÍGUEZ A National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics

2284451 WAVEFRONT DETERMINATION USING THE RONCHI TEST WITH EQUIVALENT WAVELENGTH GARCIA-ARELLANO A, GRANADOS-AGUSTIN F, CORNEJO-RODRIGUEZ A. National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics

2284594 THE EFFECT OF ALIGNMENT ERRORS IN POLARIMETRY OF LIGHT USING LIQUID-CRYSTAL VARIABLE RETARDERS. LÓPEZ-TÉLLEZ J.M, BRUCE N.C. Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, UNAM.

2284962 SLOPE MEASUREMENT OF A PHASE OBJECT TOTO-ARELLANO N.I, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A, RAYAS-ÁLVAREZ J. A, SERRANO-GARCÍA D. I. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

2284964 PARALLEL PSI USING A DOUBLE CYCLIC SHEAR INTERFEROMETER TOTO-ARELLANO N.I, SERRANO-GARCÍA D.I, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A, RAYAS-ALVAREZ J.A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

2284970 SIMULTANEOUS PHASE SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY BASED IN A MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER SERRANO-GARCÍA D.I.1, TOTO-ARELLANO N.I.1, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A.1, RAYAS-ÁLVAREZ J.A.1, MONTES-PERÉZ A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

2284999 CHARACTERIZATION OF A HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON MICROBOLOMETER ARRAY ORDUÑA DÍAZ A1, ROJAS LÓPEZ M1, DELGADO MACUIL R.J.1, TORRES JACOME A2, DE LA HIDALGA WADE F.J2, FERRUSCA DANIEL2, VENTURA GONZÁLEZ SALVADOR2, TREVIÑO PALACIOS C.G2 1Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, IPN/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

2285028 PARAMETER EVOLUTION DIFFRACTION EFFICIENCY OF GRATINGS WITH CORN SYRUP MEJIAS-BRIZUELA N.Y.1, OLIVARES-PÉREZ A. 1, GRANDE-GRANDE A.2, ORDÓÑEZ-PADILLA M.J.1

1INAOE/2Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Atlixco

2285033 PVA WITH NOPAL DYE AS HOLOGRAPHIC RECORDING MATERIAL TOXQUI-LÓPEZ S.1, OLIVARES-PÉREZ A.2, FUENTES-TAPIA I.2, PINTO-IGUANERO B.1 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP)/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)

2285258 COHERENCE MATRIX FOR SPECKLE PATTERNS DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ G.1, MARTÍNEZ VARA P.2, MARTÍNEZ NICONOFF G.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, INAOE/2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP

2285383 A SYSTEM FOR THE STUDY OF THE SOUND PHENOMENA IN ALLOY SAMPLES OF FE2MO VILLAFAÑA RAUDA EDGAR 1, CRUZ MANDUJANO JAVIER 2, MORALES ESTRELLA RICARDO 3 1Centro Universitario de Los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara/2Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Dpto. de Ciencias Básicas y Matemáticas, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil/3Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

2285477 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OPUNTIA LASER USING FT-IR AND THERMAL ANALYSIS MEJIAS DIAZ K. D, FLORES REYES T, PONCE CABRERA L, ARRONTE GARCÍA M.A, DOMÍNGUEZ SÁNCHEZ M.A. CICATA IPN

2285588 PROGRESS IN THE DESIGN OF CHROMATIC NULL SCREENS TO TEST CYLINDRICAL PARABOLIC CONCENTRATORS BELTRÁN MADRIGAL J.1, DÍAZ URIBE J.R.2 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico UNAM

2285656 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF A PLANO-CONVEX PARABOLIC LENS GONZALEZ-UTRERA D, AVENDAÑO-ALEJO M. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

2285745 FOCUSING A MICROSCOPE WITH A SINGLE ADDITIONAL MOVING LENS LARA-GARCÍA H.1, DIAZ-URÍBE R.2, CORKIDI-BLANCO G.3, PIMENTEL-CABRERA A.3 1Facultad de Ciencias UNAM/2CCADET UNAM/3IBt UNAM

2285802 DRAGGING FORCE VERSUS SPEED AND POLISHER DENSITY WITH TEFLON® TOOLS IZAZAGA-PÉREZ R.1, CORDERO-DÁVILA A.2, GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA J.3, CUAUTLE-CORTÉS J.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)/2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP)/3Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca (UTM)

2285935 OPTO-MECHANICAL DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF TUNABLE LIQUID-FILLED LENSES SANTIAGO ALVARADO A1, GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA J1, ITUBIDE JIMÉNEZ F1, CAMPOS GARCÍA M2, VÁZQUEZ MONTIEL S3, LICONA MORAN B.I.G.1 1Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca/2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/3Instituto de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

2285957 QUANTITATIVE SURFACE EVALUATION BY MATCHING EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED RONCHIGRAM IMAGES KANTUN J.R1, CORDERO A.1, GONZALEZ J.2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/2Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca

2286095 AN ELECTRO-OPTO-MECHANICAL DEVICE TO MAKE DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS CASTRO-RAMOS J, GORDIANO-ALVARADO G, ORTIZ-LIMA C.M, DE JESUS-ORTIZ M.A, VAZQUEZ-MONTIEL S, JARAMILLO-NÚÑEZ A. Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica Óptica y Electrónica

2286097 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL BENCH FOR A BEAM SHAPER OF GLASS PRISMS HERRERA-MARTÍNEZ G.1, LUNA A.1, GÓMEZ-ARISTA I.2, ROBLEDO-VÁZQUEZ R.A.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

2286135 APPLICATION OF LASER SHOCK PROCESSING ON BIOCOMPATIBLE METAL GOMEZ-ROSAS G.1, RUBIO-GONZÁLEZ C.2, OCAÑA J.L.3, MOLPECERES C.3, CHAVEZ-CHAVEZ A.1, BLANCO-ALONSO O.1, CASILLAS F.J. 4 1Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, CUCEI. Universidad de Guadalajara/2Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, CIDESI/3Centro Laser Madrid, Departamento de Física Aplicada a la Ingeniería Industrial, E.T.S.I.I. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid/4Centro Universitario de los Lagos CULAGOS. Universidad de Guadalajara

2286136 ALIGNMENT OF A PDLC DROPLETS BY MECHANICAL VIBRATION TECHNIQUES PÉREZ-CORTÉS M.1, CARVENTE-MUÑÓZ O.1, ORTÍZ-GUTIÉRREZ M.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán/2Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

2286138 CHARGED-PARTICLE PROTOTYPE DETECTOR TO BE USED IN STUDIES WITH RADIOACTIVE ION BEAMS MEZA-OLIVO A.A.1, GALINDO-URIBARRI A.2, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R.1, PADILLA-RODAL E.1 1UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO/2OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

2285100 FOCUSING PROPERTIES OF THUE-MORSE ZONE PLATES CASANOVA C.1, REMÓN L. 2, CALATAYUD A.2, GIMÉNEZ F.2, ANDRÉS P.1, MONSORIU J.A. 2, FURLAN W.D.1 1Universitat de València 2Universitat Politècnica de València

VC La Luz Vision and Colour

2285422 TANGENTIAL AND SAGITTAL CURVATURE FROM THE NORMALS COMPUTED BY THE NULL SCREEN METHOD IN CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY ESTRADA-MOLINA A, DÍAZ-URIBE R. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

2285774 ENERGY BALANCE IN APODIZED DIFFRACTIVE MULTIFOCAL INTRAOCULAR LENSES ALBA-BUENO F, VEGA F, MILLÁN M.S. Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya

2285835 DYNAMIC POINT SHIFTING IN NULL SCREEN VIDEOKERATOMETRY RODRÍGUEZ RODRÍGUEZ M.I.1, JARAMILLO NÚÑEZ A.1, DÍAZ URIBE R.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica/2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

2286068 SPHERICAL ABERRATION AND DEPTH OF FIELD IN SIMPLE OPTICAL SYSTEMS MUÑOZ A.F, VALDIVIESO L.G, LOPEZ E, IBARRA J, TEPICHIN E. INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ASTROFÍSICA, ÓPTICA Y ELECTRÓNICA

2286133 OBJECTIVE VISUAL ACUITY IN HUMAN EYES OBTAINED FROM ITS WAVEFRONT ABERRATION FUNCTION VARILLAS G, LÓPEZ-OLAZAGASTI E., SÁNCHEZ DE LA LAVE D., RAMÍREZ-ZAVALETA G., TEPICHÍN E. INAOE, México

2286233 PARADOXICAL DESIGN OF THE OPTICAL SYSTEM OF THE HUMAN EYE. EVOLUTIVE HIPOTHESIS RAFAEL NAVARRO ICMA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Ciencias. Plaza San Francisco s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

IAPD La Luz Information Acquisition, Processing and Display

2284154 DEVELOPMENT OF FLUORESCENT MULTILAYER DISC STRUCTURE BELIAK IE.V, BUTENKO L.V.

Institute for Information Recording of National Academy of Science of Ukraine

2284156 HIGH-DENSITY OPTICAL DISKS FOR LONG-TERM INFORMATION STORAGE PETROV V.V, KRYUCHYN A.A, GORBOV I.V. Institute for Information Recording of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

2284646 CHARACTERIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS FROM TUXTLA GUTIERREZ USING DOAS SYSTEM ORANTES-JONAPA A1, MENESES-NAVA M A2, GONZALEZ-HERRERA R1 1UNICACH/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

2284866 CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS ISSUED BY BATS IN THE SANTANDER DEPARTMENT (COLOMBIA) BAUTISTA MENDOZA C.O, MENDOZA CARREÑO E.F, VESGA REYES M.E. Universidad de Santander (UDES)

2285328 IMAGE-PLANE ALCOVE REFLECTION HOLOGRAM USING ONE- STEP RECORDING CHENG Y.S, LEE T.C. National Central University, Taiwan, China

2285878 THE PCI CORE FOR FPGA BY CALIBRATION AND APPLICATIONS IN THE OPTICAL DETECTION INSTRUMENTS GOMEZ JIMENEZ R, ROJAS DOMENICO J.U, URIBE VALLADARES R, MUÑOZ ZURITA A.L Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, U .Torreón Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila

2285929 DESIGN OF A PODOSCOPY USING FRINGE PROJECTION RENERO-C F.-J, CALDERA J. INAOE, México

2286170 NOISE TOLERANT N-ORDER PHASE UNWRAPPING SYSTEM NAVARRO M.A, ESTRADA J.C, SERVIN M. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, México

2286208 IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION WITH BESSEL-FOURIER MOMENTS PADILLA-VIVANCO A, TOXQUI-QUITL C, CAMACHO-BELLO C. Laboratorio de Óptica y Visión por Computadora. Universidad Politécnica de Tulancingo

TO La Luz Theoretical Optics

2283821 OPTICAL IMAGING WITH PARTIALLY COHERENT AND PARTIALLY POLARIZED ILLUMINATION ROMERO P, OSTROVSKY A.S. Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México

2284810 LIGHT PROPAGATION THROUGH THIN FILMS, THE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE REPRESENTATION RUTH DIAMANT Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México

BMO La Luz Bio-Medical Optics

2284463 BIREFRINGENCE AND DEFORMATION MEASUREMENTS IN PORCINE CORNEAS USING FOURIER OCT BRIONES M.J.1, DE LA TORRE M.H.1, MENDOZA F.1, PEDROZA J.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Estudio Integral de la Visión.

2284496 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF A TWO-FIBER PROBE FOR BIOMEDICAL SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATIONS DELGADO ATENCIO J.A.1, PRAHL S.A.2, VÁZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.1, CUNILL RODRÍGUEZ M.1, GUTIÉRREZ DELGADO F.3, CASTRO RAMOS J.1 1INAOE/2Oregon Medical Laser Center/3CEPREC

2284776 690-NM, QUASI-DIFFRACTION-LIMITED FIBRE LASER DESIGN FOR ACUPUNCTURAL ANALGESIA RIVERA-MANRIQUE I.S.1, JAQUES S.L.2, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A.1 1CIITEC-IPN/2OREGON HEALTH STATE UNIVERSITY

2285126 SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE TECHNIQUE USED TO DIFFERENTIATE TEQUILAS LUNA MORENO D, MONZÓN HERNÁNDEZ D. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., México

2285347 LOW COST OPTOELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR DRYING PAINT MONITORING RUBINSZTAIN E.1, LUTENBERG A.1, TRIVI M. 2, PEREZ-QUINTIAN F.3 1GLOmAe, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Paseo Colón 850 C1063ACV, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina/2Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata - CIC) and UID Optimo, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 3, 1897 Gonnet- La Plata, Argentina/3Laboratorio de Ingeniería Óptica (LIO), Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina

2285851 NON-INVASIVE OPTICAL METHOD FOR EPIDERMAL THICKNESS ESTIMATION PEÑA A, ARRONTE M, PONCE L, RODRÍGUEZ E, DE POSADA E, FLORES T. CICATA-IPN Unidad Altamira

2285965 EX-VIVO OF CERVICAL LESIONS USING OCT

VÁZQUEZ-VILLA A.1, DELGADO-ATENCIO J.A.1, GUTIÉRREZ-DELGADO F.2, VÁZQUEZ- MONTIEL S.1, MARCIAL-TOLEDO S.2, CASTRO-RAMOS J.1, CHÁVEZ-MERCADO L.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica/2Centro de Estudios y Prevención del Cáncer

2285968 OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE ENHANCEMENT BY USING GOLD NANOPARTICLES PONCE-DE-LEON Y.R.1, LOPEZ-RIOS J.A.2, PICHARDO-MOLINA J.L.1, ALCALA-OCHOA N.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica 2Universidad de Guanajuato

OE La Luz Optical Engineering

2283183 FIBRE LASER BEAM-ABSORPTION IN METALS FOR LASER- ASSISTED COLD SPRAY ORTIZ-NERIA D.I, SCHREIBER T, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A. CIITEC – IPN, México

2283831 INFLUENCE OF SOME PARAMETERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FRINGE PROJECTION RAMIREZ F, BARRIENTOS B. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., México

2283940 OPTICAL NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF THE MATERIALS SURFACE STRUCTURE BASED ON LCS TOMILIN M.G, STAFEEV S.K. Saint-Petersburg SPb State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

2284392 STRUCTURE MONITOR SYSTEM BY USING OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR AND WATCHING CAMERA IN UTILITY TUNNEL IN URBAN AREA NAKANO N.M.1, TORIGOE T.T.2, KAWANO M.K.2 1Osaka Sangyo University/2NTT Infrastructure Network Corporation.

2284578 3D DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN MEASUREMENTS USING SIMULTANEOUSLY THREE LASERS SÁNCHEZ A. A.1, DE LA TORRE-IBARRA M.H.1, SAUCEDO-A. T.2, MENDOZA SANTOYO F.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C./2Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

2284745 ENCODING DEGREE TESTING IN A 4F ARCHITECTURE MAYA ROBAYO D., TEBALDI M., TORROBA R., BOLOGNINI N. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata-CIC), UID OPTIMO - Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

2284822 MICHELSON MICROSCOPE INTERFERENCE OBJECTIVE FOR MICRO-STRUCTURE TOPOGRAPHY MEASURING KARIM GIBRÁN HERNÁNDEZ CHAHÍN 1, RAMÓN RODRÍGUEZ-VERA.2, JUAN ANTONIO RAYAS ÁLVAREZ2

1Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías Campus León/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., México

2284899 ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM TEST USING DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION AND DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHY DE OLIVEIRA G.N, NUNES L.C.S, DOS SANTOS P.A.M. Universidade Federal Fluminense

2285155 3D MEASUREMENTS OF A TYMPANIC MEMBRANE WITH DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY MUÑOZ SOLÍS S.M, MENDOZA SANTOYO F.M, HERNÁNDEZ-MONTES M.H. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., México

2285612 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF NON-SYMMETRIC FLAMES WITH TWO ORTHOGONAL POINT-DIFFRACTION INTERFEROMETERS AGUILAR JUAN.C, AGUILAR J.FELIX, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, México

2285888 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF PHASE RETRIEVAL WITH REDUCED NOISE USING INLINE-DHM ARRIZÓN V.1, CRUZ M.L.2 1INAOE/2Unistmo, México

2286054 PHASE UNWRAPPING USING MORPHOLOGIC PROCESSING DE LA ROSA MIRANDA E.1, BERRIEL VALDOS L.R.2, GONZALEZ-RAMIREZ E.1, MIRAMONTES DE LEON G.1, FELIX-AGUILAR J.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica Óptica y Electrónica, Mexico

2286077 LASER ULTRASOUND WITH AN ADAPTIVE INTERFEROMETER CATANA-CASTELLANOS J.A, VÁZQUEZ-LOZANO J.I, CASTILLO-MIXCÓATL J, MUÑOZ- AGUIRRE S, BELTRÁN-PÉREZ G. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México

2286154 THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE IN THE UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETERS CALIBRATION CARRANZA GALLARDO J.C.G, MEDINA MÁRQUEZ J.M.M INAOE, Mexico

POE La Luz Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284453 HYBRID BIREFRINGENCE AND DICHROMATISM IN TWISTED SINGLE-MODE ERBIUM-DOPED FIBERS TENTORI D, GARCIA-WEIDNER . CICESE/Física Aplicada-Óptica, México

2285187 AUTOMATIC POLISHING SPECIALTY-FIBER MACHINE FOR CLADDING-PUMPED FIBERS CUEVA-LOPEZ M, SANCHEZ-GUERRERO G.E, GUAJARDO-GONZALEZ C, CASTILLO-GUZMAN A, SELVAS R Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas - UANL, México

2285267 POINT SOURCES OF LIGHT FOR SURFACE PLASMON EXCITATION GASPAR-ARMENTA J.A.1, MAYORAL-ASTORGA L.2, RAMOS-MENDIETA F.1 1Universidad de Sonora/2Posgrado en Ciencias (Física), Universidad de Sonora, México

2285315 CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTON COUNTER DEVICES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS ORTEGA A, PAEZ G, STROJNIK M. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C. , México

2285559 SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION OF METALS IONS USING A NOVEL SELECTIVE SENSOR PERALTA-DOMÍNGUEZ D.1, RAMOS-ORTÍZ G.1, MALDONADO-RIVERA J.L.1, RODRIGUEZ M.1, MENESES-NAVA M.A.1, BARBOSA-GARCÍA O.1, SANTILLAN R., FARFÁN N.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV del IPN/3Facultad de Química, UNAM, México

2285709 RAMAN GAIN CALCULATION BY RAMAN THRESHOLD STUDY IN TELECOM FIBERS LELIO DE LA CRUZ MAI Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, México

2285862 NEW METHOD TO CHARACTERIZE GAUSSIAN BEAMS BALBUENA ORTEGA A1, ARROYO CARRASCO M.L1, DÁVILA PINTLE J.A1, MÉNDEZ OTERO M.M1, ITURBE CASTILLO M.D2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/5Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

2285948 DISPERSION MEASUREMENT IN OPTICAL FIBERS OF SHORT LENGTH ARMAS-RIVERA IVÁN A.R.I1, BELTRÁN-PÉREZ GEORGINA B.P.G.1, CASTILLO-MIXCOÁTL JUAN C.M.J.1, MUÑOZ-AGUIRRE SEVERINO M.A.S.1, KUZIN-EVGENE A K.E.A.2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas/2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica, México

2285997 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF SUPERLUMINESCENT FIBER OPTIC SOURCE PINZÓN-ESCOBAR E.F, SANDOVAL-ROMERO G.E. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico

2286025 SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF CURVATURE AND TEMPERATURE USING MULTIMODE INTERFERENCE DEVICES AGUILAR-SOTO J.G.1, GUZMAN-SEPULVEDA J.R.2, TORRES-CISNEROS M.2, IBARRA-MANZANO O.G.2, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.3

1INAOE/2Universidad de Guanajuato/3Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, México

2286070 FIBER BRAGG GRATING FABRICATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SENSORS IN THE ELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS LABORATORY AT BUAP BRACAMONTES-RODRIGUEZ Y.E, BELTRÁN-PÉREZ G, CASTILLO-MIXCÓATL J, MUÑOZ- AGUIRRE S. Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México

2286075 RAY-TRACING ALGORITHM FOR THE STUDY OF PUMP POWER ABSORPTION IN DC FIBERS NARRO R., ARRONTE M, RODRIGUEZ E, PONCE L, DE POSADA E, FLORES T. CICATA-IPN, UNIDAD ALTAMIRA, México

2286143 ZINC-DIFFUSION WAVEGUIDE FABRICATION INTO PERIODICALLY POLED LITHIUM NIOBATE RIOS L.A1, MATA J.O.2, CASILLAS P.3 1Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada/2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California/3Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM

2286145 CUASI-CONTINUOUS WAVE OPO BASED ON PELRIODICALLY POLED LITHUIM TANTALATE BARBOZA N.A.1, RIOS L.A.2, CUDNEY R.S.2 1CITEC UABC/2CICESE, México

2286151 MULTIMODE INTERFERENCE EFFECTS IN OPTICAL FIBER FOR PRESSURE SENSING APPLICATIONS RUIZ-PÉREZ V.I. V.I.1, TECPOYOTL-TORRES M. T.T.M.2, ROMERO-ANTEQUERA L. R.A.L.1, FUENTES-FUENTES M.A. M.A.1, BASURTO-PENSADO M. B.P.M.2, IBARRA-MANZANO O.G. O.G.3 1Optics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics (INAOE)/2CIICAP UAEM 3FIME University of Guanajuato, México

2286153 OPTOELECTRONIC AUTO-SYNC PASS FILTER DÁVILA PINTLE JOSÉ ANTONIO, CALDERON FLORES BENJAMIN, REYNOSO LARA EDMUNDO, RENDÓN MARIN MANUEL. Benémerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, México

2284975 IAPD1 Invited Keynote RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF MINERALS AND THE EFFECT OF POLISHED SURFACE MENESES-NAVA M.A.1, ROBLES-CAMACHO J.2, SICARDI-SEGADE A.1, BARBOSA-GARCIA O.1, RAMOS-ORTIZ G.1, MALDONADO J.L.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Centro INAH M 2286223 HOLOGRAPHIC SWITCHER FOR FIBER OPTIC CABLE SEMLALI M.1, GROSMANN M.2 1Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Maroc/2Groupe de Recherche en Photonique, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France

OIS La Luz Optical Interaction Science

2283998 EFFECTS OF PRIMARY SPHERICAL ABERRATION, COMA, ASTIGMATISM AND FIELD CURVATURE ON THE FOCUSING OF ULTRASHORT PULSES: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS GONZÁLEZ-GALICIA M.A, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J, ROSETE-AGUILAR M, BRUCE N.C, ORTEGA- MARTÍNEZ R. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCADET, Mexico

2284558 TWO-PHOTON ABSORPTION AND LASING IN NOVEL FLUORENE POLYMERS ROMERO SERVIN S.1, RAMOS ORTIZ G.1, CARRILES R.1, MALDONADO J. L. 1, CASTRO CAMUS E.1, ZOLOTUKHIN M. G.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

2284924 SOLITON COMPRESSION IN TAPERED HOLLOW-CORE PHOTONIC BANDGAP FIBERS GONZÁLEZ BAQUEDANO N.1, VARGAS S.1, ARZATE N.1, TORRES I.1, MARTÍNEZ RÍOS A.1, CEBALLOS HERRERA D.E.1, FERRANDO A.2, MILIÁN C.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Departamento de Óptica, Universidad de Valencia/3ITACA, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

2284980 QUANTUM SECURITY IN HOMODYNE RECEPTION USING WEAK COHERENT STATES GARCIA E.1, LOPEZ J.A.2, MENDIETA F.J.2, ARVIZU A.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Baja California/2CICESE Research Centre, México

2285020 OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE WRITING IN PHOTOCHROMIC MATERIAL: PHOTOINDUCED OPTICAL PROPERTIES BY FEMTOSECOND LASER GUTIÉRREZ M.1, RODRÍGUEZ A.1, BALDERAS R.E.1, CAMACHO S.2, CANO M.2, ELIZALDE L.E.3, LEDEZMA R.3 1Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí/2Centro de Investigación Científica y de Estudios Superiores de Ensenada/3Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Mexico

2285036 NONLINEAR SPECTROSCOPY OF ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC METALLIC NANOCOMPOSITES IN SILICA FERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ R.C1, TORRES-TORRES C.2, CHEANG-WONG J.C.1, CRESPO-SOSA A.1, RODRIGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ L.1, RANGEL-ROJO R.3, OLIVER A.1, REYES-ESQUEDA J.A.1 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME-Z, I.P.N/3CICESE, Depto. de Óptica, México

2285216 CARRIER DYNAMICS AND NONLINEAR OPTICAL STUDY ON SEMICONDUCTORS PÉREZ-HERNÁNDEZ B. G.1, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J.1, MORALES-SAAVEDRA O. G.1, CASTAÑEDA- AVIÑA L.2, RODRÍGUEZ-ROSALES A. A.1, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R.1 1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 2Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México

2285181 REAL-TIME SELF-REFERENCED PHASE RECONSTRUCTION PROPOSAL OF GHZ-BANDWIDTH NON-PERIODICAL OPTICAL PULSES BY IN-FIBER SEMI-DIFFERINTEGRATION CUADRADO-LABORDE C.1, ANDRÉS M. V.2, LANCIS J.3 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas/2Universidad de Valencia/3Universitat Jaume I

2285377 PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALLIC- PHTHALOCYANINES DISPERSED IN SONOGEL OPTICAL GLASSES TORRES-ZÚÑIGA V.1, SÁNCHEZ-VERGARA M.E.2, MORALES-SAAVEDRA O.G.1, ALVAREZ C.2, BAÑUELOS J.G.1 1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCADET-UNAM/2Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac

2285587 A MODEL FOR LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH A THIN NONLOCAL-NONLINEAR MEDIA ARROYO CARRASCO M.L.1, MÉNDEZ OTERO M.M.1, REYNOSO L. E.2, CHÁVEZ-CERDA S.3, ITURBE CASTILLO M.D.3 1Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/2Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/3Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Mexico

2285720 RUNNING HOLOGRAM TECHNIQUE WITH ARBITRARILY FIXED PHASE COUPLING FOR HOLE-ELECTRON COMPETITION CHARACTERIZATION IN UNDOPED PHOTOREFRACTIVE TITANOSILLENITE CRYSTALS OLIVEIRA I. 1, FRESCHI A. A.2, FREJLICH J.1 1Faculdade de Tecnologia-Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP/2Universidade Federal do ABC

2285841 SYNTHESIZED NANO-RING STRUCTURES ON 4X2 GAAS SURFACES PROBED BY RAS AND STM ORTEGA GALLEGOS J, GUEVARA L.E, BALDERAS R.E, LASTRAS L.F, LASTRAS A. Instituto de Investigación en Comunicación Óptica, UASLP, Mexico

2285908 TWO-PHOTON TEMPORAL SELF-IMAGING TORRES-COMPANY V1, LANCIS J2, LAJUNEN H3, FRIBERG A.T.4 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA/2Universitat Jaume I, Castello, Spain/3University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland/4University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland; Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Kista, Sweden

2285962 QUADRUPOLAR SECOND-HARMONIC GENERATION BY HIGHER- ORDER GAUSSIAN BEAMS GONZALEZ M A, MAYTORENA J A 1Posgrado en Ciencias Físicas, UNAM/2Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM, Mexico

2286006 NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE MEDIUM THICKNESS IN THE Z-SCAN TECHNIQUE

MARCELA MARIBEL MÉNDEZ OTERO M.M.M.O.1, MARCELO DAVID ITURBE CASTILLO M.D.I.C.2, MAXIMINO LUIS ARROYO CARRASCO M.L.A.C.1 1Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Dependencia Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, dependencia Departamento de Óptica, Mexico

2286021 ENTANGLEMENT OF FORMATION OF A PAIR OF QUANTUM DOTS SÁNCHEZ-S. SERGIO S.S.1, SÁNCHEZ MONDRAGÓN J. J. J.J.2, GARCÍA-MELGAREJO J.C. J.C.2, ALEJO-MOLINA A. A.A.2 1Institute for Energy Studies (IEE) of the University of Isthmus (UNISTMO) and Optics Department 2Optics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics (INAOE) , México

2286071 STUDY OF LIGHT PROPAGATION IN RANDOM NANOPARTICLES ARRAYS. JUAREZ-MORALES J.C, MUNOZ-LOPEZ J, MARTINEZ-NICONOFF G. Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Óptica y Electrónica, México

2286083 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF COPOLYMERS DERIVED OF 3-ALKYLTHIOPHENES AND THIOPHENES CONTAINING NLO CHROMOPHORES RUEDA-ANAYA C.M, CASTRELLÓN-URIBE J, GÜIZADO-RODRÍGUEZ M. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México

2286182 TUNING VISIBLE EMISSION LIGHT FROM ZNO QUANTUM DOTS OLIVA J.1, DE LA ROSA E.1, TORRE A.2, SALAS P.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/3CFATA UNAM

Friday 19

9:00-10:00 Plenary 6 El Alto Chair: Rufino Díaz-Uribe, CCADET-UNAM, México

2285429 A REVIEW OF ADAPTIVE OPTICS IN VISION SCIENCE CHRISTOPHER DAINTY National University of Ireland, Galway

10:15-11:45 FDI 9 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation Chair: Gustavo Rodríguez-Zurita, BUAP, México Co-Chair: Myrian Tebaldi, CIOp, Argentina

10:15-10:45 2284586 FDI9 Invited Keynote

VECTOR-WAVE HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL MASS-STORAGE YATAGAI T, BARADA D. Utsunomiya University, Japan

10:45-11:00 2284611 FDI9 Oral IMPROVED ERROR-REDUCTION ALGORITHM FOR DESIGNING PHASE DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS AGUIRRE-OLIVAS D, ARRIZÓN V, SÁNCHEZ-DE-LA-LLAVE D Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

11:00-11:15 2286231 FDI9 Oral NONLINEAR ABBE THEORY BARSI C, LU CHIEN-HUNG, FLEISCHER J.W. Princeton University, USA

11:15-11:30 2285086 FDI9 Oral FRACTAL DIFFRACTION ELEMENTS WITH VARIABLE TRANSMITTANCE AND PHASE SHIFT MUZYCHENKO Y.B, ZINCHIK A.A, STAFEEV S.C, TOMILIN M.G. Saint-Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

11:30-11:45 2284971 FDI9 Oral GENERATION OF SPIRAL PATTERNS BY OBSTRUCTION OF BESSEL BEAM TOTO-ARELLANO N.I.1, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A.1, RODRÍGUEZ-ZURITA G.2, RAYAS ÁLVAREZ J.A.1, SERRANO-GARCÍA D.I.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

12:00-13:30 FDI 10 Angelópolis Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation Chair: Jason W. Fleischer, Princeton University, USA Co-Chair: Victor Arrizón, INAOE, México

12:00-12:30 2285065 FDI10 Invited Keynote MICROLENSES FABRICATION ON GLASS BY COMBINING LASER WITH THERMAL-REFLOW TECHNIQUE M. TERESA FLORES-ARIAS Universidad de Santiago de Compostel 12:30-12:45 2285102 FDI10 Oral

FABRICATION OF A DEFORMABLE MIRROR OPTIMIZED FOR PULSE SHAPING QURESHI N, GÓMEZ-ARISTA I, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J CCADET / Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

12:45-13:00 2285669 FDI10 Oral PULSED LASERS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY BARHDADI A.1, HARTITI B.2 1PSES Laboratory, ENS-Rabat, University Mohammed V – Agdal/2LPMAER, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Mohammedia

13:00-13:15 2285950 FDI10 Oral METHOD OF PRODUCING TAPERED FIBERS VEGA F, TORRES C.O, MATTOS L. Universidad Popular del Cesar

13:15-13:30 2286190 FDI10 Oral MULTILAYER THIN FILM COATINGS FOR REDUCED INFRARED LOSS IN HOLLOW GLASS WAVEGUIDES BLEDT C.M, KOPP D.V, HARRINGTON J.A. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Department of Materials Science & Engineering

10:15-11:45 OE 9 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Toyohiko Yatagai, Utsunomiya University Co-Chair: Amalia Martínez-García, CIO, México

10:15-10:45 2285652 OE9 Invited Keynote HIGH-SPEED SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY AND MULTIPOINT VIBROMETRY ANDREW J. MOORE Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, UK

10:45-11:00 2284483 OE9 Oral VIBRATION MEASUREMENT IN NON-RIGID TEST ENVIRONMENT WITH SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY MATSUMOTO T.1, NAKAMOTO H.1, TAKIZAWA Y.1, KITAGAWA Y.1, KURATANI F.2, KOYAMA K.3, ADACHI M.4

1Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Technology/2Fukui University/3Koyama Hardware Co. Ltd/4Kanazawa University

11:00-11:15 2284585 OE9 Oral A DYNAMICAL LIGHT SCATTERING TECHNIQUE AND ITS APPLICATION IN VISCOELASTIC NETWORKS IN SOFT MATTER SARMIENTO-GÓMEZ E, GALVÁN-MIYOSHI J.M, CASTILLO R. Instituto de Física, UNAM

11:15-11:30 2284861 OE9 Oral PROBABILITY MAPPING IMAGES IN DYNAMIC SPECKLE PASSONI L.I.1, RABAL H.J.2, MESCHINO G1, TRIVI M.2 1Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Juan B. Justo 4302. (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina/2Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata-CIC), UID Optimo, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Nacional de la Plata, P.O. Box 3, 1897, Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina

11:30-11:45 2285711 OE9 Oral TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VIBRATION MEASUREMENT BY HIGH SPEED OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY GUTIERREZ-HERNANDEZ D.A.1, PEREZ-LOPEZ C.1, MENDOZA-SANTOYO F1, MIXTECO- SANCHEZ J.C.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenierías campus Guanajuato - Instituto Politécnico Nacional

12:00-13:30 OE 10 Violeta 1 Optical Engineering Chair: Héctor J. Rabal, CIOp, CONICET, La Plata-CIC, Argentina Co-Chair: Ivan Moreno, Universidad de Zacatecas, México

12:00-12:30 2285936 OE10 Invited Keynote SPECKLE DISPLACEMENT IN 3-D SPACE AND APPLICATIONS ICHIROU YAMAGUCHI Toyo Seiki, Gunma University, Japan

12:30-12:45 2284642 OE10 Oral INTERFEROMETRY-LIKE IMAGE CONTOUR DETECTION GUSTAVO RODRÍGUEZ MORALES Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México

12:45-13:00 2284796 OE10 Oral MONTE CARLO METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN TOPOMETRY BY USING IN-PLANE ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN INTERFEROMETRY WITH DIVERGENT ILLUMINATION MARTINEZ AMALIA, PARRA-MICHEL JORGE, CORDERO RAUL CIO, México

13:00-13:15 2286186 OE10 Oral DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION METHOD: A VERSATILE TOOL FOR ENGINEERING AND ART STRUCTURES INVESTIGATIONS KUJAWINSKA M.1, MALESA M.1, PIEKARCZUK A.2 TYMIńSKA-WIDMER L.3, MALOWANY K.1, TARGOWSKI P.4 1Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, 02-525 Warsaw, 8 Sw. A. Boboli St., Poland/2Building Research Institute, 00-611 Warsaw, 1 Filtrowa St., Poland/3Institute for the Study, Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland/4Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziądzka 5, PL-87 100 Toruń, Poland

13:15-13:30 2286189 OE10 Oral UNIFIED THEORY OF PHASE UNWRAPPING APPROACHES IN MULTI- WAVELENGTH INTERFEROMETRY FALAGGIS K, P. TOWERS D, E. TOWERS C. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds

10:15-11:45 BMO 4 Violeta 2 Bio-Medical Optics Chair: Gert Von Bally, Muenster University, Germany Co-Chair: Heriberto Márquez, CICESE, Mexico

10:15-10:45 2284782 BMO4 Invited Keynote MICRO-JOULE, PICO-SECOND RANGE, YB3+-DOPED FIBRE LASER FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS IN ACUPUNCTURE ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A.1, RIVERA-MANRIQUE S.I.1, JAQUES S.L.2 1CIITEC-IPN/2OREGON HEALTH STATE UNIVERSITY

10:45-11:00 2285234 BMO4 Oral

DATA ACQUISITION INTERFACE FOR FREQUENCY DOMAIN PHOSPHORESCENCE LIFETIME DETECTION LAI B1, LILGE L2 1University Health Network/2University of Toronto/University Health Network

11:00-11:15 2285502 BMO4 Oral OPTICAL SYNAPSE R. JAIMES-REATEGUI R.J.R.1, A. N. PISARCHIK A.N.P2, R. SEVILLA-ESCOBOZA R.S.E.1, V. B. KAZANTSEV V.B.K3, J. H. GARCÍA-LÓPEZ J.H.G.L.1, G. HUERTA-CUELLAR G.H.C.1, C. E. CASTAÑEDA-HERNANDEZ C.E.C.H.1, D. LOPEZ MANCILLA D.L.M1 1Centro Universitario de Los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Enrique Díaz de León 1144, Paseo de la Montaña, Las de Moreno, Jalisco, México/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./3Institute of Applied Physics of RAS, Uljanov Str. 46, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

11:15-11:30 2284608 BMO4 Oral REFLECTION SPECTRA OF BREAST ADIPOSE TISSUE VS HISTOLOGIC GRADE MUNOZ MORALES A,A1, VAZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.1, REIGOSA A.2 1Grupo de Instrumentación de Óptica Biomédica, Coordinación de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica/2Laboratorio de Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigaciones Médica y Biotecnológica de la Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela

11:30-11:45 2286178 BMO4 Oral LANGMUIR BLODGETT METHODOLOGY FOR METALLIC NANOPARTICLE SUBSTRATES PREPARATION FOR SERS APPLICATIONS PÉREZ-MAYEN L.P.M.1, DE LA ROSA E.R.C1, CASTILLO F.C.2, CALIXTO-CARRERA S.A.C.C.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/2Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

10:15-11:45 POE 8 Oriental Photonics and Opto-Electronics Chair: Carlos Gómez Reino, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain Co-Chair: Héctor Moya Cessa INAOE, México

10:15-10:45 2284948 POE8 Invited Keynote OPTICAL MATERIALS STUDIES BY RADIOPHYSICS METHODS LARKIN A,I, SHSCEPINOV V.P. National Research Nuclear University MEPhI

10:45-11:00

2283170 POE8 Oral RE-DOPED FIBRE LASER SOURCES FOR SPEED MEASUREMENT IN THREE- PHASE MOTOR APPLICATIONS CERRANO-HERNANDEZ I, CRUZ CONTRERAS A, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A CIITEC-IPN, México

11:00-11:15 2284542 POE8 Oral WAVEGUIDES BY MULTIPLE IMPLANTATIONS OF AG ION ON SIO2 SUBSTRATES MARQUÉZ H.1, SALAZAR D.1, RANGEL R.1, OLIVER A.2, FLORES E.2, ANGEL J1 1CICESE/2IFUNAM, México

11:15-11:30 2285255 POE8 Oral FROM FEMTOSECOND LASER PULSES TO A SUPERCONTINUUM VISIBLE LASER SOURCE RAMÍREZ GÓNGORA O.DEJ.1, SOLARTE RODRÍGUEZ E.2 1Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali/2Universidad del Valle

11:30-11:45 2285926 POE8 Oral DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE TUNABLE ERBIUM RING LASER GIORDANA A, DUCHOWICZ R. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CIOp), Argentina

10:15-11:45 OIS 8 Constancia Optical Interaction Science Chair: Zohra Ben Lakhdar, University of Tunisia Co-Chair: Héctor Cerecedo-Núñez, Universidad Veracruzana, México

10:15-10:45 2283996 OIS8 Invited Keynote EFFECTS OF PRIMARY SPHERICAL ABERRATION, COMA, ASTIGMATISM AND FIELD CURVATURE ON THE FOCUSING OF ULTRASHORT PULSES GONZÁLEZ-GALICIA M.A, ROSETE-AGUILAR M, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J, BRUCE N.C, ORTEGA- MARTÍNEZ R. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCADET

10:45-11:00 2284843 OIS8 Oral PROPAGATION OF ULTRASHORT PULSES BEHIND DIFFRACTING SCREENS PIKSARV P.1, BOWLAN P.2, LõHMUS M.1, VALTNA-LUKNER H.1, TREBINO R.2, SAARI P.1

1Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Estonia/2School of Physics, Georgia Tech, GA, USA

11:00-11:15 2285868 OIS8 Oral STUDY OF A FIGURE-EIGHT LASER GENERATING NOISE-LIKE PULSES WITH ADJUSTABLE CHARACTERISTICS POTTIEZ O.1, HERNANDEZ-GARCIA J.C.1, IBARRA-ESCAMILLA B.2, KUZIN E.A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2INAOE, Mexico

11:15-11:30 2285363 OIS8 Oral FORMATION OF PARABOLIC OPTICAL PULSES IN PASSIVE OPTICAL FIBERS SUKHOIVANOV I.A.1, IAKUSHEV S.O.2, SHULIKA O.V.2, GURYEV I.V.1, ANDRADE LUCIO J.A.1, IBARRA MANZANO O.G.1 1DICIS, University of Guanajuato/2Lab. Photonics, Kharkov Universityu of Radio Electronics, Ukraine

11:30-11:45 2286155 OIS8 Oral MODE-LOCKED FIBER LASER USING A FIBER DIRECTIONAL COUPLER HERNANDEZ-ROMANO I.1, ANTONIO-LOPEZ J.E.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J.1, DELFYETT P.2, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.3 1National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics/2CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics/3Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas

12:00-13:30 SS Constancia Science and Society Chair: Maria Yzuel, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain Co-Chair: Eric Rosas, CENAM, México

12:00-12:30 2286206 SS Invited THE ROLE OF ICTP/UNESCO IN PROMOTING OPTICS EDUCATION AND RESEARCH WORLDWIDE JOSEPH NIEMELA ICTP

12:30-13:00 2286214 SS Invited WHY IS INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANT? CARMIÑA LONDOÑO National Science Foundation, USA

13:00-13:15 2286204 SS Oral WORLDWIDE SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION AND NATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: HOW TO PUT THOSE THINGS TOGETHER? REINGAND N.1, STECH M.2 1CeLight, Inc./2Office of Intellectual Property Rights, US Department of Commerce

13:15-13:30 2287000S SS Oral WEB 2.0 IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCHERS AND PUBLISHERS (THE SPRINGERLINK PLATFORM) MOURIÑO DAVID, ARROYO INDRA SPRINGER, México

12:00-13:30 TO 4 Violeta 2 Theoretical Optics Chair: Karen Volke, IF-UNAM, México Co-Chair: Aurélie Le Cain, CEA CESTA, France

12:00-12:30 2285133 TO4 Invited Keynote PARTIAL COHERENCE AND POLARIZATION IN ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE SETALA T.1, TERVO J.2, FRIBERG A.T.3 1Aalto University/2University of Eastern Finland/3Aalto University, University of Eastern Finland, Royal Institute of Technology

12:30-12:45 2283820 TO4 Oral COHERENCE AND POLARIZATION CONTROL USING TWISTED NEMATIC LIQUID-CRYSTAL SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS RICKENSTORFF C, FLORES E, OSTROVSKY A.S. Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México

12:45-13:00 2283992 TO4 Oral EXACT MODELING OF PROPAGATION OF PARTIALLY COHERENT OPTICAL FIELDS CASTAÑEDA R, GARCÍA-SUCERQUIA J Physics School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín

13:00-13:15 2283611 TO4 Oral GENERATION OF A SPIRAL WAVE USING AMPLITUDE MASKS

ANGUIANO M.A, SALAS D.S, TRUJILLO G.T Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua, México

13:15-13:30 2285072 TO4 Oral RESUMMING DIVERGENT SERIES IN NONPARAXIAL OPTICS BORGHI R.1, GORI F.2, GUATTARI G.1, SANTARSIERO M.2 1Dipartimento di Elettronica Applicata, Università "Roma Tre"/2Dipartimento di Fisica, Università "Roma Tre"

12:00--13:30 AOA Oriental Applied Optics to Artwork Chair: Maxim Tomilin, Saint-Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics, and Optics, Russia Co-Chair: Sabino Chávez, INAOE, México

12:00-12:30 2285894 AOA Invited Keynote XOCHICALCO: TLAYOHUALCHIELIZTLI OR CAMERA OBSCURA CORNEJO-RODRÍGUEZ A.1, VÁZQUEZ-MONTIEL S.1, GRANADOS-AGUSTÍN F.1, GALEA D.1, DIAMANT R.2, ESPINASA-PERENA R.3, CRUZ J.L.4, FERNÁNDEZ-GUASTI M.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y electrónica, Puebla, MEXICO 2Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, 09340 México D.F., Ap. postal. 55-534, MEXICO 3Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica, México D.F., MEXICO 4Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Xochicalco, Morelos, México

12:30-12:45 2286157 AOA Oral ANALYSIS BY LIBS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS FROM ANCIENT PERUVIAN CULTURES ASMAD MIGUEL1, SÁNCHEZ RUBÉN1, BALDWIN GUILLERMO1, CASTILLO LUIS JAIME2, ALDAMA WILDER3, MORALES RICARDO4, UCEDA SANTIAGO4 1Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú / Laboratorio de Óptica, Departamento de Ciencias, Sección Física 2Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú / Programa Arqueológico San José de Moro 3Universidad Nacional de Trujillo - Perú / Laboratorio de Óptica y Láser (LOYL) 4Universidad Nacional de Trujillo - Perú / Proyecto Arqueológico Huaca del Sol y de la Luna

12:45-13:00 2285535 AOA Oral LATTICE BASED MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE RESTORATION OF MEXICAN ANCIENT CODICES VALDIVIEZO N. J.C, URCID G, BAEZ J.J.

INAOE, México

13:00-13:15 2285304 AOA Oral SPACIAL LOCATION OF REFERENCE POINTS FOR THE STUDY IN 360° OF AN OBJECT USING STEREO VISION FLORES V.H1, MARTÍNEZ A.1, RAYAS J.A.1, GENOVESE K.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica/2Università degli Studi della Basilicata

13:15-13:30 2285848 AOA Oral NUMERICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVES OF OIL PAINTING ON CANVAS VALDIVIESO L.G.1, GUERRERO J.E.2, OSORIO C.A.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad industrial de Santander

ABSTRACTS

Monday 15

Plenary 1 2285662 Speckle contrast measurement with low light levels and imperfect laser illumination GOODMAN J.W, FENG Y. Stanford University

In this paper, we examine the contrast of speckle caused by a cascade of three stochastic phenomena. An optically rough object is assumed to be illuminated by an imperfect laser, and the scattered light is detected by a photoevent-counting detector or an array of such detectors. The contrast of the measured photoevent speckle is then calculated. Various models of imperfect lasers are used for the light source, including a laser oscillating in a multitude of independent modes, a laser that produces Rician intensity statistics (as predicted if the laser output consists of both stimulated emission and a component of spontaneous emission), and a laser that produces intensity statistics predicted by the Risken model. The scattering object is assumed to have a roughness that is large compared with a wavelength. A semiclassical model is used for photoevent detection. A central result of the analysis is a simple expression for the contrast of the detected photoevents in terms of the contrast of the classical speckle intensity and the total photoevent flux detected in the measurement. When the photoevent flux is large, the contrast of the photoevents is approximately equal to the classical speckle intensity contrast. Under such conditions, the statistics of the imperfect laser illumination generate departures from the usual behavior of speckle. We examine how this departure depends on the statistical properties of the laser illumination, as well as on the ratio of the measurement time to the coherence time of the light. Given a particular model for laser illumination, measurement of speckle contrast can give information about the statistical properties of the illumination. These results are of particular interest in the case of X-ray lasers for which the statistical properties of the output are not yet perfectly characterized, and the detectors are of the photoevent-counting type.

OIS 1 Optical Interaction Science

2285956 Mie-scattering of light with orbital angular momentum by nanoparticles ACHARYA P., GUZMÁN A.M. Florida Atlantic University

The scattering and absorption of plane waves by a spherical object is described by Mie theory [1], which has attracted recent interest for the study of scattering properties by metallic nanoparticles and nano arrays. In the Mie-Scattering theory the field scattered by spherical particles is expressed in the form of a multipole expansion whose order and coefficients depend on the size of the particle. The theory has been recently applied to study the field scattered by metallic nanospheres large enough to support multipolar modes [2] and to obtain scaling laws for plasmonic resonances in nano-antennas [3]. We study here the scattering of light with orbital angular momentum (OAM) by nanoparticles. OAM waves are solutions of the paraxial wave equation that carry well defined orbital angular momentum about the paraxial beam axis. The multipole expansion for scattered OAM waves depends on the localized surface plasmon modes that can couple to incident light carrying a well defined amount of azimuthal charge (or l-number) at a particular wavelength. We study here the properties of on-axis scattering of OAM waves by nanoparticles located at the beam waist as a function of the size of the particle and of the frequency and content of azimuthal charge of the incident wave. [1] G. Mie, Ann. Phys. 330, (3), 377–445, (1908). [2] Christopher P. Burrows and William L. Barnes, Optics Express 18, 3187 (2010). [3] G. B. Bryant, F. J. De Abajo, J. Aizpurua, Nano Letters 8, 631-636, (2008).

2284661 Dependence of the local enhancement of electromagnetic fields on the illumination direction KHAKIMOV R., SHEVCHENKO A., KAIVOLA M Aalto University

We consider nanogroove and nanopillar structures made of silver and gold on a dielectric substrate. The structures are designed to provide a strong local enhancement of electric and magnetic fields for applications in fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. Our calculations show that the light propagation direction can significantly influence the transmittance spectra of the structure and the field enhancement factor. These characteristics depend on the way the light is incident on the sample, from the top or from the bottom. The calculations are based on finite element method and include both periodic and non-periodic geometries. As an example of modelled geometries, we consider gratings and pillar arrays in which a thin layer of gold (30 nm) is deposited on a quartz lattice. Transmittance spectra of such structures demonstrate the notable difference when illuminated from the top and from the bottom. The effect described can provide more flexibility for the design of nanostructured optical components.

2284698 Enhancement of Si nanocrystals photoluminescence in presence of Ag nanoparticles BORNACELLI J., REYES-ESQUEDA J.A., RODRIGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ L, SILVA- PEREYRA H.G., OLIVER A Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Enhancement of Si Nanocrystals Photoluminescence in Presence of Ag Nanoparticles Bornacelli J., Reyes- Esqueda J.A., Rodríguez-Fernández L., Silva-Pereyra H.G., and A. Oliver* Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México. *E-mail: [email protected] Plasmonics is the most promising field appointed to continue the predictions of the Law of Moore as well as for the confinement of light on a subwavelength spatial scale, allowing the breaking of the diffraction limit. In that direction, we have produced by ion implantation, interesting nanocomposites with very attractive optical properties. Recently, a double implantation of Si and Ag ions in silica, with subsequent thermal treatments in appropriated atmospheres, allowed us to obtain two layers: one of Si nanocristals (NCs) and other of Ag nanoparticles (NPs). This arrangement shows an enhancement of the emission of Si nanocrystals (NCs) in a new, totally integrated configuration. The synthesis of the system by ion implantation offers a total protection of the optical active agents from environmental effects such as oxidation, additionally assuring a high degree of homogeneity. We present a photoluminescence excitation study (420-500 nm) of Si NCs with and without the presence of Ag nanoparticles (NPs), both embedded in a matrix of SiO2. The level of saturation for Si NCs is independent of the excitation wavelength, but for Si NCs in the presence of Ag NPs, a saturation level arises for excitation wavelengths near the absorption band of the surface plasmon resonance of the Ag NP (325-475 nm). The increase of both, the values of saturation and excitation cross-section of Si NCs in the presence of Ag NPs, is an evidence of the optical interaction between the metal NPs and Si NCs studied in this work. This suggests a decrease of the lifetime of Si NCs photoemission due to the interaction with the Ag NPs.

2285671 Enhancement of ALPHA-AL203:C photoluminescence when doped with au nanoparticles MÉNDEZ-RESÉNDIZ L.C.1, JIMÉNEZ-HERNÁNDEZ J.L.1, MOTA-SANTIAGO P.E.1, CRESPO-SOSA A.1, REYES-ESQUEDA J.A.1, OLIVER A.1, BARBOZA-FLORES M.2 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 2Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigación en Física

Enhancement of alpha-Al203:C photoluminescence when doped with Au Nanoparticles L.C. Méndez- Reséndiz1, J.L. Jiménez-Hernández1, P.E. Mota-Santiago1, A. Crespo-Sosa1, J.A. Reyes-Esqueda1, A. Oliver1, M. Barboza-Flores2 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F.

04510, México 2Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigación en Física, P. O. Box 5-088, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83190, México [email protected] Plasmonic effects are a current research topic. Near-field enhancement of some physical property is sought when thinking in different kinds of applications. In our case, alpha-Al203:C crystals have been long used in dosimetry because of their thermal and optically stimulated luminescence responses. In this work, we have embedded Au nanoparticles into these dosimeters by using ion implantation and the appropriate thermal treatment. As a consequence, when measuring the photoluminescence from the crystals with and without the presence of the Au nanoparticles, exciting in the range 210-410 nm with ps pulses, we observed primary emission maxima centered at 328 and 410 nm, but also secondary emission maxima centered at 260 and 640 nm. The maxima at 260, 328 and 410 nm are attributed to F+ defects for the two first bands, and to F defects for the third one. Because of the carbon, the 410 nm band is the dominant one. We have observed a 5-fold enhancement of the photoluminescence for the two main emission bands, 328 and 410 nm, in the sample with Au NPs. We are trying to determine whether this enhancement is due to an increment in the number of the related defects because of the NPs presence or is rather a plasmonic effect.

2285318 Optical characteristics of thin film molybdenum oxides induced by ultrashort laser pulses CANO M.1, CAMACHO S.1, CAMACHO M.A.2, ESPARZA A.3 1CICESE-Departamento de Óptica/ 2UAEM-Facultad de Química/ 3UNAM-Fotofísica y Películas Delgadas

There exists a good amount of work on obtaining metallic oxide thin films by using conventional heat treatment; metallic oxide thin films can also be obtained by laser irradiation when using either cw or pulsed lasers. Only a few amount of work has been published for laser-induced metallic oxides for short pulses (nanosecond) and non for ultrashort (picosecond-femtosecond) pulses laser irradiation. The direct laser writing technique offers great advantages, since it allows to laser-induced specific stoichiometry and phase transformation when working with metallic films; related features to the laser-induced metallic oxide formation are a high spatial resolution and very short processing time. Hence the great interest of using the laser technique for manufacturing metallic oxides. In this work, we present experimental results of laser irradiation, in atmospheric air, of crystalline molybdenum (Mo) thin films (500nm thickness) deposited on glass substrates. We used femtosecond Ti: Sapphire laser (800nm) pulses of 60 fs duration, at a high repetition rate (70MHz), and low energy per pulse (around 6nJ) to laser-induce MoOx. We exposed the Mo films to a series of pulse trains, with exposure times from 2 seconds and up to 20 minutes long; the fluence per pulse was set between 0.5-1.5 mJ/cm2. Our results show how the directly laser affected area and its surroundings turns into a pattern of several concentric rings each of different color. This laser-transformed area was characterized by using micro-Raman spectroscopy. It was found that as a result of the laser irradiation of the Mo, we obtain MoOx with a variety of stoichiometries, and that it synthesizes in different crystalline phases. On the technological side, Molybdenum oxides have many applications, for example, in devices such as cathodes for rechargeable lithium microbatteries, catalysis and gas sensors through its gasochromic properties.

OIS 2 Optical Interaction Science

2286179 One pot synthesis of FE3O4 magnetic nanoparticles by precipitation method. PÉREZ-MAYEN L.P.M.1, CHAMÉ-FERNÁNDEZ K.C.F.1, DE LA ROSA E.R.C.1, TORRES A.T.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2FIME, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

There are several methods for chemical synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. Conventional methods usually take a lot of time and many steps to obtain good quality on nanoparticles. In this work, we show an alternative path to prepare this kind of nanoparticles with small size and homogenous shape. This new method is very simple, low consuming time and easy to implement and scale up. The procedure of the reaction involves the

hydrolysis and oxidation of ferric chloride, and under low temperature reaction. The shape and size of nanoparticles is controlled by polymer surface modifier (PVP), the violent reaction produced when sodium borohydride is added in the reaction produce the magnetic structure in the nanoparticles obtained. Following the proposed methodology, we have obtained magnetic nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5 to 10 nm. This particle size improves the magnetic response and is important for biology applications. The small size of the particle gives the possibility of growing a shell around the particle with optical properties either scattered light or luminescence. The growing and size control of the crystals was obtained modifying the rate of addition of polymer surface modifier. The Magnetic nanoparticles obtained were characterized by high resolution transmission microscope and magnetic response proves.

2284851 Surface plasmon propagation in novel multilayered metallic thin films FERRI F.A.1, RIVERA V.A.G.1, SILVA O.B.1, ZANATTA A.R.1, BORGES B.-H.V.2, MAREGA JR. E.1, WEINER J1. 1Instituto de Física de São Carlos/USP/Brazil/ 2Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica- EESC/USP/Brazil

Multilayered Ag/Au/Ag/Au and Au/Ag/Au/Ag films with 200 nm of thickness (50 nm for each layer), as measured by a Talystep profilometer, were evaporated onto BK7 glass substrates. Sequences of slits (with 50, 100 and 150 nm nominal widths) were milled with a FEI focused-ion beam (Ga+ ions, 30 keV) in the films. The lateral dimension of the slits with 100 nm of width was varied in the range of 5−20 μm. We have undertaken a series of high-resolution measurements of the optical transmission through the series of slits arrays. The transmission measurement setup consists of a 488.0 nm (for the Ag/Au/Ag/Au film) and a 632.8 nm (for the Au/Ag/Au/Ag sample) wavelength light beam from an Ar ion and a HeNe laser, respectively, aligned to the optical axis of a microscope. The beam is focused onto the sample surface by a microscope objective in TM polarization (magnetic H-field component parallel to the long axis of the slits). Light intensity transmitted through each slit array is then gathered by an optical fibre and detected with a charged- coupled device (CCD) array detector. The transmitted intensity of each slit was recorded in the far-field by the CCD as the sample was stepped using an X-Y translation stage. The origin of this transmission is attributed to collective conduction band electron oscillations in response to the electrical field of the electromagnetic radiation of light. The optical absorption of the metallic film creates a localized surface plasmon (LSP) that can propagate in the slits (resonance cavities) and probably enhance their transmission, depending on the slit geometric dimensions and film structure. As well, we have performed computer simulations carried out with COMSOL Multiphysics investigating the slits optical transmission and comparing to experiment. It is valuable to notice that a very good correspondence between theory and experiment was observed.

2285090 Partial spatial coherence and polarization properties of surface-plasmon fields NORRMAN A.1, SETALA T.1, FRIBERG A.T.2 1Aalto University/ 2Aalto University, University of Eastern Finland, Royal Institute of Technology

Plasmonics constitutes an increasingly important part of nanophotonics. Evanescent waves [1] and surface- plasmon polaritons are manifestly non-beam-like, three-dimensional (3D) fields, thus necessitating novel tools of analysis and exhibiting new coherence and polarization phenomena. In this work, we analyze the spatial (spectral) coherence and polarization properties in fluctuating surface-plasmon fields generated at a lossy, thin metal film surrounded on both sides by air. By making use of rigorous electromagnetic interactions at the interfaces and the theory of optical coherence in 3D fields, we demonstrate how the coherence length is affected when the thickness of the slab, and the number of modes constituting the field, are changed. In particular, we show that the coherence length can be very long, even several thousands of wavelengths, at certain frequencies. Thus, the plasmon excitations mediate long-distance near-field correlations. An increased number of slab modes generally leads to a reduction of the coherence length, much as in multimode lasers.

The spatial coherence properties play a role in diffractive manipulations of surface-plasmon waves. By using a recent 3D formulation, we also examine the degree of polarization in such random surface-plasmon fields. We show that the field may be partially polarized at sub-wavelength distances, even though it is fully polarized farther away from the metal slab. The results on coherence and polarization are important in modern nanophotonic applications, in which optical interactions are frequently carried by plasmon waves. Examples of such applications include plasmon waveguides, integrated photonic signal-processing systems, subwavelength optical imaging techniques, and nanoscale focusing of light. [1] A. Norrman, T. Setälä, and A.T. Friberg, ―Partial spatial coherence and partial polarization in random evanescent fields on lossless interfaces‖, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (in press, 2011).

2285121 Observation of surface plasmons in an Al-coated snom tip PALM V., RäHN M., HIZHNYAKOV V. Institute of Physics, University of Tartu

Spectral features of a broadband light transmitted by a subwavelength aperture (SWA) terminating a tapered metal-coated tip of a multimode optical fiber (a 200 nm SNOM tip) have been investigated experimentally. Under certain conditions a remarkable spectral modulation of the transmitted light can be observed [1]. A noticeable modulation appears when the number of the transmitted fiber modes is small but exceeds unity, and can be attributed to phase shifts between different modes. Of our special attention was the regular modulation observed in the 800 nm spectral region manifesting the phase difference between the two modes passing the SWA. In order to establish the origin of this phase shift we performed a series of spectral measurements while gradually reducing the fiber length from 770 to 240 mm. It appears that the observed phase shift consists of two clearly distinguishable contributions: the shift in the non-coated multimode fiber and the shift in the metal-coated tapered region close to SWA. The first one is the result of the inherent modal dispersion of the fiber. The second one is due to the mode-dependent contribution of surface plasmon polaritons: one of the two modes couples to the plasmons stronger than the other one, resulting in a remarkable relative slowdown. The modal dispersion actually changes its sign in the SNOM tip. This can be considered as an expected phenomenon: the phase velocity of the mode that is mostly plasmon-like (and slower) in the metal-coated tip region should be higher in the uncoated fiber region due to its stronger presence in the fiber cladding, which has a lower refractive index. 1. M. Rähn, M. Pärs, V. Palm, R. Jaaniso, V. Hizhnyakov, Opt. Commun. 283 (2010) 2457.

2286015 Shape and size controlled visible photo-chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles UPENDRA KUMAR K.1, CARDOSO-ALIVA P.E.2, PICHARDO-MOLINA J.L.2 1Division de ciencias e ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato. Campus león, León Gto, México/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C., León Guanajuato, México.

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) and their assemblies find application in various fields such as high-sensitivity biomolecular detection for diagnostics, antimicrobial, catalysis, micro-electronics, among others. Since all these applications rely on the resonant behavior of localized surface plasmons, they are restricted to a limited frequency range determined by the dielectric functions of the involved media, the size and shape of the particles, and the electromagnetic interaction between them [1]. Different Chemical, electrochemical and photochemical reduction methods have been reported to produce silver NPs. However, very few of them have been successful in controlling simultaneously both the size and morphology of the products. In this paper, we focus on the effect of excitation wavelength, surfactants and aminoacids for the preparation of silver nanoparticles. We employed various visible frequency lines as the exciting light source to irradiate the growth solution containing silver nanoseeds, silver ions, and citrate ions. As the growth proceeds, the maximum absorption peak shifts to longer wavelength, until at some point the entire process stops. We found that both size and shape were influenced by the wavelength of the light, concentrations of surfactants, amino acid and also on the PH of the precursor solution. All the parameters were optimized to obtain desired and stable silver

NPs. References [1]. A. M Schrand, L. K. Braydich-Stolle, J. J. Schlager, L. Dai and S. M. Hussain, Nanotechnology 19 (2008) 235104-1-13.

FDI 1 Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2285382 Rules for optical metrology STAHL H.P. NASA

Paper will define the four metrology rules used to test the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) flight mirrors and give examples of how the rules were applied in practice.

2284915 Some of testing methods of surface parameters of nonimaging mirror segments SCHOVANEK P., HRABOVSKY M., PALATKA M., PECH M., MANDAT D., NOZKA L., HIKLOVA H. Joint Laboratory of Optics, Institute of Physics of AS CR

Short view of testing methods usually applied by Joint Laboratory of Optics in Olomouc for manufacturing of large area mirror segments for nonimaging optical detectors, is presented. Authors put mind to testing of specific characteristics of the reflecting surfaces advanced for the optical detectors for wavelengths from 170 to 300 nm. Listed plots and graphs of measurement results were obtained from testing of square mirror segments advanced for mirror system for RICH detector. 1. Testing of the shape of reflecting surfaces For the surface shape illustration is usually used a variant of Ronchi or Hartmann test. The conventional parameter for selection of segments is the size of the spot diameter of reflected light. 2. Quality testing of active surfaces polishing a. The basic method of testing is visual control. In this method is a tested surface observed by a magnifier in intensive angle lighting. Despite the certain restrictions is this method in the process of manufacturing practically irreplaceable. b. The instrument Form Talysurf 2 is used in mechanical measurements of surface roughness. c. The optical methods based on scattered light measurement are highly precise and sensitive. In laboratory measurement is used Complete Angle Scatter Instrument (CASI). In manufacturing practice is used instrument μSCAN. 3. Testing of reflecting layers a. An impurities, surface scratches and digits which are under systems of reflecting layers are easily found by visual control. b. The point perforations in layers are simple to control by using intensive backside lighting. c. For testing of adhesion is used The Scotch Tape Test. d. The absolute reflectivity is measured on control samples produced together with the segments. e. The surface distribution of reflectivity is measured by comparison reflectometer in many points. f. The scattering characteristics of thin films surfaces are measured by CASI.

2285697 Measurement of absolute optical thickness by wavelength tuning interferometer HIBINO K1, KIM Y2, BITOU Y1, MITSUISHI M3 1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology/ 2Korean Institute of Machinery and Materials/ 3University of Tokyo

Absolute optical thickness is a fundamental parameter for the design of optical elements. In semiconductor industry, it is necessary to measure the absolute optical thickness of the central part of the projection lenses with a high accuracy. However, even when the geometrical thickness is perfectly known, a typical refractive index of fused-silica has an ambiguity of 6 x 10-5 that gives an uncertainty of 180 nm in the optical thickness for a 3 mm-thick plate. Moreover, the optical thickness measured by white light interferometry and wavelength tuning interferometry is an optical thickness with respect to not the ordinary refractive index but the group refractive index. We measured the ordinary optical thickness of a fused silica plate of 6-inch square and 3 mm thickness by a wavelength tuning interferometer with a tunable phase shifting technique. We assumed the typical refractive index of the fused silica as approximate values. The absolute interference order for the optical thickness was finally estimated, which gives a measurement resolution of typically 10 nm for the optical thickness. The phases of the surface shape and the optical thickness were measured simultaneously

and separated in frequency space. We used a new class of phase-shifting algorithms that optimized for maximum tolerance against frequency detuning due to material dispersion and scanning nonlinearities, as well as for suppression of noise from other frequencies [1]. [1] K.Hibino, J.Burke, R.Hanayama, and B.F.Oreb, Opt. Exp.12, 5579-5594 (2004).

2285978 Lateral shear for phase-shifting interferometry ROBLEDO-SÁNCHEZ C. I.1, MENESES-FABIAN C.1, AREVALO-AGUILAR L.M.1, NANCO-HERNÁNDEZ P.2, IXBA-SANTOS V.1, RODRÍGUEZ-ZURITA G.1, CORDERO- DÁVILA A.1 1Fac. Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, BUAP./ 2Fac. Ciencias de la Electrónica, BUAP.

Phase-shifting interferometry is a reliable technique for extracting phase information from interferograms. The phase-shifting technique is achieved by small fine movements of a piezoelectric element attached to one of the mirrors of the Michelson interferometer. Usually this piezoelectric expands or contracts when an external voltage is applied on it. The phase shift method has been implemented in many common interferometers, for instance the Twyman-Green, the Mach-Zender and the Fizeau interferometers. In this work we propose an alternative method to get phase shifting, in which we apply a lateral movement to the point light source (used to illuminate the collimating lens), instead of moving the mirror. To the best of our knowledge, this phase-shifting technique has not been previously proposed or reported. Since the lateral shear interferometry takes the derivative of the wavefront, the tilt term of the wavefront becomes a constant term that is used to produce the phase-shift. Furthermore, we discuss experimental and simulated results using this lateral shear for phase-shifting interferometry.

2286168 Optical testing of the surface quality of a variable focal length lens with null-screens CAMPOS-GARCÍA M.1, SANTIAGO-ALVARADO A.2, MORENO-OLIVA V.I.3, DÍAZ- URIBE R.1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico/ 2Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca/ 3Universidad del Istmo

The null-screen method has been used to test aspheric surfaces. This geometrical method measures the slope of the test surface and by a numerical integration procedure the shape of the test surface can be obtained. Now, in order to test the surfaces a variable focal length lens (VFLL) we propose use a conical null-screen. We present the formulae to design the null-screen in such a way that the image on the CCD is a perfect array of spots; departures from this geometry are observed as deformation of the surface. The VFLL is designed in such a way that under conditions of mechanical equilibrium both surfaces are spherical; however, its shape can be easily modified mechanically changing its radius of curvature. In order to analyze the shape of the surfaces of the VFLL at different radius of curvature, we evaluate its form using a conical null-screen. This procedure allows study the deformations of the surface. Finally, the advantages and limitations of the method will be discussed.

FDI 2 Fabrication, Design and Instrumentation

2285161 Dye deposition lithography – a versatile method for fabrication of optical fan-out devices CLARKE G1, PAVANI K1, ATHANASEKOS L2, MARTIN S1, VAINOS N2, TOAL V1, NAYDENOVA I1 1Dublin Institute of Technology/ 2University of Patras, National Hellenic Research Foundation-NHRF

A novel method utilizing optical lithography and digital printing for fabrication of optical elements in photopolymers is developed. The main advantages of this method are low cost and versatility. Dye deposition

lithography is based on the principle that photopolymerisation in photopolymer layers occurs only when the sensitising dye is present. This simple principle in combination with the increasingly high spatial resolution of materials printers is the basis for a low cost optical device fabrication technology. Several optical devices can be fabricated with this method. In this paper results from the fabrication and characterization of fan-out devices in an acrylamide based photopolymer layer are presented. Erythrosine B dye is used as a sensitizer for polymerization by illumination with laser light of 532nm wavelength. Several fan-out devices were designed and the corresponding digital patterns were generated and printed on the initially unsensitised photopolymer layer. The results from the optimization of the delay time between printing and photopolymerisation, and exposure intensities and times are reported. The refractive index profiles of the devices were observed using phase contrast microscopy. The efficiencies of the fan-out devices are characterized and their outputs compared with the expected light patterns.

2285146 Validation of the cryogenic opto-mechanics for the lenses of FRIDA instrument LUIS ALVAREZ L.A.1, SALVADOR CUEVAS S.C.1, OSCAR CHAPA O.C.1, CARLOS ESPEJO C.E.1, VICENTE BRINGAS V.B.2, ADI CORRALES A.C.2, RENE ESTRADA R.E.2, DIANA LUCERO D.L.2 1Instituto de Astronomía Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 2Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial

We describe the optical tests and results to validate the cryogenic opto-mechanical system barrel that is proposed for FRIDA astronomical project. FRIDA is a Near Infrared and Integral Field Spectrograph with diffraction limited quality to be used coupled to the Gran Telescopio Canarias Adaptive Optics system. This optical system is based on achromatic doublets like S-FTM16 and CaF2, which have high sensitivity to possible misalignments. The main objective of this optical testing is to measure lateral and angular displacements between the lenses and validate the design of the opto-mechanical cell. This cell must align the lens doublet at room temperature and keep it aligned after being cooled to 77 K temperature. Results show that using this method we can measure lateral displacement of about 1 micrometer and angular displacement of about 1 arc sec in cryogenic environments inside a cryostat. We also show that our opto-mechanical design works in specifications. Keywords: Instrumentation – Opto-mechanics, Optical test, Cryogenic test, Near infrared, Integral Field Spectroscopy

2285380 Calibration of a Shack-Hartmann sensor (SHS) with a point diffraction interferometer (PDI) to measure the wavefront aberrations of the human eye GARCIA-FLORES P.C., DIAZ-URIBE J.R. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico

To measure the wavefront aberrations of human eyes, a Shack-Hartmann Sensor (SHS) was developed at UNAM-CCADET. Usually, for calibrating the SHS a well corrected collimated beam is used, so the evaluation of the aberrations depends on this calibration. We propose to use a Point Diffraction Interferometer (PDI) in parallel with the SHS, in order to be able to check for aberrations in the calibration beam at any time. This allows reducing the delay between the calibration and measurement of the aberrations of the eye made with the SHS. In addition, both measurements are made without moving components, so the evaluation made through the SHS can be compensated with the reference beam measurement made by the IDP. The results of the quantitative evaluation of the wavefront aberrations of a human eye are presented in this paper.

2285960 Dragging force and astigmatism surface in commercial polishing machines LEMUS G.P.1, CORDERO A.1, IZAZAGA R.2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

Dragging force and astigmatism surface in commercial polishing machines It is well known that astigmatic surfaces are obtained when they are polished in commercial polisher machines [1,2,3] designed to produce surfaces of revolution. The authors of this paper do not know an explanation for these results. We measured the dragging force applied from a rotating glass to a small fixed tool of Teflon®. These experiments were done for several radial positions of the tool. Dragging force was measured as a function of the time with the aid a force sensor. We found that the force is a periodic function with fundamental frequency equal to that of glass rotation and it is independent of the radial position of the tool. We used a polisher concentration used was of 20 degrees Baumé which is recommended by the supplier [4]. The amount of polisher per time unit and per area unit, covered by the tool, remained constant for each one of the radial positions of the tool. References: [1].- Ronald Aspden, Ralph McDonough and Francis R. Nitchie, Jr.,‖Computer Assisted Optical Surfacing‖,APPLIED OPTICS 2739, Vol. 11 No.12, December 1972. [2].- S. Savel‘ev and A. P. Bogdanov, ―Automated polishing of large optical components whit a small tool‖, Reprinted whit permission from Soviet Journal of Optical Technology, Vol. 52(5), Mayo 1985, ©1985 Optical Society of America. [3].- Jorge Cuautle-Cortés, Técnico del Taller de Óptica de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, private communication. [4].- ―Zirox-K-BC0007 Technical and Material Safety Datasheet‖, Universal Photonics Incorporated, www.universalphotonics.com

2286031 Illuminance spatial distribution based total luminous flux determination for white LEDs VIDAL N., ROSAS E., HURTADO-RAMOS J.B .Centro Nacional de Metrología

In the last few years the solid state lighting (SSL) has gradually substituted the conventional systems in residential, commercial and industrial buildings; thus demanding metrological solutions arising from this new technological paradigm. Among the requirements this industry presents, are those related to the appropriate description of the devices performance, such as their appearance and efficiency characteristics; which are related to traditionally used radiometric and photometric quantities like the correlated color temperature and the total luminous flux, respectively. However, since the physical functioning principle of SSL devices highly differs from incandescence or fluorescence, then those conventional quantities are no longer valid in some cases. This has forced the metrological international community to propose different approaches to appropriate describe the behavior of those SSL devices, known as LEDs, short for light emitting diodes. Because of those reasons, the Centro Nacional de Metrología of Mexico has developed new capabilities to address the mentioned demands, and here we present a comparison on the luminous intensity measurements of a white LED, when directly determined from the spectral irradiance spectrum, and when measured under near-field and far-field conditions. Also we use the luminous intensity obtained from the spectral irradiance spectra in order to calculate the corresponding total luminous flux, when a typical spatial distribution is assumed for the measured LED

POE 1 Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2286192 Advanced applications of optical fiber sensors MENDEZ A. Mch Engineering

Over the past decade, optical fiber sensors have seen increased acceptance and widespread use in different fields and industries for a variety of applications ranging from structural sensing and health monitoring of materials and structures; to downhole pressure and temperature sensors for oil and gas reservoir monitoring; to high voltage and high current sensing systems for the power industry; to biomedical patient monitoring devices—to name just a few. This talk will provide an overview on fiber sensing technology‘s more advanced

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applications in different fields, as well as its milestones, technical hurdles, future prospects and market outlook.

2285717 Photonic crystal integrated in a waveguide of a perfect conductor MENDOZA SUÁREZ ALBERTO M.S.1, PÉREZ AGUILAR HÉCTOR P.A.1, VILLA VILLA FRANCISCO V.V.2 1Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

In this work we consider a waveguide composed of two periodic, perfectly conducting, one-dimensional rough surfaces. This periodic system has a band structure similar in some aspects to a one-dimensional photonic crystal. However our system has some additional interesting features. We calculate the band structure and the reflectivity of a corresponding finite waveguide. We found that the variation of the roughness amplitude and the relative phases allow to control at a certain degree the band structure of the system. Particularly, broad bandgaps can be obtained. It is even possible to obtain discrete modes for some frequency range and then the periodic waveguide acts as an unimodal filter. The system considered constitutes itself a photonic crystal whose band structure corresponds in many ways to a conventional photonic crystal but using just a single material. The key properties of this system are that it really constitutes a waveguide which has integrated a dispositive that acts as a photonic crystal.

2285475 Fiber optic multiplexed sensors using coherent correlation domain reflectometry ARIAS A., SHLYAGIN M.G. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada

We present a simple technique for interrogating a long serial array of fiber Bragg grating-based sensors (FBGs). The technique is based on methods of correlation signal processing for detecting and ranging of weak reflections along a pathway of a broad-band probe signal. A cross-correlation function between the probe and the signal reflected from the sensing fiber provides information on amplitudes of reflected signals and the positions of the weak reflectors along the fiber length. To simplify the sensor configuration and to make it cost-effective, we propose to use a DFB diode laser operating in CW regime as a light source. The inherent phase noise of the DFB diode laser was efficiently converted into intensity noise by using a highly- unbalanced Michelson interferometer. At the interferometer output, a probe signal with a white-noise-like power spectrum (narrow autocorrelation peak) and with average power of 1 mW was generated. Initial tests of the proposed technique demonstrate its high capability in detecting weak reflections. FBGs with reflectivity as low as 0.01% were detected in the 2 km long SMF-28 fiber just after 20.48 msec averaging time. We present experimental results on testing the proposed technique in different sensor configurations. Examples of possible applications for distributed detection and localization of alarm conditions in early warning systems are discussed.

2285585 Manufacturing a chalcogenide glass core fiber with a silica capillary LOPEZ D.1, TARASENKO O.2, MARGULIS W.2 1KTH, INAOE/2ACREO

Chalcogenide glasses exhibit interesting optical properties such as large wavelength transparency window, high refractive index and are excellent candidates for nonlinear applications. Various groups are actively fabricating and studying waveguides and single-mode fiber with core and cladding made of chalcogenide glass. In this work, we report results using a simple alternative technique to exploit the high nonlinearity of the chalcogenide glass. We employ a conventional silica capillary of a few microns hole-diameter and fill it with the chalcogenide glass in liquid form. Here we use As2S3 glass because it has low melting point (300 Celsius) and is available commercially. The manufacturing procedure consists of first filling an 80 µm inner diameter (125 o.d.) capillary. The glass is molten in a furnace at 340 degrees and fills after 2 hours a section

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2-cm long of the capillary in a pressure cell at 20 bars. Next, the capillary end that is free from chalcogenide glass is spliced to an 8 µm silica capillary that will receive the soft glass in order to be used as a highly nonlinear fiber. Using 10 bars pressure it is possible to push the molten glass into the small hole, filling a length of 5 cm in 6 hours. We find that long sections have optical quality in spite of the different expansion coefficients of the chalcogenide and the capillary. Finally, the chalcogenide-core fiber is cleaved for further use. Cleaving and handling are problem-free. The system is useful for operation at wavelengths

2284717 Plastic optical fiber to assist frequency response in photodetectors CERECEDO-NÚÑEZ H.H., MÉNDEZ-CRUZ J. E., PADILLA-SOSA P., SÁNCHEZ-OREA J., GONZÁLEZ-MARTÍNEZ F.J. 1 Universidad Veracruzana

We report the design of a basic optoelectronic transmission system, which is based on a plastic optical fiber as a transmitted medium. This set-up is employed with the only proposal to investigate the intensity-modulated frequency response in photo detectors. This system utilizes an electronic signal to vary an electric current, which in turn controls the luminous power of a laser emitter diode (infrared). Then, it is launched and propagated into an optical fiber. The luminous signal is recovered by a photodetector and transformed into an electronic signal to be conditioned for its further processing. The methodology to acquire the bandwidth of the photodetectors includes frequency versus voltage width measurements.

OE 1 Optical Engineering

2283983 Invariant correlation by using vectorial signatures and spectral index FIMBRES-CASTRO CLAUDIA C.FC.1, ÁLVAREZ-BORREGO JOSUÉ J. AB.2, BUENO- IBARRA MARIO ALONSO M.A.BI.3 1Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño de Ensenada, B. C. /2Cicese/3CIIDIR-IPN

In this paper a new methodology to recognize objects is presented. This new system is invariant to position, rotation and scale. This digital system has a low computational cost to achieve a significant reduction of processed information by using vectorial signatures. The invariant vectorial signatures are obtained from the information from both the target image as well as problem image. In this way, each image has its rotational and scale vectorial signature. Vectorial signatures are obtained through several mathematical transformations such as scale and Fourier transform. In this way, this method uses the great capacities from the non-linear filters to discriminate between similar objects. Vectorial signatures are compared using non-linear correlation. The result of this comparison is shown in a bi-dimensional plane where the x axis is the result of the rotation correlation and the y axis is the result of the scale correlation. In addition, spectral index are obtained through several mathematical transformation and operations in order to recognize the objects in a more simple way as well as low computational cost. We used images of 21 different fossil diatoms. The results obtained presented at least 95.4% of confidence level.

2285205 Authentication of paper by classifying its visual micro texture KURMYSHEV E.V.1, GUILLEN-BONILLA J.T.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., México/ 2University of Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa

Material evidence constitutes the most important factor to determining a just verdict. A piece of paper can be important material evidence both in forensic science and authentication of written documents. We propose two techniques for paper authentication, both based on unsupervised classifying of visual micro texture of paper using coordinated clusters representation of images. The first technique concerns the case of a complete reference data base (CRDB); it means that reference images of all possible classes are available. Both multiclass minimum distance classifier and minimum error one-class classifier can be used in this case. To

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assess a probability of confusion, the similarity of classes is calculated also. The second technique is applied when training images of incomplete set of classes (InCRDB) are available. In this case, minimum error one- class classifier is used first to classify a test image. If the test image was not assigned to anyone of the classes, then multi class classifier, combined with the calculation of class similarities, is used to give a clue for the authentication. We classified grey level images of different type of paper from books, journals, newspapers and cover paper, using training images of 50 types (classes) of paper. The set of test images was different to that of training images. The CRDB and InCRDB techniques were used in the experiment. The best efficiency of classification (authentication) was obtained with images at the 3x amplification; the efficiency of multiclass classifier in 50 classes and the minimum error one-class classifier was 99.9% and 99.2 %. So, both techniques provide confident authentication of paper.

2285712 Edge detection of fingerprint with the radial Hilbert transform YAILETH JOHANNA MORALES DAZA MORALES Y.J, CESAR ORLANDO TORRES TORRES C.O, LORENZO MATTOS VASQUEZ MATTOS L. Universidad Popular Del Cesar

It is well-known that the Hilbert transfonn (HLT) is useful for generating the analytic signal, and saving the bandwidth required in communication. However, it is known by less people that the HLT is used for edge detection. In this paper, we introduce the radiant Hilbert transform (RHLT), and illustrate how to use it for edge detection with advantage noise immunity, obtaining this form the image squeleton fingerprint. The implemented system the images are entered into a digital correlator that uses the Fourier transform to change the space of representation, facilitating, the correlation operation and authenticate the usuary stored in the data base.

2285821 Performance measures for recognition in a wavelet joint transform correlator MESTRE CARRILLO G.I.1, TORRES MORENO C.2 1Universidad de la Salle/2Universidad Popular del Cesar

The present paper shows the results of the implementation of a correlation Digital processed Joint Wavelets for gray level images target recognition applications. The aim is to study and characterize the different families of two-dimensional wavelets that are available and build a system of recognition of images it becomes operational, flexible and reliable. The resulting methodology of this study becomes a useful tool to implement in the future, in which the evolution of technology will provide greater reliability and algorithms will allow the design of correlation more compact, fast and versatile with multiple applications. The correlation was tested in image recognition, which also involved images that suffered distortion type Gaussian noise in order to verify its robustness to the ability of discrimination correlation Transformed Joint (JTC) classics.

2286076 Design of a 3D digitalizer by using an interferometric pattern RANGEL-BARBOSA F.J.1, PÉREZ-PANTOJA E., AGUILERA-GÓMEZ E., GUZMÁN- CABRERA J.R.1, TORRES-CISNEROS M. DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato

In industry for example, an object digitalizer is required as a tool which able us to copy and redesign some mechanical item. Of course, this kind of application requires devices that can be portable, easy to handle, fast and with high precision. In our days, there are different options that work using different operation principles; as 2 or 3 cameras, lasers and ultrasonic sources, among others. In this work we propose that using interferometric fringes as a spatial reference can digitalize an object. A digital camera records the interferometric pattern. The images with the fringes information can be now processed in a PC, and then the translation of the variations patterns into spatial distances in the image can be done numerically.

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OE 2 Optical Engineering

2286213 Phase space and phase imaging SHEPPARD C.J.R.1, MEHTA S.B.2 1Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543/ 2Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576 Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore

There is continued interest in extracting phase information from microscope images. Transmission imaging can be used to observe and measure refractive index variations in biological samples, leading to estimation of dry mass, and surface topology can be measured using a reflection geometry. Microscope imaging is usually partially coherent: actually this has some advantages over fully coherent systems, such as holographic microscopes. Speckle artifacts are avoided, and the spatial frequency cut off can be increased by up to a factor of two. On the other hand coherent imaging is compatible with reconstruction using the Rytov algorithm. Image formation in partially coherent systems was investigated by Hopkins [1]. By propagating the mutual intensity through the system, he introduced the concept of the transmission cross coefficient, which can be used to calculate images of arbitrary object structures. However, he did not state explicitly the mutual intensity in the image plane. The phase of the image can be recovered from measurements of the mutual intensity [2-4]. The connection between the mutual intensity and the phase space representations by ambiguity function and Wigner distribution function are also well known [5-10]. A wave field can also be reconstructed by tomography of the Wigner or ambiguity functions [11, 12]. The modulus and phase of a wave field can be reconstructed using the transport of intensity equation {Teague, 1984 #1800;Streibl, 1984 #2302;Barty, 1998 #2303}. Recently we have shown that the intensity in a partially coherent image is related to the Wigner function of the object, by convolution with a kernel that we call the phase space imager [13, 14]. For two- dimensional (2-D) imaging, this kernel is a 4-D function. This approach can be applied to calculate images in different types of phase contrast microscope [15-17]. It provides an illustrative model for imaging of slowly varying phase objects. The mutual intensity, or different phase space functions, of the image can also be expressed in terms of convolution with a kernel, but in these cases the kernel is in general a 6-D function. In microscopy, we usually want to reconstruct the object from image measurements. Thus we are interested in the phase of the object rather than the phase of the image. References 1. H. H. Hopkins, "On the diffraction theory of optical images," Proc. Royal Society of London Ser. A 217, 408-432 (1953). 2. H. W. Wessely, "Interferometric technique for measuring the spatial correlation function of optical radiation fields," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 678-682 (1970). 3. D. N. Grimes, "Measurement of second-order degree of coherence by means of a wavefront shearing interferometer," App. Opt. 10, 1567-1570 (1971). 4. W. H. Carter, "Measurement of second-order coherence of a light beam using a microscope and a grating," App. Opt. 16, 558-563 (1977). 5. A. Papoulis, "Ambiguity function in Fourier optics," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64, 779-788 (1974). 6. K. Dutta and J. W. Goodman, "Reconstructions of images of partially coherent objects from samples of mutual intensity," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 795-803 (1977). 7. J.-P. Guigay, "The ambiguity function in diffraction and isoplanatic imaging by partially coherent beams," Optics Comm. 26, 136-138 (1978). 8. M. J. Bastiaans, "The Wigner distribution function applied to optical signals and systems," Optics Comm. 25, 26-30 (1978). 9. K.-H. Brenner, A. W. Lohmann, and J. Ojeda-Castanada, "The ambiguity function as a polar display of the OTF," Optics Comm. 44, 323-326 (1983). 10. J. Ojeda-Castañeda and E. E. Sicre, "Bilinear optical systems - Wigner distribution function and ambiguity function representations," Optica Acta 31, 255-260 (1984). 11. D. F. McAlister, M. Beck, L. Clarke, A. Mayer, and M. G. Raymer, "Optical phase retrieval by phase-space tomography and fractional-order Fourier transforms," Opt. Lett. 20, 1181-1183 (1994). 12. J. Tu and S. Tamura, "Wave field determination using tomography of the ambiguity function," Phys Rev E 55, 1946-1949 (1997). 13. S. B. Mehta and C. J. R. Sheppard, "Phase-space representation of partially-coherent imaging systems using the Cohen class distribution," Opt. Lett. 35, 348-350 (2010). 14. S. B. Mehta and C. J. R. Sheppard, "Using the phase-space imager to analyze partially coherent imaging systems: bright-field, phase

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contrast, differential interference contrast, differential phase contrast, and spiral phase contrast," J. mod. Optics 57, 718-739 (2010). 15. C. J. R. Sheppard and T. Wilson, "Fourier imaging of phase information in conventional and scanning microscopes," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 295, 513-536 (1980). 16. S. Mehta and C. J. R. Sheppard, "Partially coherent image formation in differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope," Optics Express 16, 19462-19469 (2008). 17. S. Mehta and C. J. R. Sheppard, "Quantitative phase-gradient imaging at high resolution with asymmetric illumination-based differential phase contrast," Opt. Lett. 34, 1924-1926 (2009).

2284495 Novel approaches for near and far field super resolved imaging ZALEVSKY 1, BEIDERMAN 1, MICÓ 2, GARCÍA 2 1Bar-Ilan University/ 2University of Valencia

There are several factors that limit the resolution of an optical imaging system. The first limitation is related to the F number of the optics which expresses the wave nature of the propagated radiation i.e. the diffraction effect of the propagated wave. The smaller the F number of a lens is, the larger is the angular range of optical rays that it may collect and thus the resolvable separation distance between spatial features is reduced. The second is the geometric resolution limit determined by both the pitch of the pixels in the detector (that set the Nyquist sampling limit and therefore the spatial frequency above which aliasing effect is generated) as well as by the non ideal spatial sampling (caused by the spatial averaging performed by each one of the pixels, in contrast to ideal sampling that is done with Dirac delta functions). The third limitation is related to the dynamic range of the detection array and the number of quantization bits allocated per each sample. In the presentation we will present a set of novel approaches allowing overcoming the above mentioned diffraction and geometric limitations by converting the spatial degrees of freedom to time, polarization, space and wavelength domains. We intend to present techniques suitable for near field imaging as well as for remote sensing applications. We will conclude our talk by showing a new approach capable of monitoring from a distance the heart beats, blood pulse pressure and the glucose level in the blood stream of a patient.

2285685 Hybrid super-resolving pupils with smooth profile ALCALÁ OCHOA N.1, LANDGRAVE J. E. A.1, GARCÍA-MÁRQUEZ J.1, GONZÁLEZ- VEGA A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C/ 2División de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Guanajuato

Hybrid super-resolving pupils with smooth profile Noé Alcalá Ochoa, J. E. A. Landgrave, Y. Hermosillo, J. García-Márquez and A. González-Vega* Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Loma del Bosque 115, CP 37150, León, MÉXICO *División de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, CP 37150, León, MÉXICO E-mail address: [email protected] One form of achieving super-resolution consists in reducing the size of the Point Spread Function (PSF) of a diffraction-limited optical system. When this has axial symmetry, its PSF will have a central spot surrounded by rings, usually of lower intensity. Through the design of different kinds of superresolving pupils, it has been shown that reducing the size of the PSF also reduces the Strehl ratio of the system, and increases the intensity of these rings. Through the years, a good compromise has been attained using pupils with discontinuous profiles [1,2,3,4]. When Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) are used to generate such pupils, however, these cannot be accurately reproduced, unless the LCD resolution is high. To overcome this limitation, we developed a method based on a Bessel series expansion to design pupils with smoother profiles, and found that, properly designed, continuous pupils will perform equally well, or better, than discontinuous pupils. [1] T. R. M. Sales, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, (1998) 3844-3847. [2] G. Toraldo di Francia, Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 9, (1952) 426-438. [3] P. N. Gundu, E. Hack and P. Rastogi, Opt. Express 13, (2005) 2835-2842. [4] V. F. Canales and M. P. Cagigal, Opt. Express 14, (2006) 10393-10402

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2285831 Analysis of near field microwave and conventional optical images LÓPEZ-MALDONADO G., VARGAS-HERNÁNDEZ. H., ORDÓÑEZ-ROMERO C.L., AVENDAÑO-ALEJO. M., KOLOKOLTSEV. O., QURESHI. N. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

In this work we present near field microwave images of microelectronic circuits and their interpretation to complement the conventional optical analysis. Properties such as size, shape, conductivity, water and mineral content can be explored. Also we analyzed the spatial resolution and its applications in integrated circuit testing. At the same time we show a highly simplified design of a resonant probe with dynamically tunable capacitive coupling and high sensitivity. Images were obtained by measuring the microwave reflection coefficient operating a 7.2 GHz. This design represents a simplified and highly effective approach to implementing near field microwave microscopy, with new tip-sample distance control and resonator tuning methods allowing submicrometric spatial resolution

2286009 Know plaintext attack on the 4F and JTC optical encrypting systems VARGAS C.A.1, BARRERA J.F.2, TORROBA R.3, TEBALDI M.3, BOLOGNINI N.3 1University 1: Universidad de Antioquia. University 2: Universidad Católica de Oriente. /2Universidad de Antioquia. /3Universidad Nacional de La Plata.

Optical encrypting architectures already demonstrated their extraordinary potentials for practical implementations. As a logical further step, researchers evaluated the involved security parameters, and took as a leading scheme the classical double random phase masks systems. In the present proposal, we plan to include in this analysis the JTC encrypting configuration. Therefore, we implement the known plaintext attack on the optical systems using 4-f and joint transform correlation (JTC) encoding architectures. We describe the procedures that allow a security breach over those systems. We also present computational simulations that show the effectiveness of the attack.

IAPD 1 Information Acquisition, Processing and Display

2286226 Large aperture QPM devices toward giant micro-photonics TAIRA T.1 1Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaili, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan

Micro-domain and its boundary controlled photonic devices by electro-magnetic field have been studied. Engineered compact solid-state laser and nonlinear optics allow reliable, efficient and multi-functional laser sources. Especially, the advent of periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) devices as a quasi-phase matching (QPM), combined with the development of new laser sources based on solid-state technology, have led to the new stage of optical parametric oscillation (OPO). However, the energy applications were limited due to LN‘s poor photorefractive damage threshold. By multi-pulsed electric-field poling techniques at the elevated temperature, a large aperture (5-mm-thick) periodically poled 5-mol% MgO doped LN (LA-PPMgLN) device was fabricated because MgLN has large nonlinear coefficient, appropriate coercive field, and higher resistance to photorefractive damage. With these benefits, high-energy 2.1 μm degenerated OPO of total output energy of 110 mJ with 75% slope efficiency pumped by a Q-switched 10-ns pulse Nd:YAG laser. Lately, its maximum output energy was up to 110-mJ with the 70-% slope efficiency. The narrow band output energy was up to 50-mJ using a volume Bragg grating based OPO for ZnGeP2 based differential frequency generation (ZGP-DFG) to generate high brightness tunable mid-IR (λ=5~11-µm, Δλ

2284708 Cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy REYES-REYES A.1, ZEITOUNY M.G.1, VAN MASTRIGT E.2, PERSIJN S.T.3, BHATTACHARYA N.1, URBACH H.P.1

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1Delft University of Technology/2Erasmus MC-Sophia Children‘s Hospital/ 3VSL, Delft

We describe a cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectrometer (CE-DFCS) developed in our laboratory. Our setup uses a frequency comb laser as the light source, due to its high stability, broad bandwidth and well defined spectral lines. The interaction between the laser beam and the gas sample is increased using a high finesse optical cavity. The detection is done with a virtually imaged phase array (VIPA) spectrometer. We present measurements that demonstrate the capabilities of this instrument to simultaneously detect different molecules present in the same gas sample with concentrations in the order of part per billions (ppb) or lower. Its characteristics make it a reliable tool in the analysis of trace gas in test samples. The test samples can be for instance human breath, in which case the presence and concentration of biogenic gases can provide important information about the health status of a person and be used to make diagnosis.. The developed experimental setup overcomes the compromise between resolution, bandwidth coverage and speed of measurement inherent to most spectrometers. After interaction in the cavity containing the trace gas, the laser beam from the broad band light source is sent through an etalon, known as VIPA. This separates spatially the frequencies in the vertical direction, with a resolution of 800 MHz. Afterwards, a diffraction grating is introduced to separate the modes of the VIPA etalon in the horizontal direction. Using a spherical lens we project the different frequencies of the spectrum on a CCD detector placed at the focal plane. As the different frequencies travel with different angles after being dispersed by the VIPA and the grating, they reach the focal plane at different positions. Therefore a single shot measurement covers a bandwidth of 20 nm and by rotating the grating we can achieve a total bandwidth of 200 nm

2284756 Study of the dynamical behavior of the LIBS plasma under conditions of low atmospheric pressure JIJÓN D., COSTA-VERA C. Escuela Politécnica Nacional

We investigated the shape and average size of the fluoresce signature of the LIBS plume under conditions of low atmospheric pressure. We built a vacuum chamber and implemented a vacuum system consisting of pumps and pulsed leak valves that permits keeping a constant pressure between 8Torr to 0.2Torr. We created a LIBS spark inside the chamber and monitored with two CCD cameras at right angles with the ejection axis of the plume. We processed the pictures and obtained quantitative data from the plume photos to try fitting the recorded shapes with suitable functions consistent with material laser ablation. Additionally, we have constructed an especial detector for measuring the time evolution of the charged cloud as it expands from the point of origin. The detector includes several floating electrodes perpendicular to the expansion direction of the plasma and stacked at a distance from one another. The electronic signal from these electrodes is registered in an oscilloscope. From the information recorded from these electrodes we aim to better understand the expansion under low pressure conditions of the LIBS plasma at different points along the expansion direction. Relevant physical parameters to these measurements are the local plasma temperature and the electron/ion density. Both the pictures of the plume and the electronic detector signal provide complementary information of the time evolution of the LIBS plasma.

2286139 Construction of a semi automatic m-lines spectroscopy device HERNANDEZ-PEREZ M.A.1, VILLANUEVA-IBAÑEZ M.2, GARNICA-PACHECO J.V.2, AGUILAR-HERNANDEZ J.R.3, FLORES-GONZALEZ M.A.2 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIQIE/ 2Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca/3Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESFM

We report the design and construction of an m-lines spectroscopy device. This device is employed to measure the refractive index (n) and thickness (t) of thin films. The spectrometer uses the prism- coupling technique to inject a laser beam into the prism. The propagation angles of the magnetic and electric modes of the films are employed to solve the Maxwell equation. A system of plano-convex and biconvex fused silica lenses is used

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to focus the laser beam (543 or 635 nm) into the coupling point. The measure of the propagation angles is made with an acquisition and image processing system which analyses the light intensity of the m-lines.

2286197 I.R. laser-based remote sensing system for ambient air quality monitoring. GASMI T. Division of Sciences & Engineering Saint Louis University-Madrid Campus

We describe the construction and operation of a CO2-TEA laser-based differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL). Generation of tunable infrared laser radiation using a fast and low wobble galvanometer intra-cavity grating is demonstrated. Pulse clipping of the raw CO2 laser pulses was performed using a noble gas-filled plasma shutter to enhance the spatial resolution of the DIAL system. Discussion and analysis of some recent experimental data will be presented

BMO 1 Bio- medical optics

2286209 Gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS) - from material science to human gas-filled cavity monitoring SVANBERG S. Physics Department and Lund Laser Centre, Lund University

The new field of Gas in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy (GASMAS) [1,2] combines sensitive diode laser techniques of gas analysis, well-known from the environmental monitoring field, with knowledge of photon propagation in turbid media, much studied, e.g. in biophotonics. Free gas, characterized by very narrow absorption lines, is present in many turbid bulk materials, which themselves have absorptive features which are 10,000 times broader. Gas-filled pores and diffusion processes have been studied in wood [3], fruits [4], foods [5] and pharmaceutical preparations [6]. The technique has also allowed novel diagnostics of human sinus cavities [7]. Lung function monitoring in newborn babies is now being initiated. On the fundamental side, we have also studied the influence of wall collisions in nanoporous ceramics, giving new characterization possibilities regarding non-intrusive pore-size distributions [8]. M. Sjöholm, G. Somesfalean, J. Alnis, S. Andersson-Engels, and S. Svanberg, Analysis of Gas Dispersed in Scattering Solids and Liquids, Opt. Lett. 26, 16 (2001) 2. S. Svanberg, Analysis of Trapped Gas – Gas in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy, Laser Physics 20, 68 (2010) 3. M. Andersson, L. Persson, M. Sjöholm and S. Svanberg, Spectroscopic studies of wood-drying processes, Optics Express 14, 3641 (2006) 4. L. Persson, H. Gao, M. Sjöholm and S. Svanberg, Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for Studies of Gas Exchange in Fruits, Lasers Opt. Engineering 44, 687 (2006) 5. M. Lewander, Z.G. Guan, L. Persson, A. Olsson and S. Svanberg, Food Monitoring Based on Diode Laser Gas Spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B 93, 619 (2008) 6. T. Svensson, L. Persson, M. Andersson, S. Svanberg, S. Andersson-Engels, J. Johansson and S. Folestad, Noninvasive Characterization of Pharmaceutical Solids by Diode Laser Oxygen Spectroscopy, Appl. Spectr. 61, 784 (2007) 7. L. Persson, M. Andersson, M. Cassel-Engquist, K. Svanberg and S. Svanberg, Gas Monitoring in Human Sinuses using Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy, J. Biomed. Optics 12, (5) (2007) 8. T. Svensson, M. Lewander and S. Svanberg, Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of Water Vapor Confined in Nanoporous Alumina: Wall Collision Line Broadening and Gas Diffusion Dynamics, Optics Express 18, 16460 (2010)

2285045 Multifocal nonlinear microscope with single element detector for multidepth imaging CARRILES R.1, HOOVER E.E.2, FIELD J.J.2, SHEETZ K.E.3, SQUIER J.A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Colorado School of Mines/3United States Military Academy

We present a laser scanning microscope capable of producing multiple focal volumes. These volumes can be displaced vertically, to acquire simultaneous images from multiple planes, or superimposed at the same depth

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but with different polarization states to record the response to different polarizations. We call this last implementation, differential multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (dMPLSM). Also, the microscope is able to take images in different modalities, namely, two-photon excited fluorescence, second, and third harmonic generation; to our knowledge, this constitutes the first report of a multifocal microscope with this capacity. In this work, we demonstrate several capabilities of our microscope: simultaneous acquisition of two and six images from two focal planes separated by several microns, and a pair of simultaneous images taken at the same focal plane but with two different polarizations. Some potential applications include following microorganism motion, studies of phase matching in microscopic environments, studies of blood flow, etc. The microscope is based on a pulsed ultrafast laser. These pulses are split, manipulated and recombined in an interlaced pattern in order to generate a sequence of laser pulses with different divergences, and possibly different polarization states. This pulse train is sent to the microscope objective and focused at different depths. The signal photons are recorded using a single element photomultiplier tube capable of photoncounting. Images from different foci are separated using a time demultiplexing scheme based on a low cost field programmable gate array. The use of a single element detector, instead of a multi-element such as a CCD camera, allows the imaging of scattering media. Also, using photon counting instead of analogous detection, leads to lower signal to noise ratio in the images.

2284229 Tunable ultrashort FS-pulses based on photonic fiber crystals for nonlinear microscopy LICEA-RODRIGUEZ J., ROCHA-MENDOZA I., RANGEL-ROJO R. Optics Department / CICESE.

Nonlinear optical microscopy (NLM) techniques based on two photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), second harmonic generation (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), have attracted increasing attention in live science research during the last decade. The reason for this is because they are non- destructive/non-invasive imaging techniques capable of obtaining molecular information and chemical specificity with lateral and axial resolution similar to the obtained with confocal microscopy. However, different ultrashort pulse regimes are needed for better efficiency (in the signal generation) of the different non-linear processes exploited. While a single femto-second pulsed beam source is needed for TPEF/SHG, two pico-second pulsed beam sources at different frequencies (one of them tunable) are needed for CARS, therefore different laser sources systems are typically used to implement these techniques altogether. We have recently reported the generation of tunable fs pulses based on soliton filtering from a super continuum generated in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF), and anticipated its potential applicability for nonlinear microscopy [1]. In this work we report our recent progress in this development and discuss the optical layout we propose to merge the TPEF, SHG and CARS imaging techniques using our tunable fs source based on PFCs and spectral focusing with glass dispersion; a novel technique recently reported to both stretch ~100fs pulses to the 1-2ps regime and obtain the spectral resolution (of the Raman vibrational bands) needed for CARS micro-spectroscopy [2] 1) J. Licea Rodríguez, et. al., Revista Mexicana de Física, 56 (4) 311-316 (2010). 2) I. Rocha-Mendoza, et. al., Applied Physics Letters, 93, 201103(2008)

2285794 Extracting chromophore concentration information from continuous-wave trans- illumination breast spectroscopy data WALTER E.J., LILGE L. University of Toronto/University Health Network

A continuous-wave broadband red/near infrared Trans-illumination Breast Spectroscopy (TiBS) device is under evaluation as a potential breast cancer risk assessment technique. Over 20000 spectra have been collected from over 1000 participants with the device over the past decade. Past studies have found a strong correlation between TiBS spectra and mammographic density, a strong breast cancer risk factor, and have shown that the system is sensitive to changes in the breast optical properties over time. Previous analyses used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to reduce the spectra to a few PCA scores which describe the spectral

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shape but do not have direct physical or metabolic meaning. An alternate analysis technique is to use absorption spectra of known tissue chromophores and to fit the tissue absorption spectrum as a linear combination of these chromophore spectra. This technique describes the spectra in terms of physically and metabolically meaningful quantities but is difficult to implement for time-independent data since the average photon path length must also be known. Spectra were fit using a diffusion model for photon propagation with chromophore concentrations, scatter amplitude and scatter power as the fit variables. Absorption spectra of the five main tissue chromophores (collagen, water, lipid, hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin) were used and the wavelength dependence of the reduced scattering coefficient was modeled using an exponential relationship for scattering power and scattering amplitude. Corrections for edge effects for positions close to the edge of the tissue were included and all variables were restricted to physiologically reasonable ranges to improve convergence for the fitted values. Results for spectra from a study comparing TiBS spectra and mammographic density will be presented and the relationship between the chromophore concentrations obtained, age and mammographic density will be discussed. Extracting chromophore concentrations gives data that is instrument-independent and will make the data interpretation easier for physicians.

2286218 Physic and agriculture DIOMANDE K. Universite de Cocody

Inventions and discoveries from physics are being used increasingly to help mechanisation of crop production processes. They have the potential to bring great benefits to agriculture and the most exciting applications are yet to come. The economy of Côte d‘Ivoire rests on the agriculture whose activities are executed in a traditional way to more of 95% by the operators. In order to contribute to the development of this agriculture, we have oriented our research field on applied optics to agriculture. Then, our research concerns mainly the Laser Induced chlorophyll fluorescence in plants. A simple laser-induced fluorescence set up has been designed and built at the Laboratory of Crystallography and Molecular Physics (LaCPM) at the University of Cocody (Abidjan, COTE D IVOIRE). With this home set up we first have studied the fluorescence spectra of the "chlorophyll" to characterize the potassium deficiency in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq,), on an experimental plantation of the National Centre for Agronomic Research (NCAR). This rent culture provides a substantial income for producers and is used in food and cosmetics industries. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence spectra of two groups of palm: one fertilized normally potassium (K3 group) and one without fertilizer potassium (K 0 group), allowed us to determine the relative intensities fluorescence in the red (690nm) and far red (740nm) as an indicator to characterize the deficiency of potassium (K) of palm oil. However, we found that the results differed for samples along terraced plots. The study of this phenomenon called "edge effect", has enabled us to realize that sampling should be done after two rows of safety in each plot. We also applied the Laser Induced chlorophyll fluorescence technique to improve the plant breeding. For this, we have characterized the rubber tree seedlings in nurseries. And so we have highlighted those sensible to drought and resistant ones. This optical method saves time by 5 years for the breeders. With this expertise on these cash crops, we are in the process of its application to seasonal crops like maize. Control and optimize the productivity of the food product, widely consumed in Côte d Ivoire, would help ensure the availability of food throughout the year to ensure food self-sufficiency.

TO 1 Theoretical Optics

2285900 Optical effects connected with spin-orbit coupling of a photon. KUNDIKOVA N.D. Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University

Spin–orbit coupling of a photon manifests itself in two effects. The first one is the influence of the trajectory on the light polarization. The second one is the influence of the polarization on the trajectory of light. The influence of the trajectory on the light polarization has been investigated theoretically and the change in the azimuth of linear polarized light has been observed experimentally under light propagation through a helical

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(coiled into a spiral) single mode optical fiber. The influence of light polarization on trajectory was demonstrated for the first time under total internal reflection. It was shown that reflected rays suffer a longitudinal shift for the linear polarized light and transverse shift for the circular polarized light. The size of the shifts is on the order of the light wavelength and depends on the state of light polarization. All mentioned effects have been investigated independently till 1990. The influence of the trajectory on polarization and the influence of the polarization on the trajectory were considered as mutually inverse effects for the first time by Zeldovich and Liberman in 1990. The interpretation of these effects in terms of quantum mechanics as an interaction between the orbital momentum of photon and its spin (polarization) has been done by Zeldovich, Dooghin, Kundikova and Liberman in 1991. Here we are going to consider the experimental conditions which are suitable for investigation of spin-orbital coupling of a photon under light propagation through multimode optical fiber, the results of experimental spatial splitting of a beam into two beams with the different spin sign. The influence of the external conditions on the light propagation through optical fiber is discussed also. The effects which can be considered as a manifestation of spin-orbital coupling of a photon in optically isotropic medium are considered.

2284853 Beam mapping on the orbital Poincaré sphere ALIEVA T.1, CÁMARA A.1, BASTIAANS M.J.2 1Universidad Complutense de Madrid/ 2Eindhoven University of Technology

Representation of two-dimensional optical signals on the orbital angular Poincaré sphere is useful for beam analysis, synthesis and comparison. This mapping is based on the measurement of the second-order moments, which are widely used for beam characterization. It is well known that two second-order moments invariants allow dividing two-dimensional signals into two classes: isotropic and anisotropic. Using the modified Iwasawa decomposition of the ray transformation matrix and bringing the second-order moments matrix to its diagonalized form, we are able to associate the anisotropic signal with a certain point on the sphere. The latitude of this point describes the vorticity of the signal, while its longitude corresponds to the orientation of the beam s principal axes. Apart from that, the beam s scaling and its curvature can be defined. Before beam comparison, it is thus appropriate to perform first its normalization and mapping on the Poincaré sphere. There are many very different beams associated with the same point and therefore this procedure makes sense for fine analysis of beams whose intensity distributions have similar forms. Moreover, every point on the sphere is associated with an orthonormal set of Hermite-Laguerre-Gaussian modes, which can be used for the corresponding beam decomposition that is important for its synthesis and analysis. The developed algorithm for the beam mapping is demonstrated on several examples.

2284589 Stratified media: nonlinear ODE is better FERNANDEZ-GUASTI M, DIAMANT R Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa

Propagation of light in stratified media is described with Maxwell s equations. The standard assumptions are that the incident wave is monochromatic and the medium inhomogeneity is one dimensional. Separation of variables establishes a generalized Snell s relationship and allows to decouple the linear PDE s to obtain linear ODE s. The resulting equations are second order non autonomous linear ODEs for the electric and magnetic fields. In the last decades, the problem has been tackled with matrices whose elements are linearly independent solutions of the fields. A limited number of problems are then solved analytically and more complex profiles are solved numerically. Abstract It seems folly to turn the linear differential equations into a non-linear ODE. Nonetheless, this is precisely what we have been doing with excellent results. The field is written in terms of amplitude and phase variables. An invariant is obtained in a fashion first introduced by Ermakov. This invariant permits the decoupling of the amplitude and phase equations, both of which, are nonlinear equations. The amplitude or Milne nonlinear equation is then solved numerically. This method has several advantages: i) initial or final conditions are easily imposed, ii) important physical quantities such as the reflectivity are readily obtained, iii) no further approximations have to be made iv) complex profiles can be modeled with arbitrary degree of precision. Continuous monotonic functions such as the hyperbolic

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tangent can be used to evaluate the reflectivity as a function of steepness. The abrupt and adiabatic limits are obtained but most importantly, intermediate more realistic cases can also be tackled. For example adsorption between thin film layers or reflection due to refractive index fluctuations in clear air atmosphere. Novel effects will be addressed such as enhanced reflectivity at derivative discontinuities where the refractive index is continuous.

2284621 Speckle issued from numerous independent laser beams LE CAIN A.L.C1, RIAZUELO G.R2, SAJER J.M.S1 1CEA CESTA 33114 Le Barp/ 2CEA/DAM/DIF Bruyères le Châtel

Multiple laser beam hot spot characterization is crucial to obtain a uniform plasma in inertial fusion experiments. The target of the future French Laser Megajoule (LMJ), filled with hydrogen fuel, must be irradiated by a very uniform compression field with low intensity. The uniformity can be obtained with a spectral dispersion smoothing method which introduces a random moving speckle pattern field. Many theoretical results found in literature are all in the case of one laser beam in the paraxial approach. This study presents a precise description of the characteristics of hot spots generated by multiple laser beams. First we focus our attention on one laser beam which irradiates the target with an incident angle. Second we extend the results to the case of multiple laser beams and present an expression of the radius of the hot spot in all the directions of space. We also demonstrate that hot spots issued from multiple laser beams are elliptic. Confrontation of our analytical predictions with numerical results obtained with the beam propagation CEA code PARAX* in three different configurations of irradiation show excellent agreement. These comparisons show that our analytical model is a good representation of the hot spot structure whether the target is irradiated by one or by multiple laser beams. Therefore we are able to compute and represent a 3D view of the future LMJ hot spot distribution on target. Finally, we extend multiple laser beam generated hot spot model by demonstrating that hot spot radius follows an ellipsoidal equation. The general formula of the polar and equatorial radii of the hot spot is also derived. *« Studies of the laser filament instability in a semicollisionnal plasma », P. Michel, C. Labaune, S. Weber, V. T. Tikhonchuk, G. Bonnaud, G. Riazuelo et F. Walraet, Phys. Plasmas 10, 3545 (2003)

2285286 Optical resonatos and dynamic maps ABOITES V.1, WILSON M.1 Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

In this work the dynamical behavior of a beam within a ring phase-conjugated resonator is modeled using two dimensional iterative maps. In particular and as an example it is explicitly shown how the difference equations of the Tinkerbell map can be used to describe the dynamic behavior of what we call Tinkerbell beams i.e. beams that behave according to the Tinkerbell map. The matrix of a Tinkerbell map generating device are found in terms of the Tinkerbell parameters, the state variables and the resonator parameters. To our knowledge this is the first time that the mathematical characteristics of an optical device in an optical cavity are stated so that a Tinkerbell map is obtained as the dynamics for the ray beams.

Plenary 2

2286188 Quantum dot nanophotonics: from optical science to practical implementation ARAKAWA Y. Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, The University of Tokyo

Following Esaki s pioneering work on super-lattices and quantum wells, the concept of quantum dots was proposed by Arakawa et al. in 1982 for application to semiconductor lasers together with the theoretical prediction of temperature-insensitive threshold current characteristics[1]. The three-dimensional confinement of electrons in the quantum dots has brought up unique features of artificial atoms, such as discrete energy

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states and quantum correlation due to spin/charging effects. The quantum dot is one of the most important nanostructures for nanophotonics: Nanophotonics is the photonics utilizing various physics related to nanostructures such as quantum dots, photonic crystal, plasmonic effects, and near-field optics. In this presentation, the current state of the art of quantum dot lasers for practical implementation is addressed including temperature insensitive quantum dot lasers and their high speed operation as well as quantum dot lasers on silicon for LSI-photonics convergence [2-3]. In addition, recent advances in lasing oscillation in both weak- and strong-coupling regime in a single quantum dot–nanocavity coupled system. A high-quality semiconductor optical nanocavity and strong single quantum dot–field coupling enabled the onset of lasing while maintaining the fragile coherent exchange of quanta. We have observed onset of lasing under the strong coupling regime in solid-state material for the first time [4], which shows a clear achievement of the lasing oscillation in a single artificial atom nano-laser. Furthermore, fabrication of a three dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity with a high Q-factor (~40,000) embedding quantum dots and its lasing oscillation are also addressed[5]. Finally, application of quantum dots to solar cells is briefly discussed, showing thermo- dynamical limit of the quantum dot solar cells can be higher than 75% which far exceeds the limit of 63% calculated in a previous study. References [1] Y. Arakawa and H. Sakaki: Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 939 (1982) [2] K. Otsubo, N. Hatori, M. Ishida, S. Okumura, T. Akiyama, Y. Nakata, H. Ebe, M. Sugawara and Y. Arakawa Jpn. J. of Appl. Phys. Vol. 43, L1124 (2004) [3] K. Tanabe, D. Guimard, D. Bordel, S. Iwamoto, and Y. Arakawa, Optics Express, 18, 10604 (2010) [4] M. Nomura, N. Kumagai, S. Iwamoto, Y. Ota, and Y. Arakawa, Nature Physics 6, 279, (2010). [5] A. Tandaechanurat, S. Ishida, K. Aoki, D. Guimard, M. Nomura, S. Iwamoto, and Y. Arakawa, Nature Photonics 5, 91 (2010)

Monday 15 - Poster Session 1

OIS Optical Interaction Science

2284607 Optical characterization of films of asphaltenes using diffuse reflection spectroscopy MUNOZ MORALES A,A1, NAREA F.2, LABRADOR H.3 1Laboratorio de Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigación Médica y Biotecnológica de la Universidad de Carabobo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud./ 2Laboratorio de Espectroscopia de óptica de Superficies, Grupo de Instrumentación y Óptica, Departamento de Física, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología/ 3Departamento de Química, Departamento de Física, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología

Asphaltenes is a component the petroleum, it is known as cholesterol of the hydrocarbons. This fraction is responsible for serious problems in the extraction, transportation and refining of oil, because was add and precipitates in pipes. That is why we proceeded to a characterization by diffuse reflection spectroscopy of asphaltene film on 316L stainless steel substrates, we prepared solutions from 5 to 15g / L to elaborate films of different thicknesses, was measured their thicknesses using a diffuse reflection spectrophotometer analyzed the reflectance spectra with the Kubelka-Munk model as a solution of the radiative transfer model for the propagation of a photon in a medium turbos, we developed a aplications using the MATLAB 6.5 for obtaining thicknesses, were obtained between values 40 and 90 microns for samples, in accordance with measured elaborated by other authors which allow us to finally conclude that the technique of Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy is effective for superficial study of asphaltene films over metal

2284792 Leakage radiation microscopy GARCÍA C.E.1, COELLO V.M.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/ 2Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada

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Manipulation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) has gained attention in recent years [1]. SPPs opened new alternatives in nano-optics, photonic circuits and biosensors, among others. Scanning near field microscopy has been used traditionally to map the SPPs field due to their evanescent nature [2]. Unfortunately this technique is very time consuming and requires specialized technical experience. Also the relationship between a sample and its near-field optical image is usually complicated. In this work, we built a leakage radiation microscope that allows us to map the SPPs in real time (without scanning) through a CCD connected to the computer. LRM offers a fast and useful tool for direct and reciprocal (Fourier) far-field imaging of SPPs that are relatively easy to visualize and correlate to the surface topography [3]. References. [1] V. Coello and S.I. Bozhevolnyi, Opt. Commun. 282 (2009) 3032-3036. [2] S.I. Bozhevolnyi, Near-Field Optics of Nanostructured Surfaces, ISBN 0-471-34968-2 [3] A. Drezet, A.L. Stepanov, H. Ditlbacher, A. Hohenau, B. Steinberger, F.R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, J.R. Krenn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 074104. [4] Z. Liu, J.M. Steele, W. Srituravanich, Y. Pikus, C. Sun, X. Zhang, Nano Lett. 5 (2005) 1726.

2284982 Evanescent wave far field interference CORTÉS R., COELLO V. CICESE, Unidad Monterrey

Evanescent waves (EWs) are electromagnetic modes with an intensity that exhibits exponential decay with distance from the boundary at which the wave was formed [1]. The described phenomenon was first recognized by Newton in a well-known experiment [2]. Nowadays the effect is the basis of several important technologies including guided optics [3], waveguides [3], fiber optic couplers [3], internal reflection spectroscopy [4], and near-field optical microscopy [5], among others. In a general form, the fundaments of such applications are found in the EW coupling [1]. Here, using a conventional optical microscope, we report on the observation of EW interference patterns in the far-field domain. Evanescent fields were coupled into far-field radiation using small defects (scattereres) located at the surface where they were created. In this work, we show the ability to use conventional far field microscopy, in combination with evanescent interferometry, to perform high-accuracy length measurements at the micro and nano-scale. The technique offers an easy implantation and relative low-cost and it can be also conceptualized for pedagogical purposes of evanescent wave phenomena. [1] Frederique de Fornel, Evanescent Waves: From Newtonian Optics to Atomic Optics (Springer Heidelberg) (2001). [2] I. Newton, Opticks (Dover, New York, 1952), Book two, Part I. [3] Yeh, C., Shimabukuro, The Essence of Dielectric Waveguides, Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-30929-3 (2008). [4] F. M. Mirabella Jr, Internal Reflection Spectroscopy, Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 21, 1 & 2, (1985), 45 – 178. [5] Daniel Courjon, ―Near-field Microscopy and Near-field Optics‖ Imperial College Press, (2003).

2285049 Differences in one-photon and two-photon resonant-emission-spectra of two fluorescent dyes CAN-UC B.A., RANGEL-ROJO R. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada

In this work we present a study of the fluorescence of two organic dyes excited both in a one-photon, and in a two-photon resonant regime, excited by the second harmonic and the fundamental of a femtosecond laser. We found a shift of the emission peak for 820 nm two-photon resonant excitation, relative to that obtained when one-photon resonant 410 nm light is used. For one of the dyes employed DCM, this shift is towards shorter wavelengths, whereas for Coumarin 480, this shift is in the opposite way, i.e. towards longer wavelengths. A possible explanation for this behaviour in terms of the different resonant conditions is presented. These studies are of great interest for the implementation of novel microscopy techniques based in these nonlinear effects

2285124 Nanoparticle coated optical fibers for single microbubble generation PIMENTEL-DOMÍNGUEZ R., HERNÁNDEZ-CORDERO J.

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Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, UNAM

The study of bubbles and bubbly flows is important in various fields such as physics, chemistry, medicine, geophysics, and even the food industry. A wide variety of mechanical and acoustic techniques have been reported for bubble generation. Although a single bubble may be generated with these techniques, controlling the size and the mean lifetime of the bubble remains a difficult task. Most of the optical methods for generation of microbubbles involve high-power pulsed laser sources focused in absorbing media such as liquids or particle solutions. With these techniques, single micron-sized bubbles can be generated with typical mean lifetimes ranging from nano to microseconds. The main problem with these bubbles is their abrupt implosion: this produces a shock wave that can potentially produce damageson the surroundings. These effects have to be carefully controlled in biological applications and in laser surgery, but thus far, not many options are available to effectively control micron-size bubble growth. In this paper, we present a new technique to generate microbubbles in non-absorbing liquids. In contrast to previous reports, the proposed technique uses low-power and a CW radiation from a laser diode. The laser light is guided through an optical fiber whose output end has been coated with nanostructures. Upon immersing the tip of the fiber in ethanol or water, micron-size bubbles can be readily generated. With this technique, bubble growth can be controlled through adjustments on the laser power. We have obtained micron-sized bubbles with mean lifetimes in the range of seconds. Furthermore, the generated bubbles do not implode, as verified with a high-speed camera and flow visualization techniques.

2285211 Optical properties of fullerenes confined in ordered alumina nanotube arrays. ONTIVEROS-BARRERA F.G., MORALES-SAAVEDRA O.G., MATA-ZAMORA M.E., BAÑUELOS J.G., RODRIGUEZ-ROSALES A.A., ÁLVAREZ-ZAUCO E. CCADET-UNAM

In the present work, prepared amorphous oxalic anodic alumina membranes (AAM) containing highly ordered nanotube arrangements with average nanometric dimensions of 60 nm in diameter and 50 microns in depth were successfully implemented as hosting matrix for different fullerene systems, namely C60 and C70. AFM-microscopy investigations systematically performed on the hybrid samples reveal an optimal fullerene insertion within the Al2O3 nanotube arrays. In order to evaluate the optical performance of these systems for potential photonic applications, comparative linear and nonlinear spectroscopic studies are presented. Ordered nanostructured systems represent a promising field of investigation in the route to functional organic- inorganic based hybrid materials, where different hybrid composites can be designed and are of interest in the development of new and improved applications in nanotechnology, as for example, AAM-based gate structures for active-matrix LC- or OLEDs-displays, high density storage magnetic materials and photonic crystals. Sample preparation and extensive discussions on the optical properties of the fullerene compounds within the Al2O3 nanotube-like confinement, are given in detail.

2285692 Effects of B2O3 doping on crystallite phase and visible upconversion emission of ZRO2:ER(1%),YB(2%) nanocrystals DIAZ-TORRES L.A.1, BORJA-URBY R1, SALAS P2, VEGA M3, ANGELES-CHAVEZ C4 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./ 2Centro de Física Aplicada y tecnología avanzada, UNAM/ 3Centro de Geociencias- UNAM/4Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo

Green and Red upconverted emission of ZrO2-B2O3:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals, prepared by modified sol-gel method, is demonstrated. The nanocrystals present red dominant emission when annealed at 500°C and green dominant emission when annealed at 100°C. Crystallite phase as well as visible and near infrared emission depend strongly on B2O3 content. The PL intensity is enhanced by around 30% for low B2O3 content, whereas it is strongly quenched for high B2O3 content. Substitution of 2%mol Yb2O3 and 1% mol Er2O3 stabilizes the cubic ZrO2 phase. The addition of B2O3 during the preparation of nanocrystalline phosphors

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containing 2 %mol Yb and 1 % mol Er stabilizes the ZrO2 cubic phase up to 2.5 % mol B2O3, whereas for higher B2O3 contents induces the cubic to tetragonal phase transition with no B2O3 segregation up to 20 % mol B2O3. Non radioactive energy transfer processes among Yb and Er ions depend on B2O3 content, and a upconversion scheme is proposed to explain the observed upconverted photoluminescence.

2285816 Photo-control of supramolecular chiral structures in azopolymer films SOLANO C.1, RODRIGUEZ-GONZALEZ R.J.2, LARIOS-LOPEZ L.2, NAVARRO- RODRIGUEZ D.2, MARTINEZ-PONCE G.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C. / 2Centro de Investigaciones en Química Aplicada

Azopolymers have created much interest because of the possibility of controlling their optical properties using polarized light. A widely investigated feature is the large linear birefringence induced in them by linearly polarized illumination. The origin of this photoinduced anisotropy is connected to the anti-alignment of the azobenzene moiety after multiple trans–cis–trans isomerizations to the incident polarization plane. Another interesting attribute is the self-induced rotation of the azimuth of an elliptically polarized laser beam when it propagates through these materials. This observation has been associated with the formation of a long-range helical arrangement of the azobenzene moieties, which extends along the thickness of the film. The assembly is taken as a supramolecular chiral structure which owns features depending on the ellipticity and wavelength of the incident light. In this paper, the self-rotation on the polarization azimuth and the formation of a supramolecular chiral structure when an elliptically polarized light beam propagates through an amorphous azopolymer film are study under two-wavelength illumination. The macrostructures generated by each excitation beam have different pitches, which produce different rotation angles of the polarization ellipse when one of the beams is used as a probe. The extent and the sign of the rotation angle of the polarization ellipse of the probe beam when the second beam is illuminating the sample mainly depend on the relationship between their input states of polarization and the quantum yields.

2285945 Four-wave mixing in the detection of electron-and hole-base holograms. JORGE ENRIQUE RUEDA JR, LUIS ALFONSO GUERRA LG, LINA MIREYA CASTRO LC Universidad de Pamplona

Photorefractive crystals are nonlinear materials, among other applications; they allow dynamic registration of holograms. We propose a new alternative, using four-wave mixing, for evidence the formation of electron-and hole-base holograms. We show results using BSO crystals.

2285983 NLO characterization for Nobel borinates: evaluation of the N-B bond. CASTRO-BELTRAN R.1, RODRÍGUEZ M.1, RAMOS-ORTIZ G.1, LEDOUX-RAK I.2, FARFÁN N.3, SANTILLAN R.4 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica/ 2Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan/ 3Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 4Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN

Electronic and electro-optical organic materials are the subject of much research interest for photonic applications. In this field, three-coordinate boron complexes are interesting materials with chemical, catalytic, structural, optical and electronic properties that have been used in different areas as medicine, organic synthesis, material science, biology and opto-electronic applications. In this work, we studied the synthesis, linear and NLO proprieties of two ligands (L1-L2) derived from cinnamaldehyde and two new borinates (B1- B2). The structure confirmation of L1 and B1 was made through X-ray diffraction analysis, wherein planar conformation was conserved after boron complexation. Second and third-order NLO responses were performed by Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic (EFISH) Generation at 1900 nm and Third Harmonic

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Generation (THG) at 1900 and 1067 nm. In conclusion, NLO behavior of the boron complex compared with their ligands showed a trend to increase the hyperpolarizabilities responses after boron complexation. N - B coordinative bond facilities and enhances the electronic mobility of the conjugated system. Producing increase factors of 3 and 2 for the EFISH results. Individually, these studies demonstrate that B1 is the strongest NLO compound, showed values of first hyperpolarizability = 126 E-34 esu and second hyperpolarizability = 35 E-34 esu.

2285999 Effect of ultraviolet radiation on polyethylene films MARTÍNEZ-ROMO A.1, GONZÁLEZ-MOTA R.1, SOTO-BERNAL J.J.1, FRAUSTO-REYES. C.2, ROSALES-CANDELAS I.1, ALBA-NEVARES L.L.3 1Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C./ 3Instituto Tecnológico de Pabellón

One of the most important and used plastics in the world is the polyethylene (PE), which is a linear chain polymer consisting of ethylene monomer, which is formed only by carbon-carbon single bonds, resulting in a very stable material with a very slow degradation rate, that is why we are looking for alternative ways to accelerate the degradation time of this material. In this paper, polyethylene films were exposed to UV-B radiation (320-280 nm) at different exposure times (2 to 72 hours), with the aim to degrade the polyethylene chain, leading to broken chains polymer and hence the deterioration of mechanical properties. The effects of UV radiation on PE samples were characterized using Raman and infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (ATR). Infrared and Raman bands appear in the spectral region where the vinyl and carboxylic groups absorb, which are products of the degradation of PE.

2286074 Wave propagation in a multiple interfaces nanowaveguide LUIS-RAMOS A1, GÓMEZ-PAVÓN L.C.1, ROJAS-GARCÍA I1, FÉLIX-BELTRÁN O1, PARADA-ALFONSO R2, MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E1 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/2Institututo Politécnico Nacional

The multiple functions and potential applications of nanotechnology have become necessary and powerful tools in scientific work nowadays. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary science that involves physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and a wide range of engineering disciplines. Several researches have been focused on fabrication of nanostructured devices. In this context, the study and fabrication of nanosensors has become an important research field in nanotechnology. In particular, new biosensor technology combined with micro and nanofabrication technology can take to a huge range of applications. The control of light propagation at the nanoscale dimension has been a great challenge in nanophotonics. Few years ago, it was demonstrated the basic control of plasmons in planar structures with metal/dielectric interface as well as the light confinement in structures with dimension less than 100 nm conformed by insulator/metal/insulator composites, with the disadvantage of great losses. The same demonstration has been achieved with a structure metal/insulator/metal (MIM), reporting low losses and high dispersion results. In this work, the wave propagation in a multiple interfaces nanowaveguide with applications as a nanosensor is studied. We analyze the modes of propagation in the nanowaveguide regarding its geometry and materials

2286107 Optical sensor based on PSI/GD2O2S:TB devices HERNANDEZ-ADAME L.1, SALADO-LEZA D.E.1, MEDELLÍN-RODRÍGUEZ F.1, VEGA- CARRILLO H.R.2, PALESTINO G1 1Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí/ Facultad de Ciencias Químicas/ 2Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas/b Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares

Scintillators are high density luminescent materials that convert UV and X ray to visible light. Coupling scintillators to photonic materials to develop real time high sensitivity devices need to be addressed in novel medical detection. In this research, terbium-doped Gadolinium Oxysulfide (Gd2O2S:Tb) fluorescent

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nanoparticles (Nps) were synthesized using the homogeneous precipitation method with solid-gas sulfuration technology. Nps were infiltrated in Porous silicon (PSi) photonic structures to develop hybrid PSi/Nps device. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to obtain the substrate morphology while the elemental composition was determined by Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Nps fluorescence response was evaluated illuminating the PSi/NPs device with UV (300 nm) and X-rays (60 kev) energies. Monte Carlo calculations were carried out in order to analyze the correlation between the absorbed dose and the Nps fluorescent emission to determine the device lattice response and the absorbed dose operation range.

2286141 Optical spectroscopy and high pressure on emeralds: synthetic and natural SÁNCHEZ-ALEJO SANCHEZAMA1, HERNÁNDEZ HERNÁNDEZAJM2, MURRIETA MURRIETASHO2, FLORES FLORESJMC2, CALDERÓN CALDERÓNGT3, CAMARILLO CAMARILLOGE2 1Posgrado de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales/ 2UNAM/ 3U.A. de Madrid

Emerald, natural and synthetic, are the subject of study by means of optical spectroscopy techniques. Particularly, natural emeralds have been considered as a gemstone in jewelry not being so the synthetic ones. But, in general, the properties of these are very good for applications, for instance as a laser system, due to the impurities control. In this work a comparison between the optical properties of natural and synthetic emeralds is done. Chromium ions are the main responsible for the characteristic fascinating green color of these gemstones, entering in the crystals in octahedral sites. Absorption at room temperature shows up two broad bands in the visible region and two narrow bands called the R-lines. That spectrum corresponds to trivalent chromium ions in an octahedral site, as it happens in ruby and alexandrite. On other hand, photoemission for these materials arises in the range 640-850 nm. at room temperature. In this work it is shown that the luminescence spectra presents important changes for both type of samples as a function of the temperature and pressure; being the crystal field intensity higher for synthetic emeralds with the corresponding blue shift in the spectrum. The effect of a high pressure, applied on small samples of emerald, on the main luminescence peak shows a linear behavior

2286142 Influence of precursor chemistry on the luminescent properties of BaTio3:ER3+ films CARRILLO ROMO F. DE J., GARCÍA MURILLO A., GARCÍA HERNÁNDEZ M., GONZÁLEZ PENGUELLY B., GARRIDO HERNÁNDEZ A. Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica CIITEC-IPN

In recent years, lanthanide-doped ultrafine and nanocrystalline oxide materials have been widely investigated due to their interesting optical properties, which make them promising candidates for applications in advanced fields, such as phosphors for TV screens, solar energy converters and optical amplifiers. Barium titanate ceramics have been found for extensive applications in a variety of devices due to their excellent optical and electrical properties. Because of the intrinsic capability of the perovskite structure to host ions with different sizes, a large number of different dopants can be accommodated in this lattice. As a result, in the past few years, ABO3-like compounds such as SrTiO3, BaTiO3 or CaTiO3 doped with rare earth ions have also revealed to have proved to be very efficient luminescence properties. In this work erbium doped barium titanate thick films are elaborated by three different procedures of synthesis by sol-gel method. The influence of the starting materials on the processing, microstructure, and purity of the prepared systems has been studied using barium acetate and two different sources of titanium as tetrabutyl titanate and titanium tetraisopropoxide was also investigated taking into account several molar ratios in function of the barium precursor (barium acetate). For the barium acetate and tetrabuytl titanate, BaTiO3 films were synthesized using (acac)H/Ba= 4/1 and H-(OAc)/Ba= 52/1, for titanium tetraisopropoxide H2O/Ba= 40/1, PrOH/Ba= 40/1, (acac)H/Ba= 1/1 and H-(OAc)/Ba= 18/1. The decomposition process, crystallization, microstructural and optical behavior were studied by FT-IR, XRD, MEB and emission spectroscopy. The samples presented a cubic phase at 700 ºC. The films had a homogenous, continuous and fracture-free microstructure. The luminescence of the erbium ion into BaTiO3 is strongly influenced by the thickness of the films.

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2286146 Simple optical tweezers system for mesoscopic biophotonics MELO C.A., SOLARTE E. Grupo de Óptica Cuántica, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Valle, Cali - Colombia

A system of optical tweezers was built using a 50 mW, Nd:Yag DPSSL @ 532nm with the aim to manipulate mesoscopic objects. The system was tested by manipulating dielectric polystyrene spheres of 1.09 μm diameter which flow under pressure in deionized water . An indirect measurement method, that uses digital images extracted from 29 fps video, is proposed in order to estimate the stiffness of light trap and the maximal strength on the particles.

2286184 Improving the red up-conversion emission of Y2O2S:ER3+ -YB3+ NANOCRYSTALS with an optimum sodium sulfide concentration CAMPOS VILLALOBOS I.1, LÓPEZ-LUKE T.1, DE LA ROSA E.1, TORRES-CASTRO A.2, SALAS P.3 1Centro de Investigaciones de Óptica A.C/ 2Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/ 3Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

The most efficient up-converting phosphors are yttrium based inorganic crystals, such as yttrium fluoride (YF3), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), yttrium oxysulphide (Y2O2S), and sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4), in which Yb 3+ (the absorber) and a second trivalent rare earth ion (Er3+, Tm3+, Pr3+, Ho3+, the emitter) are co- doped. The predominant mechanism for most Yb3+ sensitized phosphors that have the highest up-conversion efficiencies. It involves successive energy transfers from a sensitiser (absorber, Yb3+) to an emitter (Er3+ or Tm3+). Difference between S and O makes it possible to obtain interesting luminescent properties of Y2O2 via S doping. Y2O2S:Er3+-Yb3+ nanocrystallites were prepared by precipitation method using different sodium sulfide concentration. The Er3+-Yb3+ ion concentration was added from 1 - 2 mol % respectively into Y2O2S lattice. The crystalline structure and morphology of the Y2O2S: Er3+-Yb3+ was studied. The crystallite size was obtained in the range of 20 nm observed by TEM and XRD. The strong red light emission was obtained as a result of the two strong bands centered at 661 nm and 676 nm under direct excitation at 970 nm. The highest efficiency was obtained with an optimum sodium sulfide concentration of 3 g. The luminescence intensity obtained by Y2O2S: Er3+-Yb3+ nanocrystals was considerably strong compared with the sample prepared without sodium sulfide. The previously results indicate that sulfur (S) is affecting the nanoparticle surface charge and therefore the nanoparticles dispersion in water, being an attractive phosphor to biological applications.

FDI Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2283162 Single polarization, YB3+-doped fiber amplifier design for cars. 1 NEGRETE-GONZALEZ G.1, OFFERHAUS L.H.2, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A. 1CIITEC-IPN/2Optical Sciences Twente University

Using finite element theory an Yb3+-doped fiber amplifier will be designed for Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) applications at ~1μm. A tunable (750-850nm) broad band semiconductor laser will be employed to obtain the required seed. Both counter and co-propagating schemes will be used in order to secure and analyze population inversion as a function of fiber length. A double clad, octagonal shape 10μm core with a 25000 ppm tailored profile concentration is used as the basis for our design development. A 1W@1064nm high-intensity (I≈3.2x109 W/m2), quasi diffraction-limited, with an M2≈1 and a S/N ratio

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>30dB, temporally stable behavior and suitable RIN will be demonstrated after full simulation using VLad. Full optical characterization results will be included in this works presentation.

2283923 Calculation of higher order dispersion coefficients in photonic crystal fibers MARTINEZ-RIOS A.1, ILAN B.2, TORRES-GOMEZ I.1, MONZON-HERNANDEZ D.1, CEBALLOS-HERRERA D. E.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced

We present the calculations of the higher order dispersion coefficients in a photonic crystal fiber. The dispersion coefficient is obtained from the calculated effective index of the fiber structure by double differentiation with respect to the wavelength (or frequency), or from the integral formula used to calculate the group index. Although both approaches are equivalent we show that they lead to totally dissimilar results, like different zero dispersion wavelength and hence the higher-order dispersion coefficients are different. In fact, the way in which the higher-order dispersion coefficients are calculated also affects the resulting dynamics of the supercontinuum due to the difference in magnitudes as we will discuss in this work.

2284304 Measurement of the refraction index of a glass plate using a point diffraction interferometer(PDI) RUEDA-SORIANO E., GRANADOS-AGUSTÍN F.S., CORNEJO-RODRÍGUEZ A.Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica.

With a He-Ne laser illuminating a spatial filter, and by means of an achromatic lens, a collimated beam is produced; if at the focal point of a second focusing lens the plate of the PDI is located, a so, called reference interference pattern Wr, of the system is registered. The plate of the PDI has a micro-hole and transmittance of less than 10%. As a second step, a glass plate, with unknown index refraction, is introduced between both lenses. Consequently, a new modified interference pattern is registered as Wt. With the software program APEX, for the analysis of interferograms, each wavefront is registered as Wr and Wt. From the difference of these two functions, Wr and Wt, the value of the refraction index of the glass plate, ND, can be derived, with the previous knowledge of the glass plate thickness. Experimental results will be shown for different glass plate.

2284444 Analysis of interferograms of a lens using a knife edge interferometer. KORNEEV N.1, GRANADOS F.S.1, DÍAZ R.2, CORNEJO A.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica. / 2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico UNAM.

In previous works Korneev, et. al, had been shown the feasibility to produce an interference pattern, for testing a lens, by setting near by the focal point of the lens a razor knife edge. The interference phenomena is produced between the wavefront coming from the lens, and the wavefront produced by the knife edge. Since partial interferograms are observed, due to the obstruction of the knife edge; by rotation of the knife edge in several directions, interferograms with different information can be registered by means of a CCD connected to a PC. In this paper the stitching of the two partial registered interferograms, along the vertical and horizontal directions are analyzed, to find out the aberrations of a lens.

2284482 Asen detection on transversal optical fiber with erbio dopping MIRELES J.R., TENTORI D. Cicese

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The advent of fiber optics has led to a technological revolution whose foundations continue to take root, an example is the development of optical fibers contaminated with erbium, which given their fluorescence response in the spectral range between 1.5 and 1.6 micrometers, are particularly suitable the optical cominucaciones. Today, the utility of the doped optical fiber amplifiers in (EDFAs) and lasers (edsfl) need not be discussed. Prenscindibles Studying these devices is to understand its performance and possibilities of evolution. Modeling make sewn for expressions of reason and propagation equations in the middle, so compute the evolution of signal, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and pumping. Since the simultaneous carecterizacion techniques are of interest to manufacturers, to develop a method for measuring the emission can not grab that mode coupling of yaw and escapes across the axis of the ficbra offers a solution in situ, as well as the possibility not to destroy the sample. By working experimentally in the transverse fiber detection, the contribution of uncoupled pump leaking the deck has been found dominant, blinding the observation of lower energy emissions, such as cross-ASE. We propose a technique for the measurement of spontaneous emission cross the idea to discern between the two contributions potecnia (pumping and fluorescence), lies in the long lifetime of the excited state, the modular pumping with Coert periodof more than relaxation it is then possible to recover the energy information modulated also not detected.

2284518 Assessment of residual stress on thin films by laser microtopography COSTA M.F.M., TEIXEIRA V. Universidade do Minho.

Residual stress of as-deposited coatings may cause bending of the coating/substrate system. If residual stresses are present and the overall deflection is small compared with the substrate thickness, then by symmetry the coated substrate will take up a spherical curvature in the region away from the edges. Near the edges a complex stress state will be present. However away from the edges this reverts to a simple stress state where stresses normal to the substrate and shear stresses are zero The three-dimensional inspection of thin films deposited in thin substrates allows the assessment of film‘s residual stress. In this communication we report on the use of this method illustrating it by performing the residual stress evaluation PVD onto glass deposited thin films using optical non-destructive and non-invasive microtopographic inspection using an active optical triangulation sensor developed by the first author at the Universidade do Minho. It allows depth measures with resolutions down to 2nm and lateral resolutions down to 1m. The three dimensional map and corresponding coordinate set obtained allow the calculation of the stress distribution over the film.

2284572 Design and construction of a compact Z-scan portable system. JIMÉNEZ-SALINAS M.F., ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R.1, RODRÍGUEZ-ROSALES A.A., MORALES-SAAVEDRA O.G., QURESHI N. Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico-UNAM

The design and construction of a compact instrument that automatically measures Kerr-based third order nonlinearities (both nonlinear refractive index: gamma, and nonlinear absorption: beta) in materials, is presented. The instrument includes the control of the polarization state of the input laser beam and was calibrated with well known reference samples [1, 2, 3, 4]. The mechanical translation system and the polarizer rotation-stage are controlled via a home-made electronic circuit, whereas the data acquisition from three photodiodes is performed via a 12-bits DAQ. The entire system is fully controlled by means of an application program encoded in LabView. The importance of the developed experimental device is its reliability, compactness, easy implementation and transport, table-top installation, low cost and high accuracy.

Reference: 1.A A Rodríguez-Rosales, R Ortega-Martínez and O G Morales-Saavedra, Journal of Physics, in press. 2.Antonio A. Rodríguez-Rosales, Omar G. Morales-Saavedra, Carlos J. Román and Roberto Ortega- Martínez, Optical Materials, 31,(2), pp. 350-360, 2008. 3.A.A. Rodríguez-Rosales, R. Ortega-Martínez, M. L. Arroyo Carrasco, E. Reynoso Lara, C. G. Treviño Palacios, O. Baldovino-Pantaleón, R. Ramos García and M.

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D. Iturbe-Castillo, Molecular Crystal and Liquid Crystals 489, pp. 335-347, 2008. 4.M. Sheik-Bahae and A.A. Said and E.W. Van Stryland, Optics Letters, 14 (17), 1989.

2285094 Experimental characterization of devil’s vortex-lenses CALATAYUD A.1, REMÓN L. 1, CASANOVA C. 2, RODRIGO J.A. 3, FURLAN W.D. 2, MONSORIU J.A. 1 1Universitat Politècnica de València/ 2Universitat de València/ 3Instituto de Óptica

Devil´s vortex-lenses (DVLs) are a new kind of vortex lenses in which the radial phase distribution is characterized by the ―devil‘s staircase‖ function. Recently, the influence of the topological charge on the focusing properties of these diffractive optical elements has been studied analytically [1, 2]. These lenses present a focal volume containing a delimited chain of optical vortices that are axially distributed following the self-similarity of the lens itself. In this contribution we present the first experimental results achieved with Devil´s vortex-lenses. These structures have been encoded onto a programmable spatial light modulator (SLM) and their focusing properties have been investigated. A very good agreement is obtained between experimental and theoretical results. It is suggested that the particular focal volume provided by DVLs could be profited as versatile and very efficient optical tweezers. [1] W.D. Furlan, F. Giménez, A. Calatayud, and J.A. Monsoriu, "Devil s vortex-lenses", Opt. Express, 17(24), 21891-21896 (2009). [2] W.D. Furlan, F. Giménez, A. Calatayud, L. Remón, and J.A. Monsoriu, "Volumetric optical traps produced by Devil s lenses", J. Europ. Opt. Soc, 5, 10037S(5) (2010).

2284757 Obtaining the wavefront in the Ronchi test without polinomial fit or trapezoidal integration AGUIRRE-AGUIRRE D., GRANADOS-AGUSTIN F. S., CORNEJO-RODRÍGUEZ A. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

It is well known that the Ronchi test can be used to measure the optical path difference of a wavefront [1]. For recover the wavefront from an optical system under test we present a simple method to recovery the wavefront using one ronchigram without the need for polynomial fit or trapezoidal integration. The recovery of the coefficients of third aberration order is achieved by assigning random values but controlled in the equation of the optical path difference (OPD) which is given for a lateral sheared interferometer. Since the Ronchi test can be seen as a variation of this type of interferometer [2], the OPD for the Ronchi test is given as the difference between the original wavefront W(x,y) and the sheared wavefront W(x+∆x,y), resulting in the generation of various ronchigramas, which are compared with the ronchigram under analysis. The generated ronchigram with lower RMS (Root Mean Square) must have the highest correlation with the ronchigram analyzed, since the RMS is inversely proportional to the correlation. For some simulated ronchigrams which were generated by introducing Gaussian noise, some results will be shown. The proposed method retrieves in a reliable and accurate way the coefficients of the aberration polynomial of the analyzed ronchigram.

2284889 Fluorescent albumin holograms ORDÓÑEZ-PADILLA M.J., OLIVARES-PÉREZ A., BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R., MEJIAS- BRIZUELA N.Y., FUENTES-TAPIA I. INAOE

A characterization and analysis based on photosensitive films for holographic recording albumin. We carried out photo-oxidation of albumin "Gallus gallus" albumin-propylene glycol chemically combining with an aqueous solution of ammonium dichromate. It was to analyze the behavior of the parameter of diffraction efficiency holographic gratings made with and without eosin as a fluorescent agent, through the intensity pattern produced by diffraction gratings made with those products.

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2284897 Holographic comparative study of glucose, pectin and sugar. ORDÓÑEZ-PADILLA M.J., OLIVARES-PEREZ A., BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R., FUENTES- TAPIA I INAOE

A characterization of photosensitive films prepared with glucose, pectin and sugar (glass ®) environmental conditions for holographic recording. The photo-oxidation was carried out with ammonium dichromate in aqueous solution at various concentrations. It was the analysis of the behavior of diffraction efficiency parameter through the intensity diffraction pattern produced by holographic gratings made with the saccharides mentioned.

2285032 Directional holographic gratings: application to color and linear polarization multiplexing LUGO PÉREZ L. I., RODRÍGUEZ COBOS A.1, RAMÍREZ FLORES G., GUEL SANDOVAL S., GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ J. M. Instituto de investigación en Comunicación Óptica, UASLP

Directional holographic gratings: application to color and linear polarization multiplexing l.I. Lugo Pérez, A. Rodríguez Cobos, G. Ramírez Flores, S. Guel Sandoval, and J. M. Gutiérrez. Instituto de Investigación en Comunicación Óptica (IICO) Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, S.L.P. (UASLP), México [email protected] Utilizing light of different wavelength and holographic gratings made ex-profeso, whose spatial frequency is determined depending of what color is to be obtained in some also pre-determined direction, it is possible to multiplex information. Each wavelength can be modulated with a digital or analogical signal different; in such a way that multiple information can be sent simultaneously, using only one channel which can be an optical fiber. Demultiplexing is carried out using a similar grating, working backwards, allowing throughout an electronic system to recuperate the modulating information. It was been found that the system preserves the polarization of light, which give us a one more freedom degree, allowing us to process twice the original information amount.

2285067 Laser ablated glass microlens arrays: aberrations dependence on reflowing temperature J. ARINES2, D. NIETO1,2,3, M.T. FLORES-ARIAS1,2, C. GÓMEZ-REINO1,2, GERARD M. O’CONNOR3 1Departamento de Física Aplicada (área de Óptica), Escola de Óptica e Optometría (Campus Vida), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain 2Grupo de Microoptica y Optica (GRIN), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain 3School of Physics, National Centre for Laser Applications, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland crolens arrays fabrication has experienced a growing interest in the last decades due to their presence in a variety of applications which ranges from fiber couplers, to beam shapers or wavefront sensors. Among the various methods used to fabricate microlens arrays (thermal reflow forming, stereolithography, or embossing) the direct laser-writting technique provides several advantages: flexibility in terms of surface shapes, diameter, and focal length; the very small dead space between lenslet of any desired shape and profile; and the simplicity of the fabrication setup. And above all, this technique can operate with glass substrates, which

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allows to fabricate microlens arrays with a high degree of simplicity and high chemical and radiation resistance, as well as thermal and mechanical stable.The Laser-direct writing technique combined with a reflowing thermal treatment has demonstrated its capability to provide microlens array with small diameter and good focusing capabilities. In this paper we analyze the influence of the thermal treatment at temperatures of 650ºC, 660ºC, and 670ºC, on the optical aberrations of the manufactured microlens arrays. We observed that by increasing the reflowing temperature we reduce the microlenses optical aberrations and increase the resemblance between microlenses. In particular at 670ºC we obtained high quality microlens arrays characterized with a root mean square aberration of λ/28 ± λ/77, strehl ratio of 0.9475± 0.0352 and depth of focus of 16.438± 5.762 µm. Our results show the reliability of the combination of the Laser-direct writing technique with thermal treatment for fabricating high quality microlens arrays.

2285169 Generation of irradiance patterns using a semi-spherical irradiance meter of two degrees of liberty TECPOYOTL-TORRES M.1, VERA-DIMAS J. G.1, ESCOBEDO-ALATORRE J. 1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J. 2, TORRES-CISNEROS M.3, PÉREZ-CASPETA I. Y.1, VARONA J.4 1Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/ 2Instituto Nacional de astrofísica, óptica y electrónica/ 3Universidad de Guanajuato/ 4Universidad panamericana campus bonaterra

Generation of Irradiance Patterns Using a Semi-spherical Irradiance Meter of Two Degrees of Liberty The mechanical arrangement of the meter is based on a mobile rectangular arc, where the photo-detector is mounted. One of two steps motor, located on the lateral side of the arc, allow to the sensor capable to describe semi-circular trajectories of 170˚, almost half meridians. The other one, located at the center of meter geometry, produces a mobile base of the illumination source under analysis, capable to rotate 360˚. These two motors allow obtaining a semi-spherical geometry where the sensor moves. The number of measure points is determined by the programming of the step motors respectively, while; the use of a single photo-sensor ensures uniformity in the measurements. The mechanical arrangement has the enough rigidity, in order to support the precision required for the acquisition stage, based on a DSPIC. Measurements of illumination sources with different sizes can be possible by using adjustable lengths of the base and the ring. Special attention has been given to the luminaries based on LEDs technology with divergent beams, due to the interest of an enterprise interested in our work, and in the characterization of its products. The received power by the detector is useful to obtain the irradiance profile of the lighting source under test. The meter has been designed and fabricated with recyclable materials, considered as electronic waste, making it a low cost prototype. Keywords: Irradiance meters, DSPIC applications, step motors, LED luminaries, mechanical arrangement, recyclable materials.

2285345 Characterization of planar waveguides fabricated by multiple sol-gel dip-coatings. REY-GARCÍA F.1, FLORES-ARIAS M.T.1, GOMEZ-REINO C.1, DE LA FUENTE X.F.2, BERNESCHI S.3, PELLI S.3, NUNZI-CONTI G.3, RIGHINI G.C.3 1Universidad de Santiago de Compostela / 2ICMA/CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza/ 3Istituto di Fisica Applicata ―Nello Carrara‖

In this work we present planar waveguides obtained by sol-gel technique combined with dip-coating. The sol- gel method has been demonstrated to be suitable for controlling the chemical composition, and thus the refractive index of the layers fabricated. It is well established in the literature that a minimum thickness of the layer has to be achieved in order to use it as planar waveguide. We prepare planar waveguide of inorganic hybrid sols from Si, Ti and Ce organometallic precursors in order to obtain layer with different refractive index values. For fabricating waveguides with suitable thickness, a multiple sol-gel-dip-coating of SiO2:TiO2 and ZrO2:CeO2 sols, both in proportion 70:30 are developed. The waveguides are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis for performing the microstructural characterization. A homogeneous and continuous union between layers is achieved. This allows us to obtain a thick layer from the stacking of several thin layers. Confocal Microscopy was employed

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to evaluate the surface roughness, which was measured to be 5.69 nm for SiO2:TiO2 and 7.21 nm for ZrO2:CeO2 coatings. Thicknesses of 1230 and 489 nm and refractive indices of 1.59 and 2.04 for SiO2:TiO2 and ZrO2:CeO2 waveguides were obtained, respectively, through optical studies by Spectroscopic Ellypsometry. Dark m-line Spectroscopy was employed to evaluate TE and TM modes at wavelengths of 635 and 1550 nm; observing different qualitative results depending on the sample studied. It was also observe that, zirconia-ceria films exhibit birefringence. Finally, the optical loss measurements allow us to confirm that these compositions can be employed as efficient waveguides

2285348 Santa Maria Degli Angeli Lucernaria prismatic lenses CUEVAS S.1, QUAGLIATA N.2, SIGISMONDI C.3, CHAPA O.4, PÉREZ F.4, TINOCO S.4 1Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 2Quagliata Studio 3University of Roma, La Sapienza, ICRA, Dept. of Physics 4Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Santa Maria degli Angeli Basilica was built in 1561 in part of the remains of the Diocletian Baths by Michelangelo Buonarroti. In the last 300 years two astronomical instruments have been installed in the Basilica. The Clementina sundial line and the Divinity in Light Lucernaria. Clementina sundial line was built in 1702 in order to test the parameters introduced by the Gregorian reformation (1582) of the Calendar. Divinity in Light Lucernaria is an artistic stained glass dome including prismatic lenses designed to project detailed images of the sun on the church floor for the visitor´s delight. Sun images are centered on the Lucernaria rotunda in different colors at the solstices and equinoxes. Furthermore, a Venus transit and partial sun’s eclipses have been registered with the lenses and the image’s ephemeris verified in the last years. In this work the Lucernaria prismatic lenses and opto-mechanics are described. Also there are shown the yearly observations carried out for system verification. Diocletian baths were built in 305 A.D. Therefore we conclude that we implemented an optical instrument on a 1700 years old building

2285365 Holograms of albumin with gentian violet. DORANTES-GARCÍA V., OLIVARES-PÉREZ A., ORDÓÑEZ-PADILLA M.J. , MEJIAS- BRIZUELA N.Y. INAOE

A characterization and analysis based on photosensitive films for holographic recording albumin. We carried out the albumin photo-oxidation ―gallus gallus" albumin-propylene glycol chemically combining with an aqueous solution of ammonium dichromate. It was to analyze behavior of diffraction efficiency parameter from holographic gratings made with and without gentian violet dye, through intensity diffraction pattern produced by the gratings made from such products.

2285500 Refractive-index dispersion of absorbing and turbid solutions SANCHEZ-PEREZ C, GARCIA-VALENZUELA A CCADET, UNAM

Refractive-index dispersion of absorbing and turbid solutions Celia Sánchez-Pérez and Augusto García- Valenzuela Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-186, Distrito Federal 04510, México. ABSTRACT We describe a method for measuring the reflectance as a function of the angle of incidence of liquid solutions in a spectral range from 400nm - 900 nm. The method is based on measuring the reflectance spectra of an optical beam of white light in an internal reflection configuration near the critical angle defined by the refractive indices of the incident medium (a glass prism) and that of the solvent, which is assumed to be transparent. From a few reflectance

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spectra taken near the critical angle with the pure solvent and the solution, the dispersion of the contribution to the refractive index of the solute (the sample) can be obtained. We analyzed the prediction of the Fresnel‘s equation for both absorbing solutions where the critical angle is not well defined in a conventional way and for turbid media where the sample is not homogeneous on the wavelength scale. We present experimental results with solutions of rhodamine 6G dissolved in methanol and dielectric particles of SiO2 in distilled water. Keywords: Refractive-Index Dispersion, Anomalous Dispersion, Reflectance Spectra, Internal Reflection, Critical Angle

2285723 Interferometric analysis of polishing surface with a petal tool SALAS-SANCHEZ ALFONSO J.1, LEAL-CABRERA IRCE2, PERCINO-ZACARIAS ELIZABETH1, GRANADOS-AGUSTIN FERMIN S.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica./ 2Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tepeaca

In this work, we described a phase shift interferometric monitoring of polishing processes produced by a petal tool over a spherical surface for obtained a parabolic surface. In this process, we used a commercial polishing machine; the purpose of this work is to have control of polishing time. To achieve this analysis, we used a Fizeau interferometer of ZYGO Company for optical shop testing, and the Durango software from Diffraction International Company. For data acquisition, simulation and evaluation of optical surfaces, we the start polishing processes with a spherical surface with 15.46 cm of diameter; a 59.9 cm of with radius curvature, for obtained the parabolic surface with f/# 1.9.

2285844 Opto-mechanical fabrication of the spectrometer for the edifise project ARREDONDO-VEGA L., PEREZ-SANTOS C., POMPA-CARRERA O., RUIZ-MARQUEZ A., HURTADO-ORTEGA J., PAEZ G. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C.

The purpose of this paper is to present the development of the optical, mechanical and thin film coatings for the camera and collimator of the EDiFiSe (Equalized and Diffraction-limited Field Spectrograph Experiment) spectrometer made at Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Leon Guanajuato Mexico facilities. EDiFiSE is a prototype instrument developed by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC) that will cover part of the visible up to the near infrared (400 to 1000 NM) and will be used in projects related with the Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC) and/or the Extremely European Large Telescope (42 m EETL). This spectrograph has 22 high precision optical components made from glasses of different refraction index, diameter and thickness.

2285880 Measurements of surface optical anisotropies of semiconductors with a multichannel spectrometer NÚÑEZ-OLVERA O.F., BALDERAS-NAVARRO R.E., ORTEGA-GALLEGOS J., LASTRAS- MARTÍNEZ L.F., LASTRAS-MARTÍNEZ A. Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí

We report on a 32-channel spectrometer for acquiring optical reflectance-anisotropy spectra in a sub-second time-scale. The spectrometer is based on a photoelastic modulator for light polarization modulation, a 32- channel photomultiplier for light detection and a lock-in amplifier for signal processing, and uses commercial analog switches for scanning the photomultiplier channels. Its performance was tested by measuring the well known E1 en E1+D1 signatures associated to optical anisotropies of different semiconductor samples in the visible-ultraviolet spectral region. The proposed system is compact and economical as it. Furthermore, the system is well suited to be used for in-situ studies of the kinetics of surface processes in cubic semiconductors, such as those occurring during molecular beam epitaxy growth.

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2285961 Design and implementation of a prototype micropositioning and fusion of optical fibers VEGA F., TORRES C.O., MATTOS L. Universidad Popular del Cesar

We developed an automated system in micro and optical fiber fusion, using stepper motors of 3.6 º (1.8 º Medium step) with a threaded system for displacements in the order of microns, a LM016 LCD for User message management, a PIC16F877A microcontroller to control the prototype. We also used internal modules of the PIC: TMR0, EEPROM, PWM (pulse Ashura modulation) control using a pulse discharge circuit apocopated the high voltage (20 to 35 kilovolt transformer for FLYBACK fusion) the USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) for serial interface with the PC. The software platform developed under Visual Basic 6.0, which lets you manipulate the prototype from the PC. The entire program is optimized for microcontroller interrupt, macro-functions and is written in MPLAB 7.31. The prototype is now finished.

2286007 Self assembled monolayer, as optical transducers, using spiropyran photochromic material ORTIZ A.1, DELGADO R.2, ROJAS M.2, LÓPEZ V.2 1CIBA TLAXCALA/2CIBA IPN TLAXCALA

The self assembled monolayers (SAM) have become in the most popular strategy for design and generate surfaces charaterizated by specific functional organic groups. The aimed of this work is applied this SAM as optical transducer in biosensors. The techniques, Infrared (in ATR mode) and UV/Vis spectroscopy have been used to study the films generated in each step in the self assembled process. The SAM was generated as follow; first silane group was added to the glass substrate. After that, the substrates were immersed in a solution containing carbomiide group (EDC). Finally the spiropyran 1′,3′-Dihydro-8-methoxy-1′,3′,3′- trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-(2H)-indole] was attached to functionalized slides. In each process absorbance was analyzed by UV/Vis (270 to 500 nm) and FTIR (650 to 1800 cm-1). In UV, the spectra shows an absorbance band centered at 280 associated to EDC film and a lower intensity band centered at 380 nm associated to spiropyran. In FTIR spectra, the Si-Si and Si-O bond are present below the 1250 cm- 1. The EDC film shows very weak bands in the region from 1300 to 1800 cm-1. For the spiropyran film the band associated to the C-N, N-O, C=C, C-H and aromatic ring have a very well defined peaks. Once the transducer bands were detected, a biologic element (glucose oxidase) was added to the spiropyran by electrostatic attraction and the biosensor was finally tested by the enzyme high selectivity to the glucose in a water solution.

2286045 Fabrication and study of the optical and electronic properties of organic thin film based on the P3HT:PCBM blend SANCHEZ A.A., ALEMAN K., MANSUROVA S., KOSAREV A. National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics

Research in new materials for photovoltaic applications has been focused recently on organic photoconductors. One of the most successful of them is the blend of P3HT:PCBM where Poly (3- hexylthiophene) (P3HT) works as donor material and [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) works as acceptor material. In this work we report on fabrication process of organic thin films based on this mixture varying fabrication parameters such as annealing temperature, weight ratios of the components, and film thickness. Optical and electronic properties of the film such us optical absorption spectra, refractive index, temperature dependence of dark conductivity and transport parameters (mobility life-time product, photoconductivity response time, drift mobility) have been studied experimentally. Optical absorption spectra have been measured in the VIS-NIR range where and optical gap, Urbach energy and absorption coefficient

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of the thin films have been evaluated. Dark conductivity measurements have been performed at different temperatures using a Keitley 6517A Electrometer. For evaluation of the material transport parameters dynamic grating technique based on excitation of alternating current in the photoconductor illuminated by oscillating interference grating have been used. Finally, the correlation between fabrication parameters and photoelectric properties of the material have been discussed. 2286053 Quantification of critical parameters for a rotational shearing interferometer to detect extra solar planets GALAN M., STROJNIK M., PAEZ G. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C.

Currently, there is an increasing interest in the detection of extra solar planets by direct methods. In the last years, more than 500 planets have been discovered by means of indirect methods: carefully analyzing the effects generated by the planet on the host star. However, the small signal-to-noise ratio and the small angular separation of the star-planet system have hindered the direct detections of the optical / IR signals caused by the planets. Several methods have been proposed to reduce the star irradiance and detecting the presence of the planet around them. One proposal is the rotational shearing interferometer (RSI). The concept of the RSI is based on the idea of comparing a wavefront to a rotated version of itself. The RSI takes advantage of rotational symmetry of the star‘s wavefront to cancel it. We proposed a RSI based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a Dove prism in each arm. In this work, we quantify, employing exact ray trace, the critical parameters for this RSI to detect extra solar planets.

2286082 Characterization by XDR of amorphos SiCx/C-SI structures at high temperatures TORRES IVALDO TORRES I. Pamplona University

By annealing thin hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiCx:H) films deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) on crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers, pn-junctions with very low inverse saturation current can be formed. This has been shown in heterojunction bipolar transistors and solar cells. The characterization of the annealed structures indicates that the a-SiCx:H films partially recrystallize during the annealing process forming Si-nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous film. To better understand this process and to further improve pn-junction we are studying the recrystallization process by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements and optical transmission measurements in the infrared (FTIR). This paper deals with characterization of amorphous SiCx/c-Si structures of 300 and 100 nm thick by x-ray diffraction with temperature camera during of an annealing process at high temperatures (900 °C). Both, intrinsic and phosphorus-doped a-SiCx:H were deposited on a c-Si substrate type-p of 300um-thick and crystallographic orientation with a cylindrical parallel plate PECVD reactor. From the in-situ measures by the equipment XDR was obtained the phase crystallization; take the max value of intensity of the peak dominant in the orientation and normalizing. Fitting with the Avrami-Mehl-Johnson theory for random nucleation and growth of crystallites of the a-SiCx:H films. Obtained the nucleation time and the growth time, assumes in the analysis thermally activated.

2286117 Opto-mechanical characterization of a solar concentrator prototype CRUZ –MARTÍNEZ V.M.1, SANTIAGO – ALVARADO A1, GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA J1, CAMPOS GARCÍA M2, VÁZQUEZ – MONTIEL S3, GRANDOS-AGUSTÍN F.S.3, VÁZQUEZ MEJIA T. G.1 1Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca/2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 3Instituto de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

Solar concentrators are devices typically used to produce steam to heat a fluid with solar radiation. Solar concentrators are composed of a reflective surface collector, a receiver, a fluid, and a system of electro- mechanical control for solar tracking and control of fluid pressure. Generally the collector surface is made of

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a polished metal plate or an aluminum plate and a reflective film. In this paper, we present the design of a solar concentrator of the parabolic channel type, but the collector employed is made of an acrylic plate with a reflective surface. The opto-mechanical performance of the solar concentrator is presented. Finally, we the experimental results are

2286121 CdSe/CdS multilayer films for optoelectronic devices LÓPEZ-RAMÍREZ L.M.1, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M.A.1, AGUILAR-HERNÁNDEZ J.R.2, VARGAS-GARCÍA J.R.1, CONTRERAS-PUENTE G.2 1Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional/2Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional

CdSe/CdS multilayer films were prepared on Corning glass substrates by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) technique. The morphology and roughness of the substrates were modified by acid and alkaline agents in order to improve the adherence of the films. The multilayer films were characterized by UV-VIS spectrometry, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Photoluminescence (PL) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to know the optical, structural and morphological properties. The cohesion between films was improved at deposition temperatures of 90°C and 75°C for CdSe and CdS films respectively. The band gap of the multilayer films has an intermediate value (1.9 to 2.2) between the CdSe and CdS Band Gaps. The particle size in CdSe/CdS multilayer films is greater than the particle size in films grown separately, it generates a higher roughness. The films obtained showed good properties for optoelectronic devices. Keywords: Chemical Bath Deposition; Band Gap; CdSe/CdS multilayer films; optoelectronic devices. Agradecimiento: CONACyT (Beca Doctoral y Proyecto CB-82573) y SIP-IPN (20111207).

2286164 Improving the quantitative testing of fast aspherics surfaces with null screens using dijkstra algorithm MORENO-OLIVA V.I.1, CAMPOS-GARCÍA M.2, DÍAZ-URIBE R.2 1Universidad del Istmo, campus Tehuantepec/2CCADET-UNAM

The null screen technique is a geometric method that allows the testing of fast aspherical surfaces, this method measures the local slope at the surface and by a numerical integration procedure, the shape of the surface is measured. One usual technique for the numerical integration is the trapezoidal rule; it is a well- know fact that the truncation error increases with the second power of the average spacing between spots of the integration path. To reduce the numerical errors in this work we implemented the Dijkstra algorithm. This algorithm can find the shortest path from one spot to another spot in a weighted conected graph. Using a modification of the algorithm is possible to find the minimal length path from a select spot to all others. This result simplifies the integration process in the test with null screens. The performance of this method is shown by evaluating a previously tested surface with a traditional process.

POE Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284148 Gaussian beams to calculate multimode interference in waveguides RODRIGUEZ-MORALES G. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

In this work, we present an alternative analytical method to describe the multimode interference (MMI) in waveguides. It is common to use numerical calculation to simulate the MMI, but it usually requires a large amount of computational resources to obtain the simulation in the corresponding section of the waveguide. Our method is based in the propagation of multiple Gaussian beams that interfere between them to produce the self–image effect as it appears in the waveguide MMI phenomena. In this case, we can calculate electromagnetic field distribution at an arbitrary propagation distance without the need to calculate the field in

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the entire waveguide section. This method simplifies the characterization of the MMI based devices as the multiplexor and the called optical fiber beam shaper.

2284511 Wavelength-switchable fiber laser based on temperature-dependent transmittance of an LPFG ANZUETO-SÁNCHEZ G.1, CASTRELLÓN-URIBE J.1, TORRES-GÓMEZ I. 2, MARTÍNEZ- RIOS A.2, OSUNA-GALÁN I.3 1Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas CIICAp, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. / 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica. / 3Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas.

A wavelength-switchable Erbium-doped fiber ring laser is demonstrated and reported. The Erbium-Doped fiber net gain of the fiber laser is modified by controlled heating of a Long Period Fiber Grating (LPFG) inserted into the laser cavity. The rejection band of the LPFG is altered in the resonant wavelength and loss according to the exposed temperature and consequently, the operating wavelength of the fiber laser can be switched from a single wavelength operation at 1563 nm to a simultaneous operation at 1527 nm and 1563 nm. The laser system can be used as temperature fiber sensor as well.

2284781 Tunable dual-wavelength fiber laser based on adjustment of cavity loss by a fiber optical loop mirror MANUEL DURAN SANCHEZ M. D. S.1, R. IVAN ALVAREZ TAMAYO R. I. A. T.2, E. A. KUZIN E. A. KUZIN3, BALDEMAR IBARRA ESCAMILLA B. I. E.3, OLIVER POTTIEZ O. P.4 1Universidad Tecnológica de Puebla/ 2Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/3INAOE/ 4Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

We experimentally demonstrate tunable dual wavelength operation of a fiber laser through adjustment of cavity loss using a Fiber Optical Loop Mirror (FOLM) with a high-birefringence fiber in the loop. The reflection adjustment of the FOLM was achieved by temperature control of the hi-bi fiber. The spectral spacing has been tuned from -1.98 to 5.2 nm with a tunable fiber Bragg grating. A temperature change of the hi-bi fiber by 0.1º C causes a change in the ratio between the reflectances for the wavelengths, R(λ1)/R(λ2). The output stability has been experimentally analyzed.

2284977 Optical characterization of LiBr-water using MMI in optical fiber ANTUNEZ-CERON E.E.1, ESTRADA-VAZQUEZ J.A.1, BASURTO-PENSADO M.A.2, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J.2, GARCIA-CASTREJON J.C.1 1Universidad Autónoma del estado de Morelos/2Instituto nacional de Astrofisica, Óptica y Electrónica

Optical Characterization Of LiBr-Water Using MMI In Optical Fiber E. E. Antúnez-Cerón1, J. A. Estrada- Vázquez1, M. A. Basurto-Pensado2, J.C. García-Castrejón1, J.J. Sánchez-Mondragón2 1 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos 2 Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica Heat pumps work with a refrigerant mixture of lithium bromide (LiBr) with water, depending on the concentration of this solution may adjust the efficiency of the heat pump, reason why this research presents the analysis of LiBr concentration using the optical technique: multimode interference (MMI) in a singlemode-multimode- singlemode (SMS) fiber structure, wherein the singlemode sections are SMF-28 fiber with a core diameter of 9 µm and a cladding diameter of 125 µm and a multimode fiber which has a 125 µm core diameter without coating (refractive index 1.4615), this is the sensing area. The LiBr-Water solution analyzed has a concentration ranging from 45% to 60% and refractive indices between 1.423 and 1.472, respectively. This range of refractive indices on the exposed fiber gives rise to variations in the modes coupling into the MMI section. The fiber is mounted on acrylic plates with a compartment for the sensing section, so that the core of

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the multimode section interacts with LiBr-Water solutions at different concentrations. The measurements are acquired with low cost equipment that includes a 1554 nm diode laser as the source of the system (operated at constant current) and a photodiode connected to a data acquisition card.

2285097 High-visibility photonic crystal fiber interferometer for ultrasensitive refractometric sensing FERNANDO C. FÁVERO F. F.1, VITTORIA FINAZZI V. F.2, JOEL VILLATORO J. V.2, VALERIO PRUNERI V. P.2 1Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro/ 2ICFO-Institut de Ciences Fotoniques

A simple, compact photonic crystal fiber interferometer (PCF) that operates in reflection mode is proposed for refractive index (RI) sensing. The device consists of a ~12mm-long stub of commercial PCF (LMA-10) fusion spliced to standard optical fiber (SMF-28). Two collapsed zones in the PCF allow the excitation and recombination of specific modes in the PCF. This makes the device reflection spectrum to exhibit interference patterns with extinction ratio of up 40 dB. One of the excited modes in the PCF is sensitive to external RI for which the device can be useful for refractrometry and sensing based on RI changes. The measuring range goes from 1.33 to 1.43 which can be measured in two different ways. The shift of the interference pattern can be monitored as a function of the external index. In this case, the maximum shift is less than the interferometer period for which there is not ambiguity in the measurements. If a shift of 50 pm in the interference pattern can be resolved, then the maximum sensitivity and resolution are, respectively, 735 nm per RI units and 7x10-5. The other approach consists of monitoring the reflection power of a wavelength located at the quadrature point of the inference pattern. In this case the measuring range is narrower but the resolution is higher, up 7x10-6, thanks to the high extinction ratio. We believe that the device proposed here can be useful for industrial and biosensing applications. Monitoring RI changes, for example, is important in the chemical, food and beverage industries since it is part of the quality control. On the other hand, molecular bindings, chemical or biochemical reactions are manifested and detected as minute refractive index changes. Investigation of our interferometer for biosensing applications is being carried out and some results will be presented during the conference.

2285160 Vitrification of photocuring resins by embedded cantilever and Fizeau interferometer ARENAS G.F.1, DUCHOWICZ R.2 1Laboratorio Láser, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina./2Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata / Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CCT CONICET La Plata-CIC), La Plata, Argentina

We present a method for estimating viscosity and degree of vitrification of photocuring polymeric materials. Real-time knowing of solidification transition provides important information for many scientific areas. The technique involves the embedding of one end of a small aluminum cantilever subjected to oscillations of constant amplitude and frequency, into blends made of unfilled dental resins based on bis-GMA-TEGDMA. These resins were activated for visible light polymerization by the addition of camphorquinone (CQ) in combination with dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA), or ethyl-4-dimethyl aminobenzoate (EDMAB). As the polymerization process progresses, the embedded end of the beam ceases to be free. The variation in the oscillation amplitude measured by means of a Fizeau fiber optic interferometer at a given point near the lower end can be interpreted as a proportional indicator of solidification in the resin being photo cured. This feature provides a vital support in the early stages of photo-polymerization. From the results, we observe that the resin passes from liquid to gel and then to a vitreous state resin in a short time compared with the total photocure evolution. After this short transition, polymerization should take place mainly through diffusive processes.

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2285838 Optical channel waveguides in ND: YVO4 crystals by multi-implants with protons SANCHEZ-MORALES M E1, VÁZQUEZ G.V.2, RICKARDS J3, TREJO-LUNA R3 1CUCienega Universidad de Guadalajara/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 3UNAM

Optical channel waveguides in Nd:YVO4 crystals by multi-implants with protons M.E. Sánchez-Morales a,*, G.V. Vázquez b, J. Rickardsc and R. Trejo-Lunac a Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División de Biotecnología Centro Universitario de la Ciénaga Universidad de Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad 1115, Lindavista, 47820 Ocotlán, Jalisco, México. b Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Loma del Bosque 115, Lomas del Campestre, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México c Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México D.F. México This work reports the formation of channel waveguides by proton implantation in Nd:YVO4. Three sets of channels were generated with widths of 10, 15 and 20 microns. Two implants were realized using energies of 1.06 and 1.0 MeV at 8° in order to form deep wide barriers, and another implant was made at 70º with the energy of 1.0 MeV, thus generating buried waveguides. The implanted doses were 5-7x1015 ions/cm2. The analysis includes refractive index profiles, spectroscopic properties and near field imaging. This work has been partially supported by PROMEP under project PROMEP/103.5/_08/2919 Keywords: Channel waveguides; Ion implantation; Nd:YVO4

2285867 Study of laser channel waveguides in Nd:YAG crystals obtained by proton implantation FLORES-ROMERO E.1, VAZQUEZ G.V.2, MARQUEZ H.3, LÓPEZ-URQUIETA M.A.2, RANGEL-ROJO R.3, RODRÍGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ L.1 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 3Departamento de Óptica, CICESE

Ion implantation is a powerful tool to obtain optical channel waveguides in several substrates. The damage caused in the substrate by the ions while they are stopped can be used to form waveguide structures. Waveguides with different properties can be obtained depending of the implanted ions and of the substrates. When the implantation is performed over a laser crystal then the waveguide formed can be capable of support laser oscillation. In this work we report a study of the optical properties of laser channel waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG crystals by proton implantation at different implanted doses. The protons were accelerated to the energy of 1.0 MeV in the Pelletron Accelerator of the Physics Institute at UNAM, then they were implanted over several Nd:YAG crystals at an implantation angle of 60 degrees. The implanted doses were between 0.5-4.0x10^16 proton/cm^2. By these processes three sets of channel waveguides with different widths were obtained for every implanted dose, this allows us to make a statistic treatment for the properties studied. The optical properties studied were the optical transmission and the transversal modal distribution at visible wavelengths, the photoluminescence spectra and the laser emission. The laser performance was obtained in a resonant cavity configuration with mirrors held onto the polished end faces of the waveguides.

2286069 Metal-germanium-metal photodetectors integrated with dielectric waveguides CERVANTES-GONZALEZ J.C. 1, AHN D. 2, TORRES-JACOME A. 1, BANERJEE S.K.3, ZALDIVAR-HUERTA I.E.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Alcatel-Lucent/ 4University of Texas at Austin

Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) Ge photodetectors integrated with dielectric waveguides using top- coupling configuration have been experimentally demonstrated. Responsively about 0.37 A/W at wavelength of 1.55 um and a dark current about 1 uA at 1 V were obtained. It is shown that top-waveguide-coupled MSM photodetector offers technological process compatible with CMOS for intrachip optical communications.

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2286073 Measurement of group velocity dispersion in optical fiber with a hundreds of meters lengths RAMOS-BELTRÁN J., BELTRÁN-PÉREZ G., MUÑOZ-AGUIRRE S., CASTILLO- MIXCÓATL J. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

In this work an experimental setup that allows evaluating the group velocity dispersion (GVD) in optical fibers with a hundreds of meters length is presented. The setup was composed by an optical fiber Sagnac Interferometer, SI. The optical fiber under test and a phase modulator were placed inside of the SI loop. The main idea is to place asymmetrically the phase modulator inside the SI loop. This means that the fiber length in both sides of the phase modulator, L1 and L2, satisfy L1<

2286158 Study of mach-Zehnder microinterferometer parameters ROJA- HERNÁNDEZ A.G., GARCIA-JUAREZ A. Universidad de Sonora

A simple guided-wave modulation device based on electro-optic effect is the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and his parameters are studied. Active guided wave device has been traditionally designed with materials with a large electro-optic coefficient, such as Lithium niobate, but for use in optoelectronic integrated circuits, these devices are being made with semiconductors. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer has a Schottky diode between two couples. Then, with no applied bias to the schottky diode, the phase shifts in the two arms is equal and interfere constructively, with applied bias to the Schottky diode the electro-optic effect introduce an additional phase shift to unequal lengths l1 and l2 of the arms.

2286166 Influence of geometry of waveguide arrays to get discrete solitons VERGARA A, MENDOZA G, GÓMEZ L.C., MARTÍ E.A . BUAP

Nowadays, one of the challenges of the photonics, is based on the development of capable systems to get logical operations to high frequencies, been one of the conditions that these systems have a control of light by light. Since decades ago, the optical solitons have been showed as an option for all optical switching. However, its well known that these nonlinear wave packets are unstable when its dimensionality is increased, so that, it has been necessary to study the propagation and interaction of solitons in materials made by human kind, we mentioned the discrete solitons particularly (DS) in waveguides arrays. In this report, based on experimental numeric techniques, we focused on the study of parameters to generation of DS in two dimensional waveguide arrays with different geometries to common used (honey comb), we study the self- trapping of beams and the properties of them. The mathematical model is based on the Two Dimensional Non Linear Schrödinger Equation. From the conditions at the edge we demonstrate, that one of these geometries as an particular case, is possible to get and propagate discrete solitons at lower powers than the required in the honeycomb array. Our results are consistent in the cases when we take in account coupling of upper orders.

2285482 Plasmonic core-shell nanoparticle based thin film solar cells. LIU F., QU D., XU Q., XIE W., HUANG Y. Tsinghua Univ.

The enhanced optical absorption in solar cells using nanoscale structure and novel physical effect has received a lot of attention in recent years. One of the promising methods is to utilize the noble metal nanoparticles with plasmonic effect for increasing the light absorption, consequently the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. While the bare metal nanoparticles may suffer from the energy loss introduced by themselves due to the recombination of electro-hole pairs. Here, we propose to apply the plasmonic metal-dielectric core-shell nano-particles to improve the optical absorption efficiency of thin film solar cells. It is expected that the metal

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core could increase the optical absorption of thin film solar cells due to the filed enhancement effect of localized surface plasmon (LSP), and meanwhile the dielectric shell could avoid the metal core to become a new bulk recombination center of the light-induced excitons. Further, varying the refractive index of the dielectric shell could adjust the enhancement region of LSP in a large range to cover the whole wavelength range of solar cells. Simulations are carried out by means of the finite element method in a three-dimensional model. The results show that the absorption enhancement up to 110% could be obtained when the active layer of thin film organic solar cells is 30nm thick. And there exists a largest thickness for the active layer, below which plasmonic metal-dielectric core-shell nanoparticles are available for increasing the light absorption. Then, some initial experiments have been done. The Au-citrate core-shell nanoparticles synthesized by the sodium citrate reduction method are deposited on the solar cells. And the obvious photocurrent enhancement has been observed

2286180 Photoelectrochemical characterization of TiO2 sensitized with CDSE QDs, au nanocrystals and P3OT ZARAZÚA1, E. DE LA ROSA1 T P -LUKE1, S. RUIZ1, J. REYES2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948 Leon, Gto. 37150 MÉXICO/ 2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima. Colima, MÉXICO

Sensitized titanium dioxide (TiO2) films of 10 μm thickness have been prepared and characterized with emphasis on evaluating their photovoltaic properties. The films contain 13 nm TiO2 nanocrystals (NCs) with anatase crystalline phase deposited on FTO substrates, decorated with Au nanoparticles (NPs) and sensitized with CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) in different configurations. With the introduction of Au NPs or P3OT into the TiO2/QDs films, the photocurrent increase up to ~85% and ~150% while the photo conversion efficiency increases by ~167% and ~177%, respectively. An interesting synergistic effect was observed when Au NPs and P3OT were used in conjunction. The configuration of TiO2/Au/QDs/P3OT film exhibits a photocurrent of 906 μA (an enhancement of ~285%) and the photoconversion efficiency of 0.661% (an enhancement of ~600%) compared to that of TiO2/QDs films. With the purpose of have a better understanding how the electron flux is affected for each component of the films, electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements were made and fitted with different equivalent circuits. It was found that the efficiency enhancement is due to the ability of Au NPs to facilitate charge separation and photocurrent generation as well as P3OT‘s ability to enhance hole transport. These, combined with the QDs‘ strong photoabsorption in the visible, lead to the overall increase in photocurrent generation, fill factor, and consequently photoconversion efficiency.

OE Optical Engineering

2284978 Organic solar cells under the BHJ approach using conventional/inverted architectures SALINAS J.F.1, SALTO C.1, MALDONADO J.L.1, RAMOS-ORTIZ G.1, RODRIGUEZ M.1, MENESES-NAVA M.A.1, BARBOSA-GARCIA O.1, FARFAN N.2, SANTILLAN R.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/2Facultad de Química, UNAM/ 3Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV

The search of clean and renewable energy sources is one of the most important challenges that mankind confronts. Recently there has been a notable interest to develop organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology as a mean of renewable energy source since it combines low-cost and easy fabrication [1,2]. Most of the efforts have been directed to increase the efficiency, leaving aside the durability of the organic materials, however, a new architecture known as inverted solar cell might bring a never seen durability (years) that could make possible large scale applications of this technology. Here are presented the results we have achieved using both, the conventional and inverted architectures employing as organic donors (D) the very well known semi- conducting polymers MEH-PPV and P3HT and, the low molecular weight molecule M1: (6-Nitro-3-(E)-3-(4- dimethylaminophenyl)allylidene)-2,3 dihydrobenzo[d][1,3,2]-oxazaborole, synthesized in our group, in mixtures with the acceptor (A) fullerene PC61BM. The morphology of thin polymer films prepared by using

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the spin coating technique was analyzed by AFM. For the conventional architecture the cells were fabricated with the structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Organic A-D blend/Woods metal, where the cathode Woods metal is an alloy that melts at 75 ºC. For the inverted architecture the structure ITO/ZnO/Organic A-D blend/PEDOT:PSS/Silver paint was used, where ITO worked as cathode by switching its work function through the introduction of ZnO nanoparticles. Under tests using Xenon lamp irradiation at 100 mW/cm2, the conventional and the inverted architectures produced efficiencies close to 2% and 0.6%, respectively for the P3HT:PC61BM blend. For both architectures the chosen back-contact materials (Woods metal and silver paint) allowed us to easily make the OPVs cells without the need of vacuum steps [2]. [1] ―Solar Photon Conversion‖, Chem. Rev. 110 No. 11, (2010). [2] ―On the use of Woods metal…‖, J.F. Salinas et al., Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, 595 (2011). Acknowledgments: CONACyT

2285898 Solar concentrator with diffuser segments ESPARZA D., MORENO I. Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

Solar radiation is an alternative energy resource that needs concentrating optics for high-power systems. Advanced concentrators are designed to maximize both the power transfer and the spatial uniformity of radiation. Typically, collectors are built with reflective surfaces that may have monolithic, multifaceted, or rippled shapes. In this work we propose a new concept of solar concentrator which uses diffuser segments in key points to significantly increase the irradiation uniformity. This is important because irradiance uniformity is critical for all types of photovoltaic cells. We analyze the effects on both efficiency and uniformity due to the size, shape, number, and placement of the scattering pieces. For example, a popular collector, the compound parabolic concentrator, focuses the incoming radiation into hotspots at the receptor. This problem can be alleviated by using a smart distribution of low scattering strips, which spread the radiation more uniformly over the exit.

2284114 Digital system of invariant correlation to position and scale using adaptive ring masks and unidimensional signatures SOLORZA S.1, ÁLVAREZ-BORREGO J.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Baja California/ 2Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación de Ensenada

Digital systems of invariant nonlinear correlation to position and scale based on adaptive binary mask of concentric rings and unidimensional signatures are useful tool in pattern recognition. With the modulus of the Fourier transform of the image we obtain the invariance to translation. Using the Scale transformation and adaptive binary ring masks the scale invariant is calculated. The discrimination between objects is done by the nonlinear correlation of the unidimensional signatures assigned to the image and the target. Moreover, working with unidimensional signatures reduces the computational time considerably, achieving a step toward the ultimate goal, which is developing a simple digital system that accomplishes recognition in real time at low cost.

2284313 Relative entropy of images degraded by bit-quantization and noise URCID G. INAOE.

This paper presents an experimental study of the relative entropy of grayscale images degraded by bit- quantization and additive random noise. Bit-quantization is produced by removing any number of selected least significant bit-planes from a given image, whereas noise is modeled additively using bipolar impulsive, uniform, Gaussian, Poisson, and Bessel probability density functions. A comparison of the behavior of relative entropy with other image measures such as normalized mean square error, signal to noise ratio, and cross-correlation coefficient is also given for different levels of bit-quantization and parameter values of the

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aforementioned noise probability density functions. Based on a set of public domain images, illustrative examples are provided together with characteristic graphs that demonstrate quantitatively the overall discrimination capability performed by the relative entropy measure.

2284371 Invariant correlation to position, rotation and scale using one-dimensional composite filters ÁLVAREZ-BORREGO J., CHAPARRO GILDARDO C.G.. CICESE.

One dimensional linear and non linear correlation digital algorithm invariant to position, rotation and scale using a binary mask is presented. Binary and gray images are used in the different process. The problem images have a +-30% of maximum scale variation with respect to the target; in addition some composite filters have a very good performance over this +-30%. The range in the rotation can be from 0 to 359 deg. From the Fourier transform, concentric binary rings masks are elaborated, first using the real part or using the imaginary part. From the ring mask the signatures of the problem image and the target are obtained. Linear and no linear correlation are calculated from the target signature versus the problem image signature. However, the binary ring mask can be built up inverting the real or imaginary part values of the Fourier transform. The best combination of these conditions to obtain a better performance is shown. The objective is identifying a specific target no matter the position, rotation or scale presented in the problem image. Results are discussed and analyzed. A statistical analysis was done, non linear correlation composite filters worked excellently in the recognition process. Of this way, we have a new, fast and functional position, scale and rotation invariance pattern recognition digital system.

2284630 Optical-digital restoration of out-of-focus color images detected in microscopy ORTIZ-SOSA R., BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R., AGUILAR J.F., ORLANDO GUERRERO I.J., MEJÍA ROMERO S. INAOE

An optical-digital method is proposed for restoring out-of-focus detected color images which are formed with a conventional microscope. The light source is polychromatic and the detector is a CCD camera in gray levels. In order to carry out the restoration, an estimated of the point spread function in intensity is obtained. This is made from the averaged detected image of a non-resolved quasi point-object, with three wavelengths (using three filters of isolated spectral regions). The captured images are employed to calculate the spatial spectrum of the optical transfer function for each wavelength, and so that a Wiener filter is also obtained. As an application of the method, an arbitrary object in color is imaged with the same amount of defocus and with the same three previously selected wavelengths. After the three images are restored a mix of them is made for recovering the original one. The obtained results and a discussion are presented.

2284892 Tomato classification based on laser metrology and computer algorithms IGNO-ROSARIO 0., MUÑOZ-RODRIGUEZ J.A. Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, A. C.

An automatic technique for tomato classification is presented based on color and size. This technique is performed by means of a vision system based on laser metrology and approximation network. To detect the size, the tomato is scanned by a laser line and a set of images are captured. Then, a Bezier network computes the tomato surface based on the laser line position. This network performs the surface modeling without measurements on the optical setup. The color classification is performed image processing via CIELCH method. This procedure is carried out based on the color components Red Green and Blue. Thus, the tomato is classified by size large medium and small. Also, the tomato is classified by color red and green. The

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performance and accuracy of the classification system is evaluated based on methods reported in the recent years. The technique is tested with real tomato and its experimental results are presented.

2285061 Real-time videoendoscopic distortion correction using a graphics processing unit VAN DER JEUGHT S, BUYTAERT J.A.N., DIRCKX J.J.J . University of Antwerp

Endoscope optics typically employ lenses with a small aperture and a very large viewing angle. As a consequence, the images are prone to contain barrel distortion and strong magnification artifacts as a function of object distance. In many applications, this imposes an important limitation on the direct interpretation of the images, as realistic shapes and distances are often difficult to judge. Especially in medical applications, it will be most useful for clinicians if they can see an undistorted image in real-time, while executing a procedure. Also in technical applications where real-time interpretation of incoming images is necessary, generation of undistorted images is vital. Graphics processing units (GPU) are specialized co-processors that are being used in personal computers, workstations, game consoles and modern mobile phones to relieve the central processing unit (CPU) of doing most graphics rendering tasks. The highly parallel nature of these visual rendering calculations such as geometric manipulations, lighting and shading is effectively exploited by the GPU architecture, as the GPU chip generally contains a large number of stream processors that are optimized to perform certain primitive operations in parallel. Here, we propose a novel procedure to generate distortion corrected endoscope images, based on offloading a predefined and easily obtainable calibration map to a standard GPU. Live videoendoscopic images are then recalibrated and displayed in real-time. The use of an inexpensive commercial GPU eliminates the need for extra digital image processing hardware such as FPGA‘s or frame grabbers and opens the door for further real-time processing of the acquired images.

2285264 Modulated speckle patterns for vortex metrology ANGEL-TORO L., SIERRA-SOSA D.E. Universidad EAFIT

Vortex Metrology allows for determining the relative displacements between two speckle distributions onto a surface. Specifically, two random intensity distributions, corresponding to the initial and final states of a plane surface under study, are recorded. Then, these two distributions are individually processed to obtain, from each one, a related analytical (complex) signal, via a digital version of an operator, like the Hilbert, Reisz or Laguerre-Gauss integral transforms. The analytical signal allows for representing the real and imaginary components, and also for generating an associated 2-D pseudo-phase map, in which the vortices (singularities) can be localized and parameterized by using different computational tools. Finally, the relative distances between similar vortices can be determined to be interpreted in terms of real displacements of speckles onto the surface. This procedure takes into advantage that accessing the actual phase by implementing interferometric methods is not needed. However, for digital demonstrations the interferometric methods are not required. In this work we use a similar approach for analyzing relative displacements occurring onto a surface, but in this case, by using modulated speckles instead. In our experiments we use the Reisz transform for generating the pseudo-phase maps, and we recover the real phase information for speckle distributions by implementing the Hariharan phase-stepping method. This allows a comparison between the experimental results we have achieved on the basis of both the analysis of the pseudo-phase and actual-phase maps for modulated speckle distributions. Also some features of vortices networks for different modulated speckles are described.

2285266 Comparative analysis of directional filtering techniques in fringe patterns ESCALANTE N., VILLA J., GONZÁLEZ E., ARAIZA M. Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

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We present the comparison of some methodologies that exist for directional filtering of fringe patterns. An important task in image processing is the noise filtering. The implementation of linear filters is not always a proper procedure in the presence of high density fringes because the signal and noise are mixed in Fourier space. The objective of this report is to carry out a comparison of existing procedures to determine which of them provides a better image representation. The techniques considered in this work are: Regularized quadratic cost function (RQCF), Oriented spatial filter masks (OSFM), Oriented-couple partial differential equations OCPDE and Directional filters (DF).To evaluate the performance of these techniques, we present some results obtained using images of synthetic fringe patterns.

2285297 Topometry and real color association by RGB fringe projection technique. LÓPEZ Y.Y.1, MARTÍNEZ A.1, RAYAS J.A.1, GENOVESE K.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C/ 2Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Fisica dell‘Ambiente, Università degli Studi della Basilicata.

Three – dimensional object topography is obtained using the fringe projection technique. In fringe projection technique, digitalization is done when black and white lines are projected over the sample object and the image is captured by the CCD. After that, phases of projected fringes on the surface are evaluated by phase shifting method. This paper presents a proposed method in which red, green and blue fringes are projected. This is very useful when the surface of interest contain large depth discontinuities, because the color encoded stripes avoid losing the fringe order. Doing the phase stepping, topography for each color (RGB) is obtained and the resulting reconstruction is the average of this three images. Using this method, we obtain more information about color, texture and topography details of the object. This method has a lot of applications area, such as archeology and medical area, because it is possible to duplicate components with major information of color and topography.

2285497 Retrieval spectroscopic information of astronomical plates from Tonantzintla Schmidt camera. DÍAZ-HERNÁNDEZ R.1, COSTERO GRACIA R2, GONZÁLEZ GONZÁLEZ J.J.2, GUICHARD J.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/ 2Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

The actual tendencies in Astronomy are following the development of remote observations and the preprocessing of these observations in a semiautomatic or automatic way in order to store all the information into Virtual Observatories. In that perspective, we are digitalizing and processing the information contained in the images obtained with the Tonantzintla Schmidt Telescope for more than 50 years (1942-1995) with the objective of making available the information contained in those observations. We present the methodology we use to automatically analyse the spectral plates. We develop algorithms to extracts spectra, to carry on the astrometry for each stellar object on the plate and to calibrate them in wavelength. In this work we present results obtained with these algorithms.

2285875 Real-time numerical reconstruction of digitally recorded holograms TRUJILLO C., RESTREPO J., GARCIA-SUCERQUIA J. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín

The numerical reconstruction of digitally recorded holograms has constituted the bottle neck for real-time digital holography. The reconstruction process can be understood as the diffraction that undergoes a wavefront as it illuminates the recorded hologram. As this process is done numerically, the reconstruction of a M x N pixels hologram into an image of similar dimensions is an operation with a  (M x N) complexity. This diffraction process can be represented by a Fresnel transform or a scalable convolution of the recorded hologram. In this representation the numerical reconstruction has a complexity of  (M x logN), still quite

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demanding computation if the holograms are of 2048 x 2048 pixels. In this work, the power provided by a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is used for accelerating the numerical reconstruction of digitally recorded holograms. The methodology is supported on the parallelization of typical Fresnel transform and scalable reconstruction algorithms. On reconstructing holograms of 2048 x2048 pixels, the reconstruction is speeded up 20 times for the former method and 11 times for the scalable convolution. For holograms of 1024 x 1024, the accelerated reconstruction methods allow for real-time digital holography.

2285981 Spectral characterization of the process of optical fiber fusion VEGA F., TORRES C.O., MATTOS L. Universidad Popular del Cesar

This paper aims to characterize spectrally the merger of optical fibers to determine the status of the merger, applying physical laws of optics to break up light across the spectrum. The prototype consists of a prism to break light, a video camera to capture the sequence of images during the process, a MATLAB software tool for the entire process of analysis and filtering of captured image frames. The study is currently under development

IAPD Information Acquisition, Processing and Display

2284470 Optical system for the supervision of the operation of an induction motor VILLANUEVA-REYES V. M., VAZQUEZ-NAVA R. A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C.

In this work we present an optical system for the supervision of the operation of an induction motor. We used a Michelson interferometer for the measurement of the vibrations produced by the motor motion and obtain a frequency spectrum via a Fourier transform of the signal. According to the spectrum, we can know the operation conditions of the induction motor. The optical system consists of the Interferometer, a data acquisition board and virtual instrumentation.

2284762 Mineral species to removal contaminants: characterization trough dynamic speckle techniques GONZÁLEZ M.J.1, BERTOLINI G.2, CABELLO C.I.2, BOTTO I.L. 3, ARIZAGA R.A.4, TRIVI M. 4 1Centro de Química Inorgánica (CONICET La Plata-UNLP), Calle 47 y 115 and Instituto de Recursos Minerales (CIC-UNLP), Calle 64 y 120 (1900) La Plata, Argentina./ 2Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas, "Dr. J. J. Ronco‖, (CONICET La Plata- UNLP) , Calle 47 Nº 257, (1900), La Plata, Argentina/ 3Centro de Química Inorgánica (CONICET La Plata-UNLP), Calle 47 y 115, (1900) La Plata, Argentina. /4Centro de Investigaciones Opticas (CONICET La Plata - CIC) and UID Optimo, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 3, (1897) Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina

The dynamic speckle laser technique has been applied to the analysis of different biological systems, inorganic materials and industrial processes. The temporary evolution of the dynamic effect attributed to the presence of mobile scatterers is an interesting tool for characterization of mineral properties in environmental chemistry. In this paper we use dynamic speckle to analyze geomaterials (original and modified mineral species) for the removal of toxic anions in drinking water (arsenate and fluoride). We reported hidroadsorption results obtained with iron-rich clays from domestic deposits and products of chemical modification in order to increase the iron content. The characterization of the original and modified species was made by XRD, chemical analysis (ICP ES), BET and SEM-EDS techniques. The mineralogy of the starting material is dominated by laminar alumina-silicates with the presence of iron oxides (with different

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crystallinity). The mineral was modified by precipitation in situ of nanoscopic ferrihydrite phase, obtained from a solution of trivalent iron salt by adjusting the pH. The experimental speckle results let us conclude that the system activity is related to different physicochemical properties and mineral structure, type of surface bonds (Si, Al, Fe-OH), chemical composition and textural characteristics of the solid.

2285130 Quantitative analysis of metformin tablets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. CONTRERAS U.1, ORNELAS-SOTO N.1, MENESES-NAVA M. A.1, BARBOSA-GARCÍA O.1, LÓPEZ-DE-ALBA P. L.2, LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ L.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C./ 2Universidad de Guanajuato

Nowadays the production of counterfeit and bad quality drugs affects human health and generates losses for pharmaceutical industries and tax revenue losses for government. Currently there are several methods for pharmaceutical product analysis; nevertheless, most of them depend on complex and time consuming steps such as sample preparation. In contrast to conventional methods, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is evaluated as a potential analytical technique for the rapid screening and quality control of anti- diabetic solid formulations. In this work authors propose a simple method to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) such as Metformin hydrochloride. The authors used ten nanosecond duration pulses (FWHM) from a Nd:YAG laser produces the induced breakdown for the analysis. Light is collected and focused into a Cerny-Turner spectrograph and dispersed into an ICCD camera for its detection. We used atomic emissions from Chlorine atoms present only in APIs as analyte signal. The analysis was improved using Bromine as internal standard. Linear calibration curves from synthetic samples were prepared achieving linearity higher than 99%. Our results were compared with HPLC results and validation was performed by statistical methods. The validation analysis suggests that both methods have no significant differences i.e., the proposed method can be implemented for monitoring the pharmaceutical production process in-situ in real time or for inspection and recognition of authenticity.

2285505 Sers for the determination of essential oils composition MEDINA-RAMÍREZ I.E.1, FRAUSTO-REYES C2, GONZÁLEZ-DÍAZ M.C.1 1Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

SERS for the determination of essential oils composition. I. Medina-Ramírez1, C Frausto-Reyes2, M.C. González-Díaz1 1Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Cd. Universitaria, CP 20131, Ags., México 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica AC, Unidad Aguascalientes, Prolong., Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, CP 20200, Ags., México Essential oils have been used lately for the development of environmentally benign pesticides. These botanical- pesticides have shown potent bioactivity against dominant post harvest fungal pathogens. In the same manner, Garlic oil has been reported as an avian repellent for crop damaging birds. It is well known that the bioactivity of these oils depend on its chemical composition. The chemical composition of individual essential oils is usually performed by gas chromatography methods, which although very reliable, they are usually very expensive. In the last ten years, Raman spectroscopy has demonstrated to be a cost-effective technique in the analysis these compounds. Raman spectroscopy, using an excitation wavelength of 830 nm, and Colloidal silver were used for the characterization of oregano oil. The objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition of the oregano oil which was previously evaluated as an insect repellent for crop protection. The silver particles were produced by citrate reduction of an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. The oil was obtained by hydro-distillation of air dried leaves of oregano (commercially available). The samples were analyzed on an aluminum foil, which is very easy to acquire and to adapt. Our results show the presence of thymol as the main component of the oil. We are interested on developing commercial presentations of botanical pesticides. Oregano, eucalyptus and clove essential oils have presented good activity as repellents. Surfaced enhanced Raman Spectroscopy is going to be used to analyze commercial presentations of these pesticides.

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2285729 Optical emission spectroscopy as monitor of inhomogeneous film growth ABUNDIZ N.1, PÉREZ A.2, GARCIA V.3, MACHORRO R.3 1Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada/ 2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California/ 3Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología

Plasma spectroscopy has been widely developed in the field of astrophysics, for the estimation of speed, densities and temperatures of plasma. Optical spectroscopy technique is applied in laboratory to characterize plasmas produced by laser ablation or sputtering. On another side, inhomogeneous thin films has an increasing importance in science and technology because they allow thin film designs impossible to get by discrete films. Optical spectroscopy applied to thin film growth, is a noninvasive technique, which allows us, monitoring the emission lines, control the refractive index of the film. In this work we establish the connection between plasma spectra and resulting inhomogeneous thin film made by reactive sputtering. Our goal is to get prescribed index profile of oxynitride inhomogeneous thin films, monitoring the emission spectra of the plasma. We growth films with variation in refractive index, by controlling the flux of two gases, oxygen and nitrogen, to change film stoichiometry. The plasma was monitored with a spectrometer in the entire visible spectrum. We analyzed the spectral lines of the elements Ar, N and O, to observe their temporal evolution during the growth of the layers. In-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to characterize the resulting coating, to obtain refractive index and thickness. We are able to growth films with 1.46 to 2.1 refractive index, depending the concentration of Si3N4 or SiO2. The mixture is simulated with effective medium approximation (EMA) model. We present results of inhomogeneous thin films with its corresponding line spectra evolution, to emphasize the possibility of monitoring stoichiometry during deposition process.

2285907 Variable focusing integral imaging systems TOLOSA A.1, PONS A.2, NAVARRO H.2, SAAVEDRA G.2, MARTINEZ-CORRAL M.2, MARTINEZ-CUENCA R.3, JAVIDI B.4 1AIDO/ 2University of Valencia /3Universitat Jaume I/ 4University of Connecticut

Integral Imaging is a very promising technique for the acquisition and display of images of 3D scenes. Integral Imaging produces auto-stereoscopic 3D images which can be ob-served directly with no need of additional viewing devices such as special glasses. One aspect of Integral Imaging development that has not been investigated is the implementation of a technique for rapid and flexible refocusing during the recording of integral images. The simplest solution to this problem is to reset the distance between the sensor and the microlens array. This solution is not very efficient because such resetting implies a distortion in the 3D scale of displayed images. Instead, our proposal takes profit from the parallel apodizing capacity of Telecentric Relay Systems. Such devices can be used for projection of any amplitude transmittance modulation for the microlenses, and therefore for parallel apodization of the lenses. In this contribution, we propose to project the transmittance of a lens of variable optical power to produce the micro-zoom array. Experiments are performed to show the utility of our proposal.

2286012 Application of speckle interferometry for sensing heat transmission in ecological buildings TUN-EK E.A.1, BACELIS-JIMENEZ A.A.1, PÉREZ-CORTÉS M.1, ORDOÑEZ-LÓPEZ E.1, ORTÍZ-GUTIÉRREZ M.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán/ 2Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.

Nowadays people spent a lot of energy to reduce the temperature of walls buildings, by the use of air conditioner. There are a several solutions using green technologies to save energy, so we need to characterize this kind of greens technologies. Speckle interferometry is proposed to determine the variation of temperature on green buildings that relate the efficient use of energy spending in thermal comfort. There is a disadvantage to using termo resistors sensors for the analysis of a wall area of sustainable technology, because these items

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can only measure a very small area, and it is very slow to make a average measurement of several points to have an estimate of the temperature. The analysis by speckle is favorable because it is very sensitive to any change made on a surface and this allows us to record the less obvious variation in the transmission of heat, as we can manipulate to measure considerable size areas. The use of speckle is more affordable and improves less economical resource than other methods.

2286024 Flicker reduction in an LCoS spatial light modulator GARCÍA-MÁRQUEZ J.1, GONZALEZ-VEGA A.2, LÓPEZ-PADILLA V. E.3, NOÉ-ARIAS E.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica/2Universidad de Guanajuato/3LP Consulting

A good option in pupil engineering is the use of liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LC-SLMs), in transmission or reflection mode. These devices find applications in areas like beam shaping, optical tweezers and microscopy. Many experiments with LC-SLMs demand the use of a digital camera, or even an additional LC modulator. Discrepancies in the refreshing rates of the modulator and the camera, or even between two nominally equal modulators, give rise to intensity fluctuations, known as flicker, in the point spread function generated by the engineered pupil. In this paper we present a method for reducing the flicker caused by a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) SLM. It consists in reducing the temperature of the LCoS in a controlled form, in order to increase the viscosity of the liquid crystal, and with this reduce the amplitude of the intensity fluctuations due to the refreshing mechanism. We found that reduction of the flicker depends on the desired phase modulation depth, and that this becomes maximum at 5 °C, for the 255 available levels of phase modulation.

BMO Bio- medical optics

2284393 A comparative theoretical-experimental analysis of a video reflectometry setup CUNILL M.1, DELGADO ATENCIO J.A.1, VÁZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.1, MORALES CRUZADO B.1, PRAHL S.A.2, CASTRO RAMOS J.1 1INAOE. 2Oregon Medical Laser Center.

Video Reflectometry is a relatively simple technique to determine of the optical properties of biological tissues. The video image captures the spatially resolved diffuse reflectance, Rd(r), generated by a narrow light beam normally incident on the surface of the tissue. The video system uses a CCD camera in combination with optical density filters that allows recording of the reflectance signal over a large dynamic range. In this paper, we describe the theoretical framework for evaluating experimental measurements using Monte Carlo simulations. The influence of various factors on the derived optical properties is presented. The specific factors explored are (1) mis-focusing of the camera on the surface, (2) tilting of incident beam, (3) finite beam diameter. We present experimental results of the performance of the system on using Teflon disks as optical standards. Finally, we report on the effect of the reading direction of CCD pixels on the profile of diffuse reflection curves.

2284605 Diffuse reflection spectroscopy of breast adipose tissue vs. histological grade MUNOZ MORALES A.A1, VAZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.2, REIGOSA A.3 1Grupo de Instrumentación de Óptica Biomédica, Coordinación de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica / Laboratorio de Espectroscopía Óptica de Superficies, Grupo de Instrumentación y Óptica, Departamento de Física, Facultad Experimental de ciencias y tecnología./ 2Grupo de Instrumentación de Óptica Biomédica, Coordinación de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica/3Laboratorio de Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigaciones Médica y Biotecnológica de la Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela

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Optical spectroscopy allows the characterization, recognition and differentiation of skin and subcutaneous tissues healthy and tumor in vivo and not vivo, to facilitate the diagnosis or early detection for breast cancer are studied white adipose tissue by the subcutaneous region of diffuse reflection spectroscopy in the visible areas (400 to 700 nm) electromagnetic spectrum for them using a spectrometer portable of integrating sphere, mark Hunterlab Model Mini-Scan with 400-700 nm. The problem to be solved for cancer detection by optical techniques is to find the solution to the inverse problem of scattering of radiation in tissue where it is necessary to solve the equation of energy transfer. Trigonometric interpolation through the data adjustment by least squares using Fourier series expansion to parameterize the spectral response curves of each sample of breast adipose tissue and this correlated with histological grades established by the optical biopsy for each one of the samples that white light radiation is directly affected by their internal structure, allowing use this technique to the study of anomalies in White Adipose Tissue Breast, changes are evident in the spectral response for Breast Adipose Tissue carcinogens with respect to healthy tissues and for the different histologic grades. Parameterization through the Fourier series expansion was favorable for studies of changes in the curves of spectral response.

2284683 Laser vibrometry for measurement of non-linearities in time variant vibrations AERTS J.R.M.1, DE GREEF D.1, DIRCKX J.J.J.2 1University of Antwerp/ 2Univerity of Brussels

Laser heterodyne interferometry, also called laser Doppler vibrometry, has become a widespread technique to measure movements and vibrations. Recently a new signal analysis method was developed to detect weak non-linearities in vibrating systems, using odd multisine excitation. The method allows to quantify the frequency response and the non-linear components over an extensive frequency range from one single short- term measurement. We applied this method to measure the non-linear response in vibrating structures using optical heterodyne vibrometry. Because of the highly linear response of the optical vibrometer, it is possible to detect non-linearities in the system under test with extremely high sensitivity. Non-linear behavior is very common in biomechanical systems. In such systems, however, response also changes over time and this can lead to artifacts which are misinterpreted as non-linearities. A method was developed to correct for these time variations, so that laser vibrometry now allows us to detect and quantify non-linearities in unstable biomechanical systems. We apply the method to measure the vibration response and its non-linear components in the acoustic vibrations of the middle ear, where the use of non-contact optical detection is essential in order not to disturb the tiny vibrating structures.

2284557 Gastric mucosa analysis using speckle patterns: a medical diagnosis alternative. ANDRADE-ERASO C.A.1, PATIÑO-VELASCO M.M.1, VASQUEZ-LOPEZ J.A.2,LEON- TELLEZ J.1, BRAVO L.E.3, RABAL H.J.4, TRIVI M4 1Grupo de Óptica y Laser, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Cauca. Carrera 5#4-70. , Popayán, Colombia /2Docente Asociado Departamento Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia /3Grupo de Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali, Universidad del Valle, Sede San Fernando, Cali, Colombia /4Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata - CIC) and UID Optimo, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 3, 1897 Gonnet- La Plata, Argentina

Speckle techniques have been extensively employed in biomedical applications. It has been shown, particularly, that these non invasive optical techniques are useful to discriminate healthy tissues from those presenting some type of pathology. In this work we analyze static speckle patterns from histological samples of gastric mucosa obtained by means of digestive endoscopies with three different histopathological confirmed diagnoses: atrophy, metaplasia and dysplasia. We studied biopsies from 23 patients and formed groups following the corresponding speckle shape features. The samples were illuminated with a laser (25 mW power, 532nm) and the free propagation speckle patterns were acquired using a CCD camera connected to a PC and analyzed using Matlab® software. We found descriptors of speckle patterns that revealed the

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existence of the three groups. The obtained preliminary results were compared with the histopathologic diagnosis performed by a pathologist expert in gastric mucosa pathology. The comparison showed a high degree of concordance between both analysis, thus making this methodology a promising new optical alternative of qualitative and quantitative diagnosis for optical biopsies of gastric mucosa.

2284872 Study of inhomogeneities in turbid media. Experimental and numerical results CARBONE N.A.1, DI ROCCO H.O.2, IRIARTE D.I.2, PARDINI P.1, POMARICO J.A.2, RANEA- SANDOVAL H.F.2, WAKS- SERRA M.V.1 1UNCPBA - Tandil - Argentina/2UNCPBA and CONICET- Tandil - Argentina

NIR diffuse transmission of light through tissue is a tool for a possible noninvasive imaging modality with the goal of using it for diagnostic purposes. Most of the research has been focused on breast cancer imaging; however, major efforts have been done in cerebral tomography and topography imaging, as well as small animal organs imaging systems. In this work, we investigate the transmitted light profiles when scattering and absorbing cylindrical inhomogeneities are submerged at different depths inside slabs (rectangular tanks) of turbid media. We analyze the transilluminance light profiles when the phantom is scanned using a NIR laser CW and a NIR ultrashort pulse laser. The study of the spatial profiles obtained with CW light, shows an apparently contradictory effect when the absorption coefficient of the inclusion is higher than that of the bulk. In this case, the intensity profiles displays a peak of higher intensity when the laser, the detector and the axis of the cylinder are all collinear, as it would be expected for a less absorbing inclusion. We present an analysis of the distributions of times of flight of the photons (DTOF) for several inclusion positions from time resolved measurements. This approach considers the calculations of their statistical moments. The experiments were compared and analyzed with a theoretical model for cylindrical inclusions and Monte Carlo simulations implemented in a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) using compute unified device architecture (CUDA).

2285109 Optomechatronic prototype based on digital holographic interferometry aimed to the study of biological tissues ALCARAZ A., HERNÁNDEZ M.S., MENDOZA F., MUÑOZ S. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

This paper presents the preliminary stages of the development of a compact optomechatronic prototype for the characterization and study of biological tissues in full field of view. The system is based on the optical non invasive technique known as digital holographic interferometry (DHI), which allows displacement measurements in the micrometer range, a key feature for the study of biological tissues. An ad-hoc optomechanical design contemplates a sturdy system yet compact that renders high quality images able to generate new data about the biological tissues under study. These data contain quantitative and qualitative information of tissue mechanical parameters. The DHI results are presented as fringe phase maps related to tissue surface displacements, showing that the proposed prototype provides noninvasive information pertaining to the mechanical characteristics of the tissue which can be used later to diagnose certain tissue pathologies. The use of this prototype in the biomedical area may be thought of as a new and complementary tool for the study and research in full field of view that may even be used in conditions outside the laboratory. Keywords.- DHI, non-invasive optical technique, biological tissue, pathology.

2285503 Resolution study of imaging in nanoparticle optical phantoms ORTIZ-RASCÓN E., BRUCE N.C., FLORES-FLORES J.O., SATO-BERRU R.Y. Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

We present the results of optical characterization and resolution studies of silicon dioxide nanoparticle phantoms. These are solutions consisting of spherical particles with a mean controlled diameter of 168 nm and 429 nm. The importance of this work lies in using these solutions to develop a phantom with optical properties that closely match those of human breast tissue at near-IR wavelengths, and also to compare

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different resolution criteria for imaging studies at these wavelengths. Characterization involves illuminating the solution with a laser beam transmitted through a recipient of known width containing the solution. Resulting intensity profiles from the light spot are measured as function of the detector position. Measured intensity profiles were fitted to the calculated profiles obtained from diffusion theory, using the method of images. Fitting results give us the absorption and transport scatter coefficients. These coefficients can be modified by changing the particle concentration of the solution. We found that these coefficients are of the same order of magnitude as those of human tissue reported in published studies. The resolution study involves measuring the edge spread function (ESF) for a mask embedded in the nanoparticle solutions and then fitting to the calculated ESF, obtaining the resolution according to the criteria of Hebden, Sparrow and Bentzen. Both experiments were realized using light with wavelengths 633 nm and 820 nm.

2285638 Spectra acquisition software for clinical applications of the usb4000 spectrometer. MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ A.E., VÁZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S., DELGADO ATENCIO J.A., GORDIANO ALVARADO G. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

The non-invasive clinic method of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), for the diagnosis of human skin lesions can be performed by using spectrometric devices together with fiber optics probes. However, the operation of most of these devices commercially available is not specifically designed for clinical applications. As a result, the commercial software and the optical hardware of these spectrometers are impractical when trying to conciliate the requirements of a clinical procedure with their operation to perform the DRS for diagnosis purposes. Therefore, the development of home-built acquisition software and the modification of part of optical array will impact in a more reliable and practical spectrometric system for clinical environment. In this work is presented the development of an automation system that includes both a user graphical interface and a control system that enable a more reliable and faster acquisition of clinical spectra. The software features a reasonable organization of acquired spectra for each body site and lesion of a given patient. The impact of this work is mostly the use of available programming platforms to implement a preliminary spectra processing tool that will lead to real-time diagnosis of skin lesions.

2284925 Spectral reflectance variations in two maize hibrids as response to abiotic stress WEBER CH1, ACCIARESI H.A.2, RODRIGUEZ E.J.3, ANTONIETTA M3, GUIAMET J.J.4, TOCHO J.O.3 1Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Inv. Ópticas /2Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales UNLP, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas/3Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas CONICET/4Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas

Abiotic stresses produce significant yield declines in Maize. High plants density, increase these stresses effect. To remedy it, photosynthetic activity maintenance even under unfavorable conditions is required. Senescence delay induced by stress in stay-green genotypes (SG) could contribute to maintaining photosynthetic capacity. In this work we observed differences in reflectance curves of two hybrids (SG and no SG or conventional hybrids) when population level was increased. Significant differences in chlorophyll absorption spectral region were observed. Therefore spectral signatures studies maize could help to understanding the physiological basis of SG character to predict the growing conditions in which these hybrids would express their production potential. In addition, knowledge of these physiological basis may allow the spread maize crops in regions with high probability abiotic stress occurrences.

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TO Theoretical Optics

2285370 Analytical description of band gaps in a ternary metallo-dielectric stack. ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.1, ZAMUDIO-LARA A.2, ROMERO- ANTEQUERA D.L.1, TORRES-CISNEROS M.3, CEBALLOS-HERRERA D.E.1 1INAOE /2UAEM, CIICAp/2UG, FIMEE

Metallo Dielectric Photonic Crystals formed by same periodicity metallic insets in a Dielectric Photonic Crystal show two kind of band gaps, those at the well know dielectric band gap and a new class of metallic bandgaps. While the band gap width of the first one is basically described by the refraction index contrast, the width of the metallic band has been found and numerically studied and basically described by the thickness of the metal insets. We analytically describe the band gaps of this one dimensional ternary dielectric-dielectric- metal structure. The stack that we are proposing is quarter-wave for the dielectrics and the thickness of the metallic layers is changed as a free parameter. Using standard transfer matrix formalism, we find a closed form of the dispersion relation and from it, we have analytically demonstrated the formation and width of the dielectric band gap and its metallic perturbation, and those of the additional structural metallic band gap. We compared our analytical description with numerical fit made before for the thickness of the stop gaps.

2285395 On non-planar radon transforms for weakly absorbing media. JURADO-TARACENA M.G., GUTIÉRREZ-VEGA J.C. Tecnológico de Monterrey

The reconstruction of an absorption profile from a tomographic imaging process has been well-known for some decades. At the heart of it lies the planar Radon transform, which relates an intensity loss to the geometrical cross section traversed by a plane wave through a basically constant-index medium in the geometrical optics regime. In the present work we consider possible extensions to non-planar Radon transforms, i.e., transforms defined by solutions of the eikonal equation, and in gradient-index media.

2285407 Scattered electromagnetic field produced by a dielectric nano-sphere over a plane interface between two dielectric media GUEL-TAPIA J.A.1, VILLA-VILLA F.1, MENDOZA-SUÁREZ A.2, PÉREZ-AGUILAR H.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

In this work, a numerical method is presented to determine the scattered field produced by a complex three- dimensional system; in this case a dielectric nano-sphere placed in the vicinity of an interface between two different media. Our formalism is based on the solution of the vector wave equations for the electromagnetic field by using surface integrals and the Green‘s dyadic function. The results are compared with those obtained in the study of near-field microscopy.

2285524 Photonic crystal slab with layered elements ROMERO-ANTEQUERA D.A.1, ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.1, LÓPEZ-GALMICHE G.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.2, GUIZAR-ITURBIDE I.1 1INAOE/2UAT

Structured materials offer quite new possibilities for well known structures, even as novel as photonic Crystals. We introduce the characterization of a photonic crystal slab with a square lattice, whose basis elements are layered cylinders of average refraction index ñ and compare it with a similar photonic crystal of same size and same refraction index homogeneous cylinders. The constant radius cylinders are conceived as glass cores and subsequent quarter of wavelength layers of two alternating media with different refractive indices. The band structure in the dispersion relation is computed by means of numerical simulation and

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compared to the band structure of the reference plain cylinders photonic crystal, in particular at the layered structure tuning frequency. We analyze the effect of changing the contrast index of the layers, change the index of the core, using different filling factors and changing the background index of the system. We also study the inclusion of defects as plain cylinders within the photonic crystal. We have found that the band structure shrinks to lower frequencies as the number of full periods of layers increases, although keeping the average refractive index and filling factor. This shrinking is a consequence of reflection mechanisms and other phenomena related to the structure itself.

VC Vision and Colour

2284382 Simple perceptual color space for color specification and real-time processing KOTSARENKO Y., RAMOS F.Q ITESM, Campus Cuernavaca.

In this work an alternative color space is described that defines the color elements in terms of approximated brightness, hue and saturation based on other formal color spaces such as YIQ and HSL. The classical color spaces such as HSL and HSV in the form that is widely used in typical software applications are made for convenience and do not model colors based on human perception. They, in fact, are included as a part of CSS3 specification, a modern markup language used on the Internet. Other classical color spaces such as CIELAB, DIN99 and even more recent CIECAM-based color spaces are quite cumbersome and difficult to work with. The proposed alternative, on the other hand, is simple to work with and has its ―lightness‖ component tuned up to represent the perceived brightness closer to the reality. It is based on how luma is calculated in the color spaces such as YUV and YIQ among others, but instead of using constant coefficients uses weighted Euclidean distance. In addition to the formal definition of the new color space, this work introduces a series of experiments that illustrate the usage of the new color space as an alternative for color specification (or ―selection‖) and provide benchmarks comparing it with the classical color spaces in terms of quality and real-time performance. These experiments show that the proposed alternative is a viable replacement for applications that already use HSV and HSL. Finally, the proposed color space is shown in a practical application, where it is used in 3D scene illumination. It was programmed in shaders and executed in real-time running on a computer‘s graphics processing unit (GPU). The result was compared to the traditional illumination approaches where RGB color space is commonly used.

2284814 Psychophysics of the hue test CARRANZA J.1, CERVANTES P.R.2 1INAOE/ 2UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO

Psychophysics of hue test Jazmín Carranza Gallardo 1 and Pedro Ramón Cervantes Petersen 2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, (México) 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (México) [email protected] The Farnsworth Munsell Hue Test is a set of 85 colored plastic matt surface caps used for testing color discrimination considering color differences solely of the hue angle (h), without saturation (C) and luminance (L) differences are present. From the application in our laboratory of this Test in the latter three years in subjects with color matching experience, we have used the data base obtained to quantify the weighted factors of some variables involved in a color discrimination age, man o women, experience and dominant wavelength. Some limitations of the Hue Test kit are presented. Key words: psychophysics, color discrimination, vision.

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2285897 Assessing invisibility MORENO I Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

Recent advances show that an object surrounded by a cloak consisting of an exotic material becomes invisible to electromagnetic waves. This is why evaluating how invisible is an object now becomes important. However, methods for quantifying the degree of invisibility have not been proposed. A simple invisibility metric is proposed which compares the image of the background scene with that of the same scene in presence of the invisible object. In addition, I discuss the possibility of assessing invisibility with only one image. The idea is to use both image processing algorithms and the statistical structure of natural images to quantify invisibility.

2286008 An illumination-invariant novel colour constancy algorithm TORRES-MÉNDEZ L.A., OLAYA-BENÍTEZ E.J. CINVESTAV Unidad Saltillo

The human brain is able to extract the colour of objects no matter the existing illumination conditions which may affect the appearance of their colour. For a person, an object that is red, it will be red no matter if the source of illumination is natural (sunlight) or artificial (candlelight, etc.). However, for a computer algorithm achieving that is not simple. For vision and robotics applications were feature extraction is essential having such an algorithm is crucial. It is well known from the literature that the colour of an object does not only depend on the chemical composition and shape of its surface but also on the illumination conditions, intensity, number, location and colour of the sources of illumination as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the sensor used. Based on that knowledge, we propose a simple colour constancy algorithm that uses the quaternion representation of each pixel in the image instead of the commonly used RGB model. We assume linearity in the reception of the luminance spectrum of the charge-coupled device of the camera before variations in the illumination. We have tested our colour constancy algorithm in a variety of images containing different colour objects under different illumination conditions. Our experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed method.

Tuesday 16

ICO Awards Sesion

2286194 The world of attoseconds – where a second lasts as long as the age of the universe .KIENBERGER R. Fakultät für Physik, E11, Technische Universität München

The generation of ever shorter pulses is a key to exploring the dynamic behavior of matter on ever shorter time scales. Over the past decade novel ultrafast optical technologies have pushed the duration of laser pulses close to its natural limit, to the wave cycle, which lasts somewhat longer than one femtosecond (1 fs = 10EXP-15 s) in the visible spectral range. Time-resolved measurements with these pulses are able to trace atomic motion in molecules and related chemical processes. However, electronic dynamics inside atoms often evolve on an attosecond (1 as = 10EXP-18 s) timescale and require sub-femtosecond pulses for capturing them. Atoms exposed to a few oscillation cycles of intense visible or near-infrared light are able to emit a single electron and XUV photon wave packet of sub-femtosecond duration [1,2]. Precise control of these sub- femtosecond wave packets have been achieved by full control of the electromagnetic field in few-cycle light pulses [3]. These XUV pulses together with the few-cycle (few-femtosecond) laser pulses used for their generation have opened the way to the development of a technique for attosecond sampling of electrons

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ejected from atoms or molecules [4]. This is accomplished by probing electron emission with the oscillating electric field of the few-cycle laser pulse following excitation of the atom by the synchronized sub- femtosecond XUV pulse. Sampling the emission of photo electrons in this manner allows time-resolved measurement of the XUV pulse duration as well as of the laser field oscillations [5]. After the full characterization of these tools, first experiments have been carried out to measure sub-femtosecond behavior of matter. Recently, the dynamics of the photoionization process on solids has been studied [6]. Not only that attosecond metrology now enables clocking on surface dynamics, but also the individual behavior of electrons of different type (core electrons vs. conduction band electrons) can be resolved. A time delay of about 100 as on the emission of the aforemention two types of electrons has been measured.. The information gained in these experiments may have influence on the development of many modern technologies including semiconductor and molecular electronics, optoelectronics, information processing, photovoltaics, electrochemical reactions, electronically stimulated chemistry on surfaces and interfaces, non-adiabatic reactions, optical nano-structuring, and interference effects in spectroscopy. In the lecture, the process of attosecond pulse generation and the measurement of as-pulses will be addressed as well as recent experiments towards an absolute measurement of the travel time of electrons inside solids will be discussed. [1] M. Hentschel et al., Nature 2001, 414, 501. [2] R. Kienberger et al. Science 2002, 297, 1144. [3] A. Baltuska et al., Nature 2003, 421, 611. [4] R. Kienberger et al., Nature 2004, 427, 817. [5] E. Goulielmakis et al. Science 2004, 305, 1267. [6] A. Cavalieri et al., Nature 2007, 449, 1029.

2286203 Mirage is the image of an object in the flat ground surface TAVASSOLY M.T. Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Optics Research Center, IASBS, Gaveh zang, Zanjan , Iran

It is generally accepted that mirage is formed when the temperature of the ground surface, in a flat area like desert, is higher than the temperatures of the over ground air layers. Therefore, light emerging from a distant object makes total internal reflection in the air layers and forms the image of the object that is called mirage. Our investigation on mirage formation in desert shows no meaningful relation between the mirage formation and the temperature change over the ground. In addition, we show that, because of the interference of the lights reflected from different air layers, the coherency of the image forming light is destroyed and image cannot be formed in the presence of temperature gradient in finite height interval. In the second part of the report we show theoretically and experimentally that the flat rough surfaces behave like mirrors at very large incident angles. We show that there is a threshold incident angle for observation of image in a rough surface that depends on the surface roughness and light wavelength. The shortest distance between the observer and the image is determined by the threshold incident angle. Mirage is such an image. Image formation is studied in rough sheet glass surfaces prepared by grinding with powders of different sizes.

FDI 3 Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2283842 Off-axis parabolic optical relays: almost perfect imaging HOLDSWORTH J.L.1, SHARAFUTDINOVA G.1, SANDERSON M.J.2, VANHELDEN D.F.1 1Universiy of Newcastle/ 2University of Massachusetts

Off-axis parabolic elements have found application in Tera-Hertz imaging and new application in two-photon microscopy scan engines. Both these applications demand spatial and temporal precision in photon location. This modelling work examines how close off-axis parabolic elements are to the perfect image relay by calculating the geometrical performance metrics of spot diagrams, point spread functions and wavefront distortion for different arrangements of off-axis parabolas and a parabolic torus when compared to a close- coupled two mirror scan engine. Results identify the off-axis parabolic elements as a superior scan engine particularly in wide-field scan instruments. When within the optimum beam size versus parabola focus length ratio, the imaging of these systems is superb.

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2284030 Methodology for the astigmatism compensation in off-axis spherical reflective systems GÓMEZ VIEYRA A.1, MALACARA-HERNÁNDEZ D.2 1Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco. /2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

The main constraint of classical off-axis reflecting systems is the primary astigmatism that has long been a research topic of interest. This astigmatism in off-axis spherical reflective imaging systems can be eliminated by the proper configuration. These configurations could be derived from the marginal ray fans equation and they are valid for small angles of incidence. The conditions for the astigmatism compensation in configurations with two and three off-axis mirrors have been derived and analyzed, which has not been reported previously. The expression that defines the conditions for primary astigmatism compensation in a four-mirror system is presented. This shows that the marginal ray fans equation can be used to obtain the condition for astigmatism compensation of a reflective system with any number of mirrors. The developed methodology is verified by ray-tracing analysis of some examples.

2284859 Optical systems and algorithms for phase-space tomography of one- and two- dimensional beams CÁMARA A.1, ALIEVA T.1, RODRIGO J.A.2, CALVO M.L.1 1Universidad Complutense de Madrid/2Instituto de Óptica, CSIC

The application of partially coherent optical beams for imaging, free space communication, random medium analysis requires controlling its mutual intensity. This task can be done using the phase-space tomography method consisting on the reconstruction of the Wigner distribution (WD), and therefore the mutual intensity, from its projections associated with the fractional Fourier power spectra. We propose two schemes which apply spatial light modulators (SLMs) for the measurements of the required WD projections for the case of one- and two- dimensional optical signals. The use of the SLMs allows rapid data acquisition and operative change of the projection number. Moreover the measured intensity distributions do not require the further rescaling that accelerates the WD reconstruction algorithm and improves its efficiency. The developed numerical methods provide different ways for data analysis such as the reconstruction of the WD using the inverse Radon transform and its visualization for the case of one-dimensional signals; the determination of the mutual intensity for two fixed points without previous reconstruction of the entire WD for two-dimensional signals, etc. The validity of the proposed approaches has been verified experimentally for the test signals and the results are in a good agreement with the numerical simulations.

2285906 Through-focus performance of multifocal intraocular lenses REMÓN L.1, CASANOVA C.2, CALATAYUD A. 1, PONS A. 2, MONSORIU J. A. 1, FURLAN W.D. 2 1Universitat Politécnica de Valencia/2Universitat de Valencia

Nowadays multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs) are the most advanced approach to increase depth of field and to enhance near vision after cataract surgery. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of different refractive and diffractive designs of MIOLs under monochromatic and polychromatic illumination. Additionally the depth of field of these lenses is tested. The through-focus Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) was measured experimentally using the setup described in the UNE EN ISO 11979-2 norm and US Air Force target 1951 to visualize the simulated retinal images. The measurements were obtained with different apertures under green and white light illumination. The results suggest that MTF values could be explained by IOL design. White light illumination causes a small reduction in image quality in almost all designs with respect to monochromatic illumination.

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2285163 Holographic sensors based on zeolite doped transmission and reflection holograms recorded in photopolymerisable nanocomposites MCFADDEN M1, LEITE E1, MARTIN S1, TOAL V1, MINTOVA S2, NAYDENOVA I1 1Dublin Institute of Technology/2ENSICAEN - Université de Caen – CNRS

The principle of operation of novel holographic sensors based on photopolymerisable nanocomposites doped with zeolite nanocrystals is described. The novelty in our approach to the design of sensors is the use of porous nanoparticles which in addition to the improvement of the holographic recording properties of the photopolymerisable nanocomposites offers the option of altering the properties of the recorded hologram upon exposure to a specific environment. In the present paper we report recent findings on the sensing properties of AlPO-18 and Si-MFI nanoparticle doped photopolymer. Two types of sensors, based on transmission and reflection holograms, have been investigated. It has been observed that the diffraction efficiency of the transmission holograms is significantly altered when the samples are exposed to a controlled gas environment. In some cases the change is completely reversible (Si-MFI doped layers) while in others (AlPO-18 doped layers) the decrease in diffraction efficiency is permanent. In reflection holograms, a change in the color of the reconstructed holographic image has been measured. The sensitivity, reversibility, selectivity and the operational range of these sensors have been studied.

FDI 4 Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2285210 Cost modeling for space telescopes STAHL H.P.1, HENRICHS T.2 1NASA/2MTSU

Parametric cost models are an important tool for planning missions, compare concepts and justify technology investments. This paper presents on-going efforts to develop single variable and multi-variable cost models for space telescope optical telescope assembly (OTA). These models are based on data collected from historical space telescope missions. Standard statistical methods are used to derive CERs for OTA cost versus aperture diameter and mass. The results are compared with previously published models

2284336 Design of compact multiband satellite imager using complex mathematical model. MAKAROV A.L.1, VARICHENKO L.V.2, LYKHOLIT N.I.3, HRYNYUK I.E.3, TIAGUR V.M.3, TKACHENKO V.F.4, KURDYDYK R.V.4 1Yuznoye Design Office./ 2State Scientific Research Enterprise "CONECS"./ 3State Scientific Special Device Prodaction "ARSENAL"./4Lviv Polytechnic National University.

The article presents original design and fabrication principles and main characteristics of compact 8-m resolution multiband imager for small satellite (100...250 kg). Payloads are typically unique for each mission, but design and fabrication principles of 8-m imager for spacecraft ―EGYPTSAT-1‖ and for Ukrainian spacecraft ―SICH-2‖ (complex mathematical model of multiband imager, objective concept, optical system layout, focal plane arrangement and adjustment basing on COTS CCD191DC linear arrays, instrument block diagram, structure of signal processing units, principles and algorithms of onboard correction of photometric errors, etc), presented in article from our point of view, are probably perspective for space optical instrumentation. For estimation and obtainment of maximum possible parameters of the imager in spatial resolution and image quality with strict limits of weight and dimensions of imager a complex mathematical model of imager was developed and applied, which includes and binds image quality, geometric, energy and probability factor of spatial resolution of the whole section object-atmosphere-objective-CCD array. The model includes influence of the following factors to the ground linear resolution of the imager: object‘s albedo, contrast and brightness; atmosphere transparency and turbulence; objective‘s parameters and aberrations; CCD array parameters and discretization of image in spatial coordinates; space craft movement impact; energy parameters during object shooting; probability of object detection. Usage of original methods

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of overall aberration and thermoaberration calculation of mirrol-lens objective of the imager with two power compensators allowed construction solutions providing close to diffraction image quality within limits of the whole field of view and defined maintenance conditions. As a result compact multiband imager was designed, manufactured and successfully tested in flight: spectral ranges (green, red, near infrared , panchromatic); swath width in nadir – 46,5 km; ground resolution – 8 m; input pupil diameter – 170 mm; focal distance – 860 mm; weigh with signal processing units – 26 kg.

2285060 Sliced pupil grating GARCIA-VARGAS M.L.1, SÁNCHEZ-BLANCO E.1, GALLEGO J.2, GIL DE PAZ A.2, CARRASCO E.3, PÉREZ A.1, MALDONADO M.1, ZAMORANO J.2 1FRACTAL SLNE/ 2Universidad Complutense de Madrid, UCM/ 3INAOE

A new pupil slicing technique is presented to increase refractive spectrographs resolution over R=10.000. This element, that we have called sliced-pupil grating uses a VPH sandwiched between two set of prisms with strict tolerances for their alignment and assembly. The system slices the pupil allowing higher incidence angles on the VPH, at a cost of pupil vignetting, and provides different beams that are recombined and focused to obtain a single spectrum on the detector. Completely new difficulties arise regarding the slicing technique in the manufacturing and assembly requirements related to the pupil recombination beyond the pupil stage at the focal plane. Error budgets for both image stacking and image quality were developed to guarantee the final performance, as well as detailed ghost analysis. We designed a baseline strategy that requires specific manufacturing process and mounting procedure to guarantee pupil recombination with relaxed tolerances. This work summarizes the design of the first grating and the test results on a prototype developed for the ELMER instrument at the GTC 10-m telescope. The technique has been also used for designing the highest resolution gratings (R=17000) for MEGARA instrument, the next generation multi- object spectrograph for the GTC. The slice pupil grating technique opens the door to a spectral resolution increase in already-built spectrograph cameras without changing their geometry.

2285381 Optical design for Megara: a multi-object spectrograph for the GTC CARRASCO E.1, SÁNCHEZ-BLANCO E.2, GARCÍA-VARGAS M.L.2, GIL DE PAZ A.3, GALLEGO J. 3, PÁEZ G.4, ZAMORANO J. 3, CASTRO J. 1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)/ 2FRACTAL SLNE/ 3Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)/ 4Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

MEGARA is a multi-object spectrograph project for the 10.4m Gran Telescopic Canarias with medium to high resolution: R~5600 - 17000. The instrument operates in three modes that cover different sky areas and that can run simultaneously: (1) the compact mode through a large central Integral Field Unit with minimum fiber pitch, covering a field of view on sky of 12‖x 14‖; (2) the sparse mode with fibers covering 1‘x1‘ in three pointings and (3) the dispersed mode with a grid of nearly 100 robotics positioners able to place 7-fiber minbundles over a large field of view of 3.5‘x 3.5‘. The spectrograph is composed by a pseudo-slit, where the fibers are placed simulating a long slit; a slit shutter is placed just behind the pseudo-slit, a collimator, a 162mm pupil where the VPH gratings are placed, and the camera with the detector. The optics manufacturing will be carried out at the Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica. Here we describe the spectrograph optical design and the system performance.

2286174 Wavelength measurement with iterative self-imaging phenomenon MATTEUCCI G1, GARCIA SUCERQUIA J2 1 University of Bologna/ 2Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellin

The wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation plays a key role on the way how it interacts with matter, how it propagates, among others. For this reason the measurement of the wavelength associated with electromagnetic radiation of any order is fundamental. For light, simple diffraction experiments can lead to an

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appropriate measurement of this feature. For electrons, however, the measurement of the wavelength relies on the knowing of the acceleration potential and from wavelength measurement is obtained. In this work we present an iterative method for measuring the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation of any order. By using the self imaging effect that arises as an electromagnetic wave impinges on a periodic object, the wavelength of the wave can be determine. The method is applied to measure the wavelength of light as well as electron waves. The results show a good agreement with the values obtained by alternative approaches.

OE 3 Optical Engineering

2284626 Parallel approach to mems and micro-optics interferometric testing KUJAWINSKA M.1, BEER S.2, GASTINGER K.3, GORECKI C.4, HAUGHOLT K.H.5, LAMBELET P.6, PARIS R.7, ZEITNER U.8 1Warsaw University of Technology/ 2CSEM SA/3Norwegian University of Science and Technology/4FEMTO-ST/ 5SINTEF ICT/ 6Heliotis AG/ 7IMMS/ 8Fraunhofer IOF

The paper presents the novel approach to an interferometric, quantitative, massive parallel inspection of MicroElectroMechanicalSystems (MEMS), MicroOptoElectroMechanical Systems (MOEMS) and microoptics arrays. The basic idea is to adapt a micro-optical probing wafer to the M(O)EMS wafer under test. The probing wafer is exchangeable and contains one of the micro-optical interferometer arrays based on: (1) a low coherent interferometer array based on a Mirau configuration or (2) a laser interferometer array based on a Twyman-Green configuration. The optical, mechanical, and electro-optical design of the system and data analysis concept based on this approach is presented. The interferometer arrays are developed and integrated at a standard test station for micro-fabrication together with the illumination and imaging modules and special mechanics which includes scanning and electrostatic excitation systems. The smart-pixel approach is applied for massive parallel electro-optical detection and data reduction. The first results of functional tests of the system are presented. The concept is discussed in reference to the future M(O)EMS manufacturers needs and requirements.

2285087 Influence of V-shaped groove profile distortions on heterodyne microscope response AKHMEDZHANOV I. M., BARANOV D. V., ZOLOTOV E. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

The nanophotonics based on surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) have attracted considerable interest in recent years as it opens wide perspectives to a creation of new integrated photonic signal processing systems, nano- resolution optical imaging techniques and sensors. Typical channel SPP waveguides are the microgrooves of triangular profile etched in a metal substrate. The parameters of such waveguides are very sensitive to variation of their cross-section [1], therefore a characterization of lateral profile of SPP waveguides becomes an important task. We had elaborated earlier a method of determination of parameters for triangular SPP waveguides based on the processing the phase and amplitude responses of the scanning differential heterodyne microscope (SDHM) at TE and TM polarization [2]. However the real waveguides have not always ideal triangular profile, therefore in the present paper one have investigated an influence of distortions of triangular profile of the SPP waveguides on SDHM responses in order to estimate the errors in determination of the waveguide parameters (width and depth). One had considered three typical distortions of the V-shaped waveguide profile: break of sharpness of the tip, break of the profile symmetry and changing the groove angle. The rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) formalism with an enhanced transmittance matrix approach was used to solve the diffraction problem for distorted triangular SPP waveguides in gold substrate. The contrast dependences of SDHM responses for structures of various widths (400-600nm) and depths (800- 1200nm) have been analyzed in association with the groove distortions. 1. S. I. Bozhevolnyi, "Effective index modeling of channel plasmon polaritons", Opt. Exp., vol. 14, No. 20, pp. 9467-9476 (2006). 2. I. M. Akhmedzhanov, D. V. Baranov, E. M. Zolotov, "Implementation of the coupled-wave method for V-shaped groove characterization with a scanning differential heterodyne microscope", J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., in press.

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2285716 Analysis of cracks and damages in optical elements by a swept-source optical coherence tomography technique MUÑOZ G., ALCALÁ N. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non invasive technique were a near-infrared laser beam penetrate a sample and through the analysis of its scattered light information about the internal structure of the sample is calculated. Although OCT is mainly used in medicine its application to areas of enginery has been increased recently. Important features of recent OCT systems allow us to determine accurately volumetric structure not only slices. In this works we report such volumetric analysis applied to the study of scratches and damages in optical elements in order to quantify not only the scratch sizes but also its depths. This study is compared with an Schlieren technique. Experimental results are presented. The finding reveals clearly the faults locations which may be an attractive results for the optical work shop and the application of norms.

2285889 Digital holography system for topography measurement AMÉZQUITA R.1, RINCÓN O.2, TORRES Y.M.2, AMÉZQUITA S.1 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá, Combustión Ingenieros Ltda/2Combustión Ingenieros Ltda

The optical characteristics of Diffractive Optical Elements are determined by the properties of the photosensitive film on which they are produced. When working with photoresist plates, the most important property is the change in the plate s topography for different exposures. In this case, the required characterization involves a topographic measurement that can be made using digital holography. This work presents a digital holography system in which a hologram s phase map is obtained from a single recorded image. The phase map is calculated by applying a phase-shifting algorithm to a set of images that are created using a digital phase-shifting/tilt-eliminating procedure. Also, the curvatures (introduced by the imaging elements used in the experimental setup) are digitally compensated for using a polynomial-fitting method. The object s topography is then obtained from this modified phase map. To demonstrate the proposed procedure, the characterization of a photoresist plate (Shipley 1818 photoresist) when exposed to a He-Cd laser (442 nm in wavelength) is shown.

2285969 Micrometric measurement of induced efforts thermally using digital holographic interferometry. MONROY F.A.M.1, GARCÍA J.I.G.S.2 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Bogotá /2Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Medellín

Micrometric measurement of induced efforts thermally using digital holographic interferometry f. Monroy1, J. García-Sucerquia2. 1 Departamento de Física, Grupo de óptica Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 2 Escuela de Física, Grupo de óptica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín. ABSTRACT the change of temperature of an object has the consequence that it varies the objects dimensions. This phenomenon which induces variations on the micrometer scale can have undesired consequences, for example the decoupling of soldering points in electronic circuits. This experiment introduces a system based on digital interferometry to quantify the dimensional change induced on a electronic circuit board as it operates. In digital holographic interferometry of double exposure two holograms of the object are registered for different temperatures. The holograms are registered in a solid state detector and thereafter they are reconstructed numerically using Fresnel‘s approximation. In this way the amplitude and the phase of the complex optic plane reflected by the object can be obtained. The resulting phase map is converted into micrometer dimensional variations by means of a lookup table previously generated. Phase maps obtained when known mechanical displacements are introduced on an object, are the input for generating the lookup

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table. Experimental results are shown and deformations in the range of 0,1 um to 1,5 um are registered for a regular circuit board. Key words: Interferometry, Digital holography, thermally deformations, maps of phase difference, interferograms

OE 4 Optical Engineering

2285572 Near ir diodes as illumination sources to determine remotely-invisible-images on century-old paintings. STROJNIK M., PAEZ G., ORTEGA A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

Mexico possesses a large cultural heritage of painting finished the first few years after its discovery by the European community. The gods of the strong and belligerent Aztec worriers had to be defeated at the same time as the land in order to assure the supremacy of the Spaniards. The artists, entrusted to decorate new places of worship, would often be schooled in European art trends, but most likely they have not yet developed their reputation. They came to the New World to make their fame. Especially in the last few centuries, both the authorship as well as date of creation of art pieces became of secondary importance due to the separation of the state and the Church. Recently, the interest in documenting the cultural tradition and heritage in Mexico brought together a multidisciplinary team (led by the Research center on art history in College of Michoacan in Zamora and Western School of conservation and restoration in Guadalajara). Due to non-destructive nature of optical and, in particular the Infrared, investigation, we had the opportunity to look over the painting after it came out of storage. There was an obvious damage to the painting, apparently due to the water running across the body of a personage depicted there. An early evaluation at this time was required for the art restorers to determine what the actual status of the work is and to identify the specific paths for restoration. We examined old, not-well documented painting before the process of restoration for presence of any invisible signatures and dates, as well as original line drawings and possible painted-over or hidden images. We employ several techniques for this purpose. They include high resolution imaging in the visible light, with diverse illumination sources. Additionally, we perform imaging in the diverse narrow spectral regions in the IR using a multi-LED array for illumination and IR-sensible cameras for detection. These were performed both in reflective and transmission modes, as the canvas is quite thin at various areas on the canvas. We were able to make visible both the signature and the date with our experimental setup. While the art materials change from artist to artist and from epoch to epoch, including different periods in the artist‘s life, we found that hidden information was made visible with the LED illumination at 1.2 micron in this particular case.

2284038 Assigning pseudodolor to 3-D data arrays. CHRISTIAN LÓPEZ ALARCÓN C.L.A., JOSÉ JAVIER BÁEZ ROJAS J.J.B.R. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica.

Color on images is a helpful tool. When a picture has been taken on black and white it is hard to distinguish subtle details, here pseudo-colored techniques can help to view contrasts on different materials. This document presents an optic model to visualize a 3-D data array. Data has been taken from Computer Tomography (CT) and it is reconstructed using an optical model that simulates how light goes through on the materials of different refraction index. With the optical model it is possible to assign pseudo-color to any of the material contained on the 3-D data array.

2285154 Effect of the speckle´s size in laser speckle imaging for blood flow measurement MENDEZ-AGUILAR E.M.1, FUENTES-GARCÍA A1, SALAZAR-HERMENEGILDO N1, RAMOS-GARCÍA R1, CHOI B2, RAMIREZ-SAN-JUAN J.C.1 1INAOE/ 2University of California

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Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) is an optical method used to study blood-flow dynamics. It is based on the statistics associated with the integrated intensity of uncorrelated speckle patterns. LSI has been applied to different areas of medicine, such as dermatology, ophthalmology and neurology. Recently, employing a rigid, silver-paint-coated note card, Kirkpatrick et al. concluded that the contrast of the speckle pattern is affected by the ratio of the minimally-resolved speckle size and the pixel pitch. Their data suggest that a minimum of two pixels are required to sample properly each speckle, in agreement with the Nyquist sampling theorem. Use of previous configurations designed to match the minimally-resolved speckle size to the pixel pitch, lead to an undesirable reduction in speckle contrast. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of speckle pattern sampling on assessment of relative flow changes. Specifically, we used a LSI system to measure flow in a skin-simulating phantom. A solution of 1% intralipid was used to simulate blood. We used flow speeds between 0 and 20 mm/sec and a camera exposure time of 1 ms. To change the minimum speckle size, the f/# of the lens attached to the CCD, was changed. We determined that an increase in minimally- resolved speckle size resulted in a speckle pattern with higher contrast, but the relative change in flow speed remained unaffected. Hence, we conclude that the ability of LSI to assess flow-speed changes is minimally affected by spatial speckle pattern sampling.

2285557 Optical and mechanical nondestructive tests for measuring tomato fruit firmness MANIVEL-CHÁVEZ R.A.1, GARNICA-ROMO M.G.1, ARROYO-CORREA G.1, ARANDA SÁNCHEZ J.I.1 Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

The ripening process of fruits is accompanied with changes in color, flavor, and texture. An important issue today in quality control of fruits is to substitute traditional sensory testing methods with reliable nondestructive tests (NDTs). In this work we study the firmness of tomato fruits by using optical and mechanical NDTs. Optical properties (color and reflected spectra) and mechanical parameters (firmness index), were measured along the tomatoes shelf life. Correlations among these parameters are shown.

2285736 Study of thermal properties of metallic samples AZ91E/ALN CRUZ MANDUJANO JAVIER 1, EGBERTO BEDOLLA BECERRIL 2, VILLAFAÑA RAUDA EDGAR 3 1Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Dpto. de Ciencias Básicas y Matemáticas, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil/ 2Instituto de Investigaciones metalúrgicas de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo/ 3Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Los Lagos, Dpto. Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología.

Using the photoacoustic open cell technique, we obtained spectra of the photoacoustic signal amplitude as a function of the modulation frequency of the incident radiation. From these spectra we determined the thermal diffusivity in Mg-AZ91E/AlN metal matrix. Composite with a magnesium alloy with around 9% aluminium and 1% zinc, aluminium (AlN) nitride is a ceramic with relationship AlN/AZ91E with ratio 1: 1. The photoacoustic signal amplitude and phase response became a setting in the region thermally thick and optically opaque to calculate the thermal diffusivity of the Mg-AZ91E/AlN material and show the results obtained.

OIS 3 Optical Interaction Science

2285923 Looking at the multi-frequency Raman generated spectra. STRICKLAND D.1, TURNER F.C.1, CHATURVEDI M.2, CUI Z.1, TIAN B.1, ACKERT J.1 1University of Waterloo/2IIT Bombay

Multi-frequency Raman generation (MRG) efficiently generates a large number of Raman orders spanning the spectral region from the infrared to the ultraviolet through a cascaded third order nonlinear Raman process.

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Since the nonlinear Raman process is coherent, all these orders can be phased together to generate ultrashort, (sub-5 fs) pulses. Such a source is required for Coulomb explosion imaging; where to take a snap shot of a molecule, the laser pulse needs to be shorter than the vibrational period, and the laser intensity must be sufficient to multiply ionize the molecule. While our original motivation to study MRG was to develop a source for Coulomb imaging, we got interested in the details of the MRG spectra that we were generating. We have a two-color, amplified, short pulse Ti: sapphire laser that we focus into a hollow fiber filled with sulphur hexafluouride (SF6). The frequency difference of the two pulses is tuned to match the Raman frequency of SF6. As the two-color intensity is increased, the number of Raman orders increases until the maximum frequency is about twice the pump frequency. When we increased the intensity further, a continuum formed under the Raman peaks, but the continuum was not centered on the pump pulses as you would expect if the continuum was a result of self-phase modulation of the pump pulses. As the pressure in the Raman cell was reduced, the continuum peak moves to higher frequency. Also, the spectra of the individual Raman orders are altered with red shifted shoulders appearing as the pressure decreases. MRG studies tend to investigate the broad envelope spectrum that results; we are looking at the spectra of the individual peaks to see what we can learn about the MRG process.

2284509 Nonlinearity enhancement in rubidium vapor with vectorial mechanisms. KORNEEV Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

The nonlinearity, which is responsible for self-focusing, pattern formation , and hologram writing in atomic vapors is usually considered to be a Kerr type scalar process. However, there are indications, that for small light intensities higher nonlinearity can be obtained with mechanisms involving polarization change. The theory of such processes is much more involved, and for their realistic description it is necessary to take into account the multilevel structure of atomic transition and atomic coherences. Different from the Kerr mechanism, which becomes more efficient for higher intensity, the vectorial process has optimal light intensity, and diminishes for smaller, as well as bigger intensities. We describe the theoretical and experimental results of investigation of vectorial mechanisms in a vapor of rubidium. We also discuss the application of rubidium holography to the adaptive interferometry for laser ultrasound detection.

2284712 Two-photon laser microscopy using nanoparticles of fluorene monomers as markers APARICIO IXTA L.1, RAMOS ORTIZ G.1, PICHARDO MOLINA J. L. 1, MALDONADO J. L. 1, RODRIGUEZ M.1, ZOLOTUKHIN M. G.2, TELLEZ LOPEZ V. M.3, DANIEL MARTINEZ-FONG 3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/3CINVESTAV

Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) is a technique that has gained great acceptance in the area of biological imaging. TPLSM offers advantages over traditional techniques: good tissue penetration and spatial resolution, reduction of damage and photobleaching as well as weak autofluorescence from biological specimens. Organic molecules that present efficient two photon absorption (TPA) are of interest as markers or probes in TPLSM. Recently, many studies report on the development of TPA organic materials, however, most of them are related to the TPA properties of single molecules in solution, while the TPA features of organic nanoparticles have received less attention. Here is reported the fabrication of nanoparticles from a new hydrophobic organic fluorophore (4,7-Bis[2´-(9´,9´-dimethyl)fluorenyl]benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole, FG249) by reprecipitation method. Solutions of molecule FG249 exhibit a maximum two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) of the order of 1000 GM (1 GM = 10-50 cm4 s) at 740 nm while colloidal suspension nanoparticles (30 – 60 nm in size) in water also show such a high two-photon activity. To improve the bio-compatibility of these nanoparticles they were coated with silica to produce modified silica nanoparticles (SiNPs). In vitro studies using the murine neuroblastoma cell line N1E-115 demonstrated that these SiNPs have promising applications in bio-imaging microscopy through TPEF.

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2284960 Corona poling assisted second harmonic generation in nanostructured polymethylmetacrylate films FRANCO A1, TORRES-MENDIETA R2, GARCÍA-MACEDO J.A.1 1Departamento de Estado Sólido, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Films made of Polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) and doped with dipolar second order nonlinear optical chromophores were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy and transmitted resonant Second Harmonic Generation technique. The chromophores were non-centrosymmetrically oriented by a Corona poling field. The UV-visible spectra were measured in poled films at normal incidence as function of their poling temperatures (60, 80 and 100°C) and they were analyzed in terms of the Second Order Parameter (A2). The Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) signals in the films were measured in-situ as function of the poling time at several incidence angles for each poling temperature. The stability of the SHG signal was also determined, by turning off the Corona field but leaving the films at their original poling temperature. The films were of two different kinds: amorphous and nanostructured. All the films doped simultaneously with chromophores and surfactants showed long-range ordered nanostructures. Two kinds of surfactants were used during the synthesis of the films: ionic and neutral, both of them induced long-range order in the structure of the PMMA, but only some of the nanostructured films exhibited enough large SHG signals. The second order nonlinear optical response of the nanostructured films was compared with the corresponding response of the amorphous films. The long-range order in the films was detected by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The thickness of the films was determined by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The authors acknowledge the financial supports of CONACYT 79781, PUNTA, RedNyN and PAPIIT IN107510. The authors also thank the technical assistance of Manuel Aguilar-Franco, Jaqueline Cañetas-Ortega and Diego Quiterio for XRD measurements, SEM measurements and preparation of samples for SEM, respectively

2286020 Spectroscopic characterization of watercolor paper photodegradation MENDOZA-ALEMAN M.G.1, GONZALEZ-MOTA R.1, SOTO-BERNAL J.J.1, FRAUSTO- REYES C.2, ROSALES-CANDELAS I.1, MORÁN-CHÁVEZ C.M.1 1Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C.

The paper is an organic material with high cellulose content, so the damage to its physical and chemical structure takes place in a relatively short period of time; this damage is accelerated by environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, moisture and light. Watercolor paper conservation is a task of general interest, especially for the graphic arts industry, so that constantly are seeking processes to avoid or at least delay their degradation. In the present work, the effect of electromagnetic radiation produced by different light sources on watercolor paper was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy in order to determine the time that takes to start the photodegradation of this paper.

OIS 4 Optical Interaction Science

2284550 Extreme nondegenerate two-photon absorption. VAN STRYLAND E.W., CIRLOGANU C.M., PADILHA L.A., FISHMAN D., WEBSTER University of Central Florida

Two-photon absorption (2PA) scales with the inverse cube of the bandgap energy in semiconductors yielding 2PA coefficients of ~1000 cm/GW for frequency degenerate photon pairs in the IR and 10 cm/GW for the visible. Using extremely nondegenerate photon pairs, one in the IR and one in the visible, the IR coefficients of ~cm/MW can be obtained. We demonstrate large nondegenerate 2PA in several direct gap semiconductors, GaAs, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS and ZnSe using picosecond or femtosecond pulses. For example, in CdTe, using a pump-probe photon energy ratio of ~10, we obtain a 2PA enhancement of 180 when compared to the

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corresponding degenerate 2PA coefficient at the average photon energy, (ℏω1+ ℏω2)/2. Such large values of 2PA can be used for all-optical switching and for gated detection with subfemtosecond response. For example, an intense IR gating pulse can ‗instantaneously‘ turn on large absorption of weak visible light directly at the semiconductor detector. We also present calculations of the corresponding enhancement of nonlinear refraction. While the enhancement is weaker, it shows a sign change and ery large dispersion within the 2PA region. We also present data on semiconductor quantum dots and in organic dyes where the observed enhancement to date is considerably less.

2284340 Model for coherence transfer in a backward optical parametric oscillator. MONTES C.1, ASCHIERI P.1, PICOZZI A.2 1LPMC-CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, F-06108 Nice, France./2Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France.

The backward optical parametric oscillator (BOPO), where the signal and idler waves are propagating in opposite directions, will establish a distributed feedback mechanism and thus optical parametric oscillation without the need to apply mirrors or external feedback to the cavity. It has been recently demonstrated experimentally by exploiting the periodic poling technique in second-order nonlinear crystals, that the sub- micrometer structured medium achieves an efficient quasi-phase-matching of the three wave interaction in the backward configuration [1]. A remarkable property of such BOPO is the high degree of coherence of the backward wave component, whose spectrum may be several order of magnitudes narrower than that of the pump, due to the convection-induced phase-locking mechanism [2]. Experimentally and numerically proved the transfer of coherent phase modulations from the pump wave to the parametrically down-converted waves [3], we show here that this is also possible for a broad bandwidth spectrally incoherent pump. In order to accurately describe the nonlinear counter-propagation dynamics of the three dispersive waves, we have developed for the first time to our knowledge a new numerical scheme which combines the method of the trajectories usually employed to solve the three-wave interaction with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique to account for the intraband group velocity dispersion effects. It is appropriate to a large class of wave interaction problems in dispersive nonlinear optical media. We accurately show the coherence transfer of a broad bandwidth incoherent pump to the co-propagating background-noise seeded wave, the backward generated wave emerging with a spectral bandwidth several orders of magnitude narrower than the pump. [1] C. Canalias and V. Pasiskevicius, Nature Photonics, 1, 459-462 (2007). [2] A. Picozzi, C. Montes, M. Haelterman, Phys. Rev. E 66, 056605-1-14 (2002). [3] G. Strömqvist, V. Pasiskevicius, C. Canalias, and C. Montes, Phys. Rev. A 2011 (to be published).

2285947 Discriminating thin film versus substrate contributions in z-scan measurements. EVANS C.C.1, BARRANCO CRUZ J.D.2, BRADLEY J.D.B.1, GÓMEZ PAVÓN L.C.2, MAZUR E.1, MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E.A.2 1Harvard University/ 2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Applications in nanotechnology impose increasingly higher demands on metrology, in particular for the case of nonlinear optical parameter measurements. For the particular case of thin films (having thicknesses up to several hundred nanometers grown on a substrate) reports based on the z scan technique present values for both nonlinear refraction as well as multiphoton absorption. However, the simple thin sample theory often applied ignores contributions from multiple reflections, thermal nonlinearities as well as ―background‖ signal due to the substrate. In this work, based on numerical experiment technique, we present the results of the light-matter interaction process in the basis of the z scan platform for the case of a train of femtosecond pulses. The mathematical model studied is based on (2+1) dimensional light propagation, through both the thin film and substrate, described by the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In this model we include additional terms to take into account thermal lens formation and higher order dispersion, which can obscure the interpretation of z-scan experiments especially for long-pulse and high repetition rate experiments. With

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this insight, we discuss the applicability of the z scan technique for nonlinear thin film measurement. We will present experimental confirmation of several of our main conclusions.

2286224 NLO-properties of Au- and Ag-nanoparticles dispersed in silica sonogel films. MORALES-SAAVEDRA O.G., TORRES-ZUÑIGA V., RODRIGUEZ-ROSALES A.A., ZANELLA R. CCADET-UNAM

SiO2-based inorganic-inorganic hybrid sonogel films were prepared with Au/SiO2 and Ag/SiO2 supported nanoparticles (NPs). The catalyst-free (CF) sonogel route was successfully implemented to produce these optically active composite films by doping the liquid sol-phase with these metallic NPs synthesized according to the [Au(en)2]3+-cation-adsorption method. Prepared NPs exhibited low 2D-HCP crystallinity with particle diameters below 10 nm and homogeneous size distribution. The easy Au/SiO2 and Ag/SiO2-NPs loading within the mesoporous dielectric sonogel network evidenced the huge chemical affinity between the highly pure CF-sonogel host and the Au/SiO2 and Ag/SiO2 guest NPs. This fact allowed us to fabricate mechanically stable hybrid sonogel films suitable for optical characterizations according to the spin-coating technique. Indeed, the hosting system provided thermal and mechanical stability protecting the metallic NPs from environment conditions and diminished their tendency to from molecular aggregates; thus, preserving their pristine optical properties. Comparative morphological, structural, spectroscopic and nonlinear photophysical characterizations were performed on the obtained films in order to perform comprehensive optical analyses for potential photonic applications. Our results show that both Au/SiO2 and Ag/SiO2-NPs were homogeneously embedded within the highly pure SiO2-sonogel network. The crystalline nature, random orientation and small sizes of these NPs, together with the guest-host interactions, allowed the observation of improved spectroscopic and NLO-properties for the developed amorphous hybrid films.

2285980 Self-focusing mechanism in nematic liquid crystals with sub-millisecond response. PORRAS-AGUILAR R., BEECKMAN J., NEYTS K. Ghent University

Fast optical self-focusing has been observed in a homeotropic nematic liquid crystal cell. This nonlinearity is induced by an intensity modulated infrared laser having a peak power of 160mW, a pulse repetition rate of 150Hz, and a duty cycle of 0.05 and launched with extraordinary polarization. During these experiments the illumination time is kept at 0.3msec and the ambient temperature is controlled. We have observed that self- focusing propagation depends on ambient temperature, laser power and duty cycle. Notably, when illuminating with a continuous beam having the same corresponding average power, only diffraction can be observed. These results suggest that the nonlinearity is produced by a combination of thermal effects and molecular reorientation that leads to changes in the order parameter. Further optical experiments and thermal calculations have been conducted to identify the responsible mechanism for the self-focusing of the laser beam. It has been found that soliton formation can be achieved if the parameters as ambient temperature, pulse repetition rate and duty cycle of the laser are set to optimal conditions. Although, this nonlinearity in a liquid crystal cell has been already demonstrated for transverse illumination [1], the presence of beam propagation with self-focusing has not been reported yet. The fast nonlinearity reported in this work has the potential to generate a number of new applications of liquid crystals. [1] H. Hsuing, LP. Shi, and YR. Shen. ―Transient laser-induced molecular reorientation and laser heating in a nematic liquid crystal‖. Phys. Rev. A 30. (1984).

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POE 2 Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2285159 On the influence of the excited state migration on the population gratings amplitude recorded in the transient two wave mixing configuration in Er-doped optical fibers HERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ E., MARTÍNEZ-MARTÍNEZ L.O., STEPANOV S Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada

We report results of the experimental investigation on a spatial migration of the excitation on suppression of the population gratings recorded in Er3+ doped optical fibers (EDF). These dynamic gratings are recorded via local saturation of the optical transition between the fundamental and the meta-stable states of the active ion and were observed via transient two wave mixing (TWM) of the phase-modulated counter-propagating recording waves. Experiments were performed in broad spectral range 1485-1567 nm, which covers the absorption region of the fundamental transition 4I15/2 → 4I13/2 of the Er3+ ions. We have observed significantly stronger grating suppression at the central/long-wavelength regions of the absorption spectrum. Similar fibers with essentially different Er3+ ions concentrations with maximum attenuation of 4, 9, 17 and 35 ± 1 dB/m at 1531 nm were investigated and significant concentration dependence of the grating suppression was also observed. The TWM measurements are complemented by the original experimental data on the fluorescence depolarization and on the polarization hole burning. The observed effects are explained using the model of the intensity dependent spatial migration of excitation among the Er3+ ions.

2284574 Investigation of refractive index distribution in different photonic crystal fiber elements JAROSZEWICZ L.R.1, KUJAWINSKA M.2, STASIEWICZ K.1, MARC P.1 1Military University of Technology/ 2Warsaw University of Technology

The paper presents the last data connected with a new elements based on photonic crystal fibers – PCFs. In the first, the low loss patch cord is demonstrated, where piece of the PCF in spliced at two sides with a standard single mode fiber – SMF. As is shown such elements have dispersive characteristic according splice losses. The second one is PCF coupler - PCFC which utilized biconical photonic fiber tapering, where the inner structure of PCF is protected (structure without air-holes collapsed). In this way the broadband coupler characteristic is presented, where the input polarization state is used for tuning coupling ratio between output arms. The fundamental optical characteristic including wavelength depending loss as coupling ratio, of above elements are presented in paper as well as their inner structure (cross section) obtained by SEM. However the application SEM for investigation inner element structure is destructive method, thus in the second part of paper we present the analysis and enhancements of interferometric methods which may provide better quality projections for tomographic, in-line determination of geometry and refractive index distribution changes along investigated photonic structure. The method and system provides high optical resolution and sensitivity for determination of refractive index changes. It also provides the possibility of investigation of structures without circular symmetry of refractive index distribution such as the PCFC. In the paper the interferometric tomography method in Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration as well as the analysis use of in-line digital holographic method coupled with a variety of techniques for enhanced phase reconstruction is applied.

2285796 Measurement of gasoline adulteration using optical fiber sensor. DIAZ M. D.M.1, TORRES M. T.M.2, MATTOS V. M.V.2 1Universidad Popular del Cesar /2Grupo LOI Universidad Popular del Cesar

This article aims to build a fiber-based sensor to identify impurities in hydrocarbons, specifically gasoline through a bifurcated fiber, the system consists of laser DI650-2.5-3 2.5 mW with a wavelength of 650nm, bifurcated optical fiber (such as optical media), an optical sensor to capture the signal LX1972, a PIC18F2550 to digitize the signal and a liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying data from

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2284664 A simple theoretical method for erbium doped PCF ring lasers design. SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍN J.A.1, ÁLVAREZ J.M.1, REBOLLEDO M.A., ANDRÉS M.V.2, VALLÉS J.A.1, MARTÍN J.C.1, BERDEJO V.1, DÍEZ A.1 1Universidad de Zaragoza /2Universidad de Valencia

In this paper a simple theoretical model based on the energy conservation principle is presented. The model is based on semi-analytical equations describing the behaviour of an erbium doped photonic crystal fibre (PCF) inside a ring laser. These semi-analytical equations allow the characterisation of the erbium-doped PCF. Spectral absorption and emission coefficients can be determined through the measurement of the gain in the PCF as a function of pump power attenuation for several fibre lengths by means of a linear fitting. These coefficients are proportional to the erbium concentration and to the corresponding absorption or emission cross section. So if the concentration is known the erbium cross sections can be immediately determined. The model was successfully checked by means of a home-made erbium doped PCF. Once the fibre was characterised the values of the spectral absorption and emission coefficients were used to simulate the behaviour of a back propagating ring laser made of this fibre. Passive losses of the components in the cavity were previously calibrated. A good agreement was found between simulated and experimental values of efficiency, threshold pump power and output laser power for a wide set of experimental situations (several values of the input pump power, output coupling factor, laser wavelength and fibre length). The main advantage of the model is its simplicity, both in the characterization of the fibre and in the simulation of lasers made of it, due to its semi-analytical character. This makes it useful to easily design optimised lasers made of a particular erbium doped PCF once the fibre has been fabricated.

2284830 Polarized light propagation along a helical trajectory BOLSHAKOV M.V., GUSEVA A.V., KUNDIKOVA N.D., SAMKOVA E.S. Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University

Investigation of spin–orbit interaction of a photon and the effects connected with it can be useful for construction general theory which would describe spin–orbit interaction of different particles. Spin–orbit interaction of a photon manifests itself in two effects. The first one is the influence of the trajectory on the light polarization. The second one is the influence of the polarization on the trajectory of light. It is well known that the plane of polarization of linear polarized light rotates under the light propagation along a non- planar trajectory. The change in the azimuth of linear polarized light can be observed experimentally under light propagation through a helical (coiled into a spiral) single mode fiber. Skew rays propagating through a multimode optical fiber have a helical trajectory two. Here we present the results of experimental observation of polarization and a speckle pattern of light propagating through multimode optical fiber coiled into spiral. The rotation of the speckle pattern along with the plane of light polarization rotation has been observed. It has been shown that the angle of the speckle pattern rotation (in radians) is numerically equal to the solid angle (in steradians) subtended by the trajectory tangential vector at the unit sphere.

POE 3 Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284528 Twist induced birefringence in hexagonal photonic fibers TENTORI D1, GARCIA-WEIDNER A1, TORRES-GOMEZ I2 1CICESE/Física Aplicada-Óptica. / 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

We present an experimental study of the polarization changes observed for a photonic fiber with no intentional birefringence, when a variable twist is applied. The commercial sample (64 cm long) is a hexagonal photonic fiber with 3 m lattice pitch, 3.5 m circular air-hole diameter and 10/125 core/cladding diameters. The connectorized sample was kept straight, fixed to the polarimetric set up. The output end connector was attached to a rotating mechanical mount that allowed the variation of the applied twist from 0

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to 1440 degrees with a 10 degree step. We used a tunable diode laser as light source and evaluated the twist induced birefringence within the 1520 to 1570 nm spectral band using a 5 nm step between neighboring signals. The input signal was linearly polarized using a calcite polarizer and its azimuth angle was varied from 0 to 150 degrees (30 degree step). The output polarization state was measured using a polarization analyzer. The polarization state variation of emerging signals has been compared with data obtained for a standard telecommunications fiber (SMF-28e, 1.75 m). In both cases the same measurement procedure and polarimetric set up were used. The polarization changes observed are found to be qualitatively similar for both fibers.

2284666 Study of upconversion in PCFs with high erbium concentration BERDEJO V.1, VALLES J.A.1, REBOLLEDO M.A.1, DIEZ A.2, MARTIN J.C.1, SANCHEZ- MARTIN J.A.1, ALVAREZ J.M.1, ANDRES M.V.1 1Department of Applied Physics - University of Zaragoza/ 2Department of Applied Physic and Electromagnetism - University of Valencia

In this paper a comprehensive study of the cooperative upconversion mechanism in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with a high concentration of erbium is presented. Normally, a moderate concentration of erbium is used in PCFs for amplifiers or lasers, to avoid reduction of pump efficiency due to upconversion processes. Nevertheless, some applications such as sensing require high erbium concentration to shorten the fibre length. Usually a quadratic dependence on the population densities of the involved levels of erbium is assumed for upconversion in the rate equations describing the population‘s temporal evolution. However, a rigorous microscopic modeling of upconversion demonstrated its non-quadratic character. Considering that detailed theoretical models are necessary to properly design amplifiers or lasers based on optical fibres (in particular PCFs), a good knowledge of the upconversion mechanism is essential in the case of high erbium concentration. To carry out our study we fabricated a PCF with an erbium concentration of 10e20 ions/cm3 that was used to build an optical amplifier pumped at 980 nm by splicing it to two WDMs. Then, pump and signal power attenuation, spectral counter-propagating gain and amplified spontaneous emission were measured for three fibre lengths and several input pump powers ranging from 20 to 220 mW. Passive losses of WDMs and splices were calibrated and modal distributions were also determined in order to be able to fully characterize the fibre from experimental results. Finally, by following a numerical fitting procedure of theoretical-model to experimental values, absorption and emission cross sections have been obtained and the dependence of the upconversion coefficient on population densities is thoroughly analysed.

2285922 An analytical analysis of the nonlinear modes of silicon waveguides. LOZANO-CRISOSTOMO N.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J.2, VAZQUEZ-GUARDADO A.2, LOPEZ-GALMICHE G.2, FUENTES-FUENTES M.A.2, MAGAÑA-LOAIZA O.S.3, ESCOBEDO-ALATORRE J.2 1The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester/ 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Óptica y Electrónica/3Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester

We analyze the nonlinear modes of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowires and supermodes of the coupled SOI waveguides. A generalized analysis of the nonlinear modes of silicon nanowires is given. To obtain the analytical profiles, we have considered the scalar approximation and its vector nature in the scalar approximation, the analytical analysis of the transversal modes profiles has been identified with the solutions of the Helmholtz equation for a nonlinear periodic media, where we obtained an intensity integral solution which is identified as an elliptic function. Those modes are characterized by two constants of motion of particular physical significance, an important result that defines the nature of the solutions. Therein the analysis of the third order polynomials roots of those elliptic functions, which in some approximations could become a soliton or cosenoidal type. The general theoretical model includes the two-photon absorption (TPA) and the nonlinear Kerr effect implicit in the refraction index. Analytical and iterative numerical solutions are exhibited for the modes and the supermodes.

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2285984 New features of the nonlinear optical pulses energy. C. AMARO DE FARIA A. C., CASTELLANO DE VASCONCELLOS L., OSNY DE TOLEDO A. IEAv

In the context of nonlinear optics, solitons are classified as being either temporal or spatial, depending on whether the confinement of light occurs in time or space during wave propagation. Temporal solitons represent optical pulses that maintain their shape, whereas spatial solitons represent self-guided beams that remain confined in the transverse directions orthogonal to the direction of propagation. Both types of solitons evolved from a nonlinear change in the refractive index of an optical material induced by the light intensity, phenomenon known as the optical Kerr effect in the field of nonlinear optics. The proposal of this work is analysis the energy density of both solutions of nonlinear Schroendinger equation (NLS), spatial and temporal solutions and show that in some cases the correspondent energy for that solutions is proportional to the square of the solutions. We can check our propose by solving the NLS considering a specific nonlinear term. So we analyze the new features of proposal of this work, where the energy of propagating pulse is related with the nonlinear term of NLS.

2286144 Plasmon excitation using a dielectric SLAB with diffusion-type photorefractive nonlinearity SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.1, CEBALLOS-HERRERA D. E.1, ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, MAY- ARRIOJA D.2, MAGAÑA-LOAISA O. S.3, LOZANO-CRISOSTOMO N.3 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/ 2Universidad de Tamaulipas/3Universidad de Rochester

We investigated numerically the TM electric field solutions of a dielectric slab formed by a photorefractive crystal with diffusion-type nonlinearity and limited by two metallic films. This study allows us the analysis of nonlinear surface optical waves and nonlinear modal solutions of the photorefractive crystal slab. Additionally, we analyzed the influence of these nonlinear solutions to excite surface plasmon-polariton waves at the metallic interfaces. In this case, the coupling between plasmons and nonlinear modal solutions it is possible because only TM electromagnetic waves are supported by a metal-dielectric planar waveguide. Here, we solved the vectorial and nonlinear wave equation using a novel iterative method based in self- autoconsistency. With this algorithm, the existence and stability of the nonlinear modes and the surface plasmon-polariton waves are systematically investigated, and the influence of dark conductivity on the optical field distribution as well as photorefractive mode excitation by the spatially limited laser beams are also discussed. The results obtained in this work are reproducible and contributes with new information for the design of power-tunable plasmonic devices based in nonlinear photorefractive crystals.

VC 1 Vision and Colour

2286013 Linking optics, structure and visual function using quantitative imaging technology. MARCOS S. Instituto de Óptica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

The aberrations of the eye are now routinely measured, even in clinical settings. However, two major questions remain in physiological optics which are critical to understand the causes and consequences for aberrations, and of major importance in the design of new correction alternatives. The geometrical and structural properties of the cornea and crystalline lens, as well as their alignment determine the final optical quality. Purkinje, Scheimpflug or Optical Coherence Tomography, provided with distortion correction algorithms, provide qualitative imaging of the ocular structures, tilt and decentration. In particular, we have developed and applied these techniques to the quantification of the anterior and posterior corneal shape, crystalline lens geometry (in relaxed and accommodated states), and lens positioning, and crystalline lens Gradient Index reconstruction. Customized eye models, constructed using this quantitative structural

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information, can predict aberrations individually and allow understand the relative contribution to optical degradation in normal and treated eyes. Optical measurements allow estimation of the retinal image quality. However, to which extent the relationship between optical quality and visual function, the visual benefit of correcting aberrations, and possible adaption effects to changes in the ocular aberrations. Adaptive Optics allows critical testing of the effects of aberrations on vision, including the perceptual shifts after adaptation to aberrated images. In summary, the presentation will provide an overview of optical technologies to investigate structural properties, ocular image quality and visual function, and their relationships, illustrated with examples on their use in the understanding of ocular biological mechanisms and the evaluation and development of ocular correction alternatives.

2284961 Objective performance of a set of uncorrected 20/20 normal eyes: clinical reference. TEPICHÍN E., LÓPEZ-OLAZAGASTI E., SÁNCHEZ-DE-LA-LLAVE D., CRUZ FÉLIX A. S., RAMÍREZ-ZAVALETA G., IBARRA-GALITZIA J. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

In recent years we have been working in the characterization of the objective average performance of a set of uncorrected human eyes with a 20/20 visual acuity, described as the resultant average wavefront aberration function (WA), point-spread function (PSF), modulation transfer function (MTF), and power refractive maps. This objective performance has been used as our clinical reference to analyze the objective pre- and post- operated performance in laser refractive surgery in different situations. We show some of our current results obtained from the application of our clinical reference.

2285068 Calibration of a multispectral camera system using interference filters NISHI S.N.1, TOMINAGA S.T.2 1Osaka Electro-Communication University /2Chiba University

The authors constructed a multispectral camera system using interference filters, and developed a method for correcting acquired images. Although the registration error and the defocusing were caused by the characteristic of the interference filters in acquired spectral images, it has become possible to solve these problems by the proposal method. Multispectral camera system can improve color accuracy compared with a general RGB camera system. Therefore, a variety of multispectral camera systems have been proposed for acquiring spectra information from a scene. The present paper proposes a multispectral camera system using interference filters for the purpose of digital archiving of art paintings. The multiband camera system is composed of a monochrome CCD camera, a C mount lens, an automatic filter changer, and eight interference filters. The focus position and the focal length change because it uses the interference filter in this camera system. An algorithm is developed for correcting the registration error and the defocusing. We use a correlation and deconvolution method using phase images. For this correction, one of eight images is selected as a reference image and the remaining seven images are corrected as target images. Because the registration error is not always common on the image plane, we divide the image plane into small regions and perform correction for the respective regions. Next the correction method is applied to digital archiving of oil paintings based on the present imaging system. The realistic images of the painting are rendered under arbitrary conditions of viewing and illumination. We evaluate the estimation accuracy of the surface spectral reflectances and surface shapes from the correction images. The feasibility of the proposed method is shown on experiments using real painting objects.

2285145 Registration of scanning ophthalmoscope images using 1-D deformation fields. FAISAN S.1, LARA D.2, PATERSON C.2 1University of Strasbourg, CNRS/ 2Imperial College London

We have developed a new method for registering sequences of images acquired from scanning ophthalmoscopes. The method, which is fully automated, uses a multi-scale B-spline representation of the

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deformation field to map images and an automated hierarchical optimization method. The method was applied to video sequences acquired from different parts of the retina. In all cases, the registration was successful for every frame, even in the presence of strong distortions from micro-saccades, and the resulting deformation fields describe the fixational motion of the eye. The registration reveals interesting examples of dynamic photoreceptor behaviour in the sequences

2285166 Wavelet-multifractal applied to detect greening diseases by fluorescence imaging. JORGE L.A.C.1, SILVA D.C.P.2, POSADAS A.3, RODA V.O.2, MILORI D.M.B.P.1, PAIVA M.S.V.2 1Embrapa Instrumentation/2University of São Paulo/3CGIAR

Greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most serious threats for citrus production worldwide. São Paulo, Brazil is the most important citrus producers and, is making efforts for citrus diseases control. The bacterial pathogen is, mainly, under suppression control, applied by eradication of symptomatic and no- symptomatic plants. In this way, the detection and diagnostic of the related symptoms and, consequently, the eradication of the citrus trees are essential for higher economical losses prevention. In this way, our goal is to develop a new optical, wavelet-multifractal and data mining techniques, to detect citrus diseases using a fluorescence. It was used a system that perform image of the chlorophyll fluorescence in the whole leaf. It was collected images of 3 leaves from 120 different greenhouse rootstocks. It has obtained fluorescence images and spectral data of citrus healthy leaves and contaminated leaves with HLB. In this paper it was described a new method to extract attributes by wavelet-multifractal, carrying out different analysis to try to discriminate between safe and diseased leafs. The results show that the method is very accurate for HLB ultimately detection

TO 2 Theoretical Optics

2283985 Finite optical hamiltonian systems. WOLF K.B.1, ATAKISHIYEV N.M.2, VICENT L.E.3, KRöTZSCH G.2, RUEDA-PAZ J.4 1Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 2UNAM/ 3CICATA-IPN Unidad Altamira, Instituto Politécnico Nacional/ 4Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

We "finitely quantize" the Hamiltonian system of geometric optics to a finite Hamiltonian system where signals are complex N-vectors subject to unitary transformations, with an so(3)-paraxial and aberration régimes. Proper irreducible representation wavefunctions are provided by quantum angular momentum theory. For one-dimensional systems we have waveguide models and systems represented by Hadamard matrices. For two-dimensional systems we can have Cartesian or polar sensor arrays, where digital images can be subject to unitary rotation, gyration or asymmetric Fourier transformations, as well as a unitary map between the two coordinate types of arrays.

2284612 Mie scattering of high numerical aperture fields NICOLE MOORE1 ,MIGUEL A. ALONSO2 1Department of Physics, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, USA./ 2The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA

For optical tweezers and other devices, the scattering of a directional, high numerical aperture field (e.g. a beam after passing through a high NA lens) from a small spherical particle is of particular interest. Many techniques have been proposed for such modeling, although they require a significant amount of numerical integration. We proposed a simple closed form solution for the scattering of a nonparaxial generalization of Gaussian beams. This solution relied upon the well-known fact that a point source displaced to a complex position produces a beam-like scalar field, and that as the imaginary displacement grows large, this beam

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tends toward a paraxial Gaussian beam. A monopole source/sink pair (i.e., a focus) at the complex position creates a field that retains the same properties but is a global nonsingular solution to the Helmholtz equation. Electromagnetic fields of this type can be built by placing (electric and/or magnetic) dipole source/sink pairs at a complex point, where the relation between imaginary displacement and dipole moment (or combination of dipole moments) determines the polarization of the field (e.g. linear, circular, radial or azimuthal). Recently, we proposed several complete orthonormal bases to increase the efficiency of modeling directional, high NA fields for both scalar and electromagnetic fields, based on the idea of imaginary focus displacements. Their elements, which can be thought of as nonparaxial analogs of Laguerre-Gauss beams, are analytic solutions to the wave equation in free space and can be optimized for the particular angular spread (NA) using a single parameter corresponding to the imaginary displacement. Further, the scattering of these basis elements off spherical particles can be calculated analytically, as can also the resulting forces and torques exerted on the particle by any linear combination of these fields. Applications involving both fully coherent and partially coherent fields will be discussed.

2284687 Vector-electromagnetic scattering from metal surfaces using the infinite-slope Kirchhoff approximation BRUCE N.C. CCADET. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

One of the most popular methods for calculating the scattering of light from rough surfaces is the Kirchhoff approximation. A recent modification of the Kirchhoff approximation allows calculation of the scattering of electromagnetic radiation from rough surfaces with very high, or even infinite, slopes, which occurs frequently in, for example, imaging or testing of printed circuits or remote sensing applications. The modification involves a simple change in the way the surface normal is described which removes the explicit dependence of the resulting integral equations on the surface slope, and changing the sampling of the surface, removing the requirement of small slopes for application of the method. In this paper we present the application of the method to vector electromagnetic scattering, using the Stratton-Chu equation, from 2D rough metallic surfaces with infinite slope. The single and double scatter contributions to the total scattered intensity are calculated numerically with this new formulation. Geometrical shadowing is included by using ray tracing directly on the surface. The theoretical basis and preliminary numerical results of the application of this method to vector electromagnetic scattering from simple rough metallic surfaces (plane surfaces with single grooves or with a small number of identical grooves) with infinitely sloped structure will be presented.

2284793 Generalized phase space representations in classical optics. ALONSO M.A.1, PETRUCCELLI J.C.2, CHO S.K.3 1University of Rochester/ 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology/ 3University of Rochester

Phase space distributions like the Wigner and ambiguity functions are mathematical representations that describe a function in terms of both its original variables and the Fourier conjugate ones. In classical optics, these functions have been used both in the time-frequency and space-spatial frequency domains. In the latter case, the Wigner function has been employed to describe fields as functions of both position and direction, taking the role of a weight distribution for all the rays traveling through the system. This interpretation is supported by two properties: at any point, the integration of the Wigner function over all directions gives the local intensity; it is conserved along rays for paraxial propagation through free space or more general ABCD systems. A generalized geometric prescription is given here for the definition of generalizations of the Wigner and ambiguity functions that are exactly conserved along rays away from the paraxial limit for propagation in homogeneous transparent media, including anisotropic and/or chiral ones. These extensions can be used to give a numerically-efficient model of the propagation of partially coherent electromagnetic fields. We also discuss propagation across medium interfaces. Based on similar ideas, we propose new representations for the description of pulses propagating in 1D transparent dispersive media with arbitrary dispersion relations. The standard Wigner and ambiguity functions have also been applied in this context, but their description of propagation is only exact in the limiting case where the dispersion relation is quadratic over the region of the

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spectrum occupied by the pulse. The generalized definitions proposed here, on the other hand, are valid for any dispersion relation, as long as absorption can be neglected.

2285904 Transverse energy flux calculation in optical vortices by single-slit diffraction. TERBORG R.A., VOLKE-SEPÚLVEDA K. Instituto de Física, UNAM

An optical vortex is a screw-type phase singularity. It is observed as a point of null light intensity that remains stable on propagation, and around which the phase changes by an integer number l of 2π-cycles. The number l is known as the topological charge or the vortex order. Light beams possessing optical vortices have helical wavefronts and exhibit a tangential or azimuthal component of the transverse energy flux. As a consequence, they carry orbital angular momentum (different from the spin angular momentum associated to circular polarization), which can be transferred to matter. This feature makes them particularly appealing for applications such as optical micromanipulation of particles and cold atom trapping, among others. One of the clearest manifestations of the transverse energy flux around an optical vortex is that light is asymmetrically diffracted when it is partially obstructed, for instance, by a knife edge [J. Arlt, J. Mod. Opt. 50: 1573 (2003)]. The handedness of the vortex can be determined by this method, known as the ―knife-edge probe‖, but it does not provide quantitative information about the azimuthal energy flux. In this work we present a method that allows the estimation of the transverse components of the energy flux in beams containing optical vortices, which is based on the analysis of the diffraction pattern produced by a single slit. In order to evaluate our method, different kinds of light beams were studied, including elliptic vortices for which the energy flux is no longer uniform. *This project was partially supported by DGAPA-UNAM, grant IN100110.

Wednesday 17

Plenary 3 2286193 Diagnostics and treatment of tumours using laser techniques. SVANBERG K.1 1Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, and Lund University Medical Laser Centre Lund University

Applications of optical and laser spectroscopy to the medical field, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and laser-induced fluorescence diagnostics (LIF) for cancer treatment and diagnostics, respectively, will be presented. Photodynamic therapy, when delivered as a superficial illumination to the target area, has a limitation due to restricted light penetration through tissue. One way of overcoming this is interstitial illumination (IPDT) in which the light is transmitted to the tumour via optical fibers. Interactive feed-back dosimetry is of importance for optimizing the modality and such a concept has been developed and will be presented. Superficial illumination for non-melanoma skin tumours as well as interstitial therapy for prostate cancer will be discussed. The most important prognostic factor for cancer patients is early tumour discovery. If malignant tumours are detected during the non-invasive stage, most tumours show a high cure rate of more than 90 %. There is a variety of conventional diagnostic procedures, such as x X-ray imaging. More advanced results are given in computerized investigations, such as CT-, MRI- or PET-scanning. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for tissue characterization is a technique that can be used for monitoring the biomolecular changes in tissue under transformation from normal to dysplastic and cancer tissue before structural tissue changes are seen at a later stage. The technique is based on UV or near-UV illumination for fluorescence excitation. The fluorescence from endogenous chromophores in the tissue alone, or enhanced by exogenously administered tumour seeking substances can be utilized. The technique is non-invasive and gives the results in real-time. LIF can be applied for point monitoring or in an imaging mode for larger areas, such as the vocal cords or the portion of the cervical area. The possibility to combine LIF and PDT will be discussed and illustrated with clinical examples from many specialties, such as dermatology, gynecology and laryngology.

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A new method where free gas (oxygen or water vapour) in the human sinus cavities is detected will be described. The technique is based on gas absorption spectroscopy in scattering media. The method can also be used to study the gas exchange in between the nasal cavity and the different sinuses in the facial region.

POE 4 Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2285207 Modelocked all-fiber lasers based on advanced acousto-optic modulators BELLO-JIMÉNEZ M.1, CUADRADO-LABORDE C.2, DÍEZ A.1, CRUZ J. L.1, ANDRÉS M. V.1 1Universidad de Valencia/2Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas – CONICET

The development of efficient in-fiber amplitude modulators that operate in the MHz frequency range has enabled some recent advances in actively mode-locked all-fiber lasers. Our approach is based on the excitation of a standing acoustic wave along the fiber, which modulates the coupling between modes at twice the frequency of the acoustic wave. Among the remarkable features of these in-fiber modulators, we mention the high peak power damage, high modulation depth, broad bandwidth, easy tunability in optical wavelength and low insertion losses. The in-fiber modulation is crucial for the implementation of all-fiber compact and robust lasers. The experimental characterization of different cavity configurations as a function of the radio frequency voltage that controls the modulator, the length of the active fiber, the overall dispersion of the cavity, etc., has led to an improved operation of the lasers: output optical pulses of 34 ps temporal width, 1.4 W peak power and 4.7 MHz repetition rate, at the emission wavelength of erbium.

2284347 Planar and channel waveguides fabricated by ion implantation in Yb:YAG crystals VÁZQUEZ G.V.1, FLORES-ROMERO E.2, MÁRQUEZ H.3, RICKARDS J.2, TREJO-LUNA R.2, RAMÍREZ D.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2Instituto de Física, UNAM/ 3Departamento de Óptica, CICESE

In this work, we report the fabrication and characterization of planar and channel waveguides obtained by proton and carbon ion implantation in Yb doped YAG crystals. The channels were defined using an electroformed mask with apertures of 10, 15 and 20 microns in width. The waveguide characterization includes refractive index profiles, transverse modes and spectroscopic properties. The results show that these structures are useful for the development of integrated solid state lasers.

2284627 Aluminosilicate glasses doped with TB3+, CE3+, SM3+ for white light generation BERNESCHI S.1, BRENCI M.2, RIGHINI G.C.2, BETTINELLI M.3, SPEGHINI A.4, CALDINO U5, FERRARI M.6, CHIASERA A.6 1IFAC CNR & Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Italy/ 2IFAC CNR/ 3IFAC CNR, Università di Verona & INSTM Verona, Italy/ 4Università di Verona & INSTM Verona, Italy/ 5Departamento de Fisica, UAM - Iztapalapa, Mexico / 6IFN CNR, Trento

Glasses doped with two or three luminescent ions have attracted some interest for applications to frequency conversion and white light generation. We have synthesized and investigated soda-zinc-aluminosilicate glasses as hosts for Tb3+, Ce3+ and Sm3+ ions, with the aim of exploiting the properties of these active glasses in the areas of displays and sustainable energy. We have therefore prepared samples with a same host composition, either singly doped with one of these ions or co-doped with Tb3+/Ce3+ or Tb3+/Sm3+ in order to carefully test their suitability for these applications. In this communication we present the characterization of lanthanide-doped glass samples of composition 60SiO2 – 18Na2O – 12 K2O – x ZnO – 5 Al2O3, the value of x being changed according to total dopant concentration in order to keep the sum of ZnO and rare-earth- oxides equal to 5 (all figures are mol% ). This composition was chosen after several tests, in view of the

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compatibility of the glass matrix with processes of ion-exchange for the fabrication of integrated optical devices. Optical properties (refractive index and chromatic dispersion) were first measured by dark-line spectroscopy. Afterwards, waveguides were produced in the samples by Ag+ and K+ ion exchange; different exchange temperatures and diffusion times were tested. Finally, absorption, emission, and Raman spectroscopic measurements were performed both on as-produced glasses and on ion-exchanged samples. A detailed description of results will be reported at the conference.

2285026 Dual wavelength Titanium: Sapphire laser. ZAPATA-NAVA O.J., TREVINO-PALACIOS C.G. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

On this work we present a Titanium:Sapphire laser with simultaneous dual wavelength operation in the 890 nm region. Dual wavelength operation is obtained using a novel four stage birefringent filter in which we can control wavelength separation by tilting one of the filter elements. The laser operates in continuous wave pumped by a 5.5 Watts 532 nm source producing 100 mW at both wavelengths. We obtained wavelength operation with separation of 2.0 nm to 3.0, corresponding to frequency separation between 0.8 THz to 1.2 THz.. The ultimate goal is the development of a source in the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum for medical applications.

2285083 Theory and simulation of a two coupled-cavities fiber laser PAULUCCI E.1, RUSSO N.A.1, SICRE E.E.2, DUCHOWICZ R.1 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CCT CONICET La Plata - CIC) / 2Intec, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa

In this work we develop a theoretical model to analyze the response of a two coupled-cavities fiber laser. This setup operates as an APM (Additive Pulse Mode-Locking) fiber laser and its design is based on the combined action of an active main cavity, generated with an erbium doped fiber and two fiber Bragg gratings (FBG1 and FBG2) as reflective components, and a passive cavity made with a fiber pigtail of appropriated length, where the corresponding mirrors are FBG2 and the Fresnel reflection at the fiber end. The proposed model considers the resolution of the Schrödinger nonlinear equation by using the Split-Step method together with the T-Matrix method to calculate the coupling factor on each reflective component. The main parameters are: the group velocity dispersion (GVD), the self-phase-modulation (SPM), the gain and/or loss factors of the fibers including self- saturation effect and the reflectivity and dispersion characteristic of each FBG. The dependence of both, temporal and frequency behaviour of the generated emission with the several involved setup parameters are analyzed. The numerical results produced by applying the theoretical model are compared with previously obtained experimental results, and a good agreement between them is observed.

POE 5 Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284955 Compression and equalization of arbitrary form pulses for optical fiber applications BULUS-ROSSINI L. A.1, COSTANZO-CASO P. A.1, DUCHOWICZ R.1, SICRE E. E.2 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CIO) and Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (BA), Argentina/2Instituto de Tecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa, Buenos Aires, Argentina

In this work we analyze the pulse compression effect in the ps range by using an approach based on the Radon-Wigner transform (RWT). The whole RWT display is obtained from the fractional Fourier transform (FRT) by varying the fractional order p from 0 to 1. From the inspection of the RWT the optimum fractional order pC originating the best compression effect can be obtained. However, as this signal representation depends on a scale factor which should be introduced, the value of pC is also affected. This point is here analyzed taking into account the restrictions on the scale factor which are imposed by the photonic devices

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involved in an experimental implementation; namely, an amount of chromatic dispersion and an attainable phase modulation factor. We illustrate the method with some applications which are of interest in fiber optic links such as second and third order chromatic dispersion compensation and pulse transmission under non linear regime. The theoretical model derived from an analytical expression of the FRT is corroborated with some numerical simulations.

2284510 Erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber chaotic laser: study for secure communications. MARTIN J.C.1, USED J2, SANCHEZ-MARTIN J.A.1, BERDEJO V1, VALLÉS J.A.1, ALVAREZ J.M.1, REBOLLEDO M.A.1 1University of Zaragoza/ 2University Rey Juan Carlos

An erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber laser has been designed, constructed and characterized in order to examine the feasibility of this kind of devices for secure communications applications based on two identical chaotic lasers[1]. In order that the system be secure, it must be extremely difficult for an eavesdropper to build a third laser with similar dynamics. Therefore, inclusion of a tailored photonic crystal fiber as active medium improves considerably the security of the device because it allows customization of the mode transversal profile, very influential on the laser dynamics and virtually impossible to be cloned by undesired listeners. The design of the laser has been facilitated by the combination of characterization procedures and models developed by us, which allow prediction of the most suitable laser features (losses, length of active fiber, etc.) to a given purpose (in our case, our aim is a laser that emits chaotically for a wide assortment of pump modulation conditions). According to the specifications obtained in the design stage, the laser has been assembled in our laboratory. The chaotic behavior for a good deal of pump modulation conditions has been experimentally checked, which confirms that this kind of lasers allows an easy implementation of secure communications systems. Finally, the chaotic signals obtained have been characterized by means of topological analysis techniques[2]. The underlying chaotic attractors found present topological structures belonging to classes of which very scarce experimental results have been reported. This fact is interesting from the point of view of the study of nonlinear systems and, besides, it is promising for secure communications: the stranger the signals, the more difficult for an eavesdropper to synthesize another system with similar dynamics. 1-VanWiggeren GD, Roy R, Science 279, 1198-1200(1998) 2-Used J, Martin JC, PRE 79, 046213(2009)

2284867 Photonic SECOND-ORDER DUTY-CYLE modulator COSTANZO-CASO P. A.1, JIN Y.2, GRANIERI S.2, SIAHMAKOUN A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CIOp) and Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (BA), Argentina/ 2Physics and Optical Engineering Department, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute (IN), United States

The delta sigma modulator (DSM) is a device which transforms the amplitude information of an analog input signal to the duty cycle and frequency of a binary output. This device, typically employed in oversampled analog-to-digital converters, is based on a feedback loop which includes at least one integrator and one quantizer in the forward path. In this paper, a novel photonic second-order DSM is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system is composed of two inverted leaky integrator and one electro-optic quantizer. The maximum input frequency is around 2 MHz, limited by the fiber length of the accumulator and feedback loops, and the quantizer rise/fall times. The system is characterized at different input frequencies and waveforms (sinusoidal and saw tooth) to analyze the modulator performance and linearity. The binary output is acquired, processed and demodulated using a personal computer, in order to reconstruct the input analog signal. The reported fiber-optic DSM is very promising for future integration increasing the operation frequency up to GHz range.

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2285528 Improvements amplification parameters for radio over fiber WILLIAM PUCHE W.P1, FERNEY AMAYA F.A1, GERMAN MONTOYA G.M2, JAVIER SIERRA J.S1 1Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana/ 2Universidad de los Andes

In this paper we present comparative performance results of optical amplification alternatives, employed to extend the reach of the optical link, for the transport of RoF (Radio over Fiber) signals for wireless applications. The transport of wireless signals over optical fiber is expected to provide broadband access services with high flexibility and mobility, decreasing the cost and complexity of base stations. The RoF technology combines radio communications devices with the optical communications for the transport of radio frequency (RF) signals through the fiber optic. Optical amplification can be used to extend the reach of optical access links with the aim of integrating access and metro network segments into a single system. Optical amplification has been experimentally demonstrated for supporting Radio-over fiber (RoF) transmission employing distributed Raman amplification and RSOA (Reflective - SOA). Optical amplification adds noise to the optical link, impacting the performance parameters of the transported signals. In order to employ RoF in wireless applications extendind the reach, is useful establish performance comparisons of the different optical amplification alternatives when RF signals are transported though the fiber optic. In this paper, we analyze the performance of different optical amplification alternatives, to extend the reach of an optical link transporting RoF signals, to support mobility inWiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) applications. The optical link usages the PON (Passive Optical Network) architecture, in order to simplify the design and reduce the implementation and maintenance costs. We employ simulations to compare the performance of different alternatives of optical amplification.

2285952 Design of one-dimensional photonic crystals by plane wave expansion method. LÓPEZ-AVILÉS H.E.1, GÓMEZ-SARABIA C.M.1, TORRES-CISNEROS M.1, ALEJO- MOLINA A.2, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.2 1DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato/ 2Lab. de Fotónica y Física Óptica, INAOE

We have numerically designed one-dimensional photonic crystals conformed by pairs of layers made of different materials. For this purpose, we have created a Matlab© code, based on the Plane Wave Expansion Method (PWE), which allows us to analyze the structure characteristics, specifically the transmittance and reflectance spectra, as well as the corresponding band structure. Our design also able us to locate the peak of maximum transmittance at the end of the prohibit band at some specific wavelength. We are particularly interested in 1.55 µm wavelength, due to the advantages of this particular wavelength in optics communications. Because of their easy use in our laboratory to fabricate the designed photonic crystals, we have included the following materials in our proposal; Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Chalcogenide (As2S3), Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) and the polymer SU8. We have obtained the transmittance spectra for different combinations of materials.

FDI 5 Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2285818 Developing the refractive light beam shapers as low-loss apodization systems suppressing side-lobes in the Fourier transform optical systems. LASKIN ALEXANDER1, SHCHERBAKOV ALEXANDRE2 1AdlOptica GmbH/ 2National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics & Electronics

Developing the refractive light beam shapers as low-loss apodization systems suppressing side-lobes in the Fourier transform optical systems Alexander Laskin, AdlOptica GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489, Berlin, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Alexandre S. Shcherbakov, National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics & Electronics, Puebla, 72000, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] The Fourier transform optical systems,

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creating an image and/or realizing its accurate spectral characterization, suffer from appearing remarkable level of side-lobes in the image intensity distribution that reduce performances, in particular, the dynamic range of these systems. Therefore, suppressing side-lobes in the image plane represents an actual practical task being important for various scientific and technical applications such as, for example, direct imaging and spectral characterization of Earth-like extra-solar planets or spectrum analysis of ultra-high frequency radio- wave signals with exploiting advanced acousto-optical technique. We suggest applying novel refractive optical beam shapers of the field mapping type as low-loss apodization systems capable of converting the input (more or less) uniform intensity distribution, peculiar to the majority of usually exploited sources of light, to almost arbitrary pre-scripted intensity distributions. In the case of choosing, for instance, pure- Gaussian, cosine on a pedestal, etc. distributions, these shapers make it possible to minimize the total level of side-lobes significantly and to increase, in doing so, the dynamic range of optical data processing up to 40 dB or more. The operation principle of these beam shapers is based on inducing, in a control manner, spherical aberration in order to provide the required intensity profile transformation and further compensation of that aberration. As a result, the beam shapers operate as telescopes of a special type; they produce a low- divergence collimated beam with a target intensity distribution and flat wave front. We describe the beam shaper design, implementation examples, and results of practical applications to the acousto-optical technique of precise multi-channel spectrum analysis.

2284908 Non-perpendicular incidence on transmissive LCDSLM: influence in the modulation prediction VARGAS A.1, FIGUEROA H.1, MORENO I.2 1Universidad de La Frontera/ 2Universidad Miguel Hernández

In general, to determinate applications of liquid crystal device spatial light modulators (LCDSLM), it is necessary to find the LCDSLM operational modulation curves, considering the optical setup in which it will be used. This requires the use of a SLM physical model to characterize the Jones matrix of the device. From these, the modulator operation curve is obtained under any polarization configuration, and it is possible to predict the SLM behavior, to modulate in amplitude only or only phase modulation. Nevertheless, if the illumination is off-axis, it could deteriorate the prediction of their behavior and consequently the expected modulation of polarized light. In this work we analyze experimentally the behavior of the transmissive LCDSLM when the incident beam impinging on it is off-axis, forming an angle with the optical axis. It is observed that the amplitude modulation is scarcely noticeable, when the incident light beam is non- perpendicular to LCD, different to configuration 0°, as it was characterized. The situation is different when we study the phase only modulation configuration. In this case, a variation in operation curve versus inclination of incident light beam is observed. This result can be important to optimize some experiments or to take advantage, in only one optical setup, to implement polarized beams with controlled slight phase differences between them. Likewise, the Jones matrix of the LCDSLM dispositive is obtained, and it is possible to observe variations in any matrix components whereas the angle of the incident light beam is varying.

2285250 In vacuum performance evaluation of the MUX camera for the CBERS 3&4 satellites. SCADUTO L.C.N. , MALAVOLTA A.T., VALES L.F.1, MODUGNO R.G., CARVALHO E.G., STEFANI M.A., CASTRO NETO J.C. Opto Eletrônica S.A.

The first Brazilian remote sensing multispectral camera (MUX) is being developed by the company Opto Eletrônica S.A. The MUX camera will fly on-board the upcoming Sino-Brazilian satellites CBERS 3&4 (China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite). It consists in a four spectral bands sensor covering the wavelength range from 450nm to 890nm. The angular field of view is of 8,8º that covers 120 km with a ground resolution of 20m at nadir. The purpose of this paper is to present the performance evaluation results of this camera when exposed to the vacuum environment. The preliminary alignment of the optical system together with the CCD sensor, located at the focal plane assembly was performed in air condition using a collimator with

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compensation due to the environment. After the system was completely integrated, the MUX camera was submitted to the vacuum environment and the optical performance was evaluated. A vacuum condition was created inside a thermo-vacuum chamber. The obtained results confirmed that the in air alignment was satisfactory.

2286115 Microreflectance difference spectroscopy. LASTRAS-MARTÍNEZ L.F., ZAMUDIO-DEL POZO O, HERRERA-JASSO R, ULLOA- CASTILLO N.A., CASTRO-GARCÍA R, BALDERAS-NAVARRO R.E., LASTRAS- MARTÍNEZ A Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí

Reflectance Difference Spectroscopy (RDS) is a powerful tool for the optical characterization of cubic semiconductors. Several physical mechanisms have been identified to contribute to the RDS signal. Among these we can count on surface electric fields, lineal defects, and surface strains. The RDS setups reported so far, use photodiodes (PD) and photomultipliers (PM) as light detectors and lock-in techniques to process the signal. In the present work we describe a new instrument based on a Charged-Coupled Device camera (CCD) as light detector. By focusing the light on the CCD, it is possible to obtain the RD spectra coming from different regions of the semiconductor surface, by analyzing the spectra for a group of pixels of the CCD. By using the instrument we were able to obtain topographic maps of the surface of different semiconductors with a spatial resolution of 4 microns.

2286120 Study of the focusing optics in a Czerny-turner spectrograph. SÁNCHEZ E.R., COELLO R.R., BALDWIN G. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

In the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru has been implemented the optics and electronics of a Czerny- Turner type spectrograph for the visible spectral range. The optical system of the spectrograph has been simulated using the OSLO software to optimize the registry of the light spectrum. The study that is presented in this paper is to optimization the orientation of the focusing optics to record the spectrum of light onto a linear CCD, according to the chosen spectral range. It has changed the orientation of the focusing optics (respect the optical axis of the system) in the simulation, being observed the changes in the spot diagram, and these were compared with spectra recorded by the linear CCD. We discuss these results and we recommended choosing a orientation of the focusing optics in the spectrograph, according to spectral range. The spectrograph has a 0,3nm resolution and the focusing optics has a 100 mm focal length. Keywords: spectrograph, focusing optics, optical simulation, spot diagram, linear CCD.

FDI 6 Fabrication, Design and Instrumentation

2285772 Full and partial Mueller matrix polarimeter by double photo-elastic modulators OTANI Y.O., ISHIDA S.I. CORE, Utsunomiya University

All polarization characteristics can be described by Mueller matrix. These polarized parameters are captured by changing the states of polarization given by combination of polarization generator and polarization analyzer. We employ photo-elastic modulators (PEM) and half-wave plats for the polarization generator and the polarization analyzer. Partial Mueller matrix which consists of nine elements of Mueller matrix is determined to analyze harmonic component for real time measurement. We succeed to measure partial Mueller matrix without any mechanical movement with high accuracy. Moreover, full Mueller matrix is measured by rotating 4 units of azimuthal combination of 0 or 45 degrees of half-wave plats.

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2284674 Polarimetry-based far-field method for high-resolution optical microscopy. RODRIGUEZ O.1, LARA D.2, DAINTY C.1 1National University of Ireland, Galway /2Imperial College London

The ever-reducing dimensions of features and structures within the new generation of microprocessors, plasmonic structures, and photonic circuits have surpassed the capabilities of traditional optical microscopy. Although alternative methods for the inspection of such structures are readily available (e.g. scanning electron microscopy and near-field optical microscopy, amongst others), the use of far-field optical methods for their inspection and characterization is desirable due to their non-destructive nature and relative ease of use. In this work we present numerical and experimental results of a polarimetry-based far-field method for high- resolution optical microscopy. The method relies on the measurement of scattering-angle-resolved polarization state distributions across the exit pupil of a high numerical aperture objective lens and allows us to differentiate between a set of different sub-resolution objects with no need for active scanning. We shall present numerical and experimental results for the characterization of particles and structures with features below or at the edge of the Rayleigh resolution limit. At this stage, the method is not yet capable of producing an actual image of the sub-resolution specimen under observation. To achieve this, an inverse problem has to be solved having as a starting point the polarimetric data obtained with our method.

2284689 Stokes polarimetry using liquid-crystal variable retarders and non-linear voltaje- retardance function VELÁZQUEZ OLIVERA C.A., LÓPEZ TELLEZ J.M., BRUCE N.C. CCADET, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Stokes polarimetry using variable retardance elements such as Pockel´s cells and liquid crystals is a well- developed technique. There are two standard methods of analysis to extract the Stokes vector from the data. One is to use only certain values of the retardances to obtain data for a number of fixed polarization combinations. The other is to use all the polarization combinations of the retardances for an oscillating voltage applied to the cells, and perform a Fourier analysis on the time varying signal. This method requires a linear relationship between the applied voltage and the obtained retardance. However, in general, for liquid- crystal variable retarders, this relationship is not linear. We present an analysis of a proposed method to use a nonlinear voltage-retardance relation to extract the Stokes parameters of a light beam. The method assumes a known nonlinear function relating the voltage and the retardance and uses a least-squares fit of the measured data to the calculated Mueller matrix of the polarimeter. Results of simulations and preliminary experimental results will be presented.

2285117 High resolution confocal polarimeter for the living human Retina. LARA D., PATERSON C. Imperial College London

There is strong evidence [1] that the living human retina has polarization signatures that could be linked to the presence of Glaucoma, an ocular disease that is the second cause of blindness in the western world. In a polarization sensitive ophthalmoscope [2], the amount of light that can be used is limited for the safety of the subject, and the return is typically a small fraction of the light used for illumination, of the order of 10E-6. Furthermore, the acquisition rates have to be sufficiently fast to avoid eye-movement artifacts. The light- budget available to produce a polarization image with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope is typically in the order of 10 nW [3], and pixel acquisition sampling rates are of several MHz. We are currently developing an imaging instrument for vision research and clinical vision applications and aim to introduce it to the medical and clinical environment using objective methods of image quality assessment. In this presentation we talk about the stringent imaging requirements, polarimeter design, and show high resolution polarisation retinal images. *This project is funded by The Wellcome Trust. Collaborators: University College London, IOO – Prof. Francesca Cordeiro and Prof. Fred Fitzke University of Arizona – Prof. Harrison H. Barrett Carl Zeiss

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Meditec, Jena References: 1. X. R. Huang and R. W. Knighton, IOVS 46(12), 4588–4593 (2005). 2. K. M. Twietmeyer, R. A. Chipman, A. E. Elsner, Y. Zhao, and D. VanNasdale, Opt. Express, 16(26):21339–21354, 2008. 3. A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, J. J. Weiter, and F. C. Delori, Vision Research, 36(1):191–205, 1996. 4. D. Lara and C. Paterson, Opt. Express, 17(23):21240–21249, 11 2009.

2285951 Multiplexed optical data storage and high NA polarimetry MACÍAS-ROMERO C., FOREMAN M.R., TöRöK P. Imperial College of London

Optical storage has reached a point where it is no longer possible to increase the storage capacity of a disk by conventional means. It is shown experimentally that polarization can be used to at least expand 7.16x the capacity. Important properties of the confocal polarization microscope used to achieve this are also described. These include a description of the polarization transfer functions of the system and two-point resolution.

OIS 5 Optical Interaction Science

2285106 Integrated optofluidic chip for trapping and stretching of single cells BELLINI N.1, VISHNUBHATLA K.C.2, OSELLAME R.3, RAMPONI R.1, BRAGHERI F.4, FERRARA L.4, MINZIONI P.4, CRISTIANI I.4 1Department of Physics - Politecnico di Milano/2Center for Nano Science and Technology (CNST) - IIT @ PoliMI/ 3Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology (IFN) - CNR, Milano/ 4Department of Electronics and CNISM - University of Pavia

The mechanical properties of single cells give important indications on the basic biological mechanisms and allow early detection of several diseases. Optical trapping and stretching is widely recognized as an ideal approach to such investigations, mainly performed with fiber-based optical stretchers (1). However, an operative device for biological studies needs to be easy to handle, thus integration of both microfluidic and optical components on the same chip is highly desirable. In this work we present an integrated optical stretcher (IOS) able to perform mechanical analysis of single cells without physical contact and with high reproducibility. The chip is fabricated in a fused silica glass substrate by exploiting femtosecond laser micromachining. This technique allows the fabrication both of optical waveguides and, when followed by chemical etching, of microchannels with great accuracy and intrinsic 3D capability (2). The femtosecond laser irradiation set-up for both microchannel formation and waveguide fabrication includes a frequency-doubled cavity-dumped Yb:KYW laser, providing 535-nm 230-fs pulses at 1-MHz repetition rate. The chip integrates a microfluidic channel for cell flow and two optical waveguides, orthogonal to the microchannel, which carry the two counter-propagating beams that perform optical trapping and stretching. Since circular cross-section of the microchannel introduces distortion in the cell imaging, we implement a complex irradiation path, so as to obtain a rectangular cross-section channel. Connecting holes are also fabricated to assure easy alignment with external microcapillaries and optical fibers. The device is tested on a suspension of red blood cells. A CW ytterbium fiber-laser at 1070 nm wavelength is used as the light source. The laser beam is split by a 50/50 fiber coupler and the optical power in each arm is controlled by variable optical attenuators. The experimental results are discussed together with future perspectives. (1) J. Guck et al., Biophys. J. 81, 767 (2001). (2) N. Bellini et al., Opt. Express 17, 8193 (2009).

2284670 Levitation of colloidal particles on an evanescent optical wave. KHAKIMOV R., SHEVCHENKO A., HAVUKAINEN A., LINDFORS K., KAIVOLA M. Aalto University

The possibility to form a stable trap for spherical micro- and nanoparticles suspended in water by using evanescent optical waves is considered experimentally and theoretically. The experiments show that an evanescent optical ﬁeld produced by two counter-propagating laser beams can make polystyrene particles

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levitate above a dielectric surface at a distance that can be tuned by tuning the laser power. We observe that at high power levels this distance increases when the power becomes higher. In order to verify the optical nature of this levitation a numerical model based on the energy-momentum tensor formalism is developed. The relevant optical field parameters are calculated by using a finite element method for a simplified two- dimensional geometry. The calculations show that the observed levitation cannot have purely optical origin, since the the overall optical force is directed towards the surface independently of the particle position. In the simulation were used several of the most common representations of the electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor, it is shown that none of them gives a full description of the colloidal particles levitation phenomenon. This technique can be used to verify the existing different expressions for electromagnetic force density in a dielectric medium. It can also be further developed to allow creating optical surface traps for particles in vacuum, which can be used, e.g., to investigate van der Waals and Casimir forces between a particle and a substrate.

2285837 Optical propulsion of cell in microfluidic devices. LILGE L.1, CHARRON L.2 1University of Toronto and University Health Network/ 2University of Toronto

Transport of cell in a microfluidic environment needs to be achieved without creating an electrical or pressure gradient across the cell as not to induce an immediate biological reaction. The use of weakly focused laser beams where the scattering force exceeds the gradient force can be employed to generate forces propelling cells at up to 100 micrometer per second along microfluid channels. We developed a framework to optimize the chip layout to achieve reproducible fast propulsion and present the required modifications to a basic beam propagation model to correlate experimental observations to the simulation results. The impacts of manufacturing uncertainties are less significant than alignment errors between the macro world and the microfluid chips. Examples of exploiting beam propagation models and microchip designs to be presented include optical stretcher and cell sorters.

2285873 Stochastic optimization to pattern near-field optical forces for micromanipulation RUIZ-CORTÉS V.1, MACIAS D.2 1Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada/2Université de Technologie de Troyes

We present a study for patterning the optical near-field force by total internal reflection illumination of a rough surface. The surface inverse scattering problem is used together with evolutionary strategies. The input data consists of the force exerted upon a micrometer-sized spherical dielectric particle by a near-field distribution, and the objective is to reconstruct the surface profile function that produced the data. To simplify the problem, the random surface is assumed to be one-dimensional. The optimum of the fitness function is searched using two versions of the evolutionary strategies; the non-elitist strategy, and the elitist strategy. On the assumption that some knowledge about the statistical properties of the unknown surface profile is given or can be obtained, the search space is restricted to surfaces that belong to that particular class. In our case, as the original surface, the trial surfaces constitute realizations of a stationary zero mean Gaussian random process with a Gaussian correlation function. We find that, for the conditions and parameters employed, the surface profile can be retrieved with high degree of confidence. Some aspects of the convergence and the lack of uniqueness of the solution are also discussed. This concept can offer a convenient way to elaborate extended optical trap landscapes for manipulation of sub-micrometer systems.

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2285994 Velocity selective polarization spectroscopy of the D2 hyperfine transitions in atomic rubidium. FLORES-MIJANGOS J1, HERNANDEZ Y HERNANDEZ A1, MENDEZ-MARTINEZ E2, RAMIREZ-MARTINEZ F1, JIMENEZ-MIER J1 1Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM/ 2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

In this work we present results for the balanced detection of a weak probe laser beam locked to a hyperfine transition frequency in the D2 manifold in rubidium while a circularly polarized pump beam is scanned across the same manifold. We perform the experiments in co- and counter-propagating configurations. In balanced detection we measure the intensity changes of two mutually orthogonal linear polarizations of the probe beam induced by the pump beam. The sum of these two intensities gives the absorption spectrum, while the difference results in the polarization signal. In both co- and counter-propagating cases we obtain clearly defined absorption and polarization atomic signals, and cross-over resonances. The frequency of these cross- overs is different for co- and counter-propagating beams. We also present results of numerical calculations using rate equations to calculate the population differences between the 5s and 5p magnetic sublevels in Rb. With these results we calculate the changes of the absorption coefficients for right and left circularly polarized light as functions of the pumping frequency and intensity. The calculation includes the time average of the absorption coefficients due to the transit time of the rubidium atoms across both light beams. The calculated spectra are in very good agreement with the experimental data.

OE 5 Optical Engineering

2285416 Different approaches to overcome existing limits in optical micro and nano metrology. OSTEN W. Universität Stuttgart Institut für Technische Optik

Modern products are becoming more miniaturized, more complex and have an increasing number of functionalities. The critical dimensions of structures written in silicon are becoming considerably smaller than the wavelength of the applied light source and this trend is to be sustained for the coming years until the next- generation patterning using extreme UV is implemented. As the feature sizes are decreasing, so the theoretical and practical constraints of making them and ensuring their quality are increasing. The same holds true for other industrial branches such as machine construction and automotive engineering where the surface-quality requirements of critical components and the overall complexity of the products have dramatically grown over the past few years. Consequently, modern production and inspection technologies are confronted with a bundle of challenges. An important barrier for optical imaging and sensing coping with reduced feature sizes is the diffraction limited lateral resolution and the limited depth of focus. The observation of this physical limitations is of increasing importance, not only for microscopic techniques but also for the application of 3D- measurement techniques on the wafer-scale and at the macroscopic level. Consequently, the search for resolution-enhanced technologies becomes more and more important. A further challenge is the reliable detection of imperfections and material faults within the production chain. This means in-line metrology/defectoscopy is a must for future production systems. Only the real-time feedback of the inspection results into the production process can contribute to a consistent quality assurance in processes with high cost risk. Moreover the reliable and flexible measurement of free form surfaces, both technical and optical, the assurance of the traceability and the certified assessment of the uncertainty of the measurement results are ongoing challenges. Optical metrology still remains the metrology technique with the most potential especially when dealing with miniature systems. Other techniques, such as atomic force microscopy or electron microscopy are time-consuming, require special preparation of the specimen and are often invasive. Optical metrology is a nondestructive, non-invasive and fast working areal technique with many advantages over other technologies. However, some problems are still waiting for a solution. Objects showing high aspect ratio and non-cooperative surfaces (for example, corrupted, shiny or translucent) are still a challenge. But on the other hand there are a lot of new approaches and tools which are tackling these challenges. New brilliant

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light sources with tunable properties; optoelectronic detectors with improved space-bandwidth product and spectral sensitivity; spatial light modulators with both an ability for amplitude as well as phase control; and last but not least, the continuously growing computer power are a good basis for meeting these challenges. Furthermore, new approaches for the efficient inspection of extended surfaces having critical features in the micro and/or nano scale such as intelligent sensor fusion and scaled metrology deliver very promising results. In this paper at first the mentioned challenges and the physical limitations are addressed. After that some new approaches such as active wave front control, model based metrology and intelligent sensor fusion are discussed. On example of the inspection of non-resolved semiconductor structures, aspheric lenses and micro components new practical ways to cope with the mentioned challenges are presented.

2284380 Interferometric characterization of joint optical tables. CORZO-GARCIA S.C., MEDINA-LOPEZ R.J., ANDERSON S, CARRILES R, RUIZ- MARQUEZ A, CASTRO-CAMUS E Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

We present a straight forward and practical method for joining pneumatically floated optical tables with no previous preparation. In order to demonstrate this method we joined two optical tables in an uncentered ―T- shape‖ using twenty four stainless steel plates (SSP), and used a Michelson interferometer to compare the stability of the entire ``T-structure versus one of its parts alone, finding that they both show similar rigidity. We also evaluated the performance of two different master-salve leg configurations by calculating the stress on the joint and confirmed the calculations by Michelson interferometry. In terms of floor vibration damping, it was observed that the performance of the system for the joined ―T‖-table seemed to be comparable to that of a single segment. This method can significantly reduce costs of large optical tables and will be useful to extend existing optical tables without manufacturer modification.

2284381 Holographic otoscope for nano-displacement measurements of surfaces under dynamic excitation. FLORES-MORENO J.M.1, FURLONG C.2, ROSOWSKI J.J.3, DOBREV I.2, HARRINGTON E.2, CHENG J. T.3, MENDOZA SANTOYO F.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica./ 2Worcester Polytechnic Institute./ 3Harvard Medical School.

Advantages of using a digital optoelectronic holographic otoscope (DOEHO) system for full-field-of-view and non-contact measurements of surface nano-displacements in objects that are subjected to dynamic excitation are presented in this report. Such measurements are necessary in the investigation of the mechanical deformations of surfaces, particularly of biological samples. The DOEHO system consists of laser-illumination delivery, optical head, and image-processing computer subsystems. The laser-illumination delivery subsystem (IS) consist of a laser light source, an acousto-optic modulator, and a beam splitter (BS) to divide the laser light in two beams. Each beam is coupled into polarization maintaining fibers (PM) to enable object (OB) and reference (RB) beams. Object and reference patch fibers are connected to the optical head subsystem (OH) which consists of a beam combiner, a high resolution digital camera, and a standard otoscope. The components of the OH subsystem are arranged in an in-line holographic configuration. The image-processing computer subsystem (IP) is used to perform multiple tasks including processing of images recorded by the camera in the OH, display of image data in the form of interferometric or optical phase measurements, and control of electronic signals used for sample loading. The DOEHO system has been used to measure deformations on small surfaces including a cadaveric chinchilla tympanic membrane (TM) under laboratory conditions. The DOEHO is currently being used in a clinic. Representative results highlight the measurement versatility of the DOEHO to measure deformations on complex elastic surfaces including the TM, copper foil membranes or other miniature components confined in hard-to-access locations are presented.

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2284405 Metal nanostructures for the enhancement of the raman response of molecular adsorbates GIAMMANCO F.1, MARGHERI G. 2, TRIGARI S.2, MUNIZ-MIRANDA M.3 1University of Pisa/ 2ISC CNR/ 3University of Firenze

The ultra fast development of the possibilities of matter manipulation down to the nanoscale, which occurred in the past 20 years, makes now available several types of metal/dielectric nanostructured materials (nanohybrids), which are based on nanoparticles of coinage metals (MeNPs). Plasmon oscillations responsible for the characteristic brilliant colors of MeNPs enhance significantly both the extinction cross section and the local electromagnetic field, up to many orders of magnitude. These properties constitute the fundament of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), which allows one to obtain huge Raman enhancements for molecules adsorbed on nanostructured surfaces of metals such as silver, gold, and copper, up to factors of 10^14–10^15 in single-molecule experiments. In order both to maximize the interaction between metal and adsorbate and to control the spectral properties of the nanohybrid, several methods, either chemical or physical, have been developed to obtain metal nanostructures with controlled shape, dimension and spectral properties. This contribution is aimed at describing preparation and spectroscopic investigation of Ag, Au and Cu nanoparticles of different dimensions and morphology, with particular focus on the properties of enhancement of the Raman response of molecular adsorbates. In this framework, the theoretical and experimental investigation carried out on gold nanostars will also be reported, with particular emphasis on the possibility of tuning their morphology in a controlled way, so that they can behave as SERS or SEIRA (Surface Enhanced InfraRed Absorption) active material from 500 up to 1550 nm.

2285235 X-ray phase nanotomography through ptychographic coherent lensless imaging. GUIZAR-SICAIROS M., DIAZ A., MENZEL A., BUNK O. Paul Scherrer Institut

We describe experimental and algorithmic developments of a recently reported technique that enables three- dimensional X-ray imaging with high sensitivity and resolution in the range of 100 nm: ptychographic X-ray computed tomography. The technique is based on the incorporation of sample rotation and tomographic reconstruction to scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy (SXDM), a robust technique for two-dimensional X- ray coherent lensless imaging. We exploit the high penetration and depth of field of hard X-rays to measure samples tens of microns thick and the accurate reconstructions of SXDM to retrieve the integrated phase along the X-ray path. Coherent X-ray photons are made incident on a pinhole to ensure adequate sampling of the measured intensity patterns and are delivered to the sample. For a given sample orientation the diffraction patterns are measured with the sample translated at different positions in a direction transverse to the X-ray propagation direction. The illuminated regions of the sample have some degree of overlap which provides the phase retrieval algorithm with redundancy that allows fast, robust and reliable reconstructions even for cases in which the incident illumination is not known. For optimal contrast, the phase of the reconstructed complex- valued projections is used for tomographic reconstructions. Prior to the tomography step, further image processing is required. Because of hardware limitations the reconstructed projections are misaligned. Furthermore, the reconstructed phase is wrapped, thus only known modulo 2-pi, and it suffers from a constant and linear additive bias as a result of inherent ambiguities of the reconstruction algorithm. We have developed algorithms for automatic bias removal and alignment of projections and a tomographic reconstruction algorithm that avoids the unwrapping step altogether. As a final image we obtain a detailed quantitative 3D map of the refractive index of the sample, which is proportional to its density.

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OE 6 Optical Engineering

2284772 Subsampling technique to enhance the decoded output of JTC encrypting system BARRERA J.F.1, RUEDA E.A.1, RÍOS C.A.1, TEBALDI M.2, BOLOGNINI N.2, TORROBA R.2 1Grupo de Óptica y Fotónica, Instituto de Física, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A 1226 Medellín, Colombia 2Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata-CIC), UID OPTIMO - Facultad de Ingeniería and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, P.O. Box 3 C.P 1897, La Plata, Argentina.

Optical systems have physical restrictions that impose limits in the finest spatial feature that can be processed. In this work we combine a subsampling procedure with a multiplexing technique to overtake the limit on the information that is processed in a JTC encryption system. In the process the object is divided in subsamples and each subsample is encrypted separately. Then the encrypted subsamples are multiplexed. The encryption of the subsamples is performed in a real optical JTC encrypting system. The multiplexing and the decryption process are carried out by means of a virtual optical system. Experimental results are presented to show the validity of the proposal.

2285135 Image segmentation by the use of a hybrid-technique: optical and digital methods. AGUAYO J.P.1, FLORES J.L.1, FERRARI J.A.2, GARCÍA-TORALES G.1 1Universidad de Guadalajara/2Universidad de la República

We present an image segmentation method based on the use of an optical technique for detection of contouring (as a preprocessing stage) and digital segmentation algorithms. The contouring technique is utilized to find an accurate contour and it is based on the polarization features of the twisted-nematic liquid- crystal displays (TNLCDs). TN-LCDs are manufactured to work between a crossed polarizer-analyzer pair. When the analyzer is at 45 deg (instead of 90 deg) with respect to the polarizer, one obtains an optically processed image with pronounced outlines (dark contours) at middle intensity, i.e., the borders between illuminated and dark areas are enhanced. On other hand, the segmentation algorithms are base on active shape model or snakes. Experimental results show that the proposed technique yields accurate segmentation for low- contrast images even if they contain some texture regions as well as monotone regions. Also, we demonstrate that this hybrid-system has a better performance than the purely digital algorithms.

2285196 Optical granulometries by digital image processing. MONTENEGRO J.A., NAHMAD Y, SAROCCHI D, BARTALLI R, RODRIGUEZ L.A., ARCE-SANTANA E.R Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

Knowledge of particle sizes and the size distribution of a powder system is a prerequisite for most production and researching. Particle size and size distribution have a significant effect on the mechanical strength, density, electrical and thermal properties of the finish object or natural phenomenon. For several decades the field of geological engineering, has faced difficulties in characterizing different properties of sedimentary particles. These particles are characterized by a multitude of sizes and shapes. For measuring the sizes there are a number of instruments based on different principles such as, acoustic attenuation, spectroscopy, centrifugal sedimentation, optical, electrical resistance zone sensing, electro-acoustic spectroscopy, laser light diffraction, sieving, etc. The size of sedimentary particles covers several orders of magnitude and therefore, the instruments that have been developed do not meet all requirements. Several authors have demonstrated the feasibility to perform these tests by means of digital image processing. In this paper we propose to obtain optical particle size, morphological analysis and density, in a range of 30 microns to 50 millimeters. For this purpose we propose two assemblies that cover the range of size (5 cm to 50 μm). In the proposed assembly a fluid is used as a carrier of particles. The fluid allows dispersing the sample, reducing the problem of segmentation in digital image processing. It uses a back-illuminated light for accurate measurement of

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particles due to the complexity of its constituent phases. By digital image processing up to 41 measurements (Feret dimeter, Waddel diameter, orientation, perimeter, etc.) can be performed on each particle. Furthermore, this technique allows morphological analysis using the Fourier method. A tracking algorithm to determine the particle‘s density, according to Stokes law, is implemented. Experiments demonstrate the accuracy and repeatability of this method compared with other methods of measurement.

2285768 Quantitative analysis on key estimation by known-plaintext attacks to DRPE KAZUYA NAKANO K.N.1, HIROYUKI SUZUKI H.S.2, MASAHIRO YAMAGUCHI M.Y.1, TAKASHI OBI T.O.3, NAGAAKI OHYAMA N.O.2 1Global Scientific Information and Computing Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology/ 2Imaging Science and Engineering Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology/ 3Global Scientific Information and Computing Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology/ 4Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE), which is a typical optical encryption technique, has been reported to be vulnerable to Known Plaintext-Attacks (KPAs) using a phase retrieval algorithm (PRA). But the reported case in which the encryption key is successfully estimated was that the plain image was rather simple such as the image of a character. Although phase only DRPE (PO-DRPE) was proposed to achieve more resistance to the KPA than complex DRPE (C-DRPE) in which both amplitude and phase components are used as an encrypted image, no quantitative results about the relationship between the vulnerability and the plaintext image. In this paper, we show the result of quantitative analysis on KPA by PRA to C-DRPE and PO–DRPE, for the plaintext images of different characteristics. As a result of experiment, KPA to C-DRPE succeeded to estimate the correct key although the probability of success became lower when the number of non-zero pixel increases in the plaintext image. However, KPA to on PO-DRPE enabled to estimate only "singular" keys, which are effective for no more than given plaintext/ciphertext image pair and far different from the correct encryption key. We also conduct KPA using two plaintext-ciphertext image pairs for KPA. In the case when of two plaintext-ciphertext image pairs were given to KPA, the cryptanalysis succeeded with higher probability than the case of one plaintext-ciphertext image pair. In this case, moreover, the probability of success in the KPA was high even in PO-DRPE.

2285819 Image encryption based on convolution operation in the gyrator transform domain. SANDRA DAZA S.D.1, LORENZO MATTOS V L.M.2, CÉSAR TORRES M. C.T.2 1Universidad Popular del Cesar/ 2Grupo LOI Universidad Popular del Cesar

Recently, the gyrator transform (GT), which is also a kind of linear canonical transform (LCT), has been researched in the fields of image processing, mathematics and optics; the calculation of discrete GT can be implemented by Fresnel diffraction integral in free space under paraxial approximation; in this paper The expression of gyrator transform (GT) is rewritten by using convolution operation, from which GT can be composed of phase-only filtering, Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform. We investigate an algorithm computing discrete GT by simulating the convolution expression of fractional Fourier transform. Some simulations in order to evaluate the difference between inverse transformed image and original image are presented to demonstrate the validity of the algorithm, the reversibility of numerical algorithm of transform is important to the field of optical information processing, such as image encryption, filtering and correlation.

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BMO 2 Bio- medical optics

2285932 Ultrafast-laser interactions with viable-cell 3d hydrogel tissue models. QIAN Z.1, MORDOVANAKIS A.G.1, FENG Y.1, COVARRUBIAS A.1, LILGE L.2, MARJORIBANKS R.S.1 1Department of Physics, University of Toronto/ 2Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto

We have developed a 3D hydrogel viable-cell culture to be used as a model in the study of interaction of intense ultrafast laser pulses with biological tissues. The hydrogel is compatible with a number of histological assays to measure cell necrosis and apoptosis. We have used our cell-culture hydrogels to investigate the mechanical and histological impact of high-repetition-rate (33-133 MHz) pulsetrain-bursts of ultrafast laser pulses on biotissues at intensities relevant for laser surgery. In this fluence-delivery regime, the delay between pulses is comparable to the persistence time of the plasma induced. This is especially relevant for medical and surgical applications because it affords the benefits of ultrafast ablation while permitting new control of heat left in tissues. Study of interaction with living tissues is complicated by small-scale tissue in homogeneities and larger-scale tissue type-differentiation. Our agar-based hydrogels infused with populations of living F98 rat glioma cells make a simple, optically-homogenous 3D model of soft biotissues, with a consistency comparable to soft tissue, and amenable to histological studies on cells following laser irradiation. We describe the impact of pulsetrain-burst ultrafast-laser irradiation on our living-cell tissue model. Pulsetrains of different lengths up to a few thousand pulses, having focused intensities up to 2 x 1014 W/cm2, were used to quantify the effects of tissue-heating and laser-driven shock-waves on the degree and range of prompt necrosis and of time-delayed apoptosis.

2284704 Cross-talk analysis in arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation measurements. VAZQUEZ-JACCAUD C., PAEZ G., STROJNIK M. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

We have analyzed the classical mathematical theory for oxygen saturation in blood, we have proposed a novel model to reduce noise effects, and a methodology based on standard deviation oxygen saturation maps to select an optimal wavelength pair to improve contrast in oximetry measurements. We evaluate the oxygen saturation for different wavelengths in the spectral range from 650 to 1050 nm to determine useful wavelengths to study simultaneously several chromophores presented in blood. We perform a cross-talk analysis in order to find out the optimum center wavelength for light sources of extended spectrum like a LED. We compare the results obtained with the extended source to those of the line source. We also analyze the effect of cross-talk between oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin signals and we study possible ways to reduce it.

2285259 Performance of a new deformable mirror for in-vivo retinal imaging. BALDERAS-MATA S.E., ZAWADZKI R.J., WERNER J.S. VSRI UC Davis Eye Center, University of California Davis

Nowadays in modern ophthalmology clinics several instruments are available to image patient retinas in vivo. These include fundus cameras, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopes, and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography systems that allow in vivo acquisition in two- and three-dimensions. Adaptive optics (AO) can be implemented with these imaging systems to improve the lateral resolution of retinal images by correcting the aberrations inherent in human eyes. Deformable mirrors developed for AO correction generally have limited dynamic range and an insufficient number of actuators to achieve diffraction-limited correction of most human eyes. The UC Davis AO flood-illuminated fundus camera system has been used previously to acquire in vivo images of the photoreceptor mosaic and for psychophysical studies on normal and diseased retinas. These results were acquired using a deformable mirror (DM) manufactured by Litton ITEK (DM109), which has 109 actuators arranged in a hexagonal array below a continuous front-surface mirror. It has an

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approximate surface mirror stroke of +/-2um. Recently, we implemented a new DM manufactured by ALPAO (DM97, voice coil technology), which has higher dynamic range, ˂ 20um, than the previous one. It has 97 actuators and a large inter-actuator stroke (>1.5um, mirror surface). In this paper, the performance of the ALPAO deformable mirror for the correction of human eye aberrations is evaluated. Also, some other improvements in this system are presented along with images of the photoreceptor mosaic acquired with this system.

2284758 Determination of coagulation time of human blood by biospeckle technique. PATIÑO-VELASCO M.M.1, VÁSQUEZ-LOPEZ J.A.2, ANDRADE-ERAZO C.A.1, RABAL H.J.3, ARIZAGA R.A.3, TRIVI M.3 1 Grupo de Optica y Laser. Departamento de Física, Universidad del Cauca. Carrera 5#4-70. Popayan, Colombia/ 2 Docente Asociado Departamento Morfologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán Colombia/ 3Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata - CIC) and UID Optimo, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 3, 1897 Gonnet- La Plata, Argentina

When a lesion occurs in a blood vessel, a series of mechanisms are activated. They begin with vasoconstriction, elaboration of a platelet plug and end with the formation of a fibrin strands net. All this process aims to stop hemorrhage by increasing blood viscosity at the wounded place. When a sample of blood is extracted of the human body and illuminated with coherent light a time varying speckle pattern is observed. Is shows high activity at the start and decreases with time until it finally stops. The analysis of these patterns has permitted to establish that exists a degree of correlation between speckle activity and the temporal evolution of the clot. We have performed a statistical analysis on data bases obtained from twenty blood samples (finger puncture) corresponding to five different persons. The samples were illuminated by a Helium Neon laser, 5 mW power, The free propagation speckle patterns were captured by a CCD Camera (640 times 489 squared pixels, 3.4 micrometers size) and digitized to 8 Bytes. The processing of the information was done under visual C++ 2010 with the aid of the image processing library OpenCV. The extractions of the samples, as well as the evaluation of the obtained results, were done with medical assessment, following safety rules and medical ethics protocols. These preliminary results are promising for the continuation of studies aiming to the application of biospeckle techniques to the analysis of coagulation times.

2286052 Autofocusing in microscopic pathology VALDIVIEZO N. J.C.1, NAVA R.2, REDONDO R.3, BUENO G.4, CRISTÓBAL G.3, DENIZ O.4, GARCIA M.5, ESCALANTE-RAMÍREZ B.2 1INAOE/ 2Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 3Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés" (CSIC)/ 4Visilab, Univ. Castilla la Mancha/5Hospital General de Ciudad Real

Advances in new technologies for complete slide digitization in pathology have led to a wide spectrum of technological solutions for whole-slide scanning. Autofocus is a property of an automatic system e.g. microscope or camera that provides the optimum focus for specific objects in a scene. Although focusing is a trivial task for a trained observer, automatic systems often fails to focus images under different microscopic modalities. Automatic systems should be designed in such a way that their autofocus capabilities could be adapted to each particular application or microscopic modality to be considered. Thus, the main motivation of this work is to perform a thorough study of autofocusing methods in microscopy pathology. Focus measures have been evaluated in terms of reliability, accuracy and speed among other factors. From the existing autofocus algorithms that have been proposed in the literature, in this paper we have analyzed a broad range of these methods from well established ones to other measures recently proposed. In addition, other criteria that are inherent to the autofocus function such as the accuracy error, the computational cost, the robustness to

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noise and illumination changes have also been considered. This study has been focused in particular on assessing and comparing the autofocus performance of biopsy and cytology image stacks. An overall autofocus performance has been defined allowing to establishing a figure of merit for ranking all the measures analyzed.

BMO 3 Bio- medical optics

2284840 Nanoprobes for biological sensing BARUCCI A.1, BERNESCHI S.2, COSI F.1, PELLI S.1, RIGHINI G.C.1, SORIA S.1 1IFAC CNR) / 2IFAC CNR & Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi

Optical sensors have a large impact in the fields of life science research, drug discovery and medical applications. Thanks to optical measurements techniques, that can provide high sensitivity, compactness, fast response and real-time measurements, optical biosensors are gaining an increasing diffusion. The recent advances in optical microresonators technology have led to the demonstration of the possibility of recognizing single molecules or biological species. In parallel, the advances in nanotechnology and photonics have recently led to a new generation of nanotool sets, capable of probing the single cell: it has been demonstrated that nanobiosensors can detect biochemical targets and proteins inside living single cells. These nanoprobes would also allow us to scan chemical reactions on surfaces or in small domain. In this communication we present preliminary results concerning the fabrication and the use of nanoprobes consisting of optical fibers having nanosized tips, such as those which were originally developed for use in near-field optical microscopy. We started to develop a procedure to construct these nanosensors by pulling an optical fiber to a sub- micrometer diameter at the tip, and to subsequently coat its sides with a thin metal layer. In parallel, we choose to use commercially available nanoprobes to proceed with functionalization and biosensing tests. The results, which confirm the potential of these nanotools, will be reported at the conference.

2285162 Cysteine optical sensor based on vanadium oxide nanoparticles BEZERRA-JR A.G.1, OLIVEIRA V.S.1, CELESTINO-SANTOS W.2, CEZAR A.B.2, MATTOSO N.2, SCHREINER W.H.2 1Federal University of Technology, Parana /2Universidade Federal do Paraná

We report on the synthesis of vanadium oxide nanoparticles in water using the laser ablation in solution technique. The nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering-DLS, transmission electron microscopy-TEM, x-ray diffraction-XRD, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy-XPS and UV-Vis optical spectroscopy. The oxide nanoparticles are mainly composed of tetragonal V2O5, a semiconductor with a 2.2 eV band gap. The interaction of the nanoparticles with cysteine, a very important aminoacid present in proteins, was studied. Upon reaction with cysteine the bandgap of the nanoparticles shifts to the ultraviolet region at 2.87 eV. This color change from yellow to transparent can be used for selective cysteine sensing. Additionally, the intervalence band of the optical absorption spectra shows capability for cysteine sensing in the µM range.

2284870 Whole field reflectance optical tomography CARBONE N.A.1, GARCÍA H.A.1, DI ROCCO H.O.2, IRIARTE D.I.2, POMARICO J.A.2, RANEA SANDOVAL H.F.2 1UNCPBA - Tandil – Argentina/ 2UNCPBA and CONICET- Tandil – Argentina

Optical imaging through highly scattering media such as biological tissues is a topic of intense research, especially for biomedical applications. Diverse optical systems are currently under study and development for displaying the functional imaging of the brain and for the detection of breast tumors. From the theoretical point of view, a suitable description of light propagation in tissues involves the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE), which considers the energetic aspects of light propagation. However, this equation cannot be solved

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analytically in a closed form and the Diffusion Approximation (DA) is normally used. Experimentally it is possible to use Transmission or Reflection geometries and Time Resolved, Frequency Modulated or CW sources. Each configuration has specific advantages and drawbacks, depending on the desired application. In the present contribution, we investigate the reflected light images registered by a CCD camera when scattering and absorbing inhomogeneities are located at different depths inside turbid media. This configuration is of particular interest for the detection and optical characterization of changes in blood flow in organs. Images are properly normalized and allow analyzing relative large areas (typically 5 x 5 cm2) of the tissue. For the evaluation of optical properties we propose an iterative procedure using Numerical Monte Carlo (MC) simulations implemented in a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) (Video accelerating Card). Calculations are thus several orders of magnitude faster than those run in CPU. Experimental results in phantoms and corresponding Monte Carlo results to experiments are shown.

2285551 Immunosensor based on surface plasmon resonance for determination of antibodies to the epstein-barr virus K.V. KOSTYUKEVYCH1 , S.A. KOSTYUKEVYCH 1, R.V. KHRISTOSENKO1, N.V. NESTEROVA2, S.D. ZAGORODNYAYA 2, G.V. BARANOVA2, A.V. GOLOVAN'2 1Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 41, prospect Nauki, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine / 2Institute of Microbiology and Virusology, NAS of Ukraine, 154, Akademika Zabolotnogo str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine

One of the topical tasks in medical practice is to develop up-to-date biosensor methods for fast and precise diagnostics of herpetic infection. In this work, we have demonstrated the possibility to determine specific antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human Herpes Virus type 4 in blood serum of patients by using the optical sensor based on the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance. EBV is the most spread human viruses that play an important role in formation of tumour cells and affects both central and peripheral nervous systems. Our investigations were performed using the automated small-size device ―Biosuplar‖ developed in the Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics (NAS of Ukraine) jointly with Analytical - Systems (Germany). The device realizes the prism-involved excitation of a surface electromagnetic wave in a thin (45 nm) Au film and measures the angular dependence (mechanical rotation of the prism) of the reflection coefficient at the fixed (670 nm) wavelength. The device possesses a flow-through micro-liquid system and allows one to execute quantitative studies of the kinetics of molecular interactions on the operation surface of a sensor in real time without any marks by measuring a shift of the resonance angle in the course of time. Production of biochips for analyses consisted of immobilization of EBV proteins as antibodies on the gold sensor surface. In the course of antibody immobilization, we used an intermediate film of dextran ((2 mg/ml) Dextran 17 000 (Sigma) 0.05% citrate buffer, рН = 5.0…5.2). To exclude non-specific interactions after immobilization of EBV proteins, the parts free of proteins were blocked using 1 % bovine serum albumin in citrate buffer. The investigations were performed using 25 serum samples and 5-fold measurements with every sample. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the developed immunosensor test- system were estimated using the data of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) carried out in parallel.

2285839 Photoacoustic imaging system. BRAVO-MIRANDA C.A.1, MOOCK V.2, QUISPE-SICCHA R.M.2, GRACÍA-SEGUNDO C2, ESPINOZA-LUNA R.3, GUTIÉRREZ-JUÁREZ G.1 1División de Ciencias e Ingenierías-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato /2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico-UNAM/3Centro de investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 4División de Ciencias e Ingenierías-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato

Based on the pulsed photoacoustic (PA) detection method, we set up an experimental system to obtain bi- dimensional images of optically opaque samples buried within the bulk of a larger sample (phantom) made of agar gel mixed with single sized nanoparticles. In this way we control the optical transparency and we induce

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the optical scattering phenomenon as occurs in human tissue. The PA signals are generated from the absorption processes in the buried target, and then traveling through the bulk of scatter agar. The optical absorption properties and the shape of target, defines the amplitude and shape of the PA signals. This time the laser pulses are set from a pulsed Nd: YAG laser, with pulse width of 10 ns, at rate repetition of 10 Hz and wavelength set at 1064 nm. The signals generated in this way, are registered by means of an ultrasonic transducer with resonance cut at 10 MHz. The sample is made to turn around to obtain as many as 36 projections which are used to feed an image reconstruction forward-projection algorithm, based on the Radon Transform. As result we obtain 2D tomographic slices.

NO Nanotechnology and Optics

2286195 Nonlinear optics at the nanoscale. MAZUR E. Area Dean of Applied Physics Balkanski Professor of Physics and Applied Physics Harvard University

We explore nonlinear optical phenomena at the nanoscale by launching femtosecond laser pulses into long silica nanowires. Using evanescent coupling between wires we demonstrate a number of nanophotonic devices. At high intensity the nanowires produce a strong supercontinuum over short interaction lengths (less than 20 mm) and at a very low energy threshold (about 1 nJ), making them ideal sources of coherent white- light for nanophotonic applications. The spectral broadening reveals an optimal fiber diameter to enhance nonlinear effects with minimal dispersion. We also present a device that permits a number of all-optical logic operations with femtosecond laser pulses in the nanojoule range.

2285857 Optical absorption spectroscopy of one-dimensional silicon nanostructures ARZATE N.1, VAZQUEZ-NAVA R.A.1, CABELLOS J.L.1, CARRILES R.1, CASTRO-CAMUS E.1, FIGUEROA-DELGADILLO M.E.2, MENDOZA B.S.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/2Unidad Académica de Física, Universidad de Zacatecas

During the last decade there has been a great development in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The technology of nanostructures synthesis and characterization has grown rapidly and optical spectroscopy has become a very useful characterization technique, since it provides information on the structural, electronic, optical and dynamical properties of materials. Nanostructures have unique physical properties that are different from bulk materials. A wealth of interesting and new phenomena is associated with nanometer-sized structures, such as size-dependent emission or excitation, metallic and semiconductor behavior, etc. We present an overview of the linear optical response of one-dimensional silicon nanostructures. In particular, we make a theoretical study of the effects of the size and shape of one-dimensional silicon structures on the absorption spectrum, focusing on the calculation of the linear optical response of clean and hydrogen- adsorbed armchair (6,6) silicon nanotubes. We discuss the changes of the absorption spectrum of silicon nanowires with different diameters and analyze the behavior of the band gap as we go from bulk silicon to one-dimensional silicon nanostructures with nanometer-size diameters.

2285919 Analysis and fabrication of a micro magnetic sensor (MOEMS) TORRES-CISNEROS M.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D:A:2, LIKAMWA P.3, HERRERA-MAY A.L.4, AGUILERA-CORTÉS L.A.1, IBARRA-MANZANO O.G.1, PLASCENCIA-MORA H.1 1DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato/ 2Reynosa Rhode, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas/ 3CREOL, University of Central Florida/ 4MICRONA, Universidad de Veracruz

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Several decades ago, researchers have been working on the development of devices which able us to measure different parameters while their size must be significantly reduced. The Micro Electrical mechanical Systems (MEMS) were originally proposed and fabricated in order to satisfy this request and later, some sensors which use optical systems instead of the electrical to ―read‖ the parameters were also proposed. These last are called MOEMS. In this work we propose not only the mechanical analysis of several MOEMS designs but their fabrication. We propose to analyze and build several designs in order to measure magnetic signals. We found that even in the mechanical analysis we did not find any critical restriction, the fabrication step shows several restrictions about the geometry of the design. We have used a SOI wafer with 6 microns of active layer and 5 microns of Silicon Dioxide as a sacrificial layer.

2286212 Laser spectroscopic and imaging techniques in bio and nanotechnology BADR Y.A. National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University

Recently, most of the research groups are utilizing one or more mechanisms of the interactions of Laser with matter either for material processing or for diagnosis. It is aimed in this review to introduce how we utilized in our group the different types of interactions in different types of materials. I. Laser ablation: One of the most important application in our group is P.L.D. using either 193nm,308, 6 ns Excimer laser or the 4 harmonics of Nd: YAG under 10-6 Tore vacuum , we could deposit nano-layers of semi.-conducting on supper conducting material in both amorphous or crystalline forms where the control was done by : choosing the substrate, heating and rotating it and finally by using buffer gas during ablation. More over the full diagnosis the plume was done spectroscopically "LIPS". More our wing mish we could obtain porous nano thin film or nano wires according to the required application. II. On the other hand, we could prepare nanoparticles (spheres, rods …etc) by the conventional methods and could control its size and distribution by subjecting the obtained nano particles to Excimer laser pulses. By this photo-fragmentation we could go down with the size to 2nm nano particles uniformly distributed. Thereafter we hosted thus obtained nano-structure (Silver, gold, ZnSe, PbSe, CdSe, CdS BaTi as well as Pb shell and PbSe core in both polymeric or sol-gel matrix according to the required applications. Mainly we were interested in: Semiconductor devices and properties, biological and biotechnological applications, and catalysis.e.g: Biosynthesis of gold nano particles using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, washing the soil with nano particles to remove heavy metals, surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of RNA and DNA using silver nano wires also Raman spectra of sodium benzoate. Utilizing Glycidyl Methacrylate as a new host material of laser dyes as well as a new organic- inorganic hybrid material as well as sol-gel medium where we could obtain few pico second laser pulses using the second harmonic of Nd: YAG laser either for longitudinal or transverse pumping. III. Laser technology is now safely and successfully used in our lab as a gene transfer tool e.g. in Wheat and its performance and efficiency were compared with the conventional techniques such as: Gene gun in Wheat. Agro-bacterium in melon. Thereafter we succeeded to apply this technique to animal cells as well as human cells using the cell culture technology such as fibroblast cells, rat kidney cells, etc. V. Molecular absorption spectroscopy was used here for early identifying abnormalities in biological tissues where we succeeded in the last 5 years to apply 5 types of spectroscopy (MIR and NIR FTIR , Raman, Fluorescence, Photo acoustic spectroscopy as well as imaging to identify: breast, colon, bladdery, cervix as well as brain tumors. We compared our techniques with the well known ones such as MR spectroscopy and MRI. We called our technique Optical Biopsy. In our technique we used principle component analysis and could reach max probability of false indicate an not exceeding 6% IV: Laser surface treatment was used in our group to obtain new features for: (i) biomaterials such as: Inceram, Porcelain by getting less roughness, higher hardness, …etc. (ii) industrial materials, some of them were also used as biomaterials such as Ti, some types of steal used in bone surgery, cast iron ..etc and we compared our results with conventional techniques. (iii) Textiles, such as cotton, polyesters and mixture of both aiming to improve water resistance to obtain water proof textile as well as to minimize the amount of dyes used in painting textiles especially in the case of cotton-polyester mixture or blend. V. Bond rapture was used for photo photolysis of molecules using 193nm Excimer radiations, We could break the 2 CH3 bonds of the acetone molecule simultaneously using single photon and used the time resolved spectroscopy to monitor the photolysis and the ro-vibrational spectra of CO molecule resulting from

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the decomposition of the acetone molecule. VI. Geno-toxicity & mutagenesis: We could monitor DNA damage resulting from laser radiations and / or pesticides using single cell gel electrophoreses and comet assay technique VI. Molecular Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize DNA & RNA molecules to monitor any variations and abnormalities as a novel method for genomic DNA fingerprinting. Laser Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize commercial pesticides to avoid industrial sheeting and to account for the effect of exposure to laser radiations.

2286217 Different strategies towards the deterministic coupling of a single QD to a photonic crystal cavity mode I.PRIETO1, J.HERRANZ1, Y.GONZÁLEZ1, P.A.POSTIGO1*, B.ALÉN1, L.GONZÁLEZ1, J.MARTÍN‐ SÁNCHEZ1, L.J.MARTÍNEZ1, M.KALDIRIM1, D. FUSTER2, J.CANET‐ FERRER2, G.MUÑOZ‐ MATUTANO2, AND J.MARTÍNEZ‐ PASTOR2 1 IMM-Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid (CNM-CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, PTM, E- 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain / 2 UMDO (Unidad Asociada al CSIC-IMM), Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad de Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 4607 Valencia, Spain

A single Quantum Dot (QD) coupled to a photonic cavity mode is the fundamental system for the study of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (CQED) phenomena in the solid state approximation[1]. These studies are essential for the development of devices such as single photon emitters and entangled photon pair sources, key elements for quantum information technologies. The successful fabrication of this kind of systems is very challenging due to the simultaneous requirements of spatial matching (the QD has to be placed at the maximum of the photonic cavity mode field) and spectral matching (both the wavelength of the QD emission and of the photonic cavity mode have to be the same) between the QD and the photonic cavity mode. Although coupling of single self-assembled QD to a photonic crystal (PC) cavity mode has already been demonstrated [2, 3], the technology is far from being mature. In this sense, the use of high spatial resolution lithographic techniques for site controlled QD formation[4, 5] is crucial in order to improve the yield of deterministic integration of a coupled QD – cavity mode[6,7]. In this work we present two strategies for coupling of InAs site-controlled QD with the mode of GaAs-based PC nanocavities. In both approaches InAs QD are formed at specific sites of the GaAs surface defined by the presence of nanoholes formed after desorption of the GaAs oxide points obtained by AFM local oxidation lithography. These site-controlled nanostructures show good optical emission properties and are efficient quantum emitters operating as single photon sources [5]. In both approaches the photonic crystal nanocavities are fabricated by e-beam lithography and dry etching (RIE) on GaAs epitaxial layers grown on 1 micron thick Al0.75Ga0.25As sacrificial layer by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The first approach (Fig. 1) consists of the fabrication of photonic crystal nanocavities on a 105 nm thick GaAs slabs. We have fabricated Ln-type (L3 tuned, L7, L9) and H1 modified cavities. The slab thickness is smaller than the target (140 nm) for the final structure. On top of the microcavities, AFM local oxidation lithography is performed to define the nucleation site of a single QD at the the electric field maximum within the cavity. Then, a MBE re-growth process is developed for InAs QD formation and the increase (35 nm) of the thickness of the GaAs slab. This way, the final structure consists of a InAs single QD spatially located at the predefined position by AFM local oxidation lithography embedded in a photonic cavity slab with the appropriate thickness for optical coupling to the photonic cavity. Our results show that this process leads to a strong evolution of the round shape of the PC holes that degrades the quality factor (Q) of the cavity mode. Some attempts for minimizing the shape evolution of the round holes by changing the crystallographic direction along which the PC round holes are fabricated will be shown. Optical micro-PL emission carried out by confocal microscopy at 77K of the re-grown nanostructures will be shown. In the second approach an etched ruler is fabricated by using e-beam lithography and dry etching (RIE) on a 65nm-thick GaAs epitaxial layer. Then, AFM local oxidation lithography is performed to define the nucleation sites of InAs QDs and their position coordinates are recorded with respect to the fabricated ruler (Fig 2). The formation of InAs QD and the target thickness of the slab with the embedded site controlled InAs single QD is later completed by the developed MBE re-growth process. Micro- photoluminescence characterization of these site controlled QDs will be made in order to know their actual emission wavelengths. This way, we could access to know both the spatial coordinates and the emission wavelength of every QD. In

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this situation, a PC cavity can be designed for matching the emission wavelength of the embedded QD and later fabricate around the previously recorded position coordinates of the QD with respect to the ruler. References [1] T. Yoshie et al., Nature 432 (2004) 200. [2] A. Badolato et al., Science, 308 (2005), 1158. [3] K. Hennesy et al., Nature 445 (2007), 896. [4] T. Sünner et al., Opt. Lett 33 (2008), 1759. [5] J. Martin- Sanchez et al., ACS Nano 3 (2009), 1513. [6] S. M. Thon et al., App Phys Lett 94 (2009) 111115. [7] D. Englund et al., Proc. SPIE 7611 (2010) 7611OP. Plenary 4

2284356 Optical design of systems with off-axis spherical mirrors MALACARA-HERNANDEZ D.1, GÓMEZ VIEYRA A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C. 2Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco.

The main aberration of classical off-axis reflecting systems is primary astigmatism. The astigmatism in off- axis spherical reflective imaging systems can be eliminated by a proper configuration. These configurations could be obtained from the marginal ray fans equation, which are valid for small angles of incidence. The conditions for the astigmatism compensation in configurations with two and three off-axis mirrors have been derived and analyzed. The conditions for primary astigmatism compensation in a four-mirror system is also presented. In general, the marginal ray fans equation can be used to obtain the condition for astigmatism compensation of a reflective system with any number of mirrors.

Wednesday - Poster Session 2

POE Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284141 Emergence and degradation of squeezing in resonance fluorescence CASTRO-BELTRAN H.M. 1, HERRERA-GARZA J.R.2, HORVATH L.3 1Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/ 2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/ 3Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Macquarie University

Using master equation and quantum Monte Carlo wavefunction approaches, we study the circumstances surrounding the emergence and degradation of the elusive squeezing of fluctuations in two-level atom resonance fluorescence. For its measurement we suggest conditional homodyne detection (CHD) [G.T. Foster, L.A. Orozco, H.M. Castro-Beltran, H.J. Carmichael, Phys. Rev. Lett. {f 85}, pp. 3149-3152, 2000], which is nearly independent of detector efficiencies, which have harmed previous attemps. Squeezing in resonance fluorescence requires a weak laser, so the average interval between emitted photons is much longer than the regression time to the steady state; here, the spectrum of the out-of-phase quadrature is a negative peak. In CHD, moderate fields generate a non-zero third-order correlation in the dipole fluctuations that contaminates squeezing, making the noise non-Gaussian. If the probability to emit two and even three close photons is still small the additional contribution is also negative, helping to make the full spectrum a bit larger and easier to measure. Strong driving spreads the photoemission distribution, which destroys squeezing, and the third order fluctuations become responsible for the non-classicality of the fluorescence.

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2284568 Commutation between bright and dark spatial optical solitons RODRÍGUEZ-ROSALES A.A., ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R., ORDOÑEZ-FLORES E., KOLOKOLTSEV O. Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico-UNAM

We report a new experimental technique on generation both dark and bright optical spatial solitons in liquid crystals doped with organic dyes. In our recent works [1, 2, 3] we have demonstrated that in some liquid crystal systems (LCS) the effective nonlinear refraction index (gamma) is polarization dependent. Moreover, under certain conditions it is possible to realize inversion of gamma, from positive gamma to negative gamma, by proper adjustment of incident light wave polarization. In this work we present experimental evidence that the above LCSs are capable of supporting both bright and dark spatial solitons. Also, here we describe the peculiarities of the polarization switching technique. The experimental setup used for characterization of solitons was based in two CCD cameras, which allowed us to analyze the longitudinal and transverse propagation characteristics of solitons in a glass cell with LCS. It was possible to observe a clear correlation between the polarization state of incident light and the characteristic profile of dark or bright soliton. The extreme values of the effective nonlinear refraction index was measured to be negative gamma (dark spatial soliton case), and positive gamma (bright spatial soliton). The key parameters of spatial solitons were estimated by using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. References: 1.A A Rodríguez-Rosales, R Ortega-Martínez and O G Morales-Saavedra, Journal of Physics, in press. 2.Antonio A. Rodríguez-Rosales, Omar G. Morales-Saavedra, Carlos J. Román and Roberto Ortega-Martínez, Optical Materials, 31,(2), pp. 350-360, 2008. 3.A.A. Rodríguez-Rosales, R. Ortega-Martínez, M. L. Arroyo Carrasco, E. Reynoso Lara, C. G. Treviño Palacios, O. Baldovino-Pantaleón, R. Ramos García and M. D. Iturbe-Castillo, Molecular Crystal and Liquid Crystals 489, pp. 335-347, 2008.

2284804 Alternative analysis of perturbation theory MARTINEZ-CARRANZA J., SOTO-EGUILAR F., MOYA-CESSA H.M. INAOE

All processes involved in non-relativistic quantum mechanics are described by the Schrodinger Equation (SE). Nevertheless, there are a few problems that can be solved in an exact way. Here we look at them with perturbation in such a way that we may generate a perturbative solution. Standard perturbation theory produces corrections to the energy and wave equation in a separate way. In this work we shall introduce a perturbation model, using matrix algebra, which will simplify the correction of both quantities using a single operation. To verify our results we apply our model to harmonic oscillator plus some perturbation, where we will make use of coherent squeezed state for the comparison. In addition, we will show how this model could be applied to the Morse and cosine potentials.

2285115 Low-cost and bio-compatible long-period fiber gratings SOTO-OLMOS J.1, OROPEZA-RAMOS L.1, HERNÁNDEZ-CORDERO J.2 1Facultad de Ingeniería, UNAM 2Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, UNAM

Fiber gratings have been proven useful for applications ranging from optical communications to biological sensing. Fabrication methods for these fiber devices are well known and established thus allowing for producing gratings with very precise spectral and dispersive features. The simplest means to obtain a fiber grating is through a stress induced refractive index modulation within the fiber core. Long-period gratings (LPGs) can be readily obtained in this manner owing to the photo-elastic effect. In this paper, we demonstrate a low-cost technique for fabricating polymeric microstructures capable to induce long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) on tapered optical fibers. The polymeric micro-grating device is fabricated with PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), which is a low-cost, nontoxic and optically transparent polymer. This is extensively used in microfluidics, organic electronics and biotechnological applications. Soft lithography, along with

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molds built from thermoplastic polystyrene sheets, makes the fabrication straightforward and very inexpensive: the periodic pattern can be simply printed on the sheet using a laser printer. No precision machining is necessary and the resolution of the obtained microstructures is limited only by the laser printer resolution. LPFGs were induced on tapered optical fibers upon placing the polymer micro-grating on the neck section of the taper. Both, the taper and the polymer structure were dimensionally characterized using optical microscopy and white light interferometry, respectively. Changes on the spectral features of the induced LPFGs as a function of temperature and applied pressure show a similar behavior to that of conventional pressure induced LPFGs. We thus demonstrate an inexpensive and expeditious means to produce LPFGs. These polymeric devices could be integrated into microfluidic and other lab-on-a-chip systems were biocompatibility is a valuable feature.

2285179 Liquids analysis using back reflection single-mode fiber sensors SALAZAR-HARO V.H., MÁRQUEZ-CRUZ V.A., HERNÁNDEZ-CORDERO J. Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, UNAM

Liquids characterization is of paramount importance in fields such as environmental monitoring, chemical and biomedical analysis, as well as in fluid mechanics. Different fiber optic sensors have been developed to measure refractive index, concentration, surface tension and viscosity. In this work, we demonstrate a new and simple configuration for measuring physical properties of liquids. With proper data analysis, the proposed setup can potentially extend its application to chemical analysis and characterization of two-phase fluids. The proposed fiber sensor is based on the characteristic reflection spectrum obtained from different samples allocated on the tip of a cleaved optical fiber. Different tests fluids will provide a distinctive reflection spectrum and their physical properties can thus be inferred through spectral analysis. Our experiments are based on a single mode optical fiber dipped into the liquid of interest and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogator for registering the back-reflected light. We analyze how the pending drops formed on the tip of the fiber generate an interference pattern whose features depend on the physical properties of the test liquid. The performance of the proposed configuration is tested with glycerin. We have also developed a virtual instrument to perform the tests automatically. Each experiment involves data acquisition from the FBG interrogator and recording images by means of a CCD camera. Image analysis provides information about the geometry of the drop and fiber positioning is carefully controlled to provide consistent reflection patterns for different experiments with the same sample. This is achieved by means of a mechanical actuator coupled to a vertical displacement stage. We further show the correlation between the spectral response and the drop‘s geometry, which in turn is directly related to surface tension.

2285277 High-power tunable erbium-doped fiber laser based on MMI effect DE LOS REYES-CRUZ H, ARROYO-RIVERA E.S, CASTILLO-GUZMAN A.A., SELVAS- AGUILAR R. Physical and Mathematical Science Research Center FCFM-UANL

Recently researches worldwide have been focused building up systems capable to increase the output optical powers as well as to improve the beam quality delivering system of fiber lasers. Notwithstanding, the demanding of sources in the telecom industry together with the increasing in required bandwidth, need sources with multi-wavelength emissions or tunable sources. The main advantage of tunable sources is due to the fact that by using a single source is possible to tune a laser gain medium at different wavelengths. This feature allows having sources for the telecom application. Many techniques have been developed in order to obtain a wide tuning range. Using bulk grating, fiber Bragg grating, SOA fiber laser based on Sagnac loop mirror via polarization tuning, and Fabry-Perot cavity are example of them. These techniques are relative expensive or required very sophisticated setups. Recently, the multimode interference effect has proved to be used on a wide variety of applications. Because of its wavelength dependence, it works as a band-pass filter which is therefore well applied to our tuning mechanism. This work presents an Erbium-doped fiber optical amplifier in a MOPA configuration with a seed signal obtained with a tunable erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) based on the MMI effect. The MOPA amplifier was designed using a double-cladding Erbium doped

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fiber pumped with a 10W high power diode laser. Based on the MMI effect, the tunable filter source of the tunable EDFL is composed by a no core optical fiber and a ferrule of 127 microns of diameter on a ring cavity. The tunable range achieved was of 10nm. This tunablility is obtained from 1570 to 1580nm corresponding to the L band of telecommunications. The output power was roughly 3 watts with a line-width of 0.1nm. The setup demonstrates to be a portable, no expensive optical fiber laser.

2285288 Higher-order dispersion terms of a photonic crystal fiber with hexagonal holes MARQUEZ Y., TORRES-GOMEZ I., ARZATE N., MARTINEZ-RIOS A., RAMOS-ORTIZ G. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C.

Higher-order dispersion terms are important to achieve a good approximation between the simulated and experimental transmission spectra. It is relevant to say, that these parameters are not provided by the manufacturer. So in this work, we present the numerical estimation of the higher-order dispersion terms for a photonic crystal fiber with hexagonal holes. For our simulations, we chose a commercial fiber with a high nonlinear response (Blazephotonics NL-2.4-8). The fiber was designed with a small core diameter of 2.4 μm and a triangular pattern of air holes in the cladding with a pitch 2.9 μm. Through the free software, MIT Photonic Bands, the structure of the fiber was modeled and the effective refractive index curve was estimated. From our results, the zero dispersion wavelength of the fiber was of 800 nm and the dispersion terms were: beta2=0, beta3=0.05 ps^3/km, beta4=-7.03x10^-5 ps^4/km, beta5=1.4x10^-7 ps^5/km, beta6=-4.163x10^-10 ps^6/km, beta7=1.118x10^-12 ps^7/km. The zero dispersion wavelengths and the dispersion slope estimated at this wavelength agree with the values reported by the manufacturer.

2285471 Study of photosensitivity in optical fibers with low content of germanium SANTIAGO-NUÑEZ I.1, SHLYAGIN M.G. 1, MARTÍNEZ-MANUEL R.2, KUKUSHKIN S.A 3 1Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. /2Centre for Optical Communications and Sensors Centre for Optical Communications and Sensors, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. /3Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

Nowadays, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) have found numerous applications in telecommunications, lasers and sensors. The FBG technology is well developed for telecommunications. Nevertheless, the physics of the photosensitivity in optical fibers is still an active field of scientific research. At present, a few different types of FBGs are known, Type I, IIA, II, IA and so-called regenerated high-temperature gratings. Appearance of one or another grating type depends on many parameters related with writing conditions, the composition of the fiber, fiber treatment etc. Dependence on many parameters makes difficult to understand the growth behavior of Bragg gratings. Several mechanisms (formation of color centers, densification, stress relaxation, formation of nano-pores, etc) have been proposed to explain the UV-induced index changes, but none of these can explain completely all the growth behaviors, especially at the initial stage of Bragg grating formation and the type IIA gratings. In this work, we present an experimental study of photosensitivity standard optical fiber SMF-28 under influence of pulsed UV light at 248 nm and 266nm. Using a high sensitive interferometric technique for measuring UV-light-induced changes in refractive index, we show that at relatively low UV fluence per pulse the Color Centers model is responsible for small and rapidly saturating index change, while at fluence >1 J/cm^2 the index growth is determined by glass densification. The index amplitude can reach 10^-4 and reflectivity of 5-mm grating > 90% without hydrogen loading. Also we report the first observation of type IIA grating in the SMF-28 fiber.

2285538 Noon states in entangled cavities RODRÍGUEZ MÉNDEZ D., MOYA CESSA H.M. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

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We show how NOON states may be generated entangling two cavities by passing atoms through them. The atoms interact with each cavity via two-photon resonant transitions. We take advantage of the fact that depending on the state the atom enter (excite or ground), it leaves or takes two photons per interaction and leaves the cavities in a pure state.

2285852 Phase population gratings recorded in ytterbium doped fiber at 1064NM PLATA M.A., STEPANOV S.S. CICESE

Dynamic population Bragg gratings are formed in the rare-earth (Er, Yb, etc.) doped optical fibers via local saturation of the optical absorption/gain in the bright fringes of the interference pattern formed by two counter-propagating recording waves. They can be recorded using mW scale cw laser power and have characteristic recording/erasure times in the millisecond range. Their application was demonstrated in tunable narrow-band optical filters, single-frequency fiber lasers, adaptive interferometry, and for slow/fast light pulses propagation. Earlier, it was shown that the dynamic gratings in ytterbium-doped fibers (YDF), when recorded at the 1064 nm wavelength, are characterized by highly effective refractive index component and by sub-ms response time. In this paper we report original experimental results on simultaneous measurement of the spatially uniform photo-induced refractive index changes and of efficiency of the transient two-wave mixing (TWM) via phase population grating in YDF at the wavelength of 1064 nm. It is shown that, in contrast to the similar data reported earlier for erbium doped fibers (EDF), the experimentally observed TWM efficiency is in a reasonably good accordance with the theoretical evaluation based on the experimental index changes values. Similar correspondence between the experimentally measured efficiency and its theoretical evaluation based on measurement of the photoinduced spatially uniform fiber absorption was also observed for a significantly weaker even-type TWM response via absorption type population gratings. Since our theoretical analysis is based on the assumption of the local response of the saturable material, this allows us to state that spatial diffusion of the excited state among the Yb3+ ions in the meta-stable state is significantly less efficient than among Er3+ ions. At high recording intensities we also observed unusual dynamics of the even component of the TWM response, which is traditionally associated with the amplitude population grating.

2285864 Analysis of a multipoint sensor based on two fabry-perot cavities employing fiber bragg gratings MENDEZ-ZEPEDA O., MUÑOZ-AGUIRRE S., BELTRAN-PEREZ G., CASTILLO- MIXCOATL J. Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

A theoretical analysis of a multipoint sensor conformed by two Fabry-Perot cavities, each of them constructed with two fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) is presented. Each cavity uses one FGB as reference and the other one as a sensing element. The signals of the sensors were identified through their fundamental beating frequency (FBF), which is the result of the interaction of two consecutive modes inside the cavity and its value depends upon the cavity length. The sensor response was analyzed when there are two or more cavities in the system. In this work there is shown that is possible to determine the magnitude of several variables from each sensor measuring the FBF signal intensity in the frequency domain using FFT algorithm. The system general conditions of operation are discussed. Some preliminary experimental results about the optimal conditions to be able to distinguish two signals are presented.

2285914 Nonlinear pulse propagation inside coupled silicon nanowires LOZANO-CRISOSTOMO N.1, AGRAWAL G.P.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J.2 1The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester / 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Óptica y Electrónica

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In this work we describe the nonlinear propagation of optical pulses through an array of silicon nanowires made with the silicon-on-insulator technology. A generalized analysis of the nonlinear coupled system is given where we have considered the vectorial nature of optical modes and the effects of two-photon absorption on various nonlinear processes. The general theoretical model includes not only the effects of free- carrier absorption and free-carrier dispersion but also linear and nonlinear losses, and it extends previous vectorial nonlinear models to the case where coupling of supermodes of a waveguide array occurs in silicon waveguides. Analytical solutions are provided for the coupled-mode equations in some cases in which the density of the free carrier is relatively low, and dispersive effects are relatively weak, assuming that the nonlinear effects do not affect the waveguide modes significantly. The impact of two-photon absorption and free-carriers effect on the properties of the nonlinear coupling effects is studied in detail together with the evolution of optical power inside an array of silicon nanowires.

2286051 Tunable dual wavelength fiber laser using multimode interference filters ANTONIO-LOPEZ J.E.1, ARREDONDO-LUCIO J.A.2, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J.1, LIKAMWA P.3, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.2 1National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics/ 2Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas /3CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics

We report a novel tunable dual wavelength multimode interference (MMI) fiber laser. In order to achieve dual lasing emission the homogeneous broadening in Erbium doped fibers (EDF) is suppressed using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) which operates as a phase modulator. Wavelength tuning is achieved using two novel MMI optofluidically tunable fiber filters. Tuning is achieved by changing the level of a liquid around a MMI device using a special multimode fiber. This alters the accumulated phase of the modes propagating along the fiber, and modifies the peak wavelength of the MMI filter. The filters are also operated in reflection since this provides a narrower spectral width and improve the side-mode suppression ratio. Both filters are inserted in a typical ring cavity laser using a circulator and a 1x2 (3-dB) splitter. Using this setup we are able to tune the dual wavelength emission in many different ways. We can keep one laser emission fixed, at any required wavelength, while tuning the other one. We can also set any wavelength spacing between both laser emissions, and tune both wavelengths simultaneously while maintaining the wavelength spacing. In both cases, the emission can be easily tuned across the full C-band. Taking into account that we only require to splice a section of multimode fiber between two single mode fibers to fabricate a MMI device, we have developed a very simple yet powerful dual wavelength tuning mechanism. We should also emphasize that using an adequate non-linear media, this dual wavelength laser could provide the basis to generate a widely tunable Terahertz (THz) source.

2286081 Pulse train propagation throughout a bimodal optical fiber PARADA-ALFONSO R.1, LUIS-RAMOS A.2, GÓMEZ-PAVÓN L.C.2 MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E.2, VYSLOUKH V.3 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional/2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ 3Universidad de las Américas Puebla

Simulation of physical events using mathematical models has become in a powerful and very helpful tool in most of researching areas. Optical communications is not an exception and a lot of works using computer aided simulations have been published in many specialized books and magazines. In this work, we consider a pulse train of ultrashort pulses which is launched throughout a bimodal optical fiber whose refraction index of core varies alternate and periodically along its longitudinal axis. Linear (coupling, first and second order dispersion) as well as nonlinear (Self Phase Modulation and Cross Phase Modulation) effects are considered in the mathematical model. Dynamics of pulse train propagation throughout the bimodal optical fiber is observed using a mathematical model considering elliptical Jacobian functions. Some interesting results are showed and discussed in detail.

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2286125 Non-classical light sources in optical fibers GARAY-PALMETT K.1, CORONA M.2, RANGEL-ROJO R.2, U´REN A.B.1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México /2Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California.

The practical implementation of quantum technologies requires non-classical light sources, and in particular entangled photon-pair sources. Photon pairs can be generated by nonlinear parametric processes. The most commonly used mechanism is spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) in crystals with a second order nonlinearity. Although SPDC sources have led to the implementation of several protocols in quantum information processing (QIP), these sources have some disadvantage, mainly reduced emission rates, and large collection losses when photons are coupling into single-mode optical fibers to deliver them to detectors. During the last decade there has been a growing interest in developing photon-pair sources based in optical fiber, in which photon pairs are generated by the process of spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM). Fiber based two-photon sources can be brighter than SPDC sources, and are directly compatible with the telecommunication network. We have developed an exhaustive theoretical study of SFWM, including the photon-pair generation process with monochromatic and pulsed pumps. We have focused on studying the spectral correlation properties of SFWM photon pairs, in order to propose photon-pair sources that exhibit correlation properties tailored for particular applications in QIP. For instance, the successful implementation of linear optics quantum computation (LOQC) lies in the availability of factorable two-photon states, i.e. states in which all correlations in every degree of freedom of the photon pairs have been removed. We demonstrated that factorable states, highly entangled states, and a very general class of intermediate regimes can be generated in optical fibers. More recently, we have studied the generation of photon triplets in thin optical fibers, and are extending our research of the SFWM process to include geometries other than those already studied.

2286147 Entangled quantum dots interacting with their own micro cavity classical field GARCÍA-MELGAREJO J.C.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.1, SÁNCHEZ-SÁNCHEZ S.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.2, BASURTO-PENSADO M.A.3, RUIZ-PÉREZ V.I.1 1INAOE/2Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas/3CIICAp, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

Entanglement is one of the most striking quantum features, and still one of the hardest to understand. In this work, we develop a model of the interaction of a pair of entangled and coupled Quantum Dots (QDs), each one in their own microcavity, interacting with their own particular classical field. In order, to take into account the entanglement, we have disregarded the factorization of the coupling dipole-dipole nonlinear terms and produced the corresponding master equations. In analogy to the Diatomic Molecule, we introduce the two modes solution. We analyze the interaction with their specific classical coherent and thermal fields at the atomic variables and the RF spectrum of one of the QDs. We compare this results with the case when the QDs are not entangled. The field coherence properties of one of the QDs shows in the evolution of the coupled QD, even in the case when they are not entangled, and we point out the differences due to the entanglement by comparing with the normal case without entangled.

2286156 Semiclassical resonance fluorescence of a quantum dot coupled to another one in a bath GARCIA-MELGAREJO J.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.1, SANCHEZ-SANCHEZ S.1, VAZQUEZ-GUARDADO A.1, MAGAÑA-LOAISA O. S.2, BASURTO-PENSADO M.3 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad de Rochester/ 3CIICAP, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

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Coupled but isolated Quantum Dots (QDs) are an excellent laboratory for much more complex conceptual analysis. They have become a reality because of the ready availability of structured materials. They offer an excellent laboratory to study much more fundamental questions as they are the resonance fluorescence of an atom in front of a mirror, in this case dielectric, and the transfer of coherence between coupled quantum mechanical systems. Such systems offer an interesting possibility to study QDs on the surface of doped materials, where the interaction of radiation with the available external QD will provide information on the unavailable coupled QD and the substratum where it is embed. We analyze the specific cases of a QD subject to coherent and thermal fields, model by a Gaussian amplitude, coupled to a QD in a bath modeled by an stochastic field. We analyze the two limits, the weak and strong field limits.

2284703 Study of actively q-switch erbium-doped fiber laser in symmetric configuration YU. O. BARMENKOV. 1 , S.A. KOLPAKOV. 2,A.D. GUZMÁN-CHÁVEZ. 3, A. V. KIR’YANOV1, M. V. ANDRES2, A. DIEZ2, J. L. CRUZ2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Loma del Bosque 115, c. p. 37150, Leon, Gto., Mexico / 2Departamento de Óptica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain/ 3Departamento de Física Aplicada - ICMUV, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain

In this paper, we present the results of theoretical and experimental study of the actively Q-switched erbium- doped fiber laser realized in symmetric configuration. We extend the traveling wave model to this type of fiber lasers and show that such laser permits one to obtain easily the short giant pulses (17 ns on 3 dB level) with small adjacent sub-pulses. Our model accounts all point losses including loss on the fiber splices and other intra-cavity devices and also the distributed losses such as the active fiber background loss and loss owing to excited state absorption observed in erbium-doped fibers. We compare the experimental data with the modeling results and reveal their good matching, once the laser parameters are properly accounted in the model.

2284657 Estimation of fiber parameters by using OFRR nonlinear dynamics IMAI Y, YAMAUCHI S., YOKOTA H. Ibaraki University

In this paper, a new method for measuring the optical fiber parameters by using the nonlinear dynamics generated in optical fiber ring resonator (OFRR) is proposed. In OFRRs, input light and circulated light components are added in succession, and then, result in forming an interference output. As the input light power increases, the optical phase shifts due to the Kerr effect, followed by a nonlinear phase shift induced in the circulated components in OFRR. This fact leads to nonlinear dynamics such as a chaotic state in the OFRR output. In the bifurcation diagram indicating the input-output characteristics in OFRR, the output power is not linear to the input power, but exhibits peaks in the input power range lower than the bifurcation point at which the output changes from stable to periodic state. It is found in the numerical analysis that the input power at the peak shifts, dependent on the fiber parameters such as the refractive index and the nonlinear refractive index as well as the environmental parameters such as temperature and pressure. The fiber parameters can be estimated by applying the measured input power giving the peak point to the numerical relationship between the input power and the nonlinear refractive index. Experiments for measuring the input power at the peak in the input-output characteristics was carried out by using the setup in which the pumping light:Ar+ laser with wavelength 488 and 514.5[nm], OFRR: resonator length 500[m] with an optical fiber (cut-off wavelength 500[nm], a pure silica core). The nonlinear refractive index was estimated as n2=1.0310-22[m2/V2] which is in good agreement with those reported previously. The proposed method needs comparable low input power with cw laser light, which is greatly advantageous from a practical point of view.

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FDI Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2283804 Measuring radii of curvature using a calibrated lateral shearing interferometer. JARAMILLO-NÚÑEZ A INAOE

A technique for measuring the radius of curvature of a convex optical surface is described. Its functioning is based on a lateral shearing interferometer and the observation of the collimation of a laser beam. Two interference patterns of straight fringes are obtained, and only when the fringes are parallel is the measurement considered. Since a previous calibration with a laser tracker or similar device is required it is not possible to measure surfaces with radii of curvature longer than ten meters due to dimensions of the laboratory. Details of resolution and measurement uncertainty between calibrated and nonclaibrated modes of the instrument are presented.

2284467 Optical pressure sensor based on liquid lenses and the point diffraction interferometer. GARCIA-ARELLANO A.1, GÓMEZ M.2, ACOSTA E.2 1National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics / 2Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.

In this work we present an experimental proposal for an efficient optical pressure sensor based in a variable liquid lens as sensitive element and a point diffraction interferometer (PDI) as analyzer. The working principle of our sensor is the liquid lens sensitivity to small changes in volume caused by a pressure applied over a chamber connected with the lens cavity. Injecting a volume into the lens causes a variation of the lens focal length. In order to determine the changes in pressure and to measure small variations, the sensor employs a PDI designed especially for the system. The sensor response to pressure changes is recorded by variations in the size (area) of the interference‘s rings of the PDI due to the focal distance changes of the liquid lens. Thus, through the area of the rings, we quantitatively determine small changes in pressure. The proposed device has allowed us successful measurements of low pressures in the range of tenth of Pa and up to KPa, as well as a fine tuning of the sensor. Finally, architecture of the optical array and low cost materials make this prototype applicable in the field of optical sensors.

2284779 Thermal analysis of a fluorescence-based IR to visible converter ALFARO M., PAEZ G., STROJNIK M. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

Today‘s room temperature microbolometers focal plane arrays are the most widespread technology for the registration of thermal images. Other attempts to develop detection systems are based on the idea of converting the thermal radiation into visible. Thermal to visible converters try to achieve the possibility of ―detecting‖ thermal radiation with common visible detectors. The development of these converters may provide IR and thermal detection methods for specific thermal imaging applications without excessive investment. Here, we present a conversion method based in the temperature dependence of the fluorescence emission of a europium-doped complex. We present the thermal analysis of the sensing element and specify the desirable thermal characteristics of such element in order to allow thermal to visible conversion in real time.

2284886 Dynamic moiré patterns and Michelson fringe patterns for profilometry: a results comparative analysis DE OLIVEIRA M.E., DE OLIVEIRA G.N., DOS SANTOS P.A.M. Universidade Federal Fluminense

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In the present work we present a comparative analysis of the results in the optical Fourier transform profilometry which fringe projection is produced by two different methods, dynamic moiré-like patterns and Michelson interferometer. The moiré-like patterns can be experimentally obtained by the superposition of two or more sinusoidal gratings with slightly different pitches. Otherwise, dynamic moiré-like patterns are induced in the volume of the Bi12TiO20 crystal sample used as dynamic holographic media, that is, the holographic sinusoidal phase gratings superimposed are produced with high spatial frequencies (~1,000 lines mm-1) in a material exhibiting photorefractive effect. This means that the observed moiré-like fringe pattern with low spatial frequencies (~2 lines mm-1) is produced like a beat phenomenon. The fringe pattern produced this way is used to profile determination by Fourier transform method, which results we compare to the Michelson fringe patterns projection in the same method of profilometry. The Michelson interference fringe pattern is produced by a simple way, the classical rings obtained by a expanded He-Ne laser beam are projected in the sample after one mirror of the interferometer has been tilted to produce a ―quasi‖ localized parallel fringe pattern onto the sample. This kind of fringe pattern is of easy controlling and manipulation, but has same limitations in terms of profilometry results. In the present work is proposed that the dynamic moiré- like fringe patterns obtained in the above described experimental conditions could be used with some advantages in optical terms, comparatively to the results obtained by the classical fringe projection using the Michelson interferometer. Best fringe pattern contrast, less speckle noise, no presence of noise produced by spurious reflections and a pure sinusoidal shape are some advantages of the dynamic moiré pattern in the proposed analysis.

2284985 Feedback scheme based on fuzzy control for shear force control ESCAMILLA D.1, SILLER H.1, COELLO V.2, CORTÉS R.2 1ITESM, Campus Monterrey/ 2CICESE, Unidad Monterrey

Fuzzy control is a practical alternative for a variety of challenging control applications, since it provides a convenient method for constructing nonlinear controllers via the use of heuristic information [1]. In this work, we propose a novel technique to control the tip-sample distance in a scanning near field optical microscope (SNOM) using fuzzy control. The fuzzy controller design assume only one input signal defined as the difference of the sampled signal (tuning fork-tip) and the reference signal, which are compared through lock- in amplifier. This signal is used as the rule-base of the fuzzy logic controller. We use LabView to develop the set of rules on how to control the process. A basic data acquisition is used as interface to manipulate the fuzzy controller as feedback scheme in the positioning system (bimorph piezo) for the shear force control. The approach curve of the shear-force measurement of the bimorph piezo was obtained using this scheme. In conclusion, this approach can be viewed as simple and reliable as feedback scheme based on fuzzy control for shear force control in a SNOM. However, in many cases, the fuzzy control can be used to improve existing traditional controller systems by adding an extra layer of intelligence to the current control method [2]. [1] Kevin M. Passino and Stephen Yurkovich, Fuzzy control (Addison-Wesley) (1998). [2] G. Oke, a, and Y. Istefanopulos, Tip position control of a two-link flexible robot manipulator based on nonlinear deflection feedback, Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Volume 17, Issues 2-3, (2003) 499-50.

2284993 Diffraction efficiencies profile by thickness and spatial frequency variation FONTANILLA-URDANETA R.C., OLIVARES-PÉREZ A., FUENTES-TAPIA I., RÍOS- VELASCO M.A. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

The holographic gratings on photopolymer films are studied by different spatial frequency and thickness to determine the evolution of diffraction efficiency during holographic recording with and without voltage application. The experimental results are presented like a function of energy exposure, thickness and spatial frequency. The photopolymer emulsion is prepared with potassium dichromate and nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate in polyvinyl alcohol matrix. The diffraction efficiency reaches a peak when the film A is exposed to spatial frequency (f1). The film B is exposed to spatial frequency (f1) and the diffraction efficiency is

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saturated. For the film C, the diffraction efficiency achieves the saturation at spatial frequencies (f1 and f3). At spatial frequency (f1), the diffraction efficiencies for voltage application are higher than without voltage.

2285046 Integration of a fluorometer and a spectrophotometer to measured luminescence of material doped with rare earth RAMIREZ-DUVERGER ALDO S, GARCÍA-LLAMAS RAÚL, ACEVES R., PITERS T.M. UNIVERSIDAD DE SONORA

The design and construction of a Luminescence-meter optimized to carry out luminescence measurements from material doped with rare earth is presented. This apparatus can work in two modes: In RT mode, it measures the specular reflection or transmission of thick or thin films. In L mode, it measures the luminescence of samples. In both modes it can vary the angle of incidence of the light. Measurements of spectra of reflection and transmission of the microscope slice to test the RT mode were done. The luminescence of KCl thick films doped with Europium for various thicknesses of the samples (2.4 mm to 0.7 mm) are obtained. To prove the sensitivity of the equipment thin film of KCl of about 1 micrometer were grown; the luminescence signal of the later sample barely exceeded the noise.

2285212 Characterization of an experimental arrangement to measure position of particles in 3D with a high spatial resolution. MARTINEZ A.M.G, GUERRERO J.A.G, MORENO D.M.H Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica.

The use of holography to study very small objects in a dynamic volume is a technique of importance for scientists and engineers across a variety of disciplines for obtaining information about size, shape, trajectory and velocity of small objects such as dust particles. A Digital Holography Particle Image Velocimetry (DHPIV) system for diagnosing 3D particulate flows for high spatial resolution is presented using two orthogonal forward configurations which records images directly in two CCD cameras. However, in this study, we avoid the procedure proposed by other authors to calculate particle position. Therefore, to determine particle position, the proposed method is based on the calculation of the size and position of the central spot size of a particle diffraction image. The approach has been applied to simulated Forward Scatter set-up and experimental particle images. Simulated particle images have been obtained using the Near Field Lorenz-Mie theory. Conventional particle extraction methods cannot yield high depth resolution that is important for velocity measurement and particulate flow diagnostics. To solve this problem, we propose a particle extraction method based on two cameras viewing same region of interest at 90° each other, and by analyzing the spot size of diffraction pattern the position in z axis for the particle of every image is found. Glass and polystyrene particles of 10 μm, 50 μm, and 70 μm were investigated and the complementary results of the analysis of both forward configurations have been determined. The position of every particle inside the fluid is used to deduce its velocity in three dimensions.

2285224 Concentration limit for mono-disperse colloids observable with numerical DIHM. RESTREPO J, GARCIA-SUCERQUIA J Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Digital In-line Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) is a two-steps microscopy technique that allows for accessing to complex wave information of the optical field scattered by a sample. Initially, the sample is illuminated by a spherical wavefront such that the amplitude superposition of the portions of the spherical wavefront scattered and not by sample, is registered on a digital camera; the recorded intensity is often referred as Hologram. On the second step, a digital diffraction scheme is used to emulate the diffraction of a spherical wavefront by the hologram therefore producing a reconstruction in amplitude and phase of the original object. Due to its evident experimental simplicity, DIHM is a widely used technique for in-situ

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applications and more recently on real time measurements. This widespread employment of the technique introduces the necessity of establishing the practical limits achievable with this imaging technique. Particularly, for the practical study of mono-disperse colloids, the critical concentration is a relevant factor to identify, in order to establish the optimal conditions up to which DIHM can successfully work. The reconstruction step produces a set of intensity images, at different axial distances, containing the information of all the registered particles; in large study volumes and high concentrations the number of particles overcome the easiness of manual processing and therefore evidences the necessity of implementing more automatic tracking algorithms. In this way the limits of applicability of DIHM rely on both the experimental configuration and the digital processing. With the use of a modeling tool for DIHM and a semi-automatic tracking algorithm, a numerical estimation of the concentration limit for which DIHM can work is proposed, following the analysis for its dependence with the experimental configuration of the recording process.

2285313 Characterization of the optical system in an advanced prototype of a new acousto- optical spectrometer for Mexican large millimeter telescope ALEXANDRE S. SHCHERBAKOV 1, DANIEL SANCHEZ LUCERO 1, ALEXANDER LASKIN 2 1National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics/ 2AdlOptica GmbH

A few optically matched by each other subsystems related to an advanced prototype of acousto-optical spectrometer for radio-astronomy are analyzed jointly. The main peculiarity of the spectrometer‘s prototype is exploiting a large-aperture and highly effective tellurium dioxide cell in the Bragg regime of a multi-phonon anomalous light scattering, so that just this circumstances determine the majority of technical requirements to subsystems under consideration and their potential performances. Due to a row of peculiarities inherent in this crystal (for instance, its high optical activity just admitting multi-phonon processes), the total precise control over the incident light polarization (linear, circular or elliptical, as the case requires) should be assured. Then, optical system of this prototype includes specifically arranged to be energetically effective wide-aperture multi-prism beam shaper involved in forming a pre-assigned state of polarization. This shaper provides the needed light-beam apodization suppressing side lobes within registration of each individual resolvable spot and increasing the dynamic range of spectrometer. The aberration-corrected integrating lens subsystem realizes a scaled Fourier transformation of the scattered light beams to obtain linear enough correspondence: 2–3 pixels in the linear CCD-array of photo-detectors for each resolvable spot within the range of a few thousand parallel optical channels for spectrum analysis. Unlike traditional approaches providing either a high resolution or a wide bandwidth, this advanced prototype exhibits about 15 KHz frequency resolution in a 65 MHz frequency bandwidth, which is actually wide for the achieved resolution within a multi-channel analysis in radio-astronomy.

2285364 Accurate generation of structured light fields by means of synthetic phase holograms CARRADA R., ARRIZÓN V. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

Rosibel Carrada and Victor Arrizón Structured light fields defined as laser beams whose amplitude and phase distributions have been shaped to take forms with a high degree of complexity, are of great interest in several areas in optics. Such fields, in order to maintain their properties, must be generated in the most efficient and accurate possible way. Synthetic phase holograms implemented on liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LC- SLM), have proved to be a powerful method to generate structured light fields. In this work the experimental generation of Bessel, Laguerre-Gaussian and parabolic beams by means of six different synthetic holographic codes is presented. These phase holographic codes, in our understanding, are the most representative found in literature. We present a numerical evaluation of these codes, in which the calculus of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is performed when the mentioned beams with different spatial frequencies are encoded.

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2285645 Characterization of halogen lamps as secondary standard of luminous flux MARQUES A.A.R, SANCHEZ JR. O., FERREIRA JR. A.F.G. IPT - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo

This work presents a study of lamps characterization concerning its lamp output, current and voltage drift during seasoning and regarding the use of theses lamps as luminous flux secondary standard. The 200W halogen lamps are seasoned for 30 hours and during the seasoning period the relative drift of the lamp illuminance, current and voltage are measured at each 3 minutes. The illuminance is measured using a photometer with detector head, the lamp voltage is measured using a 6.5 digits voltmeter and the current is measured using a 6.5 digits voltmeter and 0.1 Ohms standard resistor. The lamp current is controlled by a calibrated current power source with stability better than 1 mA. To reduce the stray light, baffles are positioned between the lamp and the detector head. The alignment of experimental assembly is made with a He-Ne Laser. Data of illuminance, current and voltage is acquired by software built in Labview database. Among the 5 lamps seasoned, the best result presents the variation of illuminance of 0.04% per hour. This lamp is chosen to become the secondary standard and its luminous flux is measured using an Ulbricht integrating sphere. This method allows the laboratory to create secondary standard of luminous flux for its routine test and measurements and to supply theses standards for Brazilian industry improving the national metrology.

2285741 Speckle interferometry sensitive out-of-plane based in a common-path interferometer BARCELATA PINZON A., MENESES FABIAN C., PASTRANA SANCHEZ R., ROBLEDO SANCHEZ C., RODRIGUEZ ZURITA G.1 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

A common-path interferometer built on a 4f optical imaging system consisting of two apertures at the input plane and a grating at the Fourier plane as a spatial filter is used as a basis to build an electronic speckle pattern interferometer to be sensitive out-of-plane. Besides, this system is also adapted to phase-shifting interferometry, where the phase-shift can be achieved by the transversal translation of the grating with respect to the optical axis. We think that, this system could be appropriated to study translucent objects, because the speckle so as its size is generated with a diffuser plate by transmission. It is important to say that two ESPI schemas are shown. In this work, both some experimental results and a further discussion are presented.

2285830 New null-screen design for corneal topograph CAMPOS-GARCÍA M., ESTRADA-MOLINA A., DÍAZ-URIBE R. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico

In this work we report the design of a null screen for corneal topography. Here we assume that the corneal surface is an ellipsoid with a diameter of 12 mm and a curvature radius of 7.8 mm. To avoid the difficulties in the alignment of the test system due to the face contour (eyebrows, nose, or eyelids), we design a conical null- screen with spots (similar to ellipses) drawn on it in such a way that its image, which is formed by reflection on the test surface, becomes an exact radial array of circular spots if the surface is perfect. Additionally, we performed a numerical simulation introducing Gaussian random errors in the coordinates of the centroids of the spots on the image plane, and in the coordinates of the sources (spots on the null-screen) in order to obtain the conical null-screen that reduces the error in the evaluation of the topography. Experimental results for the testing of corneal surfaces are shown.

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2285860 Variable magnification numerical reconstruction of digitally recorded holograms RESTREPO J., GARCIA-SUCERQUIA J. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín

The numerical reconstruction of digitally recorded holograms can be done via different approaches. Convolution, angular spectrum and Fresnel transforms are the most widely used. The two former have unit magnification and the latter has a magnification controlled by the experimental parameters; wavelength, number of pixels and reconstruction distance determine the achievable reconstruction. Therefore, it has been a challenge to have a numerical reconstruction method in which the magnification can be chosen at will. In this work, a method for numerical reconstruction of digitally recorded holograms with variable magnification is presented. It is supported on the Fresnel-Bluestein transform that allows for changing the magnification independent of distances, wavelength and number of pixels. The method is applied to reconstruct holograms recorded in an off-axis setup. The reached magnification is contrasted with that achieved as the holograms are reconstructed with Fresnel transform. Since the proposed method does not modify the number of pixels of the hologram, the wavelength neither the reconstruction distance, it suits for application like color digital holography, metrological application among others.

2285881 Phase-shifting interferometry by the modulation of the electric field module RIVERA-ORTEGA U., MENESES-FABIAN C., RODRIGUEZ-ZURITA G. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas

A new phase shifting method in an interference pattern is proposed. This method is based on the scheme of a three beam interferometer, where the phase shift is achieved by the variation of the electric field amplitude. A probe object is crossed by one beam generating a probe wave; the other two beams will be the reference waves with a phase difference of 90°. Because of this phase difference, one term in the resulting interference expression is canceled and the two remaining are in quadrature. Applying trigonometric identities to this expression it is possible to show that the tangent function of the phase is obtained dividing the amplitude of the third field by the second field, it is also possible to group the sum of the squared amplitude of those fields in a resulting squared amplitude, showing by this that the resulting interference pattern is the one corresponding to the interference of two beams, therefore all the phase evaluation methods for the mentioned interferometer can be applied to the proposed interferometer. As the phase shift depends on the amplitude values of the reference waves, it is possible to modify this phase by changing those values, however due to these changes the visibility of the patter will be modified with the consequence that the background and modulation light will not have a constant value, hence it will not be possible to recover the phase by using the phase-shifting interferometry methods. To keep those lights constant it will be shown that the value of field one and three seen as an ordered pair must be over an arc segment in the first quadrant. The viability of this method will be justified by a theoretical analysis and a numerical simulation of a three beam interference under the conditions already mentioned

2285892 Characterization of birefringence in the core of optical fibers with induced disorder PUENTE N.P.1, CHAIKINA E. I.2, HERATH S.3, YAMILOV A.3 1UANL /2CICESE/ 3Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science & Technology

We present experimental and theoretical results of light transmission in multimode optical fibers with UV radiation (244nm) generated by disorder transmitted through a diffuser. The disorder induced in the core of the optical fiber can be controlled by the experimental conditions, and it is determined by the speckle size and the value of the variation induced in the refractive index. Under certain characteristic length, the observed transmitted power is distributed over all modes of the fiber, uniform and experimental measurements of the near field distribution of the light emerging from the fiber is well described by the exponential function of Rayleigh. A theoretical model based on coupled modes theory is developed and agrees well with the experimental results. Measurements of cross and parallel polarization is used to determine the magnitude of

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the coefficient of birefringence caused by the disorder. We developed a technique that provides an easy way to adjust various settings, controlling the disorder in the core of optical fibers, which is suitable for implementing random lasers in optical fibers.

2285995 Curvature monitoring of a telescope spherical mirror during its manufacture. BALDWIN G.E.1, ROMERO S.M.1, GONZALES F.A.1, CORDOVA D.N.2 1Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú/ 2Radio Observatorio de Jicamarca

A technique for curvature monitoring of optical surfaces during manufacturing is presented through the curvature monitoring of a 65mm diameter and a nominal 1500mm curvature radius concave mirror while manufacturing at Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP) precision optical shop. It is shown the curvature radius changes during the grinding process with 25μm, 15μm and 5μm abrasives, doing periodical measurements of sagitte with a Loh® mechanical spherometer. Registers were performed every 10 minutes of processing. Actual parameter was changed in an alternative way: the stroke size relative to mirror size, the kind of stroke centering relative to grinding machine, and the relative position of the glass tool relative to mirror under manufacturing. It is also presented the mirror curvature monitoring during polishing with Zircon oxide while using a pitch tool. Surface quality during polishing was performed using Ronchi test. This mirror is planned to become the main mirror of a small Newtonian telescope. Main characteristics of telescope optical design are also presented.

2286063 Testing a convergent optics system off-axis using a Ronchi rule on a nodal bench GRANADOS-AGUSTIN F.S.1, ESCOBAR-ROMERO J.F.M.1, PERCINO-ZACARIAS M.E.1, CAMPOS-GARCIA M.2 1Instituto nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica/2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnologico - Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

We propose to use a Ronchi rule on a nodal bench to test a convergent optics system. the ronchi rule has a medium frequency between 200 and 500 lines/inches. the nodal bench can measure focals lengths on-axis and off-axis of any optics system, which is its main property and we can use this to measure the aberrations of an optics system under test off-axis. the optics system under test is illuminated with a plane wavefront, when the wavefront pass through it, is focused to focal length of optics system. the ronchi rule is placed in the exit pupil of optics system under test, which it generates an interferogram with the information of aberrations of optics system under test. in this interferogram we can observe interference thin fringes due to frequency of ronchi rule. the ronchi rule simulates a reflections multiples interferometer, besides, the interferogram is captured by a ccd, which is placed to focal length of optics system under test. we show some preliminary results of this test and a teorical explantion to interference thin fringes.

2286187 High topographical accuracy by optical noise reduction in digital holographic microscopy. LEÓN M., RODRÍGUEZ-VERA R., RAYAS J.A., CALIXTO S. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

In this work we present the numerical simulations and experimental results to reduce the optical noise by means of different reconstruction algorithms of the reconstructed complex field of a phase object in digital holographic microscopy. This is based on the angular spectrum method and the convolution approach as a reconstruction algorithm employing an in-line experimental setup. The reconstruction technique eliminates automatically the zero order and the twin images from the digital hologram applying phase-shifting technique. As phase sample test we used a micro-thin film step surface made at home of 64.5 nm high of SiO2 on a glass substrate of 1 mm thickness, our system was calibrated and traceable to an atomic force microscope (AFM).

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2286216 Design and construction of the automated scatterometer for particle sizing. PÉREZ-MORET Y.1, MARTÍNEZ J.A.1, HERNÁNDEZ M.P.1, ABAD J.O.1, SIS R.1, LO GIOUDICE E.1, YEE-MADEIRA H.2, DÍAZ-GÓNGORA J.A.3 1Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (IMRE), Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba, 10400.Phone: 537-8707666/ 2Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas-IPN, UP 'ALM', Colonia Lindavista 07738, México/ 3Centro de Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología de Avanzada (CICATA), IPN. Legaria 694. Colonia Irrigación México, D.F. 11500, México

Design of a scatterometer is described for applications of Mie theory. The instrument comprises a goniometer, a lock-in amplifier, a laser, and a photomultiplier tube (PMT). An embedded control programmable hardware and Windows-based Virtual Instruments simplify the design of automation of the scatterometer. The software has been modularly designed to provide independent control of the stepper motor for the motion of goniometer arm, running and on-line displaying of angular scans, auto storage of the angular scan data. The obtained benefits include facilitation of advanced data-collection techniques and collection of higher quality data. Quasi-monodisperse particle of the latex have been characterized with this set up. The measured size particles are close to the reported nominal values. This result indicated that the experimental setup warrants adequate quality measurement, which allows a reasonable solution to inverse problem

OIS Optical Interaction Science

2283999 Gauss-Legendre quadrature method used to evaluate the electric field envelope of ultrashort pulses in the focal region of lenses GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ L, ROSETE-AGUILAR M, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCADET

We evaluate the electric field of a pulse at the focal region of a lens by using the scalar diffraction theory. The diffraction integral is solved by expanding the wave number around the carrier frequency of the pulse in a Taylor series up to third order for pulses shorter than 20fs @800nm. This allows the separation of the effects that produce the spatio-temporal spreading of the pulse: group velocity dispersion, the propagation time difference, due to radius dependent delay between the pulse front and the phase front, and the aberrations of the lens. By using this approach we have an insight into the problem that we do not have if the complete diffraction integral is solved numerically. A practical problem with the third order expansion is that the diffraction integral over the pulse frequencies cannot be solved analytically, increasing the computational time considerably. A recursive method for solving this diffraction integral was proposed by Rosete-Aguilar, M. et.al., [1] which was verified numerically in the propagation of pulses through a piece of glass. However, numerical errors in the method for pulses shorter than 15fs propagating distances longer than 10mm through a high dispersive material limited its use in the propagation of short pulses through lenses. In this paper we present the use of the Gauss-Legendre quadrature method for solving the diffraction integral. We show that the errors in the method are negligible by taking 96 nodes and that the computational time is reduced by 95% compared to the integration method by rectangles. Finally, we present results for pulses at the focal region of thick achromatic doublets and show the spatio-temporal intensity of the pulse as a function of the focal position of the detector. [1] Rosete-Aguilar, M et.al, Appl. Opt., 49, 2010.

2284104 Spectral-phase-influence-matrix to shape femtosecond pulses CASTRO-OLVERA G.1, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R.1, GARCÍA-ROCHA M.2, GARDUÑO- MEJÍA J.1 1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México /2Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional

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In the present work, we analyse the use of a micro-machined deformable membrane mirror (MMDM) to shape femtosecond pulses. With a MMDM is possible to change the Pulse Intensity by Spectral Phase modulation. Typically, in combination with a pulse characterization method and an evolutionary algorithm, in a closed loop setup, is possible to achieve a desired Spectral Phase design in a couple of minutes; on the other hand a single step procedure and direct transformation would be desirable. In this work we present the Spectral-Phase-Influence-Matrix constructed by an inversion method and a femtosecond pulse characterization based on a Spectral Interferometry and Frequency Resolved Optical Gating (FROG) technique. Spectral-Phase-Influence-Matrix represents a novel and direct method to estimates the actuator voltage settings for a given Spectral Phase design in a single step. Numerical and experimental results are presented.

2284635 Entanglement and optimized interferometric phase measurement HE Q, REID M.D., DRUMMOND P.D. Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology

We derive a novel phase-entanglement criterion for two bosonic modes which is immue to total occupation number fluctuations. This also provides an operational definition of relative phase measurements, via analysis of phase measurement in interferometry. We show that the new entanglement measure is directly proportional to the enhanced phase-measurement sensitivity in an entangled state. As an example, we calculate the phase- entanglement of the ground state of a two-well, coupled BEC, in an ensemble of different total numbers.

2284773 Surface plasmon polaritons and nano-particles arrays SEGOVIA OLVERA P1, COELLO CÁRDENAS V.M.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/ 2CICESE, Unidad Monterrey

SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS AND NANO-PARTICLES ARRAYS P. Segovia1 and V. Coello2 1Posgrado en Ingeniería Física Industrial, FCFM-UANL, Cd.Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., CP.66450. 2CICESE, Unidad Monterrey, Km. 9.5 Nueva carretera al Aeropuerto, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PIIT), Apodaca, Nuevo León, C.P. 66629. Current experimental and theoretical investigations of Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) phenomena are indented to be the basis for miniaturization of photonics circuits with length scales much smaller than currently achievable, inter-chip and intra-chip applications in computer systems, and bio/sensors-systems [1]. In this work, experiments and numerical developments conducted to the understanding of this area are outlined. We focus our attention in the interaction of SPP‘s with arrays of nanoparticles. Based on such nano-arrays, numerical and experimental results of different SPP scattering orders near and far field are showed along with the numerical operation of simple SPP devices. Furthermore, non-linear microscopy, with a tightly focused laser beam scanning over a sample surface with different densities of nano-particles is analysed. In general, the stability with respect to geometrical parameters and dispersion were the main features investigated in all the presented SPP phenomena. [1] Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics; Eds, Brongersma Mark L.; Kik, Pieter G.; Series in Optical Sciences; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, GR, 2007; Vol. 131, p 271.

2284888 FEMTO-, PICO-, and NANO-SECOND refractive nonlinearities exhibited by Au nanoparticles TORRES-TORRES C.1, TAMAYO-RIVERA L.2, RANGEL-ROJO R.3, REYES-ESQUEDA J.A.2, CHEANG-WONG J.C.2, RODRÍGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ L.2, CRESPO-SOSA A.2, OLIVER A.2 1Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F. 07738, México/ 2Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D. F. 04510, México/ 3Departamento de Óptica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de

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Educación Superior de Ensenada, Apartado Postal 2732, Ensenada, BC 22860, México

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have proven to be powerful tools in various ultrafast photonic, plasmonic and nanomedical applications. Numerous advances in the use of AuNPs include research on their interesting and remarkably fast optical nonlinearities influenced by Surface Plasmon Resonance excitations. Within this work, we report theoretical and experimental results for the physical mechanisms that originate the nonlinear response for different temporal regimes for a high-purity silica matrix containing Au nanoparticles. The nanocomposites were prepared by ion implantation. We used the time-resolved optical Kerr gate technique with 80 fs pulses at 830 nm, and a vectorial self-diffraction technique with 26 ps and with 7 ns at 532 nm in order to investigate the magnitude and response time of the resulting third order nonlinearity. In all cases we were able to measure and identify an electronic polarization responsible for the nonlinear refraction. For the pico- and nano-second near resonance irradiations, a contribution of a thermal effect could be stimulated and then the optical Kerr response enhanced. The resulting measurements showed the presence of saturable absorption for the pico- and nano-second experiments. We observe that our samples behave like waveguides in the near infrared spectrum and we estimate that they posses potential applications for all-optical switching devices.

2284951 Thermocavitation as a tool for stratum corneum permeation PADILLA-MARTINEZ J.P.1, RAMIREZ-SAN-JUAN J.C.1, RAMOS-GARCIA R.1, FENG SUN 2, AGUILAR G.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/ 2University of California Riverside

Percutaneous drug delivery (PDD) is a promising alternative to conventional routes of drug delivery, e.g. oral and injectable. However, due to the barrier function and lipophillic nature of the stratum corneum (SC), only small molecular weight (M.W) ~500 Daltons and lipophillic molecules can be efficiently delivered by unassisted passive PDD. Although for some highly lipophillic drugs the principal barrier to permeation may reside in the essentially aqueous viable epidermal membrane, for most molecules, the SC is the rate- limiting barrier to delivery. Thus, extensive research has been conducted in past decades to develop various methods for PDD enhancement by increasing the effective permeability of the SC (e.g. iontophoresis, electroporation, micro-needle, ultrasound, radio frequency and laser radiation). However, these methods always involve costly and complicated instrumentation, which compromises the advantages of PDD. In this work we explore a mechanism called thermocavitation, which consists on the generation of multiple vapor bubbles induced by focusing a CW laser beam into a high absorbing solution applied topically on the skin and agar gel samples. This study aims to demonstrate whether the thermocavitation phenomenon is feasible to be used to produce controlled damage of the SC for PDD. For this purpose we use ex vivo porcine skin models. Using a high speed camera we observe and characterize the bubble formation and growth and superficial SC damage as a function of laser power. Then, using fluorescent microscopy, penetration depth analysis, and histological characterization, we determine the penetration depth and rate of various drug surrogates, including incompatible hydrophilic and large M.W. drugs.

2285050 Gaussian beam propagating in a nonlinear medium using paraxial approximation BARRANCO J.D., MARTI E.J.A. BUAP/FCFM

In semi-classical theory framework we analyzed the interaction of a Gaussian beam into a nonlinear medium, as happen in a simple scheme of the Z-Scan technique. We used the Helmholtz equation, beam propagation at paraxial approximating and the optical parameters, refraction index n and absorption coefficient α, like nonlinear functions of the intensity, i.e. n(I) and α(I). The model was development as a hyperbolic nonlinear partial differential equation of first order in the beam propagation axis and second order in the transverse

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plane, to achieve a characterization of how to evolve n(I) and α(I) into nonlinear sample. The numerical solution implements the method of lines using finite differences in 3D (x, y, I), this numerical approximation employed a Gaussian beam A(r) into to sample front side, A(r) evolves between meshes using a region of the previous mesh to generate the new point. The stability and convergence criterions are satisfied using a step size relationship between of x, y and z. In the far field we calculated the Huygens-Fresnel integral for to know the beam intensity on the detector plane. We obtain refraction and absorption graphs for comparing the numeric nonlinear medium with experimental results obtained within the framework of the Z-scan technique, the free parameters are the nonlinear refraction index and absorption coefficient.

2285172 Synergistic effect of sensitizers on the upconversion of ZRO2 : ER3+, YB3+ NANOCRYSTALS URBINA A.1, DE LA ROSA E.1, LÓPEZ T.1, SALAS P.2, TORRES A.3, ANGELES C.4 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C./ 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ 3Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León/4Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo

In this work, it is presented the synthesis of ZrO2:Yb3+, Er3+ nanocrystal by precipitation method with a hydrothermal process and annealing at 1000 °C. All the samples were prepared with 2% mol of Yb3+ and 1% mol of Er3+ and sensitized with different concentration of Gd3+ and S2+. The ceramic powders were characterized with different techniques to determine their chemical composition, crystalline structure, crystalline size, morphology and upconversion emission. All samples present the tetragonal crystalline phase with crystallite size lower than 70 nm with cubic shape. Experimental results suggest the presence of SO4 on the surface of nanocrystals reducing the OHs and then improving the signal emitted. The nanocrystals presented strong upconversion emission enhanced by the presence of both sensitizer, Gd3+ and S2+. A synergistic effect was observed with the combination of both sensitizers, improving the upconverted Visible and UV emission. The visible emission is dominated by the red band centered at 654nm and controlling the dopant composition and sensitizer it is possible to control the red/green intensity ratio. The UV emission is centered at 245nm and is strongly enhanced as the result of energy transfer between Gd3+ with Er3+. The synergistic effect produce an increase on the upconverted signal higher than 160% compared to samples with just one sensitizer.

2285183 Two prisms transmission enhanced by whispering gallery modes: absorption effects NÁPOLES-DUARTE J. M., GASPAR-ARMENTA J. A., GARCÍA-LLAMAS R. Universidad de Sonora

Resonant cavities based on Whispering gallery modes have high quality factor, Q. This property is highly desirable for the design of a variety of devices. The quality factor is larger for larger systems, but, unfortunately, at the same time the density of modes increases, and not as regularly spaced frequencies, because modes of different kind superpose. For a dielectric cylinder, the modes are characterized by their azimuthal and radial behavior. The complex frequencies corresponding to the modes, have a strong dependence on the radial order, having differences of several orders of magnitude. We use the finite difference time domain method, to study the transmission of light by the parallel faces of two prisms with a dielectric cylinder between them. The system acts as a filter with sharp peaks for modes of high Q, usually the lowest radial order.The coupling to the modes can be controlled by changing the distance of separation between the prisms or the angle of incidence. For large coupling, the full width at half maximum of the transmission peaks increases, being more noticeable for the high Q modes.

2285191 Amplitude and frequency properties of a four-phonon bragg anomalous light scattering in a uniaxial crystal with spatial optical dispersion SHCHERBAKOV A.S.1, SANCHEZ PEREZ K.J1, NEMOV S.A2 1INAOE/ 2State Polytechnic University

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A new type of a multi-phonon Bragg light scattering in optically anisotropic medium is identified and studied theoretically and experimentally. Under certain conditions ellipse-like cross-sections of the wave-vector surfaces in a uniaxial crystal admit existing various strings of the allowed anomalous light scattering processes, while the corresponding normal processes of scattering are relatively forbidden and suppressed. Together with this, presence of a finite divergence inherent in the coherent acoustic beam allows only a limited number of transitions for each particular string accompanied by changing the polarization state within each individual photon transition. The analytical model for characterizing the properties of a four-phonon light scattering includes two contributions from the phase mismatches. The first one is related to the fixed parts of the above-noted divergence, which provides the amplitude parameters of scattering. The second contribution is variable in behavior, so that it determines the frequency properties. The analysis of a quintet of the coupled equations for amplitudes of strongly interacting optical waves gives an opportunity obtaining almost 100%-efficiency for light scattering in the fourth order. Then, a four-phonon Bragg anomalous light scattering had been observed in a tellurium dioxide crystal, which provides the needed relations between allowed and forbidden transitions due to exhibiting spatial optical dispersion in the form of optical activity. Blue (440 nm) and violet (405 nm) light beams of ~10 mW in power were used to assure just Bragg regime of light scattering in all the orders.

2285201 Nonlinear optical response of silver nanoparticles and silicon quantum dots TAMAYO-RIVERA L, FERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ R.C., BORNACELLI J., RODRÍGUEZ- FERNÁNDEZ L., REYES-ESQUEDA J.A., OLIVER A. Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Nonlinear optical response of silver nanoparticles and silicon quantum dots L. Tamayo-Rivera, R.C. Fernández-Hernández, J. Bornacelli, L. Rodríguez-Fernández, J.A. Reyes-Esqueda, A. Oliver. Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510 Nanostructured materials containing embedded metallic nanoparticles have become very important for nanophotonic applications. These nanoparticles may work as nanoantennas at optical wavelengths, confining and emitting the incident electric field. They have also been used to enhance the Raman signal in surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy, and the photoluminescence of silicon quantum dots in a SiO2 matrix. However, it is also very interesting to observe the effect they may have on the nonlinear response of another nanosystem. Therefore, we present a nonlinear optical study using standard Z-scan technique at the picosecond regime, in a nanostructured material containing both quasi-spherical silver nanoparticles and silicon quantum dots, and comparing its response to that from a similar system with only silicon quantum dots. The study was done using different wavelengths, 355 nm and 532 nm, which are localized at both sides of the surface plasmon resonance of the Ag nanoparticles, and 1064 nm localized well far away of it. We have observed in general a larger nonlinear optical response from the sample containing silver nanoparticles. On the other hand, the combined system shows a positive nonlinear refraction for wavelengths below the plasmon resonance (355 nm), changing to a negative value for wavelengths above resonance (532 and 1064 nm). Finally, we have also observed saturation of the nonlinear refraction index as a function of the incident irradiance for the combined system and for all the wavelengths.

2285249 Novel properties of soliton-plasmon interactions CEBALLOS-HERRERA D.E.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.1, ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, MAY- ARRIOJA D.2, FERRANDO A.3, MILIÁN C.4 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/ 2Universidad de Tamaulipas/ 3Universidad de Valencia/ 4Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

We present the numerical modeling of the interaction between a spatial soliton and a surface plasmon under leak and strong coupling in the following two cases: at metal/dielectric/Kerr structures and Metal/Kerr structures in 1D. Here, we solved the vectorial and nonlinear wave equation using a novel iterative method based in self-autoconsistency, and we found two kinds of nonlinear stationary solutions in both studied structures called odd and even modes. The propagation of the stationary solutions is performed for these

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systems and quantitatively it shows that odd modes are more stable than even modes when the spatial soliton and surface plasmon are strongly coupled. Also, we analyzed the influence of the dielectric layer between the metal and the Kerr media in order to obtain a mayor stability of the nonlinear solutions, and we discuss their implication and feasibility for applications in photonic nanodevices. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the numeric method used to obtain the stationary solutions are discussed. The results obtained in this work are reproducible and contributes with new information for the development of power- tunable photonic nanocircuits based in plasmonic waveguides.

2285724 Assigning an effective refractive index for diffuse light in turbid colloids CONTRERAS-TELLO H., GARCÍA-VALENZUELA A. CCADET-UNAM

Abstract. When diffuse light, travelling in a turbid colloid, is reflected and transmitted at a flat interface where there is a refractive index mismatch, it is not clear whether one should assume the incident diffuse-light is travelling in a medium with a refractive index equal to that of the background medium (usually referred to as the matrix) or if one should assume it travels in an effective medium. Most authors simply avoid this issue and most often use the refractive index of the matrix. While this might be a good approximation for dilute turbid media one may suspect that for highly scattering materials it may not be the case. We study experimentally the refraction of the diffuse light transmitted from medium with highly scattering particles to a transparent one. Our experimental results provide clear evidence that diffuse light inside the turbid colloid travels in an effective medium and not in the matrix. We also develop and analyze a theoretical model that describes our own experimental results. The assumption of an effective refractive index that characterizes the turbid medium is consistent with our experimental results.

2285742 A particle-like model for soliton propagation in optical lattices RUELAS A., LÓPEZ-AGUAYO S., GUTIÉRREZ-VEGA J.C. Tecnológico de Monterrey

We present a simplified model for describing the propagation of optical solitons through optical lattices. Pair of second order differential equations for the transverse coordinates of the intensity centroid of the soliton are deduced from the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. As an advantage over the quasiparticle approach we avoid the need of integrating algebraically the soliton intensity profile over the lattice. This allows modeling soliton motion even for non-symmetric lattice potentials, as that presented by an outer ring of a modulated Bessel lattice. We discuss in detail the range of applicability of our model and use it to predict the soliton motion in optical lattices generated by plane-waves, Bessel beams, and others.

2285814 Investigations of upconversion in rare-earth doped optical fibers MEJIA E.B.1, TALAVERA D.V.2, DE LA CRUZ-MAY L.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2Universidad Politécnica de Guanajuato/ 3Universidad Autónoma del Carmen

We present a review of our results obtained during the last decade together with new ones concerning upconversion investigations of rare-earth doped optical fibers. Such results include the spectroscopic studies of rare earths under single and multi-line pumping schemes, the demonstration of visible and infrared fiber lasers, optical amplification in visible, and optical-fiber polarization-independent ―light controlling light‖ attenuators. Concerning new results, we report measurements and discuss phenomenological behavior related to side- and end-light fluorescence of normal and upconversion emissions along a Tm-doped optical fiber when combining up to three pumping lines, 1064, 1120 and 725 nm. For example, 1064 nm alone produces good UV emission along 4 m of 4500 ppm/wt fiber and 725 nm co-pumping does not make any difference. Pump at 1120 nm favors stronger emission for shorter lengths (around 1 m) whereas the mixture with 1064

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gives an intermediate behavior concerning fiber length. Co-pumping with 725 nm only improves the emission when mixed with 1120 nm and shortens still more the length down to tens of centimeters. Then, very short UV-cavities for fiber lasers are possible under this scheme. All schemes, 1064-nm alone with associated long cavities, 1064-1120 nm mixture (intermediate length) and 1120-725 nm mixture (short cavities) are suggested to be compared under oscillating conditions because the competing photo darkening and photo curing effects are different under different pumping schemes and their magnitude as well as gain depends on fiber length. In general, our results allow us to conclude that long fibers favor IR emission and short ones to the visible-UV emission. We all acknowledge support from CONACYT-México.

2285850 Spin self-rephasing and long coherence times in trapped atomic gases F. Ramírez-Martínez1, C. Deutsch3, C. Lacroute2, F. Reinhard3, T. Schneider3, J. N. Fuchs4, F. Piéchon4, F. Laloe3, G. Kleine Buning5, J. Will5, W. Ertmer5, E. Rasel5, J. Arlt6, C. Klempt5, J. Reichel3 and P. Rosenbusch2. 1Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria. Delg. Coyoacán. C.P. 04510, México D.F., México./ 2LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, UPMC, CNRS, 61 av de l‘Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France./ 3Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, UPMC, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France. / 4Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Univ. Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France./5Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany./6QUANTOP, Danish National Research Foundation Center for Quantum Optics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C,

We report on giant coherence times measured in a trapped atom clock based on the atom chip technology [C.Lacroute et al.,IEEE TUFFC,57,106-110,(2010)]. Magnetically trapped 87Rb atoms are cooled to 0.2microK, slightly above the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation. The trapped states |F, mF>=|1,-1> and |2,1> define our two-photon clock transition. The predicted dephasing time is around 1.5s [P.Rosenbusch,APB,95,227-235,(2009)] and previous experimental works have measured dephasing times of up to 2.8s [D.M.Harber et al.,PRA,66,053616,(2002) and [P.Treutlein et al.,PRL,92,203005,(2004)]. We measure the dephasing/coherence time on the contrast of Ramsey fringes while varying the free precession time. The measured fringe contrast drops by 7% up to 5s, equivalent to a 50+/-12s 1/e-time. This is more than 30 times longer than predicted and at least 16 times longer than previous results, constituting a record in neutral atom experiments. The long coherence time allows us to record Ramsey fringes of 100mHz FWHM with good contrast, giving a quality factor of almost 10^11. The identical spin rotation effect, known to be at the origin of spin waves [F. Piechon et al.,PRL,102,215301,(2009)], produces a synchronisation of the atom phases leading to the observed long coherence times [C.Deutsch et al.,PRL,105,020401,(2010)]. The generality of the effect is shown in a separate apparatus. A cold cloud of 87Rb atoms confined in a 1064nm optical dipole trap is subjected to Ramsey interrogation on the |1,0>->|2,0> transition, leading to the observation of a 21s coherence time. These results are relevant to the development of ultrastable optical clocks with neutral atoms [H. Katori et al. PRL,91,173005(2003)], which are candidates for many applications such as improved satellite navigation systems, better tracking of deep space probes, sensitive tests of general relativity, measurements of fundamental physical constants, and could even lead to a redefinition of the SI unit of time, the second.

2285944 Properties of the near field interactions produced by spherical nanoparticles AGUILAR J.F.1, SOLER D.2, GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ H.G.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/ 2Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Puebla

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In the aim of understanding the nature of the propagation of the electromagnetic field in the near region of an interface, we study the interactions between an evanescent field and a sample of nanoparticles. This is made by using a Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope (PSTM), with atomic force distance control [1]. We also analyze the multiple interactions produced by the reflection and scattering of the evanescent field by the nanoparticles. The statistical distributions of the detected intensities are analyzed and it was found that the width of such distributions grows as a linear function of the sample-probe distance. The discussion about the possible reason is presented and concludes with some applications of our results. [1] Edwards, H., Taylor, L., Duncan, W., J. Appl. Phys. 82,3 (1997).

2286005 Analysis of the modal structure in silica nanowires LUIS-RAMOS A1, GÓMEZ-PAVÓN L.C.1, FÉLIX-BELTRÁN O1, CESSA-GIL H. N. 1, MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E1, PARADA-ALFONSO R2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ 2Instituto Politécnico Nacional

The silica nanowires technology have attracted great attention since it offers a number of unique optical and mechanical properties such as: large evanescent fields, high nonlinearity, extreme flexibility and configurability as well as low interconnection losses compared with other optical fibers. Applications of these nanowires impact in a variety of fields such as: photonic devices, optical sensors and nonlinear optics. Nowadays, it is possible to fabricate silica nanowires with radii from tens to hundreds of nanometers from standard optical fibers by several methods. However, although the modal structure, the propagation and confinement of conventional optical fibers have been widely studied theoretically, there are a few theoretical studies that analyze the optical field propagation in silica nanowires. In this work, the modal structure of silica nanowires with the help of a symbolic computer package is analyzed. The dispersion curves for electromagnetic modes are presented and discussed.

2286042 Collision of two spatial solitons in a Kerr media RAMÍREZ MARTÍNEZ D.1, MÉNDEZ OTERO M.M.1, ITURBE CASTILLO M.D.2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

Spatial solitons are optical beams that propagate without diffraction in nonlinear media creating your own waveguide. That means it is possible to utilize spatial solitons as optical channels for probe beams when it propagates in an intensity-dependent refractive-index medium. It is well known that the generation of solitons inside a material with Kerr nonlinearity is described with the nonlinear Schroedinger equation. There is considerable interest in spatial solitons and their interaction to provide a way for switching and guiding beams in nonlinear materials. Energy- exchange of a probe beam in the coherent collision between two solitons has been demonstrated numerically. The analysis shows that the results are independent of the initial position of probe beam in a symmetric configuration. However, in this work we realize a numerical study of the collision of bright solitons considering an asymmetric configuration. In this case, we show that the results are dependent on the initial position of probe beam and that is possible to control the amount of light, confined in each guide generated by the solitons, changing the collision angle and the separation between the solitons. Thus we can say that it is possible numerically emulate optical switches using different configurations in the collision of spatial solitons.

2286089 Optical system for manipulate mesoscopic objects on flow MELO C.A., SOLARTE E. Grupo de Óptica Cuántica, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Valle, Cali-Colombia

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With a DPSSL laser, Nd:Yag of λ = 532nm and power of 50 mW, was built a system of Optical tweezers for manipulate mesoscopics objects on flow. The system was proved for manipulating dielectric polystirene beads of 1.09μm diameter. Was proposed a method of indirect measurement using image sequences, from videos of 29 fps, and was determined the stiffness of trap k = 0.041 pN/μm and a maximal strength of 48.9×10−3 pN.

2286094 Interferometric strain sensor with carbon nanotubes REYES E.F.1, BASILIO. C.M.1, BONILLA S.M.2, GUTIÉRREZ H.M.1, TORRES C.T.1, GÓMEZ L.H.1, CALDERÓN G.U.1 1Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional / 2Centro de NanoCiencia y MicroNanotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional

In this research it is presented a study on the application of an interferometric laser technique working with carbon nanotubes for detection of mechanical perturbations. The experiment includes the use of a cyan laser system with 10mW at 488nm wavelength as the optical source. It is stated in this work that the sensibility of the interferometric system can be helpful for determining with a high accuracy the modification of the location of a biological medium under sharp ablation conditions. The results reported in this research have potential applications about the light intensity that can be tolerated by human tissues. Some beneficial consequences in medicine, mechanical industry and optical instrumentation can be obtained from the ultrafast optical feedback that can be related with the interferometric measurements for controlling high intensity laser signals.

2286140 Luminescent properties of Y2O3:EU3+,TB3+ SOL-GEL derived thin films MORALES RAMÍREZ A. DE J. 1, GARCÍA MURILLO A.1, CARRILLO ROMO F.DEJ. 1, DE LA ROSA E.2, ARENAS REYES A.M.1 1Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica CIITEC-IPN / 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica

Eu3+ doped Y2O3 films are being extensively studied mainly for their potential luminescent properties in several technological applications, like CCD cameras, plasma TV, LCD displays, etc. However, the materials developed must accomplish several requirements, like to be in thin films configuration, with high chemical and physical homogeneity, crack free, and transparent. The sol-gel method has demonstrated that could fulfill these criteria. However, there is an additional and important property: the red emission of the well known 5D0→7F2 Eu3+ transition (at 611 nm) has to be increased. A possible alternative is to codope the material with Tb3+, which has demonstrated its capacity to act as Eu sensitizer, increasing the light yield. In the present work, sol-gel method and dip-coating technique were used to prepare transparent and good quality Y2O3:Eu3+, Tb3+ thin films. The synthesis solutions and experimental procedure are described. XRD measurements were carried in order to determine the cubic structure of the films. By carrying out SEM analysis it was observed that the prepared films are crack-free. Luminescence properties were evaluated under UV radiation, as function of annealing temperature (500 to 900°C).

2286161 Radiation forces on au nanoparticles considering infrared beams TORRES-TURIJÁN J.1, ORTEGA-MENDOZA J.G.2, ZACA-MORÁN P.3, CHÁVEZ F.3, RAMIREZ-SAN-JUAN J.C.4, R. RAMOS-GARCIA R.4, ZAPATA-NAVA O.J.4, FELIPE C.5, GRAJALES COUTIÑO R.6 1 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de electrónica /2 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Física Aplicada/3 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Fisicoquímica de materiales, ICUAP/ 4Instituto Nacional de

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Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Departamento de Óptica./5Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, CIIEMAD-IPN/6Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Escuela de Ciencias

The radiation pressure forces for Au nanoparticles in the Rayleigh regime under the influence of a coherent source of infrared light from 700-1500 nm of a Gaussian beam with fundamental mode corresponding to the TEM00 mode are studied. An intensity distribution of the source in terms of the spot size and power are considered to analyze the gradient, scattering and absorption forces on a sphere located arbitrarily on a Gaussian beam. The Results of studies shows that the gradient force is higher than both scattering and absorption forces in regions of the spectrum where the absorption coefficient takes a minimum value.

2286185 Synthesis and luminescence properties of mesoporous ytterbium-erbium co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles VERA I.L.1, LÓPEZ-LUKE T.1, DE LA ROSA E.1, VILCHIS A.R.2, ANGELES-CHAVEZ C.3, SALAS P.4 1Centro de Investigaciones de Óptica A.C/ 2Universidad del Estado de México/ 3Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo/ 4Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada

Mesoporous luminescent ytterbium-erbium co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2:Yb-Er) were synthesized by a sol-gel method at 500oC. The mesoporosity and strong luminescence intensity were found with optimums concentrations of water, absolute ethanol, Pluronic F127, time of the reaction and annealing temperature. The concentrations of the variables were found by a Plackett-Burman experimental design. TEM images showed that the obtained nanoparticles have a pore size diameter between 6-11 nm and specific surface area of 100-157 m2/g. The fluorescence obtained by mesoporous TiO2:Yb-Er nanoparticles after excitation at 970 nm shows two visible emission bands, green and red, as the result of the upconversion process. Such bands are assigned to the relaxation from 2H11/2 + 4S3/2 to 4I15/2 and 4F9/2 to 4I 15/2 transitions of the Er ion, and are the result of the absorption of two photons either from the pumping or from the energy transfer between neighboring ions. The green or red light emitted is controlled by the amount of water used in the synthesis process and at the same time the mesoporosity and the light intensity is controlled with optimums ethanol and surfactant concentrations. The emission along with the mesoporosity of the nanoparticles seems to be excellent for medical application in cancer detection and drug delivery. These nanoparticles may also be used in some other areas of application like solar cells and photocatalyst.

OE Optical Engineering

2283828 Comparison of BOS and fringe deflection in temperature measurement BLANCO A., BARRIENTOS B., MARES C. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica.

We report the results of a comparison analysis of the accuracy of two optical techniques based on ray deflection, the background-oriented Schlieren (BOS) and fringe deflection (FD). In both techniques, a camera registers images of a spatial pattern displayed on a screen: for BOS, spots randomly located; for FD, straight fringes. Two images corresponding to two different states of a phase object are then compared: with and without the object. After introducing the object, the corresponding spatial structures undergo displacements which are proportional to the change of index of refraction. The displacements are calculated by digital correlation in BOS, and by phase retrieval in FD. Therefore, by both techniques displacement maps of numerically- simulated phase objects are obtained. Preliminary results show that both the accuracy and the calculation simplicity of FD are better than those observed for BOS.

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2283830 Measurement of transient deformation by color encoding MARES C., BARRIENTOS B., BLANCO A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

Measurements of transient 3D deformation in diffuse objects are done by color encoding. The object under test is illuminated by structured light produced by a projector. The illuminating light beam includes a fringe pattern with alternating strips of different colors: cyanide and white. The object is painted white. A color camera registers the object and by software the information carried on each color channel is separated. The roughness of the surface is preserved on the blue channel and serves as the signal for retrieving the in-plane component of displacement by digital correlation. And, in the red channel, binary black-and-white fringes appear and are used for the measurement of the out-of-plane component by phase calculation. The feasibility of the technique is shown by comparing measurements of rigid-body displacement of an aluminum plate obtained by the proposed technique and by a micrometer screw gage.

2284224 Unsupervised color image segmentation using a lattice algebra clustering technique URCID G.1, RITTER G.X.2 1INAOE./2University of Florida.

In this paper we introduce a lattice algebra clustering technique for segmenting digital images in red-green- blue color space. The proposed technique is a two step procedure. Given an input color image, the first step determines the finite set of its extreme pixel vectors within the color cube by means of the scaled min-W and max-M lattice auto-associative memory matrices, including the minimum and maximum vector bounds. In the second step, maximal rectangular boxes enclosing each extreme color pixel are found using the Chebychev distance between color pixels; afterwards, clustering is performed by assigning each image pixel to its corresponding maximal box. We remark that both steps of our proposed method are completely unsupervised or autonomous. Illustrative examples with public domain images are provided to demonstrate the color segmentation results. Additionally, a brief comparison with two other non-maximal variations of the same lattice algebra clustering technique are discussed

2284535 Experimental analysis of diffraction patterns produced by apertures with different shapes on aluminum and steel plates ZÁRATE E.A. RODRÍGUEZ A.C. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)-Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT)

The experimental analysis of the spectra of the diffraction patterns produced by different shape apertures on aluminum and steel plates with thickness between 5 and 10mm, have been studied. The experimental set up has a spatial filter illuminated with a He-Ne laser, an achromatic lens producing a collimated beam incident on the aperture. A doublet achromatic transforming lens is used for the spectra analysis observed. With such scheme the next conclusions can be derived. a) For apertures with circular shapes, the diffraction patterns are well defined at the Fraunhofer plane. b) For the case of slits and slit apertures with random edges, at the Fresnel plane more clear patterns can be observed, than those of case a).

2284818 Geometrical properties of micro-structures by Mirau interferometric objective microscope MARIBEL JUÁREZ HERNÁNDEZ M.J.1, RAMÓN RODRÍGUEZ-VERA R.R.2, JUAN ANTONIO RAYAS ÁLVAREZ J.A.2 1Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías Campus León/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

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Interference microscopy is a very effective, accessible, compact, and low cost technique for structure analyzing and studying at micrometric level; and even nanometric one. Such structures should be microelectronic or micromechanical systems (MEMS). Currently these systems are used in the telecommunications industry as optical sensors. During their working life they are constantly subjected to a series of physical and mechanical loads. These structures also are exposed at high temperatures and pressures during operation. In this study we used an interferometric method to observe the topography in microscopic sized materials. In this case, the test specimen is a CCD sensor (face plate). In this work a Mirau microscope interferometric objective, illuminated by a super –luminescent LED is used. This illumination source is able to eliminate spurious interference unlike laser light, allowing us to obtain interference patterns of high quality, making a good topographic reconstruction. Phase-stepping for digital fringe analysis was used for the reconstruction. From the geometrical characterization of these structures we can achieve a model of mechanical components to enable a potential failure detection method. As a result, it is possible to use this method as quality control in the manufacture of these elements.

2285292 Numerical analysis of absorption tomography for t-history calorimetry MORENO-ALVAREZ L., MENESES-FABIAN C., HERRERA J.N.1 RODRIGUEZ-ZURITA G. Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.

In this work, we will carry out a numerical study that simulates an optical absorption tomography under parallel projection approximation in a sample disposed in a typical T-History calorimetric setup. In particular, this study is applied to a water sample contained in a test tube during a solidification process, considering the optimal conditions in which they reached minimum refraction within it (refractiveless limits). The aim of this study will obtain data that assist us in designing an experimental setup that uses this tomographic technique for subsequent application in the calorimetric study of translucent phase change materials.

2285614 Wendland radial basis functions applied as filters on computed tomography JUAN C. AGUILAR, AGUILAR J. FELIX, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

Wendland radial basis functions are applied as an alternative solution to the interpolation problem when the filtered back projection algorithm is used in computed tomography. Since we have a regular grid of data points and these functions are compactly supported, the interpolation can be made as a fast filtering process rather than solving a typical linear system of equations. This allows us to apply the Error Kernel method, which gives details of the approximation quality in the frequency domain, when we make interpolation with basic functions such as the B-splines. The Error Kernel provides us a direct comparison between Wendland functions and B-splines. The comparison shows that the Wendland functions can offer the same interpolation quality of the B-splines when the support is large, but with a small support the performance is poor. We see this behavior making tomographic reconstructions with different Wendland functions and also with different supports. A numerical experiment consisting of successive image rotations to an image was performed to verify the similarities between the Wendland functions and B-splines.

2285677 Discrete Wigner function applied to images of quasi-point sources in coherent-light ROMERO S.MEJIA1, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R.1, AGUILAR J.FELIX1, ORLANDO- GERRERO I.J.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica INAOE (México)/ 2Universidad de la Cañada (México)

We define a quasi point-source object as one that fulfills the condition of positivity. This condition has been verified experimentally in partially incoherent polychromatic light for a binary object that has dimensions on

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the order of the medium wavelength. The experiment was done with a conventional microscope. In this work, we show experimental results with coherent light and found that average detected images of a binary object with the same spatial dimensions, satisfy the condition mentioned above. We also show some results of numerical simulations that verify those obtained with the microscope. However, when the object is not a quasi-point source, we see that there are significant differences, among other things due to the speckle caused by the coherence of the illumination

2285811 Metrological analysis of the human foot: 3D multi-sensor examination MUÑOZ POTOSI A.1, MENESES FONSECA J.2, TÉLLEZ J.L.3 1 Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad Industrial de Santander/3Universidad del Cauca

In the podiatry field, many of the foot dysfunctions are mainly generated due to: Congenital malformations, accidents or misuse of footwear. For the treatment or prevention of foot disorders, the podiatrist diagnoses prosthesis or specific adapted footwear, according to the real dimension of foot. Therefore, it is necessary to acquire 3D information of foot with 360 degrees of observation. As alternative solution, it was developed and implemented an optical system of three-dimensional reconstruction based in the principle of laser triangulation. The system is constituted by lighting unit that construct and project a laser plane into the foot surface, Acquisition unit with 4 CCD cameras placed around de foot axis, Axial moving unit that displaces the lighting and acquisition units in the axial axis and processing and exploration unit. The exploration software allows the extraction of distances on the three-dimensional image, taking into account the topography of the foot.

2285845 Joint transform correlator for micro-displacement measurement using speckle patterns LUIS GABRIEL VALDIVIESO GONZÁLEZ L.V.1, JÁDER ENRIQUE GUERRERO BERMUDEZ J.G.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad Industrial de Santander

This work presents an alternative procedure for measuring displacements of tens micrometer (roughly 20 to 450 [ ]) based on the correlation between two speckle patterns by means of a digital bipolar joint transform correlator. Two objective speckle patterns are obtained –one before and one after the object has been moved- and are placed in the input plane of a digital nonlinear joint transform correlator. Nonlinear transformation of the joint power spectrum permits a sharper correlation peak and a high signal to noise ratio. The autocorrelation peak coordinates of the first pattern are set as a reference for measuring displacements of the cross-correlation peak, and also, the calibration of the measurement system is performed. Experimental results related with the different distances sample-sensor and different wavelengths of illumination are presented. Also quasi real-time implementation of the procedure is shown.

2285979 Performance of composite correlation filters in target recognition SANTIAGO E., GONZÁLEZ FRAGA J.A., ASCENCIO LÓPEZ J.I. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California

The correlation filters have become in an attractive tool for target recognition/detection in digital images. This interest in the correlation filters has been possible thanks to the advances in the processing capacity of the most advanced computer systems that enable the implementation of the correlation filters in real time systems. This work presents a performance evaluation of three correlation filters in target recognition, specifically in the face recognition problem. Simulations results show that K-Law nonlinear composite filters have the best performance in terms of recognition rate and, false acceptation rate. We observed that correlation filters work well even when the face images have rotation, scale, occlusion and illumination distortions.

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2285985 Displacement measurement using the Talbot effect and an adaptive photodetector GUÍZAR-ITURBIDE I.1, DE LA FRAGA L. G.2, RODRÍGUEZ-MONTERO P.1, MANSUROVA S.1 1INAOE/ 2CINVESTAV, Departamento de Computación

The Talbot effect has been extensively used for metrological applications. In many of these applications, the visibility of the Talbot patterns is the measurable variable. Usually the visibility is determined by recording the intensity distributions with a CCD camera and performing then a signal processing. Recently, the adaptive photodetectors based on the non-steady-state photo-electromotive force effect were used for measuring the visibility of the Talbot patterns in real time and without the need of using any signal processing technique. This adaptive photodetectors generate an electrical current which is proportional to the square of the visibility. Here we present a new method that combines both the adaptive photodetectors and the Talbot effect for determining displacements or shifts. Using a cosine grating with the period of 0.1 mm and an adaptive photodetector fabricated form a GaAs crystal, we demonstrated the capability to measure displacements up to 1.0 mm.

2286079 Directional and isotropical edge emphasis in optical tomography of phase objects ARELI MONTES-PEREZ MP, CRUZ MENESE-FABIAN MF, GUSTAVO RODRIGUEZ- ZURITA RZ Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Optical tomography (OT) is a computerized tomography technique to digitally obtain the spatial distribution of some physical properties of an object, which is done using the light that is transmitted and scattered as it travels through the object. When it is assumed that the wave travels through an object without deviating (minimum refraction), the ray that comes from the object is considered as a data series of the projection of a slice of the object, and this projection data are modeled, in a mathematical context using a Radon transform, in which each of the projections can be detected after it passes through the object, and is characterized by the projection angle that lies between 0 and 360 degrees. In phase object TO, the physical property that is used to study these objects is the refraction index. There are research techniques for phase objects, such as the interferometric technique, in order to obtain the phase and its reconstruction. This is known as interferometric tomography. In the tomography described above, it is necessary to use phase extraction techniques, and the slice function of the object is the only one obtained. In this paper, we present a method that is more direct than the one that is known, which is based on finding the Hilbert transform of the emerging field of the phase object. This Hilbert transform is done implementing a 4f optical correlator and a spatial step filter with a 180 degree phase. This is done both for the thin and thick phase objects. The desired direction of the edge emphasis can be selected for the rotation angle. We also discuss the mathematical model and present numerical and experimental results

2286219 Analog – digital segmentation using spectral images acquired by acousto-optical system. ISAZA C.A.1, MOSQUERA J.C.2, PALECHOR A.F.2 1Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 14 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia-Quindío, Colombia Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, CICATA Querétaro, Cerro / 2Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 14 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia-Quindío, Colombia

In this paper the experimental results of image segmentation study based on spectral images are present. The spectral images were acquired by an acousto-optical system that allows the acquisition of quasi- monochromatic images in a narrow range of wavelengths. The series of images acquired cover the entire visible spectrum and allow, from simple digital operations, the segmentation of an image. This segmentation is based on spectral components analysis of each object that is part of the eye lens of the camera. In particular,

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we show that this system is faster and uses less machine resources that the digital segmentation system and in most cases produces better quality results. We propose a technique to develop a hybrid analog – digital system, which allows target any particular shade of an image component.

2286222 A. holographic system for recording and restituting not only a 3D image of an object, but several sets of data. Application to multilingual holographic pocket dictionaries SEMLALI M.1, GROSMANN M.2, LARKIN A.3 1Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Maroc/ 2Groupe de Recherche en Photonique, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France/ 3Institut des Ingénieurs Physiciens, Moscou, Russie

Since the discovery of holography, new inventions based on its principles have appeared every year. New applications are created. Only some of them appear on the market. Since 1962 the principle of photographic recording of a hologram is described as follows: We need a laser beam which must be splitted into two beams (object beam O and reference beam R). After recording photographically the interference fringes produced by the superposition of the two beams, we can ―reconstruct‖ any of these two beams by shining the other one of them on the hologram. We can also use the two splitted laser beams to illuminate with each of them two object A and B. So, one of those two beams will be an object beam for the object A and will be a reference beam for B, and conversely. We did initially record Fourier holograms. That allowed us to record several holograms (up to 1000) on a holographic plate. The chosen objects were slides carrying words in French and their translation in Arabic. The recorded hologram represented the interference of pairs of beams, containing each one, one information (here word). After developing the hologram, by illuminating it by the beam carrying the word in French, we obtained, as reconstructed picture, the corresponding in Arabic word. Increasing the number of beams gives the possibility of increasing the number of words in the dictionary. It is also possible, on the same hologram to record (with different spatial or angular distributions of beams) several languages.

2286230 Development of high-speed phase-shifting device for shape measurement by light source stepping method OURA Y.1, FUJIGAKI M.2, MASAYA A.3, MORIMOTO Y.3 1Graduate School of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Japan/ 2Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Japan /3Moire Institute Inc., Osaka, Japan

Equipments for 3D shape measurement with compact size, low-cost and high-speed are required in wide industrial fields. We proposed a light source stepping method to realize the requirement. The method is one of the grating projection methods. Multiple LED light sources and a Ronchi grating are used as a grating projector. Phase-shifting is performed with switching the light source position. By using this method, the shape measurement equipments can be produced with low-cost, compact and high-speed because of no moving mechanisms or no expensive devices. Also, this method employs LED by way of light source. It is possible to shift the projected grating phase with high-speed. The grating can be projected without defocusing because of not focusing lenses in this projector. In this method, the emitting width on the point light source is necessary to be narrower than the pitch of the Ronchi grating. Brightness is also necessary to measure the shape. Therefore, in this study, we use a linear LED device and we develop a high-speed phase-shifting device for shape measurement by light source stepping method. The effectiveness of the device is evaluated with an experimental test of shape measurement.

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BMO Bio- medical optics

2284487 Validation of GA-MCML algorithm against IAD program MORALES-CRUZADO B.1, PRAHL S.A.2, DELGADO-ATENCIO J.A.1, VÁZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/ 2Oregon Medical Laser Center.

Determining optical properties of turbid media has been performed by many research groups using a technique based on iteratively solving the radiative transport equation using the adding doubling technique (IAD). We present a new, alternative method, GA-MCML, for determining optical properties based on a Monte Carlo technique for radiative transport (MCML) guided by a genetic algorithm. The Monte Carlo method is more flexible than the adding-doubling technique and can be adapted to a wider range of sample geometries. The genetic algorithm is a robust search technique that is well-adapted to avoiding the local minima in this optimization problem. GA-MCML has been implemented by modifying the MCML source code to account for two common experimental problems: light losses due to the finite sample size and nonlinear integrating sphere effects using Moffitt‘s equations. GA-MCML was validated by comparing with IAD method for data acquired at 632.8 nm on a set of phantoms using a single integrating sphere system. The GA- MCML results were equivalent to the IAD technique.

2284904 Development of prototyping techniques for microfluidic-based SPR sensors MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ J.I.1, SILLER-CARRILLO H.R.1, COELLO-CÁRDENAS V.M.2, RODRÍGUEZ GONZÁLEZ C.A. 1 1Tecnológico de Monterrey/ 2Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada

Public concerns on food and environmental quality have lead to an expanding interest to develop rapid, portable and cost effective analytical tools to be using to trace hazardous biomolecules. Among several methods, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensing has impacted academy and industry because it offers a label free and real time quantification of biomolecules. Recent developments in microfluidics have showed to play an important role in the performance and functionality associated with SPR sensors. The ability to handle small sample volumes using channels in the order of microliters and the potential to develop point-of-care applications (POC) heads toward SPR sensor miniaturization. However these advantages are traditionally related with the need of a clean room facility and/or a photolithographic or chemical processes. This work introduces novel techniques for the prototyping of a microfluidics platform for a portable SPR biosensor using xurography as an inexpensive rapid microfabrication technique. The proposed prototyping approach involves the integration of thin film deposition, glass-polymer adhesion and xurography to fulfill the fabrication requirements of a portable biosensor.

2285199 Optimal wavelength selection for non-contact reflection photoplethysmography CORRAL L.F., PAEZ G., STROJNIK M. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica

Monitoring of vital signs in patients is essential for all medical procedures intended to preserve human life; contact photoplethysmography (CPPG) has been used widely to fulfill these requirements accurately; a clear example is the pulse oximetry standard. Some critical conditions in patients like wounded or burned skin prevent the use of CPPG. Non-contact reflection photoplethysmography (NRPPG) seems to be the alternative in this cases; through current in-vivo NRPPG point and imaging techniques heart and respiratory rates have been obtained; meanwhile in-vitro techniques have been used to measure oxygen saturation in blood samples. In this work we obtain reflection signals from human forehead for wavelengths from 400 to 1000 nm. The results reveal bands with strong pulsatile signals that carry useful information from which we derive heart and respiratory rate parameters; we also describe the most suitable wavelengths in the visible and NIR regions for

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computing additional NRPPG analysis such as perfusion index and its variability. The latter results show the feasibility of a novel technique, which may include maps of tissue oxygenation, for remotely detection of vital signs in humans, a further step to real non-invasive remote monitoring of patients. As future work we must implement motion artifact and noise reduction algorithms in order to improve the accuracy of the present results.

2285260 Dual-beam laser doppler vibrometer for measurement of pulse wave velocity. CAMPO A.B., DIRCKX J.J.J. University of Antwerp

When a fluid flowing through an elastic vessel is subjected to a sudden change in pressure gradient, pressure pulses will propagate through the fluid. Velocity of these pulse waves (PWV) can be determined by simultaneous detection of wall distension on two discrete points on the vessel wall, along its trajectory. PWV depends on wall stiffness, and under certain circumstances wall stiffness can be calculated from the propagation velocity. In cardiovascular risk management, stiffness of large arteries has a very good predictive value for cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. This parameter can be estimated from arterial PWV. However, existing measurement methods to determine arterial PWV necessitate physical contact with the patient, and have little spatial resolution. Optical interferometry is non-contacting, and allows measurement of wall distension on discrete locations. The required measurement apparatus needs to be compact and easy to handle. We therefore developed a miniaturized dual-beam laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), to measure wall distension simultaneously at two locations. Our dual-beam LDV is based on a single laser source and a single set of acousto-optic modulators with as much as possible of the interferometer optics shared among the different beams. Consequently, the dual-beam LDV was used for simultaneous detection of wall distension of several elastic vessels of different stiffness. Additionally, wall distension of the carotid artery was measured simultaneously in 5 healthy volunteers, in order to determine arterial PWV. We found that PWV as measured in elastic vessels agrees well with theoretically expected values, and measurement precision is.

2285799 Time kinetic resazurin based assay for bacterial amount quantification. ARENAS Y., LILGE L. 1National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics/ 2University of Toronto, Medical Biophysics department

Bacterial concentration measurements are typically acquired by the Colony-forming assay. Such assay has being used to test food and human contamination by bacteria, as well as cell survival under different treatments. It is a very sensitive albeit time consuming method we propose to replace by a metabolic- colorimetric assay. Colorimetric assays are based on cellular metabolic byproducts which interact with dyes and certain reagents, modify their optical properties. Alamar Blue known as Resazurin is a reagents used for cell viability; since it is reduced into fluorescent Resorufin by cellular reductases. The fluorescent signal increases as function of time for a given bacterial sample, resulting in a linear regression allowing to calculate the slope. The kinetic Resazurin assay (KRA) relates the slope of a linear regression with the bacterial concentration of the sample at the time Resazurin was added. We developed a colorimetric assay from a single point fluorescence (used in cell lines) to a time kinetic Resazurin assay suitable for bacterial concentration measurements. The excitation and emission wavelengths for fluorescent acquisition where optimized in the presence of other fluorophores such as photosensitizers. An exponential relation of the KRA slope was demonstrated for bacterial concentrations ranging from 105 to 109 cfu/ml.

2286017 Porous silicon dual periodic structures for optical biosensing applications PÉREZ K. , ESTEVEZ J.O., MÉNDEZ-BLAS A., PALESTINO G Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

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Porous silicon (PS) is a promising biomaterial presenting the advantage of being biocompatible and bioresorbable. Due to the large specific surface area and unique optical features, these nanostructures are excellent candidates for biosensing applications. The investigation of the device functionality, and the development of simple-based high sensitivity transducers need to be addressed in novel biological detection. In this work, the sensing capability of one-dimensional dual periodic structure (DPS) based on PS in the visible and infrared region was investigated. DPS was fabricated with the AnBmAnBm.AnBm ... AnBm=(AnBm)N configuration, where A and B are substructures compose of two different period units. DPS devices showed a photonic bangap with (N-1) strong localized resonances that were sensitive to local changes in the effective refractive index. Samples were stabilized by thermal method at 800 and 300° C in oxygen ambient. The thermal treatments reduced the resonances response due to refraction index differences between SiOx and nanostructurated silicon. In order to evaluate the response as biosensor, 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaradehyde (GTA) were introduced in PS. The Molecular binding of APTES and GTA on the pore walls produced a red shift of the resonances peaks, which was correlated with the molecular concentration of both.

2286059 The study of gold nanoparticles surface modification using BSA and cysteine CARDOSO-AVILA P.E.1, PICHARDO-MOLINA J.L.1, KUMAR-KAGOLA U.2, BARBOSA- SABANERO G.3, BARBOSA-GARCIA O.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. / 2División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato./ 3Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato,

Metal nanopartícles shows interesting optical properties such as strong absorption due to plasmon surface resonance when they are in the order of 4 to 40 nm, and shows strong optical scattering over 40nm [1]. Due to these interesting properties these materials have been used for different applications in: medical, electronic, catalysis, pharmaceutical, among others. However, before we can use them, metallic nanoparticles surface should be modified to be functional. In this work we report the synthesis and conjugation of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles were fabricated following the Turkevich‘s method [2], and their conjugations were done using cysteine and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Our results show that changing BSA concentration, different electrophoretic motilities are obtained; also the stability of gold nanoparticles in presence of NaCl changes as a function of BSA concentration. Also we show that Raman spectroscopy can be able to determine if the bio-conjugation was done. [1] Cecilia Noguez, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111 (2007). [2] Turkevich, J., Gold Bulletin, 18(3) (1985).

2285069 Determination of stereoisomer in sugars by THz-TDS YAMAUCHI S.Y.1, IMAI Y.I.1, YOKOTA H.Y.2, TONOUCHI M.T.1 1Ibaraki University/ 2Osaka University

In this paper, determination of stereoisomer in sugars is demonstrated by a Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) using dipole-type antennas on LT-GaAs layers as THz-emitter and detector with fs- fiber laser as the excitation light source, which was achieved in well controlled environment with low humidity below 5% at 20 degrees Celsius. THz-pulse from the emitter was normally incident to 0.7 mm-thick pellet of sugar and detected by the detector, where the transmitted pulse was processed by a Gaussian window before FFT to remove aliasing. Commercially available alpha-Lactose and beta-Lactose, which are slightly different molecular structure in Glucose, were used for the analysis of stereoisomer. It should be noted here that the alpha- and the beta-Lactose are usually not single-phase and including small amount of another type. Therefore, conventionally observed absorption spectrum of Lactose is complex spectrum due to the alpha- and the beta-Lactose. Composites by the alpha- and beta-type with various ratios were also examined to determine the composition ratio. Absorption spectra of the composites were changed corresponding to the ratios, and indicated absorptions peaked at 1.35 THz and 1.21 THz are due to alpha- and beta-Lactose,

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respectively. The absorption spectra between 0.7 THz and 1.65 THz could be deconvoluted to five spectra by Gaussian-profile. The absorption coefficient ratio of alpha-Lactose/beta-Lactose was determined from the dependence of integrated deconvolution spectra peaked at 1.21 THz and 1.35 THz on the composition ratio and the mixed ratio of the alpha- and the beta-type in uncertain sample was precisely determined from the absorption spectrum. The demonstrated results indicate that THz-TDS is so useful for precisely analysis of stereoisomer in sugars with partially different molecular structure such as Lactose.

TO Theoretical Optics

2283818 Alternative coherent-mode representation of a planar electromagnetic source. OLVERA M.A., OSTROVSKY A.S. Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.

The theory of coherent-mode representation (CMR) of stochastic optical sources is well known in its scalar formulation beginning from 1980‘s [1] and has found already its useful applications in various practical problems (see, e.g., Ref. [2]). Not so long ago this theory has been generalized for the vector case of electromagnetic sources [3,4]. However, the practical value of the vector CMR is essentially restricted because of the complexity of solving the vector-form Fredholm integral equation with the cross-spectral density matrix of the electromagnetic source as a kernel. Moreover, in practice, the analytical expression for the cross-spectral density matrix of the source, as a rule, is unknown, a fact that makes this solution impossible in general. Here we propose an alternative CMR of a planar electromagnetic source which does not involve solving the Fredholm integral equation but can be calculated from the results of physical measurements of the radiant intensities of orthogonal components of the source. Such an alternative CMR does not reproduce the exact form of the original source but can substitute it with a good approximation in many applied problems. We illustrate the process of calculating the alternative CMR by an example. [1] E. Wolf, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 72, 343 (1982). [2] A. S. Ostrovsky, Coherent-Mode Representations in Optics, SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2006. [3] F. Gori, m. Santarsiero, R. Simon, G. Piquero, R. Borghi, and G. Guattari, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20, 78 (2003). [4] J. Tervo, T. Setälä, and A. T. Friberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 21, 2205 (2004).

2284529 Influence of the mechanical stress and heat parameters into the transmittance function of the integrals of the diffraction phenomena ZÁRATE E.A., RODRÍGUEZ A.C. Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)-Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT).

For the diffraction equations for the exact and convolutions Fourier‘s integrals, the parameters related with mechanical stress and heat are introduced into the mathematical function of the transmittance t0(x0,y0). Taking into account the new transmittance equation, a new set of equations for the exact and convolution Fourier‘s integrals have been derived. The only restriction for the analysis done is that for the apertures under study, they are only on a plane.

2284806 Reflected wave atypical phase change at a boundary DIAMANT R1, FERNANDEZ-GUASTI M. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa

According to Fresnel formulae, at normal incidence on an abrupt interface, the reflected wave has a phase difference of zero or Pi, if the second medium has a lower or larger refractive index than the first. However,

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what happens if the refractive indices of two media are the same at the interface but the derivative of the refractive index varies abruptly? Since the two media are not homogeneous because the refractive index derivative is finite, the problem cannot be tackled with the Fresnel formalism. In order to deal with this problem the amplitude and phase representation of plane electromagnetic waves is used. An invariant is obtained that permits the decoupling of the amplitude and phase equations, both of which, are nonlinear. The amplitude equation is of the Ermakov–Milne–Pinney type and it is then solved numerically. This method has the advantage that no approximations are made regarding how slow or fast refractive index varies compared to the wavelength. Also initial or final conditions are easily imposed, having a clear physical interpretation, and the reflectivity is readily obtained. Interpretation of the amplitude equation solutions reveal that surfaces where any of the derivatives of the refractive index profile is discontinuous, do enhance reflection. At normal incidence, the reflected wave thus generated will have a phase difference that may be a semi integer multiple of Pi, apparently contradicting the Fresnel equations. The former result may be applied to rugate filter design, interpretation of Doppler radar measurements in the clear air atmosphere, optical coherence tomography and other issues related with wave propagation in stratified media.

2284828 Chain-like beams with phase singularity CHEREPKO D.YU.1, KUNDIKOVA N.D.1, POPKOV I.I.1, ALIEVA T.2 1Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University 2Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Chain-like beam can be obtained upon light diffraction on a binary amplitude diffraction mask (a mask with two open Fresnel zones). The Fresnel zones determine the focal distances of the beam diffracted by the mask. A combination of two open Fresnel zones forms focuses at different distances. The beam diverges after the first focus, but rapidly converges after the second focus. The structure of the beam intensity distribution along the propagation axis resembles a chain and consists of a group of cylindrical capsules lying along the propagation axis at specific distances from each other. These beams can be used to manipulate many particles simultaneously. The wave front singularity in a beam can force particles rotation. In this work we present the results of computer modeling and experimental creation of chain-like beams with a phase singularity. We have performed numerical simulation of the first order Bessel beam diffraction on a binary amplitude diffraction mask with two open zones. The diffraction has been considered under paraxial approximation. The parabolic equation was solved by a spectral method based on the two-dimensional Fourier transform. The structure of the beam intensity distribution along the propagation axis resembles a chain-like beams structure, but a dark hole can be observed along the propagation axis in the center of the beam. To obtain Bessel beam of the first order an interference mask has been used and Bessel beam diffraction on the binary amplitude diffraction mask with two open zones has been investigated experimentally. The interference pattern of the beam under investigation and Gauss beam has demonstrated the phase singularity presence. The transverse intensity distribution of the beam has shown ring structure with periodically changing intensity. The dark hole can be observed at the center of the transverse intensity distribution.

2285369 Omnidirectional bandgaps in a ternary one dimensional periodic structure dielectric- dielectric-metal ALEJO-MOLINA A.1, SÁNCHEZ-MONDRAGÓN J.J.1, ESCOBEDO-ALATORRE J.J.2, VÁZQUEZ-GUARDADO A.1, RUIZ-PÉREZ V.I.1, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.3 1INAOE / 2UAEM, CIICAp / 3UAT

The structure proposed and analyzed in this work, is a stack made of the periodic insertions of metallic layers in a conventional one dimensional dielectric photonic crystal. Therefore, this is a ternary metallo-dielectric one dimensional photonic crystal with a unit cell dielectric-dielectric-metal. The thickness for the dielectrics is quarter-wave and the thickness of the metallic layers is extremely thin and changed as a free parameter. We found the dispersion relation for transversal electric and transversal magnetic modes using the standard transfer matrix formalism and therein closed expressions for the real and imaginary parts of the Bloch wave vector are derived. Band diagrams obtained in this way shown not only the conventional omnidirectional band

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gap at low frequencies but also additional omnidirectional band gaps above the plasma frequency. These omnidirectional band gaps are mainly due to the absorption of the metal and the design of the lengths in the unit cell.

2285807 Angular momenta and spin-orbit interaction for nonparaxial beams BLIOKH K.Y.1, ALONSO M.A.2 1National University of Ireland / 2University of Rochester

About two decades ago, studies of the spin and orbital angular momenta (AM) of paraxial light gave birth to a new and fruitful area of optics with close links and applications in singular optics, optical manipulation and quantum optics. The identification of the spin and orbital parts of the AM‘s longitudinal component is natural for paraxial light propagating along the z-axis in free space. In this presentation, we discuss the spin and orbital parts of the energy flow, linear momentum, and AM of nonparaxial monochromatic electromagnetic fields in free space. The spin and orbital AM are expressed through simple general formulas using a helicity plane-wave representation. The orbital AM has a polarization-dependent nonparaxial contribution that can be associated with the spin-orbit interaction (SOI) of light, which was recently studied in connection with the optical spin-Hall effect and the spin-to-orbital AM conversion upon focusing and scattering of polarized light. For vortex beams, this term is shown to be proportional to the spin-dependent geometric phase associated with the azimuthally distributed directions of the partial wave vectors, and manifests itself as a polarization- dependent radial shift of the intensity distribution. We derive general uncertainty-type inequalities that describe the effect of the orbital and spin AM on the relation between the spatial and directional spreads of a focused beam. As examples, we consider nonparaxial generalizations of Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian beams, as well as nonparaxial Bessel beams, where the SOI manifests itself as a fine spin-orbit splitting of caustics in the ray-optical picture. This is clearly explained by the same geometric phase which affects the phase matching between geometrical-optics rays and helical energy flows. The exact wave solutions and ray picture of the SOI of non-paraxial light are shown to be in excellent agreement.

2285879 Antenna of adjustable broadband based on a pentagonal array TECPOYOTL-TORRES M.1, VERA-DIMAS J. G.1, CABELLO-RUIZ R.1, GARCÍA-GARCÍA O.1, ESCOBEDO-ALATORRE J. J.1, SANCHÉZ-MONDRAGÓN J. J.2, TORRES-CISNEROS M.3, VARONA J.4, VARGAS-BERNAL R. 5 1Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/ 2 Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/3Universidad de Guanajuato/4Universidad Panamericana Campus Bonaterra /5Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato

Patch antennas are used for several wireless communications systems. The antenna is chosen in accordance to the characteristics determined by such systems. Some of them, require a very narrow broadband, while in other ones, a wider broadband is desired. Some techniques to increase the bandwidth considered mechanical changes of the air layer thickness, with the consequent change on the effective permittivity. Other ones consider a suitable choice of feeding technique and impedance matching network [1]. But, techniques to reduce the broadband have not received the same attention. Reducing the broadband has a particular interest in security systems, as an example. In this research, we present a technique based on a pentagonal antenna array, which allow us to adjust the bandwidth for both proposals. The array is formed of an inner patch designed at the operation frequency of the system, and a gap coupled external patch, designed at other frequency, which determines the width of the broadband. The feed point is located on the inner patch. Actually, the changes achieved on the broadband are small, but we considered the used principle as a useful approximation, that could be improved. There were obtained a maximum increasing of 30.5% and a maximum decreasing of 31.87%, compared with the simulation value of the bandwidth of inner patch antenna simulated alone, which was designed at 4.9 GHz on RT/Duroid 5880. In all cases, the gain is increased in at least 0.5 dB over the value of the single patch antenna gain. Keywords: Patch antennas, Antenna arrays,

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RT/Duroid 5880, Prototypes. Bibliography: [1] Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, Inder Bahal and Apisak Ittipibon. Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House. 2001.

IAPD Information Acquisition, Processing and Display

2285355 Dammann grating computed-controlled applied to profilometry NAVA VEGA A.1, DAVIS J.A.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Baja California/ 2San Diego State University

In this work we report how designed and programmed Dammann gratings in one dimension, which they have the characteristic of propagating diffraction spots with the same intensity value. The Dammann grating are used to project in some three dimensional objects to implement the technique of profilometry. Using light from a He-Ne laser, a spatial light modulator is designed and programmed various Dammann gratings, changing its period and propagation direction, we present some results obtained in the diffraction plane and the image plane system optical

2286232 Enhancement of a PALCoS display efficiency by reducing the influence of different non-desired phenomena LIZANA A.1, LOBATO L.1, MARQUEZ A.2, MORENO I.3, IEMMI C.4, CAMPOS J.1 1Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona/ 2Universidad de Alicante/ 3Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche/ 4Universidad de Buenos Aires

Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) displays are reflective LCDs. As they are electronic devices which offer some very interesting technical characteristics (as for instance, high resolution, small pixel size, high fill factor or large phase modulation), they are applied in a large range of optical applications. However, we have found that the electrical pulses applied for their electrical addressing lead to different physical phenomena which may degrade their performance. We refer to the effective depolarization, the time-fluctuations of the phase and the anamorphic phenomena. Due to the specific LC configuration into the Parallel Aligned (PA) LCoS displays, when an incident linear state of polarization enters parallel to the LC extraordinary axis, the device works in the phase-only regime and the effective depolarization phenomenon is avoided. In this framework, it is important to look for new strategies to reduce the non desired effect of the time-fluctuations of the phase and the anamorphic phenomena in the PALCoS display performance. In this paper, experimental evidences of these two phenomena are provided. In addition, the significance of their influence in the performance of PALCoS display is thoroughly studied. Moreover, some experimental procedures are proposed to minimize their damaging influence. On the one hand, a methodology based on the Minimum Euclidian Distance is proposed, leading to the minimization of the time-fluctuations of the phase influence. On the other hand, by applying frequency dependent Look-Up Tables (LUTs) for the phase modulation, we demonstrate as the anamorphic response of the PALCoS display can be notably reduced. Finally, some Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) are generated and tested, when applying the best PALCoS display configuration, leading to a notable improve on the DOEs efficiency.

2286228 Research and capacity building in laser physics and spectroscopy at the university of Nairobi, Kenya KADUKI K.A1, KALAMBUKA H.A.1, DEHAYEM-MASSOP A.1, MITO C1, MJOMBA A.C.K1, KIMARI J.W.1, GATHONI R.N.1, WABWILE R.L.1 1Department of Physics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00110, Nairobi, Kenya

Since 2002 courtesy of funding by the International Science Programs (ISP) of Uppsala University, Sweden we have founded a new group in laser physics and spectroscopy at the University of Nairobi, Kenya. The focus is on capacity development in optical physics and photonics at undergraduate, and laser physics and

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optical spectroscopy at graduate level. This is supported by research, the major line of which is method development in instrumentation and applied spectroscopy and microscopy for spectral and imaging problems in geothermics, medicine and environment utilizing lasers as analytical tools. Although the laser tools have high versatility, their utility is limited by the complexity of the samples and data analysis and interpretation. Hence we combine these laser tools with multivariate chemometrics, geostatistics, and machine learning techniques, which help reduce the complexity and increase the information gained. We have set-ups in tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for atmospheric gas monitoring; and for gas in scattering media spectroscopy (GASMAS) studies; laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and imaging for complex characterization; and multispectral microscopy for fluidic imaging. In the environment we perform pollutant (trace chemical, radiogenic, and stable isotope) analysis and dynamics modelling in complex ecosystems (terrestrial, aquatic, atmospheric) and develop novel computational techniques for study of their impact; as well as perform size-resolved characterization of atmospheric aerosols applied to the study of biosphere- atmosphere particle and greenhouse gas exchange in relation to climate modelling and air quality management. The aim is to model among others, the radiative dynamics as well as diagnose and classify aerosol-derived risk in relation to atmospheric parameters, season and geography (spatial variability). We also analyse and characterise geothermal field matrices associated with high background radiation areas (HBRA) applied to resource exploration and environmental impact assessment. Our work in medical elementology and spectral diagnosis of disease involves spectroanalytical and hyperspectral imaging (in vivo and ex vivo) of pathogens and trace elements and their speciation in human body tissue and fluids for disease (malaria, cancer, trypanosomiasis) diagnostics and therapeutic intervention response monitoring. The focus is to elucidate the role of trace elements and their speciation in biopathological activity, and to investigate their levels and distribution and evolution with disease (dynamic analysis) at cellular and sub-cellular scales. In this paper we highlight selected results from our work on chemometrics-assisted laser spectroscopic characterization of matrices from active surface expression geothermal fields associated with high natural background radiation; multispectral analysis and imaging microscopy of human blood media applied to malaria diagnostics; environmental pollution (trace greenhouse gas) monitoring in Nairobi, and progress in development of novel machine learning techniques and related algorithms and instrumentation for image processing and analysis.

2286221 Study of wound healing process using analog and digital image processing techniques ISAZA C.A.1, MOSQUERA J.C.2, VOLOSHINOV V.B.3 1Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 14 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia-Quindío, Colombia Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, CICATA Querétaro, Cerro/ 2Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 14 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia-Quindío, Colombia /3M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Physics Department , 119991 Moscow, Russia

This paper presents a noninvasive methodology for the study and control of skin wound healing process. Analog and digital image processing techniques were used in order to make quantitative evaluations for the healing process. The study was conducted by instrumental images analysis of the wounds using an acousto- optical processing station and digital imaging processing techniques. The acousto-optical spectral image processing allowed making instrumental evaluations of different healing processes, where honey and saline solution were used in a sub-group of the population under study. A noninvasive methodology to study the wound healing process, using analog and digital image processing techniques is proposed. This methodology allowed to discover a new phase of the healing process not reported earlier. The methodology described on this paper allowed to perform and control, in an objective noninvasive way, would healing processes, and make quantitative measurements to be used as an accurate proof of new kind of treatments.

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NO Nanotechnology and Optics

2284780 Aspherical cylindrical micro-doublets for artificial apposition compound eye. RENERO-C. F.-J., GARZA-R. A. INAOE

The ALSIE algorithm (Automatic Lens design by Solving InEqualities) is used to obtain CMD (Cylindrical Micro-doublets) with only one aspherical surface. Thus, the image quality is increased in more than 200 percent in comparison with the spherical CMD that was used in previous work. Even though, more than one aspherical coefficient was allowed to vary during the computational optimization process, the final aspherical CMD was obtained in three iterations and with only one aspherical coefficient.

2284996 Laser induced degradation of optical properties of porous silicon photonic structures MARTINEZ M, MAYORGA D, AGARWAL V CIICAP-UAEM, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, cuernavaca, Morelos

Laser induced degradation of optical properties of porous silicon photonic structures Mauricio Martinez, Darwin Mayorga, V Agarwal* Center for Engineering and Applied Sciences (CIICAp-UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, México; Corresponding author : [email protected] Porous silicon (PSi) has been a subject of extensive study for the last 20 years, due to its efficient visible photoluminescence, ability to construct high reflectivity multilayer structures like laser mirrors [1], possible sensor applications [2], compatibility with standard silicon processes for integrated optoelectronics and as a promising material for photonic applications [3]. Although this application oriented work is quite encouraging, the changes in the optical properties under the laser light illumination have been reported [4]. In this work we quantify the possible effects of the intensity of laser, refractive index gradient and level of oxidation of the porous silicon photonic structure on its optical properties (particularly luminescence and specular reflectance ). Quantification of degradation as a function of level of oxidation and laser intensity is of the critical importance as this behavior can be a limiting factor in the photonic applications of PSi as laser mirrors. Above all, understanding of the degradation processes in this system is particularly important to improve and control the optical properties of the system. References [1] W. H. Zheng, P. Reece, B. Q. Sun, M. Gal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3519 (2004). [2] V. S.-Y. Lin. K. Motesharei, K-P. S. Dancil, M. J. Sailor, M.R. Ghadiri, Science, 278, 5339 (1997) [3] J. O. Estevez, J. Arriaga, A. Méndez Blas, and V. Agarwal Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 191915 (2008) [4] Suk-Ho Choi, Haeyang Chung, Gyu Seung Shin, Sol. Stat. Commun. 95, 341 (1995);

2285414 Moems transducer design for a bio-compatible blood pressure sensor FRANCO-AYALA M.F., MARTINEZ-PIÑON F., REYES-BARRANCA M.A., ALVAREZ- CHAVEZ J.A. CIITEC-IPN /2CINVESTAV-IPN

Human blood pressure is a vital parameter to measure in humans for diagnosis and prevention of a great number of conditions. Micro- Electro Mechanical Systems are the product of micro-fabrication in Electronics, and other fields of science and engineering. Among the main MOEM components, transducers show wide capabilities for a set of tasks. In this work, the design and development of a piezo-electric transducer (MOEMs) consisting of a high-quality micro-mirror which is implanted in such transducer will employ a fibre optic laser beam for quasi-invasive, precise blood pressure measurements on the radial artery, as a start. Upper, Al-difused silica will serve as the efficient mirror. The fibre laser beam will be deflected by the variations in arterial blood pressure which will then produce stress on the artery wall and ultimately converted into commonly used units of arterial blood pressure. A Full mathematical description, simulation using

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specialized, commercially available software and the on-going developing work, ready for the foundry stage, along with characterization data will be included in the presentation.

2285858 Optical characterization of A- SIGEB:H thin films deposited by PECVD for applications in microstructure GALINDO MENTLE MARGARITA GMM1, ZUÑIGA ISLAS CARLOS ZIC2, PALOMINO MERINO RODOLFO PMR1 1Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ 2INAOE

Optical characterization of a- SiGeB:H thin films deposited by PECVD for applications in microstructure. M Galindo-Mentle1, C.Zuñiga-Islas2 R. Palomino-Merino1 1 Laboratorio de Síntesis y Caracterización de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas BUAP. Av. San Claudio y 18 Sur Colonia San Manuel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Puebla. México 2 Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Luis E Erro # 1, Santa María Tonantzintla, CP 72840, Puebla, Puebla, México E-mail: [email protected] Abstract At the moment the micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) they use materials based on polysilicon. However, the additional thermal treatments for polysilicon and doped temperature are very high and there cannot be employed to integrated circuit technology. Hydrogenated Amorphous silicon-Germanium and dope Boron alloys (a-SiGeB:H) offer an attractive alternative for low temperature MEMS post-processing above CMOS. This paper present characterization made amorphous SiGeB:H thin films alloys were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD), grown at 300ºC temperature. The chemical bonding structure and photo induced effects has been studied by Infrared Spectroscopy. The influence of the Boron content variation was analyzed by Photoluminescence spectroscopy and DRX.

2285876 Design and fabrication of reconfigurable metamaterial devices using mems ROSAS G.R.1, MURPHY R.M.1, MORENO W.M.2 1INAOE / 2University of South Florida

Nowadays, along with the advancement of technology, optical devices demand more functions and higher performance, reduced dimensions and higher speeds, and higher throughput at a lower cost. The state-of-the- art in this technology requires the fusion of emerging technologies such as Metamaterials (MTM) and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Together, they can revolutionize and evolve optical devices by providing compact and smart devices at a lower cost. This work presents the design, fabrication and characterization of Metamaterials (MTM) structures using MEMS technology for applications bio-medical optics. Metamaterials can be applied in diverse fields such as Photonic Crystals, Resonant Structures and Transmission Lines. In this work the focus is on Transmission Lines. For this application, the metamaterial structure is based on a Composite Right/Left Handed Transmission Line (CRLH-TL) which consists of MEMS capacitors and inductors. The MEMS capacitor is formed with two parallel plates (two electrodes, one mobile-positive and one fixed-negative), whose capacitance can be varied using electrostatic principles; in addition it acts as a 3D element for metamaterial device tuning. The fabrication process is based on surface micromachining technology, which besides begin a novel fabrication process, it is evolving ad-hoc for reconfigurable MTM-MEMS devices. The fabrication process consists of five materials and four levels of masks on a high-resistivity silicon wafer, which provides mechanical support. Titanium and Aluminum are used as structural materials, with one suspended level for the mechanical structures, and AZ-P4620 is used as the sacrificial material. This fabrication process is fully compatible with integrated optic devices, and achieves high performance, low cost and compact size.

2285920 Liquid crystal nano-droplets formation in polymer dispersed materials. TORRES-CISNEROS M.1, LIKAMWA P.2, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.3, AGUILERA-GÓMEZ E.1

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1DICIS/ Universidad de Guanajuato/ 2CREOL, University of Central Florida/ 3Reynosa, Rodhe, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas

Nonlinear properties in liquid crystals have been extensively investigated in the last decades and even when most of these phenomena have been observed, there is another possibility about this topic which able us; to enhance the nonlinear phenomena, to observe them using less laser intensity, or to use them to build new micro and nano devices designs. The Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (PDLC) are materials made of liquid crystal mixed with a polymer. Depending of the fabrication method and of type of the polymer used, it results in a polymer with Liquid Crystals droplets of either micron, or submicron or nano size. They are a very peculiar composite materials made out of a usually isotropic solid binder and anisotropic liquid droplets embedded. There are a lot of interesting properties about the reorientation of the droplets which can be done with light or with external voltage. In this work, we report for first time, to our best knowledge, the synthesis of a PDLC by using the polymer SU8 and the 5CB liquid crystal. We have characterized the droplets size formation from nano to micron size, depending of different variables in the synthesis, Fig. 1a. Particularly, this PDLC has the advantage over others PDLC than can be used in microfabrication. Our results also shown the Non Linear light guided characterization, when this PDLC was used to build planar waveguides over a Si wafer.

Thursday 18

IUPAP Young Scientist Prize in Optics 2009

2286225 Taming light waves: Attosecond control of light and matter GOULIELMAKIS E.,1ERC Research Group Attoelectronics, Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Laboratory for attosecond physics

Ultimate of electronic processes in atoms, molecules and condensed matter requires the exertion of forces that are capable to steer the quantum motion of electrons with attosecond precision. Such forces can be exerted by light fields whose waveform is sculpted and measured with sub-optical-cycle accuracy. I will discuss how basic developments in attosecond science have allowed us to attain this degree of precision and how light fields with these properties permit totally new ways for controlling matter at ultimate speeds.

FDI 7 Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation

2285804 Full poincaré beams BECKLEY A.M, BROWN T.G, ALONSO M.A. University of Rochester

The projection of the Stokes parameters on the Poincaré sphere is a useful way to visualize polarization, particularly for beams described as unconventional polarization states. For example, radially or azimuthally polarized beams are fully correlated solutions to the vector paraxial wave equation that maintain a spatially inhomogeneous polarization distribution under propagation and which, when projected on to the Poincaré sphere, span the equator. Given the interesting and potentially useful properties of these beams, the question comes to mind of whether there are beams that cover the entire Poincaré sphere. We present an analytic model based on a superposition of Laguerre-Gauss modes and show that, for certain beam conditions, the coverage is indeed complete and conserved. These beams are referred to here as full Poincaré (FP) beams. The easiest way to construct a FP beam is as a co-axial, confocal coherent superposition of a Gaussian beam and a spiral- phased Laguerre-Gaussian beam of unit azimuthal angular momentum, where the two beams have orthogonal polarizations. This superposition generates all possible states of full polarization at each transverse plane.

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Further, the correspondence between the polarization distribution over the plane and the Poincaré sphere is through a stereographical mapping. This distribution scales (in the same amount as the irradiance pattern) upon propagation, and rotates by 90 degrees between the waist beam and the far field. These beams were implemented experimentally by using a circular optical window stressed at three equidistant points along its edge, illuminated by a circularly polarized Gaussian beam of the correct waist size. Partially polarized FP beams can also be generated that span the complete interior of the Poincaré sphere.

2284364 Optical properties and its variations at co-ni-b amorphous metallic alloys KRAVETS V.G.1, MANKO D.YU.2, POPERENKO L.V. 1Institute for Information Recording NANU/2Kiev Taras Shevchenko University.

It is well known that the optical phenomena in metals at IR spectral region are connected with intraband optical transitions and they are analogues of direct electrical conductivity (resistance) at low frequencies in common case. It can be suggested that correlation between optical and magneto-transport properties can be emerged in the case of alternating current flux through an amorphous metallic ribbon in external magnetic field. It must be important that the objects of the investigations are magneto-optical effects linked with diagonal components of the optical tensor unlike Kerr or Faraday effects. Experimental appearance of magneto optical effects comprises significant changes of optical conductivity and real part of dielectric permeability via influence of external magnetic field. The magneto-transport properties depend on the effective differential permeability, on the type of domain structure and corresponding densities of electron states at the Fermi level. Electronic subsystem must be showed up via optical parameters values, as well as magnetic properties via optical spectra in applied magnetic field. Optical functions of the amorphous metallic alloys ribbons of Co-Ni-B are obtained at spectral region of 1.0-5.0 eV. Changes of optical conductivity spectra of the ribbons‘ surface in the presence of applied external magnetic field are revealed. Variations of optical and magneto-transport properties caused by superseding of one 3d transition metal (Co) to another (Ni) are obtained. Parameters of electronic subsystem were calculated. Interconnection between electronic structure of the amorphous metallic ribbons‘ surface and its magneto-transport properties is established.

2284829 Effective parameters of composed polarization systems BIBIKOVA E.A, KUNDIKOVA N.D, POPKOVA A.M, POPKOV I.I. Optics Laboratory, Institute of Electrophysics, South Ural State University

Composed polarization systems are widely used due to their properties. They have properties of basic polarization elements and additional parameters. It has been shown (S. N. Savenkov, V. V. Marienko, E. A. Oberemok, Phys. Rev. E, 2006) that any homogeneous nondepolarizing optical system described by the Jones matrix can be presented as a combination of four basic mechanisms: linear and circular phase and linear and circular amplitude anisotropy. A polarization system consisted of two birefringent plates reveals the property of circular phase anisotropy. Coherent light propagation through a single birefringent plate results in origin of linear amplitude anisotropy. Coherent light propagation through a polarization system consisted of two birefringent plates can result in circular amplitude anisotropy. Here we present the results of theoretical and experimental determination of effective circular phase anisotropy, effective linear phase anisotropy, effective linear amplitude anisotropy and effective circular amplitude anisotropy of a composed polarization system with the properties of a quarter wave plate. It has been shown that the effective linear phase shift of such polarization system is not equal to the quarter wave plate phase shift and depends on the single wave plate parameters.

2284967 Cyclic path interferometer illuminated with white light with a phase shift polarization module TOTO-ARELLANO N.I, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A, SERRANO-GARCÍA D.I, RAYAS- ALVAREZ J.A. Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

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We present a cyclic shear interferometer by using white light extended source. The configuration is stable against mechanical vibrations and allows generate phase shifts by polarization using a linear polarizer. We present preliminary experimental results obtained and discussion about them.

2285722 Mueller polarimetry of polarization gratings in azobenzene-containing polymer films MARTINEZ-PONCE G.1, GARCIA-TENORIO T.2, LARIOS-LOPEZ L.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C./2Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada

Polarization holography is founded on the optical recording of periodically modulated anisotropies in a film of light-responsive material. Among the most interesting smart polymers known for this application, those containing an azobenzene moiety are frequently found because of the large linear birefringence that can be attained when linearly polarized light propagates through a thin layer of this material. It has also been observed that the propagation of an elliptically polarized light through this polymer forms a supramolecular chiral structure. In the other hand, Mueller polarimetry is a useful technique to measure the optical parameters of anisotropic materials. Once the Mueller matrix is numerically defined, the degree of birefringence, diattenuation, and depolarization effects provided by the sample can be extracted by the polar decomposition method. In this work, we report on the analysis of a number of photoinduced polarization gratings which has been recorded by exposing a series of side-chain azopolymer films to certain spatially modulated polarization patterns. A complete Mueller polarimeter is used to measure the photo-induced anisotropies point by point. Low-frequency modulation is induced using a 413nm excitation wavelength. In the other hand, high numerical aperture optics is used to reduce the beam waist of a 633nm probe laser beam on the sample.

FDI 8 Fabrication, Design, and Instrumentation

2284660 Holographic approach to 3D-television KREIS TH.1 1BIAS- Bremer Institut für Angewandte Strahltechnik Currently 3D-cinematography is revitalized and 3D-television is becoming reality. There are a number of paths to 3D-visualization, the most prominent are stereoscopy, autostereoscopy, volumetric display, integral imaging, and holography; all with their specific pros and cons. While the two first-mentioned methods are relatively easy to be realized, their most severe drawback is that they only produce 3D-impressions by the parallax effect, but accomodation of the eyes is not to the depth that is generated by parallax, so eye-fatigue and dizziness are caused. Furthermore only horizontal, but no vertical and no motion parallax are produced. The only way to reconstruct 3D optical fields, which can be - at least in principle - observed by several observers, from different places even with inclined heads, without special glasses, and with the depth of parallax and accomodation fitting together is holography. Although various SLMs are offered on market today, they do not fulfil the demands for high enough space-bandwidth-product necessary for holographic display. Nevertheless it is worth to investigate the physical premises, the concepts for generating and transmitting digital holograms, the ways to generate holographically reconstructed optical fields, and the technology to be developed for realization of these approaches. The talk presents and compares the methods for 3D-visualization, shows concepts for holographic 3D-television, points out solved and open problems of the holographic approach and exhibits future applications of holographic 3D-television and 3D-video.

2284157 Holographic gratings implemented in a photopolymerizable glass: application to femtosecond laser pulses shaping. HERNÁNDEZ-GARAY M.P.1, MARTÍNEZ-MATOS O.1, IZQUIERDO J.G.2, CALVO M.L.1, CHEBEN P.3, BAÑARES L.1 1Departamento de Óptica, Grupo Interdisciplinario de Computación Óptica (GICO-UCM,) Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 2Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad

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Complutense de Madrid. 3Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council Canada.

We present the capability of the holographic gratings implemented in photopolymerizable glasses to be applied in spatial and spectral manipulation of femtosecond laser pulses. For this purpose we used volume phase holographic gratings recorded by the interference of two monochromatic and coherent beams coming from a Nd-YAG continuous laser. We carried out experiments to determine the main features of the diffracted beams originated by the interaction of volume holographic phase grating structures with femtosecond pulses arising from the fundamental emission of an amplified Ti: sapphire laser system and its second harmonic. Meanwhile we have performed experiments to determine its damage threshold indicating that this material is an excellent candidate for intense-fields and ultrashort laser pulse applications. Key words: photopolymerizable glass, volume holography, femtosecond laser pulses.

2286122 Properties of caustics produced by a conic lens: meridional rays. AVENDAÑO-ALEJO MAXIMINO M.A.A.1, GONZÁLEZ-UTRERA DULCE MARÍA D.G.U.1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado de Ingeniería

We derive simple formulas for the caustic produced by a positive convex-plano and plano-convex conic lens by considering a plane wave incident on the lens along the optical axis. By using these equations a paraxial approximation for the caustics are provided in both configurations. Also, by using these equations it is possible to obtain the third order coefficient of spherical aberration. Changing the parameters of the lens (refraction index, conic constant, radius of curvature, thickness of the lens, etc.) we can modify the shape of the caustic, furthermore there are cases where the spherical aberration changes from positive to negative when we vary exclusively the conic constant. A formula for the Principal Surface as a function of the height also is given. We believe that the method to obtain the caustic that we report is straightforward, obtaining a relationship between caustics, wavefronts, and measurements of the spherical aberrations.

2285343 Application of Fraunhofer diffraction patterns for calculation of fractal dimension ZINCHIK A.A.1, MUZYCHENKO Y.B.1, STAFEEV S.C.1 1Saint-Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

The studying of diffractal is important from metrological point of view, because it allows to determine the initial characteristics of fractals, like scaling factor and fractal dimension. It is known that the diffraction pattern received from a fractal possesses properties of self-similarity and allow to define fractal dimension of initial object. In this paper the modificated method of calculation of fractal dimension is described. The method is based on effective averaging procedure and deals with the number of fractal generation levels. The existing methods of calculation of fractal dimension need the information about structure factor or scaling factor, which are generally unknown for real objects. The offered algorithm of calculation fractal dimensions allows to calculate fractal dimension of object with a relative error less than 1%. Thus for calculation of dimension there is no necessity to reveal the factor of structure and scaling factor. The method was checked on the wide range of two-dimensional fractals with exact self-similarity and different values of fractal dimension.

2285782 Fresnel lenses in novel optical security holograms. KOSTYUKEVYCH S.A.1, BRAGINETS E.V.2, KOSTYUKEVYCH K.V.1, GIRNYK V.I.1 1Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University

The aim of this study is to develop a method of producing Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) with new properties for applying them to modern digital optical security holograms or in other applications where these

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can be used. Such DOE could be a on-axis or off-axis Fresnel lenses, focusing elements, other phase elements with specified optical parameters. A secondary objective is to find a way of efficient using the commercial E- beam Lithography System with resolution 200 nm for generating phase multi-level structures on electron sensitive organic resist layers. One of difficulties that we faced with is using a pure lithographic system for producing the multi-level phase structure. To solve it, we recorded a special test to plot the dependency "exposure energy - phase depth". Then, using AFM we have plotted appropriate curves for several used recording media: both organic and inorganic resists. Thus, we are able to record 32- to 64-level phase structures using a commercial lithographic E-beam system. On examples of producing the protective holograms with computer-generated Fresnel lens, we have tested the possibility to use a multi-level phase structure inside commercial optical security holograms. The "calculation" stage is very typical for such synthesized elements. All calculations were made within frameworks of the scalar theory. When synthesizing on-axis Fresnel lens, input parameters were the focal distance and wavelength, for off-axis lens, respectively, coordinates of focusing point. To calculate more complex DOEs, we need to solve the inverse problem of diffraction in a general case. In the final part of our report, we consider several ways to minimize problems appearing during replication recorded in high-resolution structures onto holographic foil (choice of the optimal exposure level and sampling frequency, being based on measurements of test recordings).

VC 2 Vision and Colour

2286205 New trends in intraocular lens imaging. MILLÁN M.S.1 1Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Spain

As a result of modern technological advances, cataract surgery can be seen as not only a rehabilitative operation, but a customized procedure to compensate for important sources of image degradation in the visual system of a patient, such as defocus (represented by the refractive error, measured in diopters) and some aberrations. With the development of new materials, instruments and surgical techniques in ophthalmology, great progress has been achieved in the imaging capability of a pseudophakic eye implanted with an intraocular lens (IOL). From the very beginning, optical design has played an essential role in this progress. New IOL designs need, on the one hand, theoretical eye models able to predict optical imaging performance and on the other hand, testing methods, verification through in vitro and in vivo measurements, and clinical validation. The implant of an IOL requires a precise biometry of the eye, a prior calculation from physiological data, and an accurate position inside the eye. Otherwise, the effects of IOL calculation errors or misplacements degrade the image very quickly. The incorporation of wavefront aberrometry into clinical ophthalmology practice has motivated new designs of IOLs to compensate for high order aberrations in some extent. Thus, for instance, IOLs with an aspheric design have the potential to improve optical performance and contrast sensitivity by reducing the positive spherical aberration of human cornea. Monofocal IOLs cause a complete loss of accommodation that requires further correction for either distance or near vision. Multifocal IOLs address this limitation using the principle of simultaneous vision. Some multifocal IOLs include a diffractive zone that covers the aperture in part or totally. Reduced image contrast and undesired visual fenomena, such as halos and glare, have been associated to the performance of multifocal IOLs. Finally, the modification of less conventional ocular parameters to compensate for possible refractive errors after the IOL implant is also presented.

2284191 Optical phenomena in microprism diagnostic set KK-42. PETROV V.V.1, KRYUCHUN A.A.1, ANTONOV E.E.1, LAPCHUK A.S1, SHANOYLO S.M.1 1Institute for Information Recording NAS of Ukraine.

Microprism diagnostic set KK-42 for ophthalmology application is our latest development in visual optics field. This set comprises 42 separate microprism elements - optical compensators for strabismus and is designed for image displacement at vision diagnostics. Microprismatic nature of set KK-42 is its main

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advantages compared to conventional glass prisms. But, for microprisms the strong diffraction phenomena appear due to phase mismatching which decrease visual acuity. So, structure simulation was carried out to minimize the acuity degradation and to avoid observed image discretization. Optimal microrelief pitch was chosen as 600-800 mkm depending on prismatic strength at the reverse prism angle 2-3 degree. The main requirement for optical compensators is high quality of observed images. However, chromatic aberrations due to light dispersion exist for microprisms similar to any prism systems. The simplest method to diminish aberrations is to apply filters and colour plastics which are used directly or at the stage of microprism elements fabrication. Experiments and calculations were performed which showed the opportunity to diminish twice the chromatism zone by filters to the value of 20-25 angular minutes. Another method of decreasing chromatic aberrations is application of additional prism microrelief – saw tooth diffractive optical element (DOE). In optical compensators the first microrelief with pitch of 600-800 mkm serves as a refractive prism. DOE with pitch of 15-20 mkm operates in first diffractive order and is optimized in such a way that dispersion of the first diffractive order compensates dispersion of the compensator. This method allows compensating dispersion but due to not linear dispersion of refractive index of prism medium maximum splitting of images does not exceed 20 angular minutes.

2284402 Lens paradox: GRIN analytical explanation. GOMEZ-REINO C.1, DÍAZ DEL RÍO A.1, ARINES J.2, FLORES-ARIAS M.T.1 1Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. 2Universidad de Santiago

The human lens can be regarded as a GRIN structure in which the refractive index profile varies within the lens and the refractive power of the lens has two different components, one due to the front and back surfaces of the lens and other due to its GRIN nature. The radii of curvature and thickness of the lens vary with age and if there is no change in the refractive index, the changes in radii of curvature and lens thickness would lead to a change in the lens power in such a way that the decrease in radii of curvature should increase the lens power and the increase in thickness should cause the lens power to decrease. The change in lens curvature with age would have the greater effect so that the lens, and hence the eye itself, should become more powerful and therefore it would be a myopic trend. However, a hypermetropic ship can be observed and this paradoxical feature has been called the ―lens paradox‖. The aim of the present paper is to explain the lens paradox in the framework of asymmetric bi-elliptical continuous GRIN model for the crystalline lens. We derived the conditions for myopic, hypermetropic and emetropic behavior of unaccomodated lens from the analytical expression of the refractive power of the lens in terms of the powers of its front and back surfaces, the power due only to GRIN nature of the lens and the position and slope of the axial and field rays, used for describing light propagation inside the lens. Variation of the gradient parameter and refractive index profile of the crystalline lens are examined and discussed for myopic and hypermetropic cases by means of the changes in the physical properties of the lens with age reported in different studies.

2284686 Effect of cataracts on scattering of light in the eye. KELLY PÉREZ I.1, BRUCE N.C.2, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica 2CCADET, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

It is well known that scattering effects are important when analyzing image formation in the human eye. In particular, the biological nature of the optical components of the eye mean that the eye grows, ages and suffers disease, and that these processes affect the quality of image formation on the retina. One of the most common aging effects is cataract formation, which produces an increase in the light scattering and a degradation of the image. This degradation is due to the forward scattering in the direction of the retina) of the light. In order to evaluate the optical quality of the eye, clinicians use a slit lamp. However, only the back scattering (in the direction out of the eye, through the pupil) of light is available, and that results in an indirect measure of the effect of this phenomenon on the image formation. We have developed a numerical model of the eye with cataracts to study, in particular, the relation between the forward and backscattered light in the

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presence of cataracts. We consider a distribution of spherical particles inside the nucleus of the lens to simulate the cataracts. Using the Mie theory to calculate the scattering of light from the particles, a Monte Carlo method and exact ray trace theory, we simulate the photon pathways in the eye. We will present the results of our computational model and compare these results with those obtained with a physical model of a human eye with scattering.

2285583 Optical computing of diffraction images of non-periodic uni-dimensional targets formed by a human eye in the presence of stiles -Crawford effect-i MONDAL P.K.1, MONDAL A.K.2, GHOSH SUMIT3 1Mondal Institute of Optics ( MIO ), HYDERABAD, INDIA 2L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, HYDERABAD, INDIA 3A.V. College of Science, HYDERABAD, INDIA

Starting from the Fourier spectra of a non-symmetrical trapezoid , a general scheme for computing diffraction images of a large number of uni-dimensional non-periodic targets, viz., a symmetric trapezoid, a triangular pulse, a bar , a single slit, a double slit , a triple slit , a N-slit , an inclined edge, a straight edge, a line object, a pair of line-objects etc, formed by a human eye in the presence of Stiles-Crawford Effect of the First kind ( SCE-I ) has been developed using the Linearity Theorem of Fourier Transforms. Further, considering the wide-spread uses of lasers in various aspects of clinical ophthalmology, Abbey s theory of coherent image formation of extended objects has been utilized to find the analytical expressions for the final images formed on the retina. Also , if the laser used operates in the TEM oo mode, the Gaussian beam incident on the eye- pupil , will fit well with the intrinsic Gaussian apodization nature of the empirical formula used for the pupiL- function of the SCE-I. Finally, as an illustrative example of our general scheme, we have chosen the alphabet ―X " , as found on the vision-chart in the clinic of an ophthalmologist , for the eye-testing of patients. We have also presented graphically the intensity distributions in the final image of ―X ―, formed on the retina.

TO 3 Theoretical Optics

2284513 Effect of plasma waves on the optical properties of wells. VAZQUEZ-NAVA R. A.1, SANTIAGO-HERNANDEZ H.1, RODRIGUEZ-CARRERA S.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C.

We present a theoretical calculation of the normal modes of a well in a periodically layered insulator-metal structure. We use a simple transfer-matrix formalism in order to obtain the dispersion relation of the electromagnetic normal modes of our system, taking into account the presence of plasma waves, spatial dispersion, and retardation. We find resonant features corresponding to the propagation of guided plasma waves in the metal layers coupled by transverse waves in the insulating layers. We also use a semiclassical theory in order to obtain electron energy loss spectra for this system.

2286234 Derivation Of Material Constants In Non-Linear Electro-Magneto-Thermo-Elasticity NIRAULA O. P.1 1Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University Amrit Campus, C/o G. P. O. Box 6108, Kathmandu, Nepal

All the investigations on the mechanics and physics of electro-magneto-thermo-elastic materials are based on the set of constitutive equations in which the strain, electric displacement, and magnetic induction and entropy are expressed in terms of the stress, electric field, magnetic field and temperature. A concise formulation of relevant nonlinear constitutive relations is presented in this paper. The electro-magnetothermo-elastic materials show significant interaction among the elastic, electric, magnetic and thermal fields due to the coupled nature of constitutive equations. The thermodynamic Gibbs function of state describes stress, strain,

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internal energy, electric field, electric displacement, magnetic field, magnetic induction, temperature and entropy. The anisotropic non-linear problem of electro-magneto-thermo-elasticity has been derived on the basis of thermodynamic principle. The Gibbs function is expanded into Taylor series. Material constants have been analyzed from strain, electric displacement, magnetic induction and entropy which are in Gibbs function. In the form of mathematical equations, relationships of material constants have been shown. The derived coefficients (tensor components) of non-linear electro-magneto-thermo-elasticity are presented in tabular forms.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… … This work has been published as O. P. Niraula and N. Noda, Derivation of material constants in non-linear electro-magneto-thermo-elasticity, Journal of Thermal Stresses, Volume 33, Pages 1011–1034, 2010

2286220 Interaction of a model atom exposed to a strong laser pulse: role of the coulomb potential TETCHOU NGANSO H.M.1, KWATO NJOCK M.G.2 1Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Universite Catholique de Louvain, 2, chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 2Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 8580, Douala, Cameroon The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera, 11, 34014 Trieste,

With the help of the solution of the time-dependent Schr¨odinger equation in momentum space, we study the above-threshold ionization spectrum resulting from the interaction of atomic hydrogen with an infrared laser pulse. Our calculations are based on a model where the kernel of the non-local Coulomb potential is replaced by a finite sum of N symmetric separable potentials, each of them supporting one bound state of atomic hydrogen.Here, we consider only the case of 1s, 2s and 2p states.Keywords: Multiphoton ionization, Above threshold ionization, Tunnel ionization, Time-dependent Schr¨odingerequation, Separable potentials, Volterra integral equation, Probability density, Angular distribution, Electronenergy spectra

2285918 Classical modelling of the fourth-order spatial coherence state of scalar wave-fields. CASTAÑEDA R.1, CAÑAS-CARDONA G.2, GONZÁLEZ-TORO J.1, VINCK-POSADA H.3 1Physics School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín 2Physics School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín and Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepción, Chile 3Physics Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá

The Fourth-order spatial coherence state of wave-fields is described in the framework of the classical wave picture, by means on the fourth-order spatial coherence wavelets. This strategy suggests that the fourth-order spatial coherence state of light can be modelled in terms of three layers of point sources in order to increase the performance of numerical algorithms. The model is illustrated by applying it to the Hanbury-Brown & Twiss effect

2286211 Study of soliton self-compression in photonic nanowires BEN-SALEM A.1, CHERIF R.1, ZGHAL M.1 1University of Carthage, Engineering School of Communication of Tunis (Sup Com), Cirta Com Laboratory, Ghazala Technopark

Air-silica nanowires present suitable waveguides to enhance nonlinearities and generate cyclical temporal compression and broadband supercontinuum (SC) in only few millimeters length. We report on the generation of few optical cycles in air-silica nanowires with core diameters ranging from 400 nm to 900 nm. We show

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that is possible to shift the zero dispersion wavelengths toward a wavelength of about 470 nm. We demonstrate that soliton self compression of 100 fs input pulse down to 1.94 fs which approximately corresponds to 0.73 optical cycle pulse is possible by pumping a 570 µm long 700 nm diameter nanowire. We obtain broadband supercontinuum in the anomalous dispersion regime spanning from 260 nm to 1500 nm. By adding one photon per mode noise with a random phase, a very high degree of coherence over the entire generated supercontinuum bandwidth is shown

OE 7 Optical Engineering

2284573 Measurements of extreme physical phenomena by fourier fringe analysis MITSUO TAKEDA UEC, The University of Electro-Communications, Japan

Measurements of Extreme Physical Phenomena by Fourier Fringe Analysis -From sub-Angstrom lattice distortion measurement to attosecond pulse phase measurement- Mitsuo Takeda Abstract: Phase measurement plays a crucial role in optical science and technology. A technique for fringe analysis, which is now known by the name of the Fourier transform method (FTM) or Fourier fringe analysis, was proposed and experimentally demonstrated in our early JOSA paper published in 1982. Since then, through nearly three decades of active participation of great many scientists and engineers from all over the world including those from strong Mexican teams, FTM has been critically analyzed, continuously improved and refined, and has created new areas of cross-disciplinary applications beyond its early applications to optical interferometry and profilometry. The purpose of this talk is to give an overview of FTM which is now used worldwide with still growing area of applications. The focus will be placed on applications of FTM to the measurements of extreme physical phenomena, such as those involving ultra fast optical pulses, extremely small atomic displacements, and unconventional electron wave, X-ray and EUV interferometry, and shows how the advantages of FTM are exploited in these cutting edge application areas.

2284194 Implementation of non-monotonic logics by fourier-holography technique PAVLOV A.V, ALEKSEEV A.M. St.Petersburg State University for Information Technologies, Mechanics, and Optics

Fuzzy Logics is appreciated due to their adequacy to human way of thinking. A number of articles were dedicated to their optical implementations. Mainly, the publications were dedicated to the Monotonic Fuzzy Logics, for which the meaning of the conclusion didn‘t changed if new information was perceived by the system. However, an ability to change the conclusion by taking into account new information is needed for autonomous system to be successful in complex dynamical environments. Such logics are known as Non- monotonic Logics. In previous articles we have proposed an approach for Non-monotonic Fuzzy Logics to be implemented by Fourier-holography technique. The approach was based on the algebra of Fourier-dual operators and processing of the images as patterns of inner representation of perceived information. The lack of the approach was input patterns for both initial and additional rules were tightly linked instead of to be associated flexibly. In this paper we develop the approach to provide flexibility of the logics. We consider a kind of non-monotonic logics – logics with exception. This logics can be developed from monotonic one ―if – then‖ by addition an operator of exception ―unless‖. The operator is to connect two logical rules –initial one and the second one, formed by taking into account new information. Both these rules are implemented by Fourier-holography setup, two superimposed holograms are registered at one recording medium. For the exception operator to form inverse scales for the rules, we implement the operator by additional hologram in the correlation plane, the hologram is recorded by Fourier-spectrum of the reference pattern for second rule and conclusion for the initial rule. Based on the experimental implementation of monotonic logics computer simulation results are presented. The flexibility of the logics and ability to tune the logics by non-linear recording of the holograms are confirmed.

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2285034 Real-time parallel method for quadrature transform estimation and 3d surface measurement ESPINOSA-ROMERO A, LEGARDA-SAENZ R. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

A massively parallel real-time algorithm for the estimation the dynamic phase map of a vibrating object is proposed. The algorithm implements a Fourier-based quadrature transform and temporal phase unwrapping technique which was tested on a fringe patterns sequence achieving a processing rate higher than 1600 frames per second (fps).

2285262 Decorrelation and uniform in-plane displacements analysis in vortex metrology via fourier based techniques ANGEL-TORO L, SIERRA-SOSA D.E. Universidad EAFIT

Speckle Photography is a metrological technique based on the quantitative analysis of global or local relative displacements between the intensity distributions corresponding to two speckle patterns recorded before and after a diffuser is translated, rotated or deformed. Then, by superimposing these patterns and using the Fourier and filtering analysis to obtain Young or isothetics fringes, whose period and orientation allows determining the magnitude and direction of displacements onto the diffuser plane. In Vortex Metrology a similar procedure can be achieved for recording two speckle patterns. However, the relative displacements occurring between the two expositions are analyzed in a different way. Specifically, each speckle distribution is digitally processed to obtain a corresponding pseudo-phase two-dimensional map via the Hilbert, Reisz or Laguerre- Gauss integral transforms. Afterwards, the phase vortices (singularities) onto each map are accurately localized and parameterized. Then, the relative displacements between pairs of similar vortices are measured by using the information available from histograms depicting the redundancy in the measured distances between the different pairs of homologous vortices, along two perpendicular axes. In this work, we present an alternative technique, based on the Fourier analysis for digital processing the loci of the vortices information, suitable for studying both the effect of the decorrelation of vortices networks and also for analyzing relative in-plane displacements between correlated vortices networks. Some representative experimental results are presented and discussed.

2286207 Image resolution limits for shape recognition using the generic jacobi fourier moments TOXQUI-QUITL C., PADILLA-VIVANCO A, SANTIAGO TEPANTLÁN C. Computer Vision Laboratory, Universidad Politécnica de Tulancingo

We consider the use of Jacobi-Fourier moments for the classification of objects from motion blurred images. A set of numerical features are extracted from an image. These features are invariant to the changes in the scale, orientation, position, and illumination of the objects in the vision field. The test images used here have been acquired when the objects are vibrating at different frequencies and moving at constant velocity. The blur extent by image motion can be obtained using moment descriptors. Also, the acquisition system is characterized by means the optical transfer function (OTF); which can be computed by the geometric moments of motion function of the object centroid. The classification method is tested using images from objects which have intrinsically little differences between them. Experimental results show that, the proposed classification method based in Jacobi Fourier moments can be well addressed to grade images smeared by motion.

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OE 8 Optical Engineering

2285232 Dynamical DIHM study of particle aggregation on mono-disperse colloids. RESTREPO J1, GARCIA-SUCERQUIA J1 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Holographic imaging techniques constitute an interesting alternative for the study of dynamical processes, in which multiple images of an object moving through a tree-dimensional space have to be obtained. Digital In- line Holographic Microscopy (DIHM), as a specific research line inside holographic techniques, allows to study objects within the micrometer range size combining high accuracy and experimental simplicity. Mono- disperse colloids are present in a lot of applications and the study of its stabilization and dynamic behavior is of primal importance. Inside the field of dispersed particles there are a group of different acting forces that dictate the dynamics such as electrostatic interactions and Van der Wall forces. The sum of these interactions is able to produce among others, an aggregation effect in which a determined group of particles form a conglomerate obeying a hexagonal packing, characteristic of the equilibrium achieved by the acting forces. The materialization of these aggregations modifies the behavior and stability of the colloid, therefore its importance on finding the degree and dynamics of their production. Employing a video Hologram registered during the aggregation process, it is feasible to determine the position of the constituting particles by the employment of tracking algorithms and then a spatial-temporal map of the conglomerate can be obtained. The scope of the present work is to observe and measure by means of DIHM the creation of aggregates inside a mono-disperse colloid, by constructing the four-dimensional trajectories of the particles using as a start point, the exact instant in which the aggregate starts to materialize.

2285108 Butterflies’ wings deformations using high speed digital holographic interferometry MENDOZA SANTOYO F.1, D. AGUAYO D.1, DE LA TORRE-I M.H.1, SALAS-ARAIZA M,D.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C. 2Universidad de Guanajuato

A variety of efforts in different scientific disciplines have tried to mimic the insect‘s in-flight complex system. The gained knowledge has been applied to improve the performance of different flying artifacts. In this research report it is presented a displacement measurement on butterflies‘ wings using the optical non- invasive Digital Holographic Interferometry technique with out of plane sensitivity, using a high power cw laser and a high speed CMOS camera to record the unrepeatable displacement movements on these organic tissues. A series of digital holographic interferograms were recorded and the experimental results for several butterflies during flapping events. The relative unwrapped phase maps micro-displacements over the whole wing surface are shown in a wire-mesh representation. The difference between flying modes is remarkably depicted among them.

2284812 Spatio-temporal experiments of volume elastic objects with high speed digital holographic interferometry. PEREZ LOPEZ C.1, HERNÁNDEZ MONTES M.S.1, MENDOZA SANTOYO F.1, GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ D.A.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C.

The optical non-destructive digital holographic interferometry (DHI) technique has proven to be a powerful tool in measuring vibration phenomena with a spatial resolution ranging from a few hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. With the aid of high speed digital cameras it is possible to achieve simultaneously spatial and temporal resolution, and thus capable of measuring the entire object mechanical oscillation trajectory from one to several cycles. It is important to mention that due to faster computers with large data

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storage capacity there is an increasing interest in applying numerical simulation methods to mimic different real life objects for example, in the field of modern elastic materials and biological systems. The complex algorithms involved cannot render significant results mainly due to the rather large number of variables. In order to test these numerical simulations some experiments using optical techniques have been designed and reported. This is very important for example in measurements of the dynamic elastic properties of materials. In this work we present some preliminary results from experiments that use DHI to measure vibrations of an elastic spherical object subject to a mechanical excitation that induces resonant vibration modes in its volume. We report on the spatial and temporal effects that by their nature have a non-linear mechanical response. The use of a high speed CMOS camera in DHI assures the measurement of this nonlinear behaviour as a sum of linear effects that happen during very short time lapses and with very small displacement amplitudes. We conclude by stating that complex numerical models may be compared to results using DHI, thus proposing an alternative method to prove and verify the mathematical models .vs. real measurements on volumetric elastic objects.

2285806 Optical analyze of electro-optical systems by MTF calculus. SANTOS JR D1, STEFANI M. A.1, YASUOKA F. M. M.2, CASTRO N. J. C.2, RODRIGUES E. L. L>3 1Opto Eletronica- Brazil 2IFSC-USP/Opto Eletronica – Brazil 3EESC-USP- Brazil

One of the widely used methods for performance assurance of an optic system is the determination of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). The MTF represents a quantitative and direct measure of image quality, and, besides being an objective test, can be used on concatenated systems. This paper presents the development of a software called SMTF, on C++ and Open CV platforms, for MTF calculation on electro- optical system. Through this method, the performance of a digital fundus camera, an infrared sensor and an optometric surgery microscope will be analyzed. The MTF information supports the analysis of the optical system alignment, and also defines its resolution limit by the MTF graphic, with the CCD or sensor. The results obtained from the implemented software will be compared with the theoretical MTF curves from the analyzed systems. 2286100 Software configurable optical test system for refractive optics DOMINGUEZ M.Z.1, WANG L.1, SU P.1, PARKS R.E.1, BURGE J.H.1 1University of Arizona

SCOTS (software configurable optical test system) is a new tool that can provide lens manufacturers with the ability to fully evaluate lens systems, or individual lenses performance without the use of complex metrology systems and setups. This technique is based on measuring the slopes of rays to obtain curvature information using transmission deflectometry, the refractive equivalent of reflection deflectometry. As in the case of previously reported results for SCOTS in the reflection mode1, we are investigating phase shifting methods for data collection and reduction from a Hartmann /Hartmann–Shack perspective as well as investigating slope data calculation and unwrapping with centroiding and line-scanning methods. Results on reflective surfaces, such as the primary mirror of the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) show that the test has a large dynamic range in which measurement accuracy is comparable with interferometric methods. Initial wavefront measurements of refractive elements, such as a 1‖ diameter biconvex BK7 lens, show good agreement when comparing them with equivalent ZEMAX wavefront measuring models, which match the measured parameters, where the estimated and measured RMS values and Zernique coefficients agree to within a few percent. The alignment of the setup was done crudely and quickly and used a screen which had a pixel pitch of 0.1905mm to generate green scanning fringes. The camera used for the measurements was a simple digital CCD camera. The technique was shown to be repeatable to within a few percent. More work on adjusting the experimental setup and the ZEMAX model is being performed to reduce the disagreement between these results and generate more faithful models. 1 Peng, S., et. Al., ―Software configurable optical test system: a computerized reverse Hartmann test‖, Applied Optics, Vol. 49, pp 4404-12.

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POE 6 Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284995 Thermocavitation: a novel method of cavitation produced by CW lasers RAMIREZ-SAN-JUAN J.C.1, PADILLA-MARTINEZ J.P2, PLACIDO-ZACA P.1, RAMOS- GARCIA R1 1INAOE/ 2Fisicoquímica de materiales, ICUAP-BUAP

Cavitation is a well known phenomenon studied since the end of the last century by Lord Rayleigh. It consists in the formation, growth and collapse of vapour/gas bubbles produced when the liquid is broken. Depending on breaking mechanism, cavitation can be classified in four types: acoustic, hydraulic, particle and optic. The most important feature of cavitation occurs at collapse where bubbles produce shockwaves in the range of MPa to GPa. These high pressure waves are responsible for the damage on ship propellers and water pipes. Cavitation may have useful applications in particular ocular surgery, photolithotripsy, photolithography, and military applications. In this paper, we will focus on new cavitation mechanism termed thermocavitation produced with low power CW lasers in highly absorbing solutions. In particular, we studied thermocavitation in saturated solution of copper nitrate salts. However, bubbles can be obtained in any solution with sufficient absorption coefficient. Cavitation bubbles are produced in contact with the substrate due to the large attenuation distance. The bubble‘s dynamics is studied in detail showing that bubble lifetime is around 100 microseconds and maximum radius of ~300 micrometers for a power of ~80 mW. The pressure waves are studied and optimized to produce controlled damage on dielectric and metallic thin films opening the possibility to create nano-holes and patterning. A numerical model based on superheating has been developed and we show that heat diffusion plays a critical role on the amplitude of the shockwave

2284744 Beam modulated fanning in a crystal BaTiO3 RUBIO SAAVEDRA L.A., MÁRQUEZ AGUILAR P.A., ZAMUDIO LARA A., VERA DIMAS J.G. 1Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/ 2Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas

Beam Modulated Fanning in a Crystal BaTiO3 L. A. Rubio Saavedra1, P.A. Márquez Aguilar2, A. Zamudio Lara2, J. G. Vera Dimas1, 1. FCQeI, Autonomus University of Morelos State, Av. Universidad 1001, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, México. 2. CIICAp, Autonomus University of Morelos State, Av. Universidad 1001, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, México. Beam fanning is a very studied effect for the implications thereof in the hologram recording process, the process is the division into multiple beams in different directions of a coherent incident beam into a photorefractive crystal, allowing their possible application as a router to modulate the input beam. We report the characterization of this effect modulating spatially a Gaussian beam to λ=532 nm in a crystal Batio3:Rh. Our results show that for a specific input polarization beam there is a dependency between the number of channels and their orientations with respect to frequency of modulation, in addition to the bundles filaments retain the modulation of the input beam in a wide range (approximately 1 kHz) of oscillation frequencies, although with different amplitudes.

2284983 Highly efficient photorefractive polymers doped with Cyano non-linear chromophores HERRERA V.M.1, MALDONADO J.L.1, RODRIGUEZ M.1, RAMOS-ORTIZ G.1, MENESES- NAVA M.A.1, BARBOSA-GARCIA O.1, SANTILLAN R.2, FARFAN N.3, LACROIX P.4 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV/3Facultad de Química, UNAM/ 4Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France

Nonlinear organic materials for the fabrication of polymers with photorefractive (PR) properties are the subject of extensive research by their potential applications in real-time optical processing, i.e., image

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correlation, image amplification, dynamic volume holography, phase conjugated mirrors, etc. [1,2]. This work reports new highly efficient organic photorefractive polymers based on aryl-cyano non-linear chromophores [(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino]benzonitrile (CN-C-OH) and [4- (diethylamino)benzylideneamino]benzonitrile (CN-S-OH). The PR polymer blends are composed by the photoconductor poly (9-vinylcarbazole) and plasticizer 9-ethylcarbazole PVK:ECZ matrix, as well as the sensitizers C60. PR samples with concentrations of 20, 25, and 30 wt. % of chromophores were prepared. Holographic experiments in a tilted four wave mixing (FWM) and two beam coupling (TBC) geometry were carried out by using a 10 mW He-Ne laser (633 nm). The experiments were performed at room temperature to measure the electric field steady-state diffraction efficiency dependence of the PR composites. High diffraction efficiency up to 90 % was observed for polymers based on CN-C-OH chromophore at 25 wt. % doping level and an external applied electric field around 56 V/μm. A computational investigation for the cyano chromophores structures showed a bent conformation. The first hyperpolarizability as the μβ product was also measured by EFISH technique for the chromophores, results showed that CN-C-OH presents a value 3.5 times higher than CN-S-OH. Demonstrations of fast reversible holographic imaging and optical phase conjugation are presented. [1] P.-A. Blanche et al. Nature, 468, 80 (2010) [2] J.L. Maldonado et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 075102 (2009). Acknowledgments: CONACyT

2285877 Analysis and study of optolectronics characteristics of INP photodetectors MUÑOZ ZURITA A.L.1, CAMPOS ACOSTA J.2, MARIN CARDENAS J.M.1, LARRUQUERT J.I.2 1Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y eléctrica. U. Torreón Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila/ 2Instituto de Física Aplicada IFA-CSIC

The InP-photodiodes from different manufacturers have got rather low noise level, good response uniformity over the sensitive surface and a wide dynamic range. As in any photodiode, the spectral short-circuit responsivity is determined by the wavelength and the photodiode‘s reflectance and internal quantum efficiency. Then if these quantities were known, the photodiode‘s responsivity would be known without being compared to another standard radiometer; i. e. the photodiode would be an absolute radiometer for optical radiation measurements. This idea was firstly developed for silicon photodiodes in the eighties, once the technology was able to produce low defects photodiodes. Following this reference, the reflectance could be approached from a superimposed thin layers model. By knowing the thicknesses of the layers and the optical constants of the materials, it is possible to determine the device reflectance. However, this information is not completely available for InP photodiodes: the actual thickness of the layers is not known and optical constants of materials are only approximately known for bulk. Nevertheless it‘s possible to measure reflectance at some wavelengths and to fit the thicknesses of a layer model that would reproduce those experimental values. Therefore the attainable scope at present is just to obtain a model to be able to calculate spectral responsivity values at any wavelength. To get this, a model has been developed to calculate reflectance values from experimental ones at some wavelengths and another model has been developed to interpolate spectral internal quantum efficiency values from some values got from reflectance and responsivity measurements at some wavelengths. Both models will be presented in this communication.

2285917 Optical fiber communication system employing multiplexed with a Bragg grating. ANA PALOMINO LENGUA A.L.1, CESAR TORRES MORENO C.T. 2, ANNY JULIETH PRECIADO MOLINA A.J.1, LORENZO MATTOS VASQUEZ L.M.2 1Universidad Popular del Cesar 2Grupo LOI Universidad Popular del Cesar In this paper, an experimental investigation on optical fiber communication system is presented, the assembly used multiplexed with conventional Bragg gratings (BG); the communications device includes two laser of different wavelengths, bifurcated fiber and diffracting element (BG) that diffracts the optical signal onto optical paths separated. The light emitted by each laser is modulated with help of mirrors placed over speakers, injected on the bifurcated fiber and finally is directed toward a diffraction element to obtain a multiplexed optical transmission.

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POE 7 Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2285492 Polarization entangled photon pair generation in optical fibers with birefringence ZHANG WEI, ZHOU QIANG, WANG PENGXIANG, HUANG YIDONG, PENG JIANGDE Tsinghua University

In recent years, spontaneous four photon scattering (SFPS) in optical fibers focus much attention for its potential in realizing high efficient correlated/entangled photon pair generation at 1.5 micrometer. In this paper, we will introduce our recent works about polarization entanglement generation utilizing fiber birefringence. When the pulsed pump light passes through the optical fiber, two kinds of SFPS will take place simultaneously. One is scalar scattering processes, in which two annihilated pump photons and generated photon pair are all polarized along the same fiber polarization axis. The other is vector scattering processes, in which two annihilated pump photons are polarized along different fiber polarization axes, either to the two photons of the generated pair. If the fiber has large group birefringence, the intensity of vector scattering processes will be suppressed at the phase matching frequencies of the scalar scattering processes. On the other hand, the walk-off effect of the pump pulse components polarized along the two fiber polarization axes also suppresses the vector scattering processes in the case of long fiber. Hence, by proper pump polarization and signal/idle frequency selection, photon pairs can be generated only by the two independent scalar scattering processes in optical fibers with birefringence, which provide a simple way to realize polarization entangled photon pair generation. This paper shows our recent experiments of polarization entanglement generation using microstructure fiber with birefringence and dispersion shifted polarization maintained fiber. A two- photon interference with visibility higher than 89 percent is achieved without subtracting the background counting, showing its potential as high quality fiber based entangled photon pair source.

2285755 Measurement of the orbital stokes parameters of OAM waves RANDUNU PATHIRANNEHELAGE N.1, GUZMAN A.M.1, RHODES W.T.2 1Florida Atlantic University/ Department of Physics/2Florida Atlantic University/ Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

The azimuthal structure of a light beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) can be characterized by the orbital Stokes parameters [1]. We have implemented the experimental method described in [1, 2] to measure the orbital Stokes parameters for waves with different OAM. The orbital Stokes parameters are obtained as linear combinations of second-order moments of the electromagnetic field [1]. The matrix of second-order moments has ten independent elements, three of which can be measured directly as irradiance moments. We introduce four different phase space rotations, as described in [1, 2], and measure second-order irradiance moments of the OAM beam for four different configurations of an astigmatic optical system consisting of two identical positive cylindrical lenses whose relative orientation can be controlled by a rotator. From the set of measurements we can obtain all ten independent second-order moments of the OAM wave profile and calculate the orbital Stokes parameters. Computer generated holograms (CGHs) are used to produce OAM light with azimuthal charges varying from 1 to 15. A (lens-less) digital camera and appropriate MATLAB image-processing techniques were used to measure and calculate the irradiance moments at the output plane of the astigmatic optical system. We obtain the orbital Stokes parameters of the OAM waves as functions of the azimuthal charge. The different configurations of the optical system were achieved by mounting the two positive cylindrical lenses on an aluminum rotator where the axes of the lenses are free to rotate individually in the plane transverse to the optical axis of the system. The rotator is placed midway between the input and the output planes of the optical system. [1] T. Alieva and M. J. Bastiaans, ―Phase-space rotations and orbital Stokes parameters‖, Optics Letters Vol.34, No.4 (2009) [2] G. Nemes and A. E. Siegman, ―Measurement of all ten second-order moments of an astigmatic beam by the use of rotating simple astigmatic optics‖, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Vol.11, No.8 (1994)

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2286027 Power dependent van der Waals interaction in cold atom reflection. ESTRADA G.1, GUZMÁN A.M. Florida Atlantic University

The role of Casimir forces in the fabrication and performance of micro- and nano-devices has motivated renewed interest on the realization of more precise experiments on ultracold atom reflection by evanescent wave (EW) mirrors [1], than those originally performed in the earlier days of the BEC [2]. The earliest measurement already showed large deviations of the cold-atom reflection probabilities from theoretical predictions as the intensity of the EW increased [2]. The more recent results confirm a discrepancy between the measured dependence of the barrier height on the EW power and theoretical predictions obtained from a non-retarded van der Waals-like potential, a retarded potential and the full QED potential [1]. This discrepancy is particularly large for all theoretical models based on a power-independent Casimir force at high EW intensities. In 2004 one of us introduced a theoretical model based on the quantum interaction between induced atomic dipoles to describe experiments involving atomic interactions in the presence of electromagnetic fields and found expressions for an intensity dependent van der Waals interaction [3]. We claim that the observed discrepancy arises from the assumption that the effective potential barrier results from the combined action of the repulsive optical dipole force due to the EW, and an attractive (power- independent) Casimir force. We show that a power-dependent atom-wall interaction yields the linear behavior observed experimentally for the barrier height as a function of the EW power. [1] H. Bender, Ph.W. Courteille, C. Marzok, C. Zimmermann, and S. Slama, PRL 104, 083201 (2010). [2] A. Landragin, J.-Y. Courtois, G. Labeyrie, N. Vansteenkiste, C. I. Westbrook, and A. Aspect, PRL 77, 1464-1467 (1996). [3] A. M. Guzmán, Proc. SPIE, Vol 5622, p. 348-353, (2004).

2286046 Statistical properties of noisy multistable systems MARTÍNEZ-ZÉREGA B.E.1, PISARCHIK A.N.,2 1Universidad de Guadalajara/2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica.

We study statistical characteristics of coexisting attractors in a multistable map subject to additive noise and periodic modulation. We demonstrate how noise modifies the attractors and their basins of attraction of the Hénon map. The analysis of stochastic dynamics of the systems under external harmonic modulation shows a cooperative effect of noise on the multistability control method, inducing attractor selection. A preference of attractors is induced on the Hénon map working on a regime where three periodic solutions coexist (in addition to the infinity solution). Our study is done first by constructing the probability distributions of the different solutions as a function of noise. When averaging this probabilities some paths are observed on the number of point of the basins of attraction N as a function of noise D for each attractor. Besides, for the Hénon map a clear stochastic resonance appears if we consider the maximum value of the number of points on the basins of attraction of the probability distributions of the P3 solution, instead of the average. This resonance strongly depends on the modulation frequency since it is related to the relaxation oscillation frequency of the attractor.

2286149 Semiclassical quantum dots in their own micro cavity GARCIA-MELGAREJO J.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.1, SANCHEZ-SANCHEZ S.1, MAGAÑA-LOAIZA O. S.2, TECPOYOTL-TORRES M.3, BASURTO-PENSADO M.3 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica/2Universidad de Rochester/ 3CIICAP, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

The growing development of structured materials makes us to consider the possibility of having Quantum Dots (QDs) in their own micro cavity. In this work we are considering a semiclassical approach to a pair of coupled Quantum Dots in their respective micro cavity. Each one is interacting only with their own local field but coupled among them trough their characteristic QD Dipole-Dipole coupling as in a QD Diatomic Molecule. While such interaction is real for QDs, often is introduced to model atomic entanglement, therefore producing an excellent laboratory for a comparative analysis. We develop a model that describes the

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dynamics of such a physical system and we discuss its key features by means of the coupled Bloch associated to the problem. We derive the corresponding Bloch Equations, before and after RWA, and show that such coupling leads to additional nonlinear term, whose quantum coupling is disregarded in a factorization. In analogy to the Diatomic Molecule, we introduce the two modes solution and compare with the well known classical coupled oscillator. We numerically analyze the specific cases of coherent and thermal fields, constant and Gaussian amplitudes, and compare with their respective isolated QDs.

OIS 6 Optical Interaction Science

2285127 Tailoring the dispersion of photonic crystal fibers for supercontinuum and photon pairs generation DÍEZ A.1, ANDRÉS M. V.1, SILVESTRE E.1, CASCANTE-VINDAS J.2, VELÁZQUEZ- IBARRA L.3, ABREU-AFONSO J.1, MARTÍNEZ MA. A.4, LUCIO J. L.3 1Universidad de Valencia/2Universidad de Costa Rica/ 3Universidad de Guanajuato/4Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica.

The interplay between chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects is patent. Once a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) preform has been prepared, changing the parameters that control the fabrication process it is possible to adjust the dispersion properties of the fiber. In addition, it is very useful to develop postprocessing techniques that enable a fine adjustment of the dispersion along a section of PCF. The tapering of PCF, using a fusion and pulling technique, has been established as a rather useful technique to engineer the dispersion properties along tens of centimeters. Some recent experiments, which we have carried out, demonstrate that the use of erbium doped PCF enables an optical control of the dispersion through optical pumping of the rare earth ions. Our interest is focused on the exploitation of nonlinear PCF for the development of fiber light sources. Thus, we will present several experiments on supercontinuum and photon pairs generation, through degenerated four wave mixing (FWM), in order to illustrate the control that one can achieve on the optical spectra of these light sources as a function of different dispersion control approaches.

2284947 Speckle photoelectromotive force detection FREJLICH J, KUMAMOTO R.,Universidad Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP

We report on an efficient setup for speckle photoelectromotive force detection in photorefractive materials. We show that a maximum in the detected photocurrent arises at a certain value of the speckle pattern vibration amplitude, in rough agreement with the mathematical model [1] developed for this phenomenon. We also report the frequency dependence of the photocurrent as a function of the pattern vibration frequency and find out two cutoff frequencies that characterize the space-charge buildup response and the free charges lifetime, respectively, in agreement with former publications on this subject [2]. We report on experimental results using 532 nm and 1063 nm wavelength light onto titanosillenite and CdTe crystals. [1] T.O. dos Santos et al., J.Appl. Phys. vol.103, pp.113104 (2008) [2] Serguei Stepanov, Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices, Ed. by H.S. Nalwa, vol.2: SEmiconductor Devices, Chapter 6 (2001).

2285184 Linear and nonlinear optical properties of metallic nanocrystals in sapphire MOTA-SANTIAGO P:E:, CRESPO-SOSA A., JIMÉNEZ-HERNÁNDEZ J.L., SÁNCHEZ- DENA O., SILVA-PEREYRA H.G., REYES-ESQUEDA J.A., OLIVER A., 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Metallic nanoparticles embedded in transparent dielectrics are very important for new technological applications because of their unique optical properties. These properties depend strongly on the size and shape of the nanoclusters. For their formation, we used the technique of ion implantation because it allows the control of the depth, straggling and concentration of the metallic ions inside the sample, without other

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contaminant agents. We report the linear and nonlinear optical properties of metallic nanoclusters in sapphire under different fabrication conditions. α-Al2O3 single crystals were implanted with Ag or Au ions at room temperature with different fluences (from 2×1016 to 8×1016 ions/cm2). Afterwards, the samples were annealed at different temperatures (from 600 ºC to 1100 ºC) in oxidizing, reducing, Ar or N2 atmospheres. Once spherical nanoparticles were synthesized, the samples were irradiated with Si++ with different energies and fluences to control the anisotropy. As a result of the ion implantation color centers were formed, mostly F+. After thermal annealing they capture an electron to form F centers or combine for a F2+ center. Also the photoluminescence signal from Al+ interstitial appears. We measured the ion depth profile by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy, and the nano-crystal size distribution and geometry by means of the surface plasmon resonance in the optical absorption spectrum and by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Regarding the nonlinear optical response, the spherical-like Au nanocrystals embedded in sapphire show a saturated positive nonlinear absorption at 355 nm and negative nonlinear absorption at 532 nm, which show saturation when increasing the incident irradiance. They also present positive nonlinear refraction at 532 nm, which is null at 355 nm.

2284331 Direct laser writing: superresolution photoinduction-inhibied nanolithography (SPIN) GU M., CAO Y., GAN Z., JIA B., BAO H., LI X.,Swinburne University of Technology.

Direct laser writing is one of important methods for generating three-dimensional photonic devices. Stimulation emission depletion provides a principle for superresolution microscopy imaging by using two laser beams. One laser beam is responsible for switching on a physical or chemical process and the other one for switching-off. Appling this principle into direct laser writing can lead to superresolution fabrication methods. Here we report on superresolution photoinduction-inhibited nanolithography (SPIN), in which case, one laser beam acts for photoinduction and the other for inhibition. A particular example of photoinduction is photopolymerisation, which is a major method in direct laser writing. We show that the physical mechanism of this kind of SPIN can be well explained by the kinetic coupling (KIC) model and that the smallest feature size of the polymerised dots we have achieved is approximately 40 nm, which is a twelfth of the wavelength.

2286124 TiO2 as a platform for all-optical switching EVANS C.C.1, BRADLEY J.D.B.1, MARTÍ-PANAMEÑO E.A.3, MAZUR E. 1Harvard University/2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.

Future optical systems will require compact, ultra-fast devices capable of switching and logic across a wide range of wavelengths. We present TiO2 as a novel nonlinear material to meet these needs. TiO2 is highly transparent for wavelengths > 400 nm and possesses both high linear and nonlinear refractive indices. We measure the nonlinear index of bulk rutile to be 25 times that of silica using the z-scan technique near the half bandgap (800 nm). We observe multi-photon absorption and conclude that it is sufficiently low to enable ultrafast all-optical switching. We deposit low-loss TiO2 films that are suitable for on-chip applications. We will present data on the composition, linear absorption and nonlinear optical properties of our thin films and discuss the feasibility of all-optical switching and logic devices using this platform.

OIS 7 Optical Interaction Science

2285132 Band structure of three dimensional photonic crystals determined by using integral methods and dyadic green’s functions VILLA F.V.1, MENDOZA A.S.2, GUEL J.A.T.1, PEREZ H.A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Optica 2Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

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The vector wave equations for the electromagnetic field are solved numerically as an eigenvalue problem, to determine the band structure on three-dimensional photonic crystals by using integral equations and dyadic Green‘s functions. The numerical formalism is developed by following similar ideas applied to determine the light scattering in two-dimensional systems. It is shown that proposed method is useful to determine the scattered light in the near and far fields, besides the band structure in systems composed of a variety of materials.

2285091 Optical properties of 3d nanostructured composites BERNARDO MENDOZA 1, W. LUIS MOCHÁN 2, GUILLERMO ORTIZ 3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C 2UNAM-ICF-Cuernavaca 3U. del Nordeste, Argentina

We present a very efficient recursive method to calculate the effective optical response of metamaterials made up of arbitrarily shaped inclusions arranged in periodic 3D arrays. We apply it to dielectric particles embedded in a metal matrix with a lattice constant much smaller than the wavelength of the incident field, so that we may neglect retardation and factor the geometrical properties from the properties of the materials. If the conducting phase is continuous the low frequency behavior is metallic, and if the conducting paths are thin, the high frequency behavior is dielectric. Thus, extraordinary-transparency bands may develop at intermediate frequencies, whose properties may be tuned by geometrical manipulation.

2285991 Photoassisted poling: electro-optic measurements using the mach-Zehnder interferometer. SHIMIZU F.M.1, GIACOMETTI J.A.1 1Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista

The photoassisted poling technique (PAP) allows azobenzene groups in polymeric films to be oriented to generate second order nonlinear optical activity. The trans-cis-trans photoisomerization of azobenzene groups increase their mechanical mobility allowing, at room or even at low temperatures, orientation of groups under an excitation light and a dc electric field. Thus, with the PAP technique it is unnecessary to heat the polymer to a temperature near its glass transition temperature to achieve poling. Orientation of azobenzene groups, i.e., the electro-optic activity, can be probed by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). We show that a MZI setup can be used to track the poling process and its decays after poling in the PAP technique. The electro-optic activity measurement during poling is possible since the excitation light, the dc voltage, the modulation MZI voltage and the light beam from the interferometer light source are simultaneously applied to the polymeric film mounted in one of the MZI arms. We will show r13 measurements made from films prepared by casting of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, containing disperse red-1, DR1, as azobenzene group at a concentration of 5 wt% in the polymer. PMMA/DR1 guest-host films were casted onto ITO glass slides and a semitransparent layer of aluminum was evaporated to have the second electrode to apply the voltage. The excitation light with wavelength of 488 nm was obtained from an Ar+ laser. Under the dc voltage of 100 V and a light intensity of 64 mW.cm-2 during 10 minutes, at room temperature, a PMMA/DR1 film with 12 µm thickness exhibited electro-optic coefficient r13 ~0.67 pm/V which agrees with the published values. The measured signal from the electrostriction effect and the time dependence of r13 during the poling process and its decay after poling at several temperatures will be presented and discussed.

2286130 Bleaching response of photosensitive films containing multi walled carbon nanotubes. DÍAZ COSTANZO G1, LEDESMA S2, GOYANES S3 1LPI y LP&MC, Dpto de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires 2LPI, Dpto de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET 3LP&MC, Dpto de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET

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Nowadays the technologies associated to the development of nonlinear optical materials demands highly controlled parameters for applications that include optical data storage, waveguiding and optical signal processing. For these practical applications to be carried out, it becomes important to have a temporally and thermally stable material that can be controlled in the nanoscale. Push-pull azo dyes have been broadly used for the elaboration of nonlinear photosensitive materials and their particular feature is that they may undergo a trans-cis photoisomerization process when illuminated with light of the proper wavelength. Azo dye molecules may suffer an irreversible photoinduced bleaching according to the energy or time exposure. Additionally, it is already known that certain azo dye molecules may interact with multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by modifying their surface. In this work we studied two different guest host epoxy resin systems. One includes MWCNTs functionalized with an azo dye molecule, Disperse Orange 3 (DO3) and the other includes only DO3 dye-doped. Thin films of both systems were prepared and they were irradiated until bleached spots appeared. We observed that films including MWCNTs functionalized with DO3 have a different bleaching response. This response which depends on the quantity of MWCNTs added in the film would allow controlling the formation of transparent regions in the material with a different refractive index. Our measurements support the idea that those molecules remaining in the surface of MWCNTs would not be suffering such a bleaching effect therefore generating a reduced area of bleaching on those films with MWCNTs. We find it very promising the fact that specific pattern could be inscribed in these thin films by controlling the ammount of MWCNTs functionalized with DO3 added in the material.

2285425 A probe for scanning near-field magnetic microscope in visible range. WROBEL P.W.1, ANTOSIEWICZ T.J.A.2, SZOPLIK T.S.1 1University of Warsaw 2Chalmers University of Technology

A probe for scanning near-field magnetic microscope in visible range Piotr Wróbel Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland Tomasz J. Antosiewicz Dept. of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden Tomasz Szoplik Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland In the last decade a new type of artificial materials was designed and fabricated. These are so called metamaterials, which are magnetically resonant within a wide range of frequencies from the microwave to the visible. Optical magnetic metamaterials are composed of subwavelength size metal-dielectric elementary cells such as split ring resonator, U-shape rod, pairs of nanowires or nanostrips, and fishnet, where LC resonances create dispersion of magnetic permeability. In all- dielectric arrayed composites dispersion of magnetic permeability results from dipole resonances. Further development of metal-dielectric and all-dielectric metamaterials with magnetic response at optical frequencies might be possible when new inspection techniques are established. By analogy to scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) we propose a method of investigating magnetic responses of metamaterials with a scanning near-field magnetic microscope (SNMM). The crux of the microscope is a tapered fiber probe with a radially corrugated metal coating. The radial slits enable internal azimuthally polarized light to couple to plasmons. The plasmons propagate in the slits to the probe apex and form an azimuthal mode which concentrates the longitudinal magnetic field component into a subwavelength spot in the near-field. In this magnetic focus, the longitudinal magnetic field component is much stronger than the perpendicular electric one. Preliminary results of fabricating the probes are discussed. TJA is on leave from Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modeling, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland T.J. Antosiewicz, P. Wróbel, T. Szoplik, "Magnetic field concentrator for probing optical magnetic metamaterials," Opt. Express 18, 25906-25911 (2010). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-25-25906

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Plenary 5

2286196 The lam network and the development of optical sciences and applications in Africa. WAGUE A.1 1President of the African Laser Atomic Molecular and Optical Sciences Network (LAM Network) University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

The African Laser Atomic Molecular and Optical Sciences Network ( LAM Network) was created in May1991 in Dakar ,Senegal. Since this periode the activities of the LAM Network are focused on the running of international workshops, conferences, schools, scientific visiting exchanges for the development of optical sciences in Africa. In addition the LAM Network has operated in the creation of many optical centres in Africa and to the creation of strong collaborative actions and scientific cooperation in Africa as well as at national and international levels. Today the Network in working in strong partnership with the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) In Trieste Italy , with the International Science Program ISP in Uppsala, Sweden and also with the International Commission of Optics( ICO) as International Society member of ICO. After twenty years of existence, through its activities the LAM Network have been able to show the importance of optical sciences with their various applications for social and economic development in Africa. At the same time it was shown that through networking in science it is possible to overcome the isolation of scientists in Africa and to share knowledge with other partners all over the world

Thursday Poster Session – 3

FDI Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2283168 High-intensity Yb3+-doped fiber laser for engraving and cutting acrylic RAMIREZ-YAÑEZ E.A.1, CRUZ-CONTRERAS A.1, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A.1 1CIITEC-IPN

Using finite element theory an Yb3+-doped fiber laser at 1 μm, will be designed for marking, engraving and cutting acrylic with a thickness from 2 to 120 millimeters in a wide range of applications from data storage to bar coding. A 30 W@976 nm semiconductor diode laser will be employed as the pump. A double-clad, octagonal-shape 5 μm-core with a 25,000 ppm tailored profile concentration is used as the basis of the engraving/cutting design. A 10W@1064nm, high-intensity (I≈6.4exp21 W/μm2), quasi diffraction-limited with an M2≈1 and temporally stable behavior will be demonstrated after full theoretical optical design and simulation. Thorough optical characterization of the laser and samples of engraving and cutting will be discussed in our talk.

2284302 Interferometric chalmer’s test using a reflective microdisplay CANALES_PACHECO B1, GRANADOS_AGUSTÍN F1, CORNEJO_RODRÍGUEZ A1 1National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics.

Chalmer‘s test is based on the principle of interference phenomenon and geometrical optics to measure the aberrations of optical systems. The test consists of an extended mercury source placed at a distance 2f from the lens under test; just after the lens is placed a screen with several holes in a vertical line that allows selecting only two areas of the wavefront, opening only two holes. Those two open holes work as two secondary sources, whose wavefronts will be superimposed, and at a certain distance an interference pattern is observed. Therefore his physical shapes of the interference fringes give partial information of the quality of

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the optical lens. To find the total surface deformation, along one line; a pairs of holes each time will be discovered on the Chalmer‘s screen, and each interferogram will give information. Following this Chalmer‘s idea a microdisplay reflector with an active area of 17.43 X 13.95 mm and 1280 X 1024 pixels, had been used in such a many that two neighbor holes can be ―open‖ for any zone of a lens wavefront under testing. Therefore local errors for the lens wavefront can be measured, for any zone just opening a pair of holes, with the microdisplay. Experimental results will be shown, where local errors for certain areas of a lens about a square centimeter can be observed and measured.

2284451 Wavefront determination using the Ronchi test with equivalent wavelength GARCIA-ARELLANO A.1, GRANADOS-AGUSTIN F.1, CORNEJO-RODRIGUEZ A.1 1National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics

In this work we present an efficient proposal to evaluate optical surfaces working at infrared wavelengths based in the Ronchi test and the synthetic wavelength concept. The implementation is performed using a spatial modulator (XGA2 SLM) and a white Light Emitting Diode (LED) of 5mm. In order to select distinct wavelengths, different color filters are employed. Thus, for a given selected wavelength, the surface evaluation is carried out with the method of Ronchi, registering two perpendicular interferograms for this color; the process is repeated for a second wavelength (architecture of this proposal allowed us to test the surface in more than two wavelengths). Then, an equivalent Ronchigram is computationally generated with the registered data which then is analyzed in order to generate the Wavefront for the correspondent synthetic wavelength. Observations of our results show that with an appropriate LED alignment and high intensity, we avoid an increase of noise due to the employment of longer wavelengths, as well as, the alignment problem, often linked to the evaluation of IR surfaces. Finally, the simplicity of the optical array and low cost materials make this proposal applicable in the area of optical testing.

2284594 The effect of alignment errors in polarimetry of light using liquid-crystal variable retarders LÓPEZ-TÉLLEZ J.M.1, BRUCE N.C.1 1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, UNAM.

Experimental results using Liquid-Crystal Variable Retarders (LCVRs) to measure the four Stokes parameters of a light beam simultaneously are presented. We use known waveplates (half-wave and quarter-wave) as known sources to provide controlled polarization states to the Stokes polarimeter, and we use the measured Stokes parameters as functions of the orientation of the axes of the waveplates as an indication of the quality of the polarimeter. The effects of errors in optical alignment and nonlinearity of the retardance variation on the results are presented and discussed. We also present results of simulations of the effect of the errors for comparison. Finally, we present the advances obtained in the development of a Mueller matrix polarimeter for use in a goniometric scatterometer.

2284962 Slope measurement of a phase object TOTO-ARELLANO N.I.1, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A.1, RAYAS-ÁLVAREZ J. A.1, SERRANO- GARCÍA D. I.1 1 Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

An interferometric method to measure the slope of phase objects is presented. The analysis was performed by implementing a polarizing phase shifting cyclic shear interferometer coupled to a grating interferometer. This system can obtain four interference patterns with adjustable phase shifts and variable lateral shear. In order to extract the slope of a phase object, is analyzed the optical phase applying the classical method of phase extraction.

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2284964 Parallel PSI using a double cyclic shear interferometer TOTO-ARELLANO N.I.1, SERRANO-GARCÍA D.I.1, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A.1, RAYAS- ALVAREZ J.A.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

In this work we present a parallel polarizing phase shifting interferometer based in a Double Cyclic Shear Interferometer (DCSI) to analyze transparent samples. This system has the advantage of better mechanical stability against external vibrations and is capable of generating four beams that can interfere properly, this can reduce the number of captures needed in phase shifting interferometry. The interferometric system generates two π-shifted interferograms, which are recorded by the CCD camera in a single-shot. The separation between parallel interferograms can be varied in the two axes for convenience. For the processing of optical phase, a phase shift can be generated by placing a linear polarizer on each one of the two patterns. We analyze the cases of four patterns with an arbitrary shift in two shots and the case of four patterns with shifts of /2 captured in two shots. The unwrapped phase is processed by Kreis methods and conventional four-step algorithm. Related simulations and experimental results obtained by the proposed interferometer are presented

2284970 Simultaneous phase shifting interferometry based in a Michelson interferometer SERRANO-GARCÍA D.I.1, TOTO-ARELLANO N.I.1, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A.1, RAYAS- ÁLVAREZ J.A.1, MONTES-PERÉZ A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C 2 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Due to that non-destructive optical techniques allow surface measurement with high accuracy, a Michelson interferometer was implemented to analyze a phase object using polarization phase-shifting interferometry. Each beam of the interferometer has a birefringent wave plate attached in order to achieve nearly circular polarization of opposite rotations one respect to the other. The system is coupled to a 4-f arrangement with Ronchi grating which is collocated in the Fourier plane. The interference of the fields associated with replicated beams, centered around the diffraction orders, is achieved varying the beams spacing with respect to the grating period. The optical configuration allows obtaining n-interferograms simultaneously. The phase reconstruction is performed using a four steps phase shifting algorithm and the algorithms with symmetrical (N+1) phase steps. Experimental results are present to a thin phase object.

2284999 Characterization of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon microbolometer array ORDUÑA DÍAZ A1, ROJAS LÓPEZ M1, DELGADO MACUIL R.J.1, TORRES JACOME A2, DE LA HIDALGA WADE F.J2, FERRUSCA DANIEL2, VENTURA GONZÁLEZ SALVADOR2, TREVIÑO PALACIOS C.G2 1Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, IPN 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

Hydrogenated Amorphous silicon is recognized as an excellent material for active layers in thin-film solar cells and thin-film transistors. This material doped with boron has been employed as a thermosensor layer in microbolometers arrays. We present here the characterization of a thermosensor layer grown for application in far infrared detection. The array was fabricated on a Si wafer covered with 0.4 µm of Si3N4. Wet bulk micromachining was used to generate the windows of suspended nitride film of 660 x 420 µm by removing the Si underneath. Then a 95 nm thick film of B doped a-Si:H was deposited on the micromachined Si wafer by means of low frequency PECVD system at 540 K. Conventional lithography was used to define the size of the thermometer on the nitride window. 5 x 5 microbolometer arrays were fabricated and then characterized at a base temperature of 77 K under black body illumination at temperatures ranging from 573 K to 1373 K. A responsivity of 1.17 x 10-2 mA/W with a temperature change in resistance of 4.25% was measured as an average on the individual devices of the array

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2285028 Parameter evolution diffraction efficiency of gratings with corn syrup MEJIAS-BRIZUELA N.Y.1, OLIVARES-PÉREZ A. 1, GRANDE-GRANDE A.2, ORDÓÑEZ- PADILLA M.J.1 1INAOE 2Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Atlixco

We present the temporal behavior of diffraction efficiency parameter to first order, of holographic gratings recorded in corn syrup, sensitized with potassium dichromate. For the record we used two wavelengths, 473 nm and 532 nm respectively, and studied the evolution behavior of diffraction efficiency parameter over a period of time ranging from 24, 48.72 and 96 hours. Diffraction gratings built were made at room temperature both showed a temporal evolution, showing a peak in a certain period of time. Demonstrating the need for a suitable period of stability after exposure to this material shows its maximum modulation.

2285033 Pva with nopal dye as holographic recording material TOXQUI-LÓPEZ S.1, OLIVARES-PÉREZ A.2, FUENTES-TAPIA I.2, PINTO-IGUANERO B.1 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE)

Cactus nopal dye is introduced into the matrix of polyvinyl alcohol achieving a thick film with a like brown appearance, such as they can be used as a recording medium. This dye material provides excellent property as photosensitizer, such as ease of handling, low cost and also has the ability to record real time, for application of holography. We present the experimental results obtained through diffraction gratings were recorded using a laser of He-Cd (442 nm). Polyvinyl alcohol and dye from cactus nopal, were deposited by the technique of gravity on a thick film on a glass substrate, which dries to form a photosensitive emulsion. On the other hand shows the average results of the diffraction efficiency parameter which is quantified.

2285258 Coherence matrix for speckle patterns DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ G.1, MARTÍNEZ VARA P.2, MARTÍNEZ NICONOFF G.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, INAOE 2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP

We report the implementation of a four arm speckle interferometer using a rough surface with bounded power spectrum. With the symmetry implicit in the configuration, and illuminating with a partially coherent and polarized beam, we describe the spatial evolution of the scattered field. This configuration allows us to calculate easily the coherence matrix for the speckle pattern by considering the vector structure of the illumination beam. Experimental results are shown.

2285383 A system for the study of the sound phenomena in alloy samples of FE2MO VILLAFAÑA RAUDA EDGAR 1, CRUZ MANDUJANO JAVIER 2, MORALES ESTRELLA RICARDO 3 1, Centro Universitario de Los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara. 2Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Dpto. de Ciencias Básicas y Matemáticas, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil 3Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

In this work, we presented the design of Photoacoustic (PA) cell, which is used for the experimental determination of the thermal diffusivity of solids, this study appears taking a comparation with the Rosencwaig and Gersho (RG) model, which uses the thermal diffusion mechanism like the main generator of the signal (PA). The contribution of this work is shows the photoacoustic technique of an open cell (CFA) and

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the studies the photoacoustic signal of alloy samples of a metal to metal compound Fe2Mo that took place by dust reduction of Fe2MoO4 Hydrogen and sinterized by Hydrogen [5], which was compressed to form a tablet of 1 cm of diameter and we shows the results of the Photoacoustic signal in amplitude and phase.

2285477 Structural characterization of opuntia laser using FT-IR and thermal analysis MEJIAS DIAZ K. D.1, FLORES REYES T.1, PONCE CABRERA L.1, ARRONTE GARCÍA M.A.1, DOMÍNGUEZ SÁNCHEZ M.A.1 1CICATA IPN

This paper presents the characterization of Opuntia samples by laser spectroscopy techniques as Fourier Infrared (FT-IR) and thermal analysis differential calorimetry (DSC). In this study we performed a comparative analysis of samples before and after samples treatment with Nd: YAG laser emitting at 1064 nm and produces pulses whose energy is variable up to a maximum of 0.9 J. It was determined that there was no structural change in the epidermis of the cactus.

2285588 Progress in the design of chromatic null screens to test cylindrical parabolic concentrators BELTRÁN MADRIGAL J.1, DÍAZ URIBE J.R.2 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico UNAM

The qualitative and quantitative results obtained on the test of cylindrical parabolic concentrators when the screens are designed using dot color changes on the screen are shown. Such a design guarantees a better dot correspondence assignment and makes the optical test of the concentrator easier. The test allows to measure deformations from tenths of a millimeter to several millimeters on the concentrator surface, thus demonstrating that null screen method is good enough for testing surfaces with important deformations. In addition, for validating the test method, in a second approximation, a new null screen is designed for the evaluated surface when it is described by an approximating fourth degree polynomial which includes a crossed term. This second test of the same surface shows that the first evaluation gets close to the form of the surface.

2285656 Quantitative evaluation of a Plano-convex parabolic lens GONZALEZ-UTRERA D.1, AVENDAÑO-ALEJO M.1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

A new design of a null screen Hartman‘s to test quantitatively a fast plano-convex aspherical lens is presented. The design of the null screen Hartman‘s is based considering the caustic produced by refraction through the lens. Additionally, the null screen can be used to improve the alignment in optical systems. A quantitative evaluation of medium precision by using a trapezoidal integration method is presented.

2285745 Focusing a microscope with a single additional moving lens LARA-GARCÍA H.1, DIAZ-URÍBE R.2, CORKIDI-BLANCO G.3, PIMENTEL-CABRERA A.3 1Facultad de Ciencias UNAM 2CCADET UNAM 3IBt UNAM

Studying the natural 3D movements of living microorganism freely moving at a high speed along a liquid medium requires high Numerical Aperture (NA) objectives. Usually immersion objectives are used, so a continuous focusing movement to follow the 3D path of such microorganisms will cause perturbations on the liquid medium, altering their natural movements. In this work, an analysis to include a single additional

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moving lens within a microscope optical system, whose function is to maintain the focus over the microorganism, while the objective and stage are kept static, is presented. The first order theoretical solution to the movement of the additional lens to keep the right focus will be shown, together with experimental results to demonstrate its feasibility. In order to validate the theory, experiments were made for a single focusing simple lens, when the objective is a low power single lens and for a low power microscope objective. When additional requirements are imposed on the total magnification and on the focusing range together with the allowed movement of the focusing lens, practical solutions are very limited. In this work, the method to find the focal length and initial position for the focusing lens is described.

2285802 Dragging force versus speed and polisher density with Teflon® tools IZAZAGA-PÉREZ R.1, CORDERO-DÁVILA A.2, GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA J.3, CUAUTLE- CORTÉS J.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) 2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) 3Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca (UTM)

In polishing process of a glass with a Teflon tool, we measured the dragging force exerted from the glass to the Teflon tool for several relative speeds and polisher densities. We used a force sensor, a Teflon tool of 4- cm diameter and an 120-cm diameter piecework glass, rotating in a polishing machine. In order to increase the relative speed, the Teflon tool was placed, without rotation, at several glass radial positions over the piecework glass. To reproduce the dependence of the dragging force with the relative speed and the polisher density we imposed two physical conditions to a bi-dimensional polynomial, whose coefficients were estimated by means of a least squares fitting. The polynomial degree and the inclusion of the polisher density terms, in mathematical model, were statistically defined.

2285935 Opto-mechanical design, analysis and simulation of tunable liquid-filled lenses SANTIAGO ALVARADO A1, GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA J1, ITUBIDE JIMÉNEZ F1, CAMPOS GARCÍA M2, VÁZQUEZ MONTIEL S3, LICONA MORAN B.I.G.1 1Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 3Instituto de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

Tunable liquid-filled lens (TLFL) is lenses that changing their focal length by modify the quantity of liquid within the mount. Recent research shows that, the use of tunables lens makes lighter, simpler and more compact optical devices in micro-engineering. In the literature there are papers that present simulations of the behavior of tunable micro-lenses composed slim membranes. We use a TLFL composed a cylindrical metallic mount with a compartment for two transparent elastic membranes filled with water between them. Membranes with plane, spherical and conic surfaces are employed. The membranes are elaborated of Polydimethilsolixane and the mechanical mount is made of alluminium. In this work, we present the opto- mechanical design, analysis and simulations of behavior de tunable liquid-filled lenses composed thick membranes. The analysis is made in three TLFL with different types membranes. The simulations and analysis of mechanical behavior were made with SolidWorkTM software. Moreover an application with genetic algorithms was development to obtain the geometrical parameters of the lenses when a value of pressure is applied on the membrane surfaces. On the order hand, the analysis of optical behavior of the lenses was made with the OSLO software. Finally, results are shown.

2285957 Quantitative surface evaluation by matching experimental and simulated ronchigram images KANTUN J.R1, CORDERO A.1, GONZALEZ J.2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 2Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca

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QUANTITATIVE SURFACE EVALUATION BY MATCHING EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED RONCHIGRAM IMAGES Juana Rosaura Kantún Montiel1, Alberto Cordero-Dávila1, Jorge González García2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas (México) 2Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca (México) To estimate qualitatively the surface errors with Ronchi test[1], the experimental and simulated ronchigrams are compared. Recently [2] surface errors have been obtained quantitatively matching the intersection point coordinates of ronchigrama fringes whit x-axis . In this case, gaussian fit must be done for each fringe, and interference orders are used in Malacara algorithm [3] for the simulations. In order to evaluate surface errors, we added an error function in simulations, described with cubic splines, to the sagitta function of the ideal surface. We used the vectorial transversal aberration formula [4] and a ruling with cosinusoidal transmittance, because these rulings reproduce better experimental ronchigram fringe profiles. Several error functions are tried until the whole experimental ronchigrama image is reproduced. The optimization process was done using genetic algorithms. References [1] Ronchi V., ‗‗Due Nuovi Metodi per lo Studio delle Superficie e dei Sistemi Ottici,‘‘ Ann. Sc. Norm. Super Pisa., 15, (1923b). [2] A. Cordero-Dávila, J. González-García, ―Un solo ronchigrama para estimar el radio de curvatura de una superficie cóncava esférica‖ Presented in ―VII Reunión Iberoamericana de Óptica‖ (RIAO), Lima, Perú, September, 2010 [3] Malacara D., ‗‗Geometrical Ronchi Test of Aspherical Mirrors,‘‘ Appl. Opt., 4, 1371– 1374 (1965b). [4] Alberto Cordero-Dávila ―Dificultades de la aplicación del método de mínimos cuadrados en la evaluación tradicional de interferogramas‖, Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica, México, 1991.

2286095 An electro-opto-mechanical device to make diffractive optical elements CASTRO-RAMOS J.1, GORDIANO-ALVARADO G.1, ORTIZ-LIMA C.M.1, DE JESUS- ORTIZ M.A.1, VAZQUEZ-MONTIEL S.1, JARAMILLO-NÚÑEZ A.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica Óptica y Electrónica

Precision machining has been well known as a very precise and effective method for micro structure components. In this paper the mechanical structure of one xyz and spindle axis of freedom machine with 800 nm of resolution in linear axis is described, details of the homemade mechanical mounts are given; also components of the electronic system such as hardware firmware and software are included in the description. The optical systems to make Diffractive Optical Elements, like linear and circular diffraction gratings in different substrates are shown.

2286097 Electro-mechanical bench for a beam shaper of glass prisms HERRERA-MARTÍNEZ G.1, LUNA A.1, GÓMEZ-ARISTA I.2, ROBLEDO-VÁZQUEZ R.A.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

An electro-mechanical bench was designed to improve a beam shaper based on glass prisms. To realize a one- dimensional expanding of the laser beam one can exploit the prism beam shaper. Such a shaper can be designed relatively simply, and it is rather compact even with large factor of expanding. Additionally, we do it tunable in behavior with four prisms. We achieve relative expansion from few times to thirty times in one- dimension. The electro-mechanical prototype is compact and with an easy manufacture. It was designed basically to align the last two glass prisms. The angular movement is done by step-motors for each glass prism. Potential uses are, for example, to illuminate apertures of an acousto-optical cell for tunable spectral resolution.

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2286135 Application of laser shock processing on biocompatible metal GOMEZ-ROSAS G.1, RUBIO-GONZÁLEZ C.2, OCAÑA J.L.3, MOLPECERES C.3, CHAVEZ-CHAVEZ A.1, BLANCO-ALONSO O.1, CASILLAS F.J. 4 1Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, CUCEI. Universidad de Guadalajara 2Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, CIDESI 3Centro Laser Madrid, Departamento de Física Aplicada a la Ingeniería Industrial, E.T.S.I.I. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 4Centro Universitario de los Lagos CULAGOS. Universidad de Guadalajara

Laser shock processing (LSP) is a technique for metal strengthening. This process induces a compressive residual stress field which increases fatigue crack initiation life, reduces fatigue crack growth rate and increases wear resistance of metals. We present a configuration and results in the LSP concept for metal surfaces treatments in underwater layer with constant thickness using laser irradiation at 1064 nm. A convergent lens is used to deliver 0.9 J/pulse in 6 ns (1064 nm) laser pulse produced by a Q-switched Nd:YAG Laser. Experimental results using pulse densities of 5000 pulses/cm2 and spot of 1 mm in diameter on biocompatible metal (Ti6Al4V)are presented. The compressive residual stress distribution as a function of depth was measured with the hole drilling method.

2286136 Alignment of PDLC droplets by mechanical vibration techniques PÉREZ-CORTÉS M.1, CARVENTE-MUÑÓZ O.1, ORTÍZ-GUTIÉRREZ M.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán 2Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

This paper presents a novel method for the construction of a PDLC cell, which is based on the control of droplet formation controlled packaging techniques implemented by external mechanical vibrations. In order to find the best geometric distribution of droplets, and thus achieve the efficiency and performance of the cell, which is a function of vibration delivered during device fabrication, we present the characterization of the cell in terms of opacity, and energy expenditure required voltage for operation.

2286138 Charged-particle prototype detector to be used in studies with radioactive ion beams MEZA-OLIVO A.A.1, GALINDO-URIBARRI A.2, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R.1, PADILLA- RODAL E.1 1UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO 2OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

The aim of this work is to develop and to characterize a prototype detector as a building block for an array of charged-particle detectors based on scintillators coupled to SiPMs. This array could be used as an auxiliary detector with the new generation of 4π-Gamma-ray spectrometers, such as GRETINA [1], to study the structure and properties of atomic nuclei. The studies to be carried out will mainly involve the use of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) [2]. The study of RIBs requires the use of specialized detection systems and instruments. Since most of the reactions are produced in inverse kinematics, it is necessary to simultaneously detect gamma-rays in coincidence with charged-particles to correct for Doppler broadening. A charged- particle array used with a 4π-gamma-ray spectrometer must be highly efficient, with high position sensitivity, low-kinetic energy thresholds, good energy resolution and linearity, high count-rate capability, stability, angular resolution and resistance to radiation. Additionally it should have the smallest possible influence on the performance of the gamma-ray detectors [3]. We are exploring the performance of a modular, compact charged-particle detector, based on a scintillator such as CsI(Tl), coupled to SiPMs, evaluating all the previously mentioned features in addition to its capability of particle identification by means of pulse-shape analysis. The goal is to build a prototype that allows us to obtain, for a charged-particle stopping in the

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scintillator, position information of about 1 mm, as well as to be able to measure the energy deposited and to identify the type of charged particle (Z identification) based on the pulse shape differences.

2285100 Focusing properties of Thue-Morse Zone Plates CASANOVA C.1, REMÓN L. 2, CALATAYUD A.2, GIMÉNEZ F.2, ANDRÉS P.1, MONSORIU J.A. 2, FURLAN W.D.1 1Universitat de València / 2Universitat Politècnica de València

Zone plates have undergone a renewed interest during the last years because they arise as key elements for obtaining images in several scientific and technological areas, such as THz tomography and soft X-ray microscopy. With this motivation, we have proposed different kind of fractal zone plates that provide singular focusing and imaging properties [1]. Following this trend, in this contribution we present the Thue-Morse Zone Plate (TMZP) as a novel bifocal diffracting lens, which distribution of zones are based on the Thue- Morse sequence [2]. The axial irradiance provided by a TMZP when it is illuminated by a monochromatic parallel wavefront presents two main self-similar foci replicated along the optical axis. Under polychromatic illumination, each focus produces an increase in the depth of focus and a strong reduction of the chromatic aberration too. [1] J.A Monsoriu, W.D. Furlan, and G. Saavedra, ―Focusing light with fractal zone plates‖, Recent Res. Devel. Optics, 65 (5) (2005). [2] E. Maciá, ―The role of aperiodic order in scicence and technology‖, Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 397-441 (2006).

VC Vision and Colour

2285422 Tangential and sagittal curvature from the normals computed by the null screen method in corneal topography ESTRADA-MOLINA A1, DÍAZ-URIBE R1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

A new method for computing the tangential and sagittal curvatures from the normals to a cornea is proposed. The normals are obtained through a null screen method from the coordinates of the drops shaped spots at the null screen, the coordinates on a reference approximating surface and the centroids on the image plane (CCD image). This method assumes that the cornea has rotational symmetry and our derivations will be carried out in the meridional plane that contains the symmetry axis. Experimental results are shown for a calibration spherical surface, using cylindrical null screens with radial point arrays.

2285774 Energy balance in apodized diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses ALBA-BUENO F.1, VEGA F.1, MILLÁN M.S.1 1Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya

The energy distribution between the distance and near images formed in a model eye by three different apodized diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) is experimentally determined in an optical bench. The model eye has an artificial cornea with positive spherical aberration (SA) similar to human cornea. The level of SA upon the IOL, which is pupil size dependent, is controlled using a Hartmann-Shack wave sensor. The energy of the distance and near images as a function of the pupil size is experimentally obtained from image analysis. The influence of the SA is deduced from the comparison of the experimentally obtained energy efficiency with the theoretical prediction based solely on the diffractive profile of the IOL. All three IOLs have a base refractive power of 20D immersed in water. A spherical lens with addition of +4D and two aspherical lenses, with respective additions of +4D and +3D, are analyzed. The results show that, the energy efficiency of the distance image decreases for large pupils, in contrast with the theoretical and simulated results that only consider the diffractive profile of the lens. As for the near image, since the diffractive zone responsible for the formation of this image has the same apodization factor in the spherical and aspheric

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lenses and the apertures involved are small (and so the level of SA), the results turn out to be similar for all the three IOL designs.

2285835 Dynamic point shifting in null screen videokeratometry RODRÍGUEZ RODRÍGUEZ M.I.1, JARAMILLO NÚÑEZ A.1, DÍAZ URIBE R.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica 2Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

For obtaining the shape of the corneal surface through the Null Screen method, a numeric integration procedure must be carried out; perhaps, the simplest integration method, is the trapezoid rule. This method, however, is limited by the truncation error. It has been shown previously that the point shifting method allows the reduction of this error by adding many more evaluation points so reducing the average spacing between evaluation points. To do so, an array of LCD‘s must be used to display the moving Null Screen. In this paper we propose to use three LCD forming a triangular prism, instead of a cylindrical Null Screen for measuring the shape of the human corneas. The null screen design will be described and some experimental results obtained with calibration spheres used to simulate the corneal surface will be presented.

2286068 Spherical aberration and depth of field in simple optical systems MUÑOZ A.F.1, VALDIVIESO L.G.1, LOPEZ E.1, IBARRA J.1, TEPICHIN E.1 1INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ASTROFÍSICA, ÓPTICA Y ELECTRÓNICA

Laser refractive surgery has been successfully applied to change ocular aberrations. Typically, to reduce the spherical aberration of the ocular system by modifying the anterior corneal surface. However, spherical aberration of ocular system has been associated with its great depth field [1].On the other hand, we know that some simple optical systems exhibits large spherical aberration that can be understood as a large depth field. We analyze in this paper the relation between the spherical aberration of simple optical system and the resultant depth of field and its possible application in visual optics. [1]Holladay J. T. ―Spherical Aberration: The Next Frontier‖, Cataract & Refractive Surgery Today, November/December 2006.

2286133 Objective visual acuity in human eyes obtained from its wavefront aberration function VARILLAS G1, LÓPEZ-OLAZAGASTI E1, SÁNCHEZ DE LA LAVE D1, RAMÍREZ- ZAVALETA G1, TEPICHÍN E1 1INAOE

Objective visual acuity in human eyes obtained from its wavefront aberration function. G. Varillas, E. López- Olazagasti, D. Sánchez de la Lave, G. Ramírez-Zavaleta, E. Tepichín Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apdo. Postal # 51, Tonantzintla, Pue., 72000 México; The subjective visual acuity in humans is usually defined in terms of the ability of the eye- brain system to distinguish letters or shapes in a standard chart. The most common chart, known as the Snellen´s Chart, consists in different rows of letters in which the subtended angle of vision is constant in each row, and progressively smaller between them. By definition, with a visual acuity of 20/20 can distinguish a ―E‖ letter subtending an angle of 5 minutes or arc. On the other hand, it is well known that if we consider the eye as an isolated image-forming system, then the retinal image can be calculated thought the convolution of the object and the corresponding impulse response of the system. Therefore, if the object is the Snellen´s chart then the retinal image can be consider as the objective visual acuity. To calculate the actual value of the objective visual acuity we need to have a perfectly characterized reference chart. Several patents exist in the literature that explains how to build this reference chart for the numerical simulation. We show in this work that by choosing the adequate metric, it is possible to obtain a numerical value of the objective visual acuity in perfect concordance with the clinical or subjective visual acuity value. We show the preliminary results of our proposal. This procedure can be useful to estimate the visual acuity in situation where the clinical value is hard to obtain for example in preschool children.

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2286233 Paradoxical design of the optical system of the human eye. Evolutive hipothesis NAVARRO R.1 1ICMA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad de Zaragoza Facultad de Ciencias. Plaza San Francisco s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

Cornea, lens and eye models are analyzed and compared to experimental findings to assess properties and eventually unveil optical design principles involved in the structure and function of the optical system of the eye. Models and data often show good match but also some paradoxes. The type of optical design of the eye clearly corresponds to a wide angle lens. Compared to conventional optical systems, the eye presents a poor optical quality on axis, but a relatively good quality off-axis, thus yielding higher homogeneity for a wide visual field of nearly 180º. This seems the result of an intriguing combination of two opposite design principles: Symmetry in the distribution of elements, but total lack of rotational symmetry of optical surfaces and absence of an optical axis. Even more intriguing is the mismatch between that relative homogeneous optical performance across visual field and the strongly inhomogeneous retina and the even more inhomogeneous cortical (log-polar) mapping of visual field. Visual acuity and vision of details is concentrated inside the fovea. This is a small area compared to the nearly 180º of peripheral visual field. This mismatch, and apparent design flaw, is discussed in terms of evolution, adaptation and cost/benefit ratio. A better optical performance might be quite possible, but then our visual system should have more neurons to take advantage of it, and the cost of improving optics seems much lower than the cost of significantly increase the number of neurons in the brain. On the other hand, the eye‘s design is not bad if we consider that any attempt to modify its optical system with today‘s surgical technologies tends to deteriorate rather than improve its optical quality.

Key words: Visual Optics, Optics of the Human Eye, Eye Models, Evolution, Wide Angle Lens, Symmetry.

IAPD Information Acquisition, Processing and Display

2284154 Development of fluorescent multilayer disc structure BELIAK IE.V.1, BUTENKO L.V.1 1Institute for Information Recording of National Academy of Science of Ukraine

Fluorescent multilayer disc (FMD) consists from substrate and sandwich-structure of information and intermediate layers. While all the structure of the disc is transparent and homogeneous the parasitic signal will be caused mostly by photoluminescence (PL) and absorption of pits areas where laser light is unfocused. For big quantity of layers (10 or more) the level noise will got significant value, so it was suggested to distinguish readout signal as a variable one. Also it was proposed to record information only by the lands, to decrease absorption level and thus uncontrolled changing of the noise level. Furthermore in information layer of FMD there are inner and outside peripheral areas which uphold a stable level of parasitic signal during readout from the edges of the disc. While PL readout signal is spatially isotropic optical head of FMD drive get just a part of the probing beam energy. PL quantum yield, absorption factor, receiver systems exposure loss coefficients are other reasons of PL signal low power. Thus the problem of low SNR in this case is a major one and the only way of its solving is synthesis of the dye with a high PL quantum yield. The PL relaxation time in other hand is a main feature of the data reading rate and therefore selection of the appropriable registration material will allow getting this parameter up to modern optical disc ones. To achieve this goal composite organic pyrazoline dyes where investigated and accepted as effective registration media with a quantum yield of PL up to 60-70%, relaxation time less than 100 ns, wide spectrum of the PL and possibility of two-photon absorption. Mentioned parameters were further improved by method based on the performance of organic dye molecules in the zeolite matrix.

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2284156 High-density optical disks for long-term information storage. PETROV V.V.1, KRYUCHYN A.A.1, GORBOV I.V.1 1Institute for Information Recording of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Optical disks are widely used for storage of archival data represented in a digital form. Long-term storage of information recorded on standard CDs is provided by periodical transferring (once in 3-5 years) to new carriers. High-stable light-sensitive materials and special reflective metal coatings are proposed to use for increasing optical disk information storage term. The conducted researches showed that the application of vitreous chalcogenide semiconductors in optical WORM disks provided the data storage term not under 30 years. A substantially larger term of data storage can be realized on optical ROM carriers. Attainment of a guaranteed storage term within several hundreds of years is provided in such carriers by applying high-stable materials substrates and information must be represented in the form of the microrelief structure on the substrate surface. Sapphire, quartz, silicon, glass-ceramics and other materials can be used for manufacturing substrates of optical BD disks (and other subsequent disk formats with high recording density). These materials allow to create substrate characterized increased melting temperature and chemical and mechanical resistance. Furthermore, using mentioned materials for substrates production allows applying high- temperature metals (chrome, nickel) to creation of high-stable refractive layers and providing sufficient mechanical adhesion between refractive layer and substrate. Modern methods of thermolithography provide the creation of nano-size images on photoresist layer deposited on the substrates. These images can be transformed to the nano-size relief structures on the surface of high-stable materials substrates by techniques of reactive ion-beam etching.

2284646 Characterization of atmospheric pollutants from Tuxtla Gutierrez using DOAS system ORANTES-JONAPA A1, MENESES-NAVA M A2, GONZALEZ-HERRERA R1 1UNICACH 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

Air pollution due to emissions from cars, industry, and forest fires, has been extensively studied for the effects on health. There are a variety of measurement techniques, using chemical methods of contact, optical techniques for characterization, detection and control of gases based on spectrophotometry, to detect toxic or explosive gases, and air quality, allowing measurement over large areas typically a few hundred meters, although affected by scattering and other mechanisms of interference. Non dispersive measurements are used to measure concentrations of particles in open system configuration, where a second measurement is required at frequencies which absorb any particles as a reference to compensate the loss due to dust, dirt, etc., in the optical path. This technique is differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), widely used in IR and UV regions. However, this technique suffers from interference problems, which makes difficult the measurement accuracy. This work implemented a passive DOAS system using an achromatic refractor telescope, Meade ETX-80AT, a UV spectrophotometer, BW-TEK, model BRC112E and environmental measurement device, Vantage Pro2 Plus, implemented in the city of Tuxtla Gutierrez, in three areas of monitoring, the study was conducted from February 15 to March 26, 2010 prime-time traffic. The results showed acceptable approximation of the measurements made with the conventional method and the DOAS. The differences between measurements are due to the nature of the measurement. The results are presented for O3. G. A. Bishop and D. H. Stedman, Measuring the Emissions of passing cars, Acc Chem Res 29, pp. 489-495, 1996.

2284866 Characterization of signals issued by bats in the Santander department (Colombia) BAUTISTA MENDOZA C.O.1, MENDOZA CARREÑO E.F.1, VESGA REYES M.E.1 1Universidad de Santander (UDES)

In nature we are surrounded by animals of all kinds, but there are some that calls more attention, in our particular case study the signals emitted by bats such as frequency. For the above used an ultrasonic detector

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based on a piezoelectric and a signal amplifier; since the best piezoelectric ultrasonic detectors and those type filter easily audible frequencies. The signals are captured by a digital oscilloscope. In this research we work with bats located in the city of Bucaramanga and sites located close to rural areas, this in order to determine the differences in the signals emitted by them. Using Fourier transform allows us to work in frequency space, where any change in frequency of the bats studied is reflected in the spacing of the signal. These are received by a piezoelectric crystal is which transforms the mechanical waves into electrical signals that are increased by an amplifier stage; the waves are displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope for further analysis. The main part of our device is the piezoelectric which is cut to work at a higher frequency of 20,000 Hz, where the signals emitted by bats. Also, this work allows us to identify the species of bats that are studied by comparing the peak intensity and frequency used by the number of pulses emitted.

2285328 Image-plane alcove reflection hologram using one-step recording CHENG Y.S.1, LEE T.C.1 1National Central University

Multiplex holography combines the usual photography and the rainbow holography. Hence, not only the static objects on the optical table but also human beings and outdoor scenes can be used as the subjects for holographic recording. Furthermore, computer-generated data, including scientific, engineering, medical data can be utilized as subjects to record hologram. Owing to the characteristics of rainbow holography, white light from either a point source or a line source can serve as the reconstruction light. Alcove hologram, due to its cylindrical shape, can display 3D image at the center of hologram cylinder with illuminating light source positioned on the axis of the hologram cylinder either above or below the hologram. Previously, we have proposed a three-step process to record an image-plane reflection alcove multiplex hologram. Here, we design a special anamorphic optics system which facilitates the separation of the horizontal and the vertical images. A wave diverging from a slit on a diffuser serves as the reference beam for hologram recording. Successive images are input into the optical system for recording as superimposed holograms with proper translation between successive holograms. The developed hologram when curved into a partial cylinder and illuminated with a light bulb with a line filament can reconstruct single-colored image at the center of the hologram cylinder. Some preliminary experimental results are provided and the design of the optical system is described.

2285878 The PCI core for FPGA by calibration and applications in the optical detection instruments GOMEZ JIMENEZ R1, ROJAS DOMENICO J.U.1, URIBE VALLADARES R1, MUÑOZ ZURITA A.L:1 1Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, U .Torreón Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila

The PCI bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect), Peripheral Component Interconnect bus is a newly proposed high bandwidth, processor-independent. Compared with other buses, the PCI provides better performance for E / S high speed. Because the design of the PC 512 only supports port address on the system bus and because it uses a large number of these addresses, interfacing with design requirements of a large number of ports E / S are difficult to implement. This paper describes a design of a PCI core, to increase the maximum number of addresses available port on the PC. Any transfer of data to the PCI bus is a single transaction consisting of one address phase and one or more data phases. The PCI is designed to allow some variety of configurations based on microprocessors, including both single systems with multiple processors. Uses synchronous timing and a centralized arbitration scheme. The PC typically uses address mapping E / S, but nothing in the design prohibits the use of port forwarding E / S memory mapped. This scheme simply uses memory addresses as addresses of E / S port.It is commonly used to expand the port forwarding E/S and in many microprocessors, the only means the adreassing ports E/S. Note that the PCI core, is designed to operate

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in application cards for instrumentation and data acquisition. This paper considers using the PCI core for the calibration of detection instruments.

2285929 Design of a podoscopy using fringe projection. RENERO-C F.-J.1, CALDERA J.1 1INAOE

Preliminary optical-digital design of a podoscopy is presented. Thus, the quantification of the fallen arch of the feet is achieved means of the fringe projection. The development software is also presented.

2286170 Noise tolerant n-order phase unwrapping system NAVARRO M.A.1, ESTRADA J.C.1, SERVIN M.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica

The present work shows preliminary results of a phase unwrapping technique used in interferometry. Wrapped phase maps are the result of the modulus 2pi ambiguities caused for the phase recovery function. Here we present a recursive n-order phase unwrapping system that removes the ambiguities, it`s robust to noise and fast. The system is able to recover the unwrapping phase in presence of high noise, according to stability of the system that can be controlled. The system is not numerically-heavy in comparison with other methods that tolerate the noise. The application areas of the system can be: optical metrology, magnetic resonance, and those imaging systems where information is obtained as a demodulated wrapped phase map.

2286208 Image reconstruction with Bessel-Fourier moments. PADILLA-VIVANCO A.1, TOXQUI-QUITL C.1, CAMACHO-BELLO C.1 1Laboratorio de Óptica y Visión por Computadora. Universidad Politécnica de Tulancingo

In this work, we reconstruct discrete image functions by means Bessel-Fourier polynomials. To measure the image reconstruction we use the Normalized image reconstruction error between the input and reconstructed images. We show that, a good reconstruction performance is found to be available for gray-level images. The reconstruction algorithm is implemented using the first forty zeros of the Bessel functions of the first kind. Experimental results are presented

TO Theoretical Optics

2283821 Optical imaging with partially coherent and partially polarized illumination ROMERO P.1, OSTROVSKY A.S.1 1Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

As swell known, the coherence properties of illumination essentially affect the process of image formation in optical system. Such an effect has been thoroughly studied within the framework of scalar coherence theory [1]. Recently, much prominence is given to the vector coherence theory or so-called unified theory of coherence and polarization [2]. In this connection it is interesting to generalize the corresponding results of Ref. 1 for the vector case of partially coherent and partially polarized electromagnetic illumination. Here, we show that the quality of optical image depends on both the spectral degree of coherence and the spectral degree of polarization of illuminating field. We illustrate this result with an example of optical imaging the two-pinhole object illuminated by Gaussian Schell-model electromagnetic field. [1] J. W. Goodman, Statistical Optics, John Wiley & Sons, 1985. [2] E. Wolf, Introduction to the Theory of Coherence and Polarization of Light, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007.

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2284810 Light propagation through thin films, the amplitude and phase representation DIAMANT R.1 1 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa.

The amplitude and phase representation of classic electromagnetic waves is used to model light propagating through a stratified medium, with a continuous refractive index profile. This medium is assumed to be isotropic, non magnetic, electrically neutral, transparent, dielectric, with a linear response, but letting the electric permittivity vary along the z direction. No approximations regarding a slowly or strongly varying refractive index, compared to the wavelength, are made. This is particularly convenient when the refractive index varies on a wavelength scale. The case of a thin film at normal incidence is studied for various thicknesses and interface ranges. The corresponding nonlinear amplitude differential equation is numerically solved. The amplitude oscillations are construed in terms of counter-propagating waves and the film s reflectivity is evaluated.

BMO Bio Medical Optics

2284463 Birefringence and deformation measurements in porcine corneas using Fourier OCT BRIONES M.J.1, DE LA TORRE M.H.1, MENDOZA F.1, PEDROZA J.2 1Centro de investigaciones en óptica A.C. 2Estudio integral de la visión.

A polarization sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography system to measure the birefringence response and the internal deformation of porcine corneas is presented. The optical system uses polarized light to recover simultaneously the s and the p polarization states by means of two low cost cameras. Each camera records fringe patterns which reconstruct the internal structure of the porcine cornea. Combining both sensors information a polarization retardation maps are observed inside the tissue. The corneas are deformed due a hydro static test which simulates different intra ocular pressure variations. Results show simultaneously the micro structure of the cornea, its birefringence response and its mechanical micro deformation. A comparison of the results obtained with the proposed system and commercial ones are also presented.

2284496 Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of a two-fiber probe for biomedical spectroscopy applications DELGADO ATENCIO J.A.1, PRAHL S.A.2, VÁZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.1, CUNILL RODRÍGUEZ M.1, GUTIÉRREZ DELGADO F.3, CASTRO RAMOS J.1 1INAOE 2Oregon Medical Laser Center 3CEPREC

The goal of the present work is to characterize theoretically and experimentally a simple two-fiber optic probe for spectroscopy applications in turbid biological media such as human skin and cervix. First, we perform a review of the wavelength dependence of optical parameters of these tissues. The validity of the diffusion approximation is evaluated for simple models of skin and cervix in term of the restriction that scattering should dominate over absorption. The spectral bands where the diffusion theory fails are found for skin and cervix models. Second, radially-resolved diffuse reflectance is compared using both Monte Carlo and the diffusion techniques. The optimal source-detector distance that minimizes errors is identified. Using, these spectral and spatial constraints together with known optical properties, a set of synthetic spectra are generated using a valid diffusion approximation. These spectra are used to evaluate an algorithm to extract intrinsic tissue optical properties. Finally, a two-fiber optic probe was built and used to record spectra from in-vivo skin and phantoms mimicking the cervix tissue. The derived optical properties will be presented.

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2284776 690-nm, quasi-diffraction-limited fibre laser design for acupunctural analgesia RIVERA-MANRIQUE I.S.1, JAQUES S.L.2, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A.1 1CIITEC-IPN 2OREGON HEALTH STATE UNIVERSITY

Abstract: The therapeutic effect that laser beams could produce in humans is being investigated all over the world as it might represent an option for conditions as common as migraine and phonophobia and for other serious conditions such as port wine stain, among others. This work is based on the optical design and simulation of a continuous wave (CW) Yb3+-doped, 690nm quasi-diffraction-limited fibre laser for producing specific therapeutic effect known as acupunctural analgesia. It is a simple design on which commercially available software was employed for laser cavity design and the so-called Monte Carlo technique for skin light-transport, thermal diffusion and the possible thermal de-naturalization prediction. A full optical characterization will be included and full results on the laser-skin chromophore interaction, anisotropy, skin dispersion coefficient, all based on the resultant laser design will be described.

2285126 Surface plasmon resonance technique used to differentiate tequilas LUNA MORENO D.1, MONZÓN HERNÁNDEZ D.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C.

SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE TECHNIQUE USED TO DIFFERENTIATE TEQUILAS Donato Luna Moreno, David Monzón Hernández Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica AC, 37150 León, Gto. México [email protected], [email protected] We propose the use of the prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique to show that it is possible to differentiate between tequilas of the same type and with the same grade of alcohol (35% alc. vol.) produced by different trademark. The experimental scheme used is based on the Kretschmann configuration and consist of a semi-cylindrical bk7glass-prism coated with a three-layer thin film of chromium-gold-silicon dioxide. The gold is the active layer, chromium was used to enhance the adherence of gold to the prism and finally the silicon dioxide was deposited over the gold layer to protect it against harsh environment. The plasmon resonance curve produced by each tequila sample is analyzed and compared to find the difference between the tequilas.

2285347 Low cost optoelectronic system for drying paint monitoring RUBINSZTAIN E.1, LUTENBERG A.1, TRIVI M. 2, PEREZ-QUINTIAN F.3 1GLOmAe, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Paseo Colón 850 C1063ACV, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina 2Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata - CIC) and UID Optimo, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 3, 1897 Gonnet- La Plata, Argentina 3Laboratorio de Ingeniería Óptica (LIO), Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina

In previous works we reported several speckle interferometry methods applied to the analysis drying of paints analysis process. In this paper we present the development of a low cost optoelectronic system for monitoring the drying status of different types of paints. The system is composed by a laser diode, a linear CCD sensor and a dsPIC30F4011 microcontroller for control and data processing. One of the key points of the system is the algorithm that processes the speckle patterns produced by the laser beam scattered from the paint. The temporal evolution of the speckle carries information of the painting activity status. The proposed algorithm modifies one of his parameters to follow the speckle rate of change, allowing a real-time measurement of the paint drying state. The results obtained with this system are compared to the ones obtained by the method that measures the paint weight loss in time, due to the solvent evaporation, and to the results from other methods that process the temporal evolution of the speckle with different algorithms.

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2285851 Non-invasive optical method for epidermal thickness estimation PEÑA A. 1, ARRONTE M.1, PONCE L.1, RODRÍGUEZ E.1, DE POSADA E.1, FLORES T.1 1CICATA-IPN Unidad Altamira

A non-invasive method to determine epidermal thickness from the intensity of transmitted visible light is proposed. A simple model for passing light through the epidermis layers and then measuring what is transmitted back out of the surface, is implemented by using the Montecarlo method. Simulations revealed that the transmittance is linearly dependent on the thickness of the epidermis and so demonstrate the viability of the proposed method. Our optical coherence tomography measurements of finger tips epidermal thickness agree with the theoretical results.

2285965 Ex-vivo study of cervical lesions using OCT. VÁZQUEZ-VILLA A.1, DELGADO-ATENCIO J.A.1, GUTIÉRREZ-DELGADO F.2, VÁZQUEZ-MONTIEL S.1, MARCIAL-TOLEDO S.2, CASTRO-RAMOS J.1, CHÁVEZ- MERCADO L.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica 2Centro de Estudios y Prevención del Cáncer

Each year in the world is diagnosed 12.7 million people with cancer and 7.6 million deaths are caused by this disease. More than 70% of these deaths occur in developing countries. The third part of these tumors can be cured with early detection and therefore new modalities of timely diagnosis of this disease are still developing around all over the world. In Mexico cervical cancer are the second leading cause of death in women and the leading cause of death in women living in rural communities. Each year 16,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed and 4500 women die from the disease. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) provides high resolution in vivo tomography images of turbid media, such human tissue, which become this technique into a good alternative to the traditional gold standard for diagnosing of cancer: optical biopsy based on the microscopy analysis of biological samples extracted from the body. In this paper we present the result of analysis of a set of OCT images taken from ten biopsy samples of cervical tissue that include healthy and anomalous tissue for comparison purposes. The OCT images are analyzed in order to identify typical signatures in micro volumes corresponding to healthy, premalignant and cancer tissues, respectively. In addition, the validity of using an extraction algorithm to determine the optical properties of these tissues from the interferometric signal provided by the OCT equipment is evaluated. The zones measured with the OCT handheld were the indicated by the medical specialist and were marked to guarantee their analysis during the application of the traditional histopathological method. Finally we present an analysis of the correlation between the results obtained using OCT and the results by the traditional optical biopsy method.

2285968 Optical coherence tomography image enhancement by using gold nanoparticles PONCE-DE-LEON Y.R.1, LOPEZ-RIOS J.A.2, PICHARDO-MOLINA J.L.1, ALCALA- OCHOA N.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica 2Universidad de Guanajuato

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique to get cross-sectional images with resolutions of a few microns and deep penetration in tissue. For many years OCT has been applied to analyze different human tissues like eyes, skin, teeth, urinary bladders, gastrointestinal, respiratory or genitourinary tracts and recently breast cancer tissues among others. However, one of the big challenges to get a well defined image of breast cancer tissue is to avoid scattering from lipids. On the other hand, typical histology analysis of breast cancer tissue is done by visual identification of morphology or structural changes in tissue and cells (subjective analysis). Gold nanoparticles exhibit interesting optical properties due to its plasmon resonance frequency. Optical absorbance is strong when gold nanoparticles have dimension under 50 nm but over this size optical scattering starts to be the dominant. The aim of our investigation is to analyze the performance of

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nanoparticles in the contrast enhancement of OCT images. We added gold nanoparticles to phantoms and evaluate the contrast modifications using a Thorlabs Swept Source OCT System working in the central wavelength of 1325nm. Some preliminary results are presented using gold nanoparticles of different morphologies, sizes and coatings as contrast agents in gel phantoms

OE Optical Engineering

2283183 Fibre laser beam-absorption in metals for laser-assisted cold spray ORTIZ-NERIA D.I.1, SCHREIBER T.1, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A.1 1CIITEC – IPN

The present work is focused on the analysis of theoretical beam absorption from Yb3+-doped fiber laser on metal sheets to compare them with traditional CO2 laser sources. In laser material processing, the absorption of the laser beam on any type of metal is very important to improve the entire process in terms of speed and accuracy. Although many performance parameters are directly related to the specific process, in most cases the process critically depends on laser type and beam characteristics. Moreover, scientific reports state that the absorption efficiency is a function of laser wavelength and material characteristics that will be processed. A complete analysis of absorption performance of an Yb3+-doped cavity will be useful in order to explore beyond a simple control of deposition temperature process that has strong laser power dependence. The analysis needs to be completed with a technical and scientific comparison over a commercial CO2 laser absorption, so that it could be a good reference to evaluate fiber laser performance in future industrial applications. Theoretical results based on solving inherent, relevant equations and their simulation will be presented as the basis for a strict comparison between Yb3+-doped laser absorption efficiency versus CO2 laser absorption, in order to determine key factors involved in deciding design criteria for industrial and scientific systems such as the so-called laser-assisted cold spray process.

2283831 Influence of some parameters on the performance of fringe projection RAMIREZ F.1, BARRIENTOS B.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

A study of the influence of some parameters on the performance of fringe projection is reported. The parameters under investigation are the period of the fringe pattern, the shape of the carrier fringes, the contrast and the working cycle of the fringes. Numerically simulated objects with different frequency content are analyzed as well. In particular, the deformation map of a rectangular aluminum plate fixed at its corners is firstly computed by finite differences (ANSIS) and then taken as another input to the FP algorithm. For retrieval of the optical phase the Fourier method is considered.

2283940 Optical non-destructive testing of the materials surface structure based on LCs TOMILIN M.G.1, STAFEEV S.K.1 1Saint-Petersburg SPb State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

Thin layers of nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) may be used as unusual recording media for visualizing structural and microrelief defects, the distribution of low power physical fields and local modifications of the surface. NLCs are more sensitive to physical fields detecting in comparison with cholesteric and smectic LCs having super molecular structures. The detecting properties of NLCs are based on local layers deformation, induced by surface fields and observed in polarizing microscope. The structural surface defects or physical field‘s distribution are dramatically change the distribution of surface tension. The recording of the surface defects becomes possible if the NLC deformed structure is illuminated in transparent or reflective modes and observed through optical microscope with crossed polarizes and appearing figure is compared to the background structure. In this case one observes not the real defects but the local deformations in NLCs induced by the fields or defects. The basic theory was developed that gave the information on the real size of

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defects. The resolution of the LC layer is more than 2000 lines/mm. The fields of NLC application are solid crystals symmetry observation, minerals, metals, semiconductors, polymers and glasses structure inhomogeneities and optical coatings defects. The efficiency of NLC application in biophotonics is illustrated by objective detecting cancer tissues character and direct visualizing the interaction traces of grippe viruses with antibodies. NLCs also may detect solvent components structure such as tea, wine and perfume. NLCs in application to solution components gives unique information of their structure and opens horizons for detecting forbidden and dangerous components in solution (drugs, toxins and explosives). It gives diagnostic information alternative to dyes and fluorescence methods. For the first time the structures of some juices and beverages are presented to illustrate the unique possibilities of the new universal method.

2284392 Structure monitor system by using of optical fiber sensor and watching camera in utility tunnel in urban area NAKANO N.M.1, TORIGOE T.T.2, KAWANO M.K.2 1Osaka Sangyo University. 2NTT Infrastructure Network Corporation.

The feature of the optical fiber sensing measurement are 1) strong for receiving inducement, 2) not for electric deterioration, 3) possible to measure along a long distance, 4) unnecessary for the power supply, etc. The optical fiber can measure the distortion and the temperature along the line continuously. And displacement the transformation of the structure to the wide range. And moreover, the measurement system that it is more advanced than the past as well as stability combined with the telecommunication and sensor function of the optical fiber sensor is able to have highly achieved. This paper reports the measurement results of the utility tunnel (electric power and communication) according to the adjacent expressway construction. And moreover, the surveillance camera for the monitor is connected to the network, set up in joint premises in this measurement, and it reports on the content observed overall. Recently, attention has been for disaster prevention that supports the social life. Moreover, it is necessary to make the best use of a limited infrastructure for the provision of social overhead capital in the future efficiently, and effectively. It is necessary to construct the measurement system that considers cost and the effect for that. Remote observation is also possible and can understand the behavior of the structure in the line and respect the optical fiber sensing technology by the network camera observation on which it reported this time. It will be necessary to improve this technology, and to establish the technology as for disaster prevention observation in the future. Real-time disaster prevention technology will become possible by uniting this measurement system and the telecommunication network as shown in Figure 12 in the future. It is thought that it contributes to the achievement of a safe, comfortable social life space by this technology.

2284578 3D displacement and strain measurements using simultaneously three lasers SÁNCHEZ A. A.1, DE LA TORRE-IBARRA M.H.1, SAUCEDO-A. T.2, MENDOZA SANTOYO F.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C. 2Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas

In this work we present an extension of the use of three different lasers at 458, 532 and 633 nm and only one high resolution monochrome sensor. Besides the advantage to obtain the 3D deformation in just two images it is now possible due the geometry of the optical setup to obtain the strain gradients present in the object. The system records two consecutive images where each one contains three holograms in it. This configuration gives the opportunity to use long coherence length lasers which allows the measurement of large object areas. A series of digital holographic interferograms are recorded for a particular metallic sample during a well known mechanical deformation. A comparison between the experimental results and a finite element model are presented. From the system it is possible to obtain in just a couple of images the orthogonal displacement components u, v and w and the strain gradients. Latter gives more information about the mechanical response of an object during a micro deformation.

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2284745 Encoding degree testing in a 4f architecture AMAYA ROBAYO D.1, TEBALDI M.1, TORROBA R.1, BOLOGNINI N.1 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata-CIC), UID OPTIMO - Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

The distribution of the encrypted information at the output of an encoding system is of major concern. When the encrypted information is conveyed to the final user, image pollution or possible damages can affect the physical support. In such a case, we face possible information degradation when recovering. Therefore, it is of importance to ensure the optimal spatial distribution of the encoded information along the output of the encrypting system. In doing so, we select the classical 4f encoding architecture to apply our analysis. We test what we define the encoding degree as a function of the characteristics of both encoding masks, the input object size and input pupil. We find a dependence on the above parameters influencing the spatial distribution at the 4f output plane. In particular, we observe a definite spatial location or alternatively a wide-spread distribution of the encoded information depending on the parameters‘ manipulation as well as assigning roles to both encrypting masks. We present a number of examples to back our analysis.

2284822 Michelson microscope interference objective for micro-structure topography measuring KARIM GIBRÁN HERNÁNDEZ CHAHÍN K.G.1, RAMÓN RODRÍGUEZ-VERA R.R.2, JUAN ANTONIO RAYAS ÁLVAREZ J.A.2 1Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías Campus León 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C

Nowadays, the trends of miniaturization of sensors and inspection devices have been of major importance in science and technology. The characterization of microchips, integrated circuits, MEMS, and micro-sensors is important to determine their proper operation. Due to their element small size may have structural fails for improper handling of them. This paper proposes the use of a Michelson interferometic objective for the determination of topographical features in materials at micro and nanoscale level. The main advantage of this method is it is non-invasive nature that allows testing in soft materials without damage. An interferometric objective with a magnification of 5X illuminated with a 632nm He-Ne laser is used. Fringes that allow the study of the topography of these structures are properly analysed. The acquisition of the interferograms was performed by a CCD, which are handled by the method of phase-stepping. An integrated circuit of a CCD as target is used. A reconstruction of the microscopic topography of the sample produced results with a statistical error in the topography of 12nm. Application of this method is to conduct quality control tests in manufacture of electronic components such as micro-chips and integrated circuits.

2284899 Analysis of cantilever beam test using digital image correlation and digital holography DE OLIVEIRA G.N.1, NUNES L.C.S.1, DOS SANTOS P.A.M.1 1Universidade Federal Fluminense

In the present work a new optical testing methodology to analyze and estimate mechanical parameters of fixed-free cantilever beam subjected to a concentrated force applied at the free end submitted to different loads is analysed. This is a standard test for characterizing its mechanical properties in this situation and is considered the simplest form of analysis. So, the experimental tests were carried out using two combined approaches. Large deformations have been evaluated by means of digital image correlation (DIC) and small deformations have been estimated using digital fourier transform holography (DFTH). The experimental procedure to estimate small displacements is carried out using the digital holographic interferometry technique. This is a non-contact optical technique that consists in recording digitally a DFTH hologram with a CCD camera and reconstructing numerically the object image. By other hand, for large displacements the experimental procedure is carried out using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. This is an optical- numerical full-ﬁeld surface displacement measurement method. It is based on a comparison between two

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images of a specimen coated by a random speckled pattern in the undeformed and in the deformed states. This way, it is possible to obtain a complete set of measurements by the combination of image correlation and digital holography for a efficienty mechanical analysis of the proposed specimen. Finally, with whole data colletion, the mechanical parameters are determined.

2285155 3D measurements of a tympanic membrane with digital holographic interferometry MUÑOZ SOLÍS S.M.1, MENDOZA SANTOYO F.M.1, HERNÁNDEZ-MONTES M.H.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C.

In this paper a digital holographic interferometry (HDI) system with three object-illumination beams is used for the first time to detect and measure micrometer deformations on the surface of a tympanic membrane. Using this optical setup allows all three object displacement components x, y, and z, to be independently calculated. The corresponding deformations are registered using a cw laser in stroboscopic mode and a CCD camera synchronized to the excitation acoustic wave that produces a resonant vibration mode on the tympanic membrane surface. A series of digital holographic interferograms record the displacements undergone by the tympanic membrane and from them full field deformation phase maps are obtained. From the latter it is possible to observe the displacement of the tympanic membrane in response to the sound pressure. The study was performed on the tympanic membrane taken from a post-mortem cat. The results show the feasibility to apply a similar optomechanical arrangement for the study in humans, representing an alternative technique for the study of pathologies in the tympanic membrane. Keywords: HDI, tympanic membrane, optical non invasive method

2285612 Temperature distribution of non-symmetric flames with two orthogonal point- diffraction interferometers AGUILAR JUAN.C1, AGUILAR J.FELIX1, BERRIEL-VALDOS L.R.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

Two point-diffraction interferometers were used to reconstruct the temperature distribution of flames; they are arranged in perpendicular direction each to other, so we get two projections. We estimated the optimum pinhole size for a fixed transmittance in order to get the best contrast of the fringes in presence of aberrations. A multiplicative computing algorithm for tomography was used for the reconstruction from the interferometric projection data. Since this type of algorithms accept an initial solution, we can improve the estimated temperature and, also accelerate the convergence by using the classical radial-Abel reconstruction approach as an initial condition. In this way we get a realistic temperature distribution even considering the rapid spatial variations of the flame.

2285888 Experimental results of phase retrieval with reduced noise using inline-DHM ARRIZÓN V.1, CRUZ M.L.2 1INAOE2Unistmo

Digital holographic microscopy is a method used to retrieve microscopic phase objects. However, the limited CCD bandwidth, used to record the hologram, and the aberrations of imaging lens add some noise into the retrieval process. In this context, the use of referenceless on axis digital holography is highly convenient due to the simplification of the required optical setup. However, the amount of noise, due to the conjugate and zero-order terms in the holograms tend to increase, because these hologram terms are overlapped with the signal term. We propose to enclose the object in a pupil and use this information to obtain an approximation of the object phase. This approximation is used in an iterative method, where the recovered field is cleaned from the conjugate and zero order hologram terms. Moreover, we show that the distortion introduced by loss of high frequency information, in the retrieval process, can be compensated with the iterative method. The simulation of this method had been proved with good results and they present a fast convergence of the algorithm. In this work we present the first experimental results applying this method.

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2286054 Phase unwrapping using morphologic processing DE LA ROSA MIRANDA E.1, BERRIEL VALDOS L.R.2, GONZALEZ-RAMIREZ E.1, MIRAMONTES DE LEON G.1, FELIX-AGUILAR J.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas2Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica Óptica y Electrónica

In this paper a simple and robust algorithm for phase unwrapping is proposed. For smooth and continuous phase, unwrapping can be carried out using morphological processing. Morphological filter were applied in order to estimate the phase amplitude fulfilling the condition for continuity of the 2π- modulo phase in regions with 4-connectivity. Results showed that the estimation of the unwrapped phase is fast and precise.

2286077 Laser ultrasound with an adaptive interferometer CATANA-CASTELLANOS J.A.1, VÁZQUEZ-LOZANO J.I.1, CASTILLO-MIXCÓATL J.1, MUÑOZ-AGUIRRE S.1, BELTRÁN-PÉREZ G.1 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

The use of ultrasound as a non-destructive analysis technique in different technological applications such as medicine, among others has been effective. However the use of the conventional ultrasound technique involves physical contact between the sample and the transducer. This is an important obstacle in different industrial procedures where it is almost impossible to have direct contact with the sample, for instance working with high temperatures, harmful environments or just because the production line cannot stop working. A simple way to solve this problem is using laser to generate and detect ultrasound. Generating ultrasound can be performed with a pulsed laser while the detection can be achieved by the use of an adaptive interferometer. The adaptive interferometer uses a conventional interferometric configuration and adaptive photodetectors, which are based on the non-steady state photo-electromotive force, photo-EMF, which effectively compensate environmental perturbations. The experimental setup uses a PC which performed the control of the pulsed laser and the process of the ultrasound signal which was acquired by an oscilloscope. Some experimental ultrasound signal results are shown and some simple applications such as determination of an aluminum sample thickness and the ultrasound velocity inside the material.

2286154 The influence of the temperature in the UV-Vis spectrophotometers calibration CARRANZA GALLARDO J.C.G1, MEDINA MÁRQUEZ J.M.M1 1INAOE

In this work a study of the temperature influence in the calibration of swept UV-Vis spectrophotometers is shown. The temperature interval was set between 18 °C to 31 °C, and glass filters of neutral density at 1%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 90% were used as a reference approved materials, also a holmium oxide filter was used. An ANOVA analysis was used (variance analysis) and the obtained results have a confidence of 95,45%. By determining if the temperature is an influence variable or not during the spectrophotometer calibration, helps to modify the uncertainty range and as a consequence the modification of the uncertainty estimation model.

POE Photonic and Opto-Electronics

2284453 Hybrid birefringence and dichromatism in twisted single-mode erbium-doped fibers TENTORI D1, GARCIA-WEIDNER A1 1CICESE/Física Aplicada-Óptica

In this work we present an experimental evaluation of the twist induced birefringence changes measured for straight samples of commercial single-mode erbium-doped fibers with uniform residual birefringence. We used short samples (1 to 1.5 m) to minimize depolarization effects. Samples were kept straight, fixed to a

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polarimetric set up. The connector of the fiber output end was fixed to a mechanical rotation stage. The applied twist was varied from 0 to 1440 degrees using a 10 degree step. The input signal was linearly polarized (azimuth angles = 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 degrees), the signal wavelength varied from 1520 to 1570 nm (5 nm step) and the output polarization state was measured with a polarization analyzer. For the five commercial samples here studied we obtained an asymmetric response to right and left twist, a result different to that previously measured for standard single-mode fibers (lossless). We found phenomenological similarities between the birefringence responses measured for fibers with different erbium concentrations, developed by the same manufacturer, while fibers made by different manufacturers present a non-similar response. Even though the polarization degree remained close to 100% for the fibers here studied, it is evident that these fibers exhibit in addition to an elliptical birefringence a hybrid (linear and circular) dichroism. Therefore, birefringence changes have been analyzed taking into account the influence of dichromatism, using the 4x4 Mueller matrix formalism and Stokes vectors.

2285187 Automatic polishing specialty-fiber machine for cladding-pumped fibers CUEVA-LOPEZ M.1, SANCHEZ-GUERRERO G.E1, GUAJARDO-GONZALEZ C1, CASTILLO-GUZMAN A1, SELVAS R1 1Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas - UANL

Optical fiber is preferred used as a medium to transmit telephone signals. The technology of fiber optics shows an important change with the design of cladding pumped fibers which are used in applications such as high power fiber lasers and amplifiers. The cladding fiber diameter for this type of fiber is larger than 200 microns, thus, the preparation of its end-surface facet fiber becomes a complicated task. Fibers require end- surface treatment for proper light propagation and the preparation of connectors plays a key role in fiber- based circuit. Fiber polishing is essential for almost every cladding fiber diameter larger than 200micros. A high quality polish can then be achieved with a well designed and precisely tuned polishing machine. This paper presents a novel automatic, self-inspection polishing machine for fiber with diameter larger than 200 microns. This optomechatronic system consists in an inter-changeable connector holder, a carousel-type films changer and for the evaluation is used a vision processing in situ for the fiber-end-termination. A home- computer program selects a polishing motion among three different patterns and sends instructions to two- stepping-axis-motors to performance the polishing. Orbital, figure-8, or circular polishing are the patterns predefined in our system, which were characterized to obtain a high quality-facet-end. These parameters are adjusted every time that the fiber-facet is evaluated or the carousel changes position. Back-reflection, insertion losses and correlation images from a vision camera are applied during this process. Once the automatic process is completed, it is warranty the quality of the facet-fiber-end. The polishing machine can also make angle physical termination. The time recorded for a polishing standard telecom fiber is less than 5 minutes while for a cladding 200microns diameter fiber is roughly 7 minutes. The connector holders also permit up to 8 fibers to polish simultaneously and select from ST, SMA, or FC terminations.

2285267 Point sources of light for surface plasmon excitation GASPAR-ARMENTA J.A.1, MAYORAL-ASTORGA L.2, RAMOS-MENDIETA F.1 1Universidad de Sonora 2Posgrado en Ciencias (Física), Universidad de Sonora

A point source of TM polarized light generates inhomogeneous fields at the surface of a metallic slab placed at its vicinity. It is found that the associated k-spectrum contains wave vectors larger than those corresponding to free oscillations. Consequently, evanescent fields are available and surface plasmons can be excited. With FDTD calculations we prove in detail this effect using a point source of cylindrical symmetry placed near a silver film. In addition, we present a theoretical analysis of the fields generated by the source and their reflection at the metallic surface; poles of the reflection coefficient are associated to surface plasmon excitation. Agreement with the numerical FDTD calculations is reported.

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2285315 Characterization of photon counter devices for biomedical applications ORTEGA A.1, PAEZ G.1, STROJNIK M.1 1 Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.

In this work we characterized several state-of-the-art high sensitivity optical detectors. We compared avalanche photo diode devices (APD) with multi-pixel photon counting devices (MPPC) in several characteristics such as detection efficiency and response times. We then discussed how they could be used in certain biomedical applications.

2285559 Spectroscopic detection of metals ions using a novel selective sensor PERALTA-DOMÍNGUEZ D.1, RAMOS-ORTÍZ G.1, MALDONADO-RIVERA J.L.1, RODRIGUEZ M.1, MENESES-NAVA M.A.1, BARBOSA-GARCÍA O.1, SANTILLAN R., FARFÁN N.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C. 2Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV del IPN 3Facultad de Química, UNAM, México

The design and synthesis of intelligent organic molecules with chemosensors characteristics, in particular for detection of heavy metal ions, are currently a task of prime importance for medical, environmental and biological applications. The most common types of chemosensors consist of two components: a signaling unit and receptor part which are linked directly or via a spacer [1]. Colorimetric chemosensors are a simple, economical and practical optical approach for detecting toxic metal ions (Hg2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, etc.) in the environment. In this work, we present a simple but highly specific organic compound 4-chloro-2-((E)-((E)-3- (4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)allylidene)amino)phenol (L1) that acts as a colorimetric sensor for ions in a mixture of DMSO/H2O and THF/H2O. The mechanism of the interaction between L1 and various metal-ions has been established by UV-vis and emission spectroscopic experiments that indicate favorable coordination of metal ions in different solvents. Experimental result indicate that the electronic transition band shape of L1 (receptor compound) change after the interaction with these divalent metal-ions, such as Hg, Pb, Mn, Co, Cu, Ni in aqueous solution. We found that L1 have a high selectivity for Ni, even in presence of other metals ions as Co and Cu in experiments using the mixture of DMSO/H2O as a solvent. L1 which has been targeted for sensing transition metal ions, exhibits binding-induced color changes from yellow to orange detected even by the naked eye in presence of Ni ions. This new sensor presents similar time making the operational process of such sensor simpler and more practical to be employed in real samples or applications. [1] J. Janata, Chem. Rev. 108 (2008) 327.

2285709 Raman gain calculation by Raman threshold study in telecom fibers DE LA CRUZ-MAY L.1 1Universidad Autónoma del Carmen

A simple experimental configuration for measurement of the Raman gain coefficient is demonstrated. The Raman threshold condition plays an important role to calculate the critical power and the Raman gain coefficient. Analysis of the Raman threshold for the second Stokes shows that the Raman gain coefficient scales with the inverse of the pump wavelength and the fiber attenuation, the obtained values are approximate to several quantities previously reported. With those physical properties the single pass evolution of pump and Stokes beams equations are simulated for different fibers lengths and several couple pump powers. The numerical simulations show that the fibers losses and the numerical aperture play a predominant role in the Stokes generation. These results allow designing optical fibers efficiently and faulty in the Stimulated Raman scattering generation.

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2285862 New method to characterize Gaussian beams BALBUENA ORTEGA A1, ARROYO CARRASCO M.L1, DÁVILA PINTLE J.A1, MÉNDEZ OTERO M.M1, ITURBE CASTILLO M.D2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 5Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

The measurement of the parameters that characterize a Gaussian laser beam is very important in the design and implementation of several optical experiments like: Z-scan technique, spatial self phase modulation, generation of optical solitons, etc. The knowledge of the beam waist magnitude Wo and its location inside the laser or after some optical elements is a fundamental requirement. There are many techniques for the characterization of Gaussian beams, but some of these techniques require a large number of data, a post processing and in others the precision of the results is not good. In this work we propose a new method to characterize a laser beam based on the Gaussian beam propagation through a lens, and require a simple experimental setup that can accurately measure the magnitude and location of the beam waist. The experimental setup involves a lens, of focal length f, and a chopper located together in a mechanical mount and separated by a distance f, and a photodetector. To characterize the output beam of a laser the lens is placed at a distance smaller than its focal length and the mechanical mount is displaced along the beam axis. A photodetector behind the chopper measure the periodic transmitted intensity and an electrical circuit generates a square wave whose pulse width is proportional to the beam width W at the location of the chopper. The position of the chopper where W is minimum, when the mechanical mount is moving away the laser, fix where Wo is located. Finally it is necessary to make a measurement of the beam width in that position without the lens to find the magnitude of the waist. All the measurements can be obtained in a fast way and only few are needed to determine accurately the position and value of the beam waist.

2285948 Dispersion measurement in optical fibers of short length ARMAS-RIVERA IVÁN A.R.I1, BELTRÁN-PÉREZ GEORGINA B.P.G.1, CASTILLO- MIXCOÁTL JUAN C.M.J.1, MUÑOZ-AGUIRRE SEVERINO M.A.S.1, KUZIN-EVGENE A K.E.A.2 1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica

In this work, a method to analyze data obtained from an arrangement to measure dispersion in short length optical fibers (a few cm) is presented. The data were obtained from an arrangement based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, where one air arm was used as reference while in the other arm the fiber under test was placed. An algorithm for data processing was implemented using the Fourier Transform (FFT) and the dispersion was evaluated from the interferograms obtained with an optic spectrum analyzer (OSA) in a wavelength range from 1520 to 1620 nm. The results showed that the obtained dispersion values had a minimum error of approximately 2% for a wavelength of 1520 nm and approximately 5% for a wavelength of 1570 nm, with relation to the value reported by the fabricant.

2285997 Theoretical and experimental results of superluminescent fiber optic source PINZÓN-ESCOBAR E.F.1, SANDOVAL-ROMERO G.E.1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico

Theoretical and Experimental Results of Superluminescent Fiber Optic Source E. F. Pinzón-Escobara*, G. E. Sandoval-Romeroa a Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-186, México D. F., 04510, México. *e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT We present a theoretical and experimental work of an erbium- doped fiber optic source operating in the superluminescent regime. Experimental results for different pump power levels and different fiber length show that the theoretical model could render useful information for

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predicting parameters such as total output power, spectral bandwidth and optimum fiber length for a given pump power to achieve the superluminescent regime. These types of sources could have direct application in wavelength multiplexed arrangements of fiber sensors, fiber gyroscopes or in general, in any sensors in which a broad wavelength and stable light source is required. Key words: doped fiber optic, erbium, sensors of physical magnitudes, fiber optic.

2286025 Simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature using multimode interference devices AGUILAR-SOTO J.G.1, GUZMAN-SEPULVEDA J.R.2, TORRES-CISNEROS M.2, IBARRA- MANZANO O.G.2, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.3 1INAOE 2Universidad de Guanajuato 3Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas

In this paper we propose the fabrication, implementation, and testing of a novel fiber optic sensor based on Multimode Interference (MMI) effects for simultaneous and independent measurement of curvature and temperature. Due to its relation with structural mechanical parameters, the measurement of curvature and temperature has received a great deal of interest. Recently, simultaneous measurement of these two variables is a common requirement, as well as discrimination between them using a single fiber sensor. The development of fiber based MMI devices is relatively new and since they exhibit a filter response they can be used in different applications. The operating mechanism of our sensor is based on the self-imaging phenomena that occur in multimode fibers (MMF), which is dependent on the interference of the propagating modes and the accumulated phase. Therefore, we demonstrate that the peak wavelength shifts as temperature changes due to changes in the accumulated phase through thermo-optics effects, while the amplitude of the peak wavelength diminishes as curvature increases since we start to loss higher order modes. In this way both measurements are obtained independently with a single fiber device. Compared to other fiber-optic sensors, our sensor features an extremely simple structure and fabrication process, and hence cost effectiveness.

2286070 Fiber bragg grating fabrication for the implementation of sensors in the electronics and optoelectronics laboratory at BUAP BRACAMONTES-RODRIGUEZ Y.E.1, BELTRÁN-PÉREZ G.1, CASTILLO-MIXCÓATL J.1, MUÑOZ-AGUIRRE S.1 1Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are important optical devices since they have been quite successful not only in the field of communications but also in sensor systems and optical fiber lasers. In the sensors area they are generally used as detection elements for different physical parameters such as temperature, strain, flow, etc. In the electronics and optoelectronics laboratory at Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (LEyO- BUAP), there are already experimental setups of sensors as well as laser systems, where FBGs are fundamental elements for their adequate performance. However, these FBGs are commercial devices and they present limited characteristics in their transmission profiles, bandwidth and reflectivity. On the other hand, in some occasions, the delivery time from the fabricant to the customer is quite long. Therefore, it is quite important for LEyO to implement a system to fabricate this kind of devices, which would mean LEyO independence in the technological development. In the present work, results of FBGs fabrication based on the phase mask technique are presented. Such mask is optimized for UV and it has a period of 1060 nm. A Nd:YAG pulsed laser with a 5 ns pulse length and an energy of 40 mJ was used as the UV source employing the 4th harmonic generation to obtain a 266 nm wavelength. Ge-doped fiber was used to fabricate the devices.

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2286075 Ray-tracing algorithm for the study of pump power absorption in DC fibers NARRO R.1, ARRONTE M.1, RODRIGUEZ E.1, PONCE L.1, DE POSADA E.1, FLORES T.1 1CICATA-IPN, UNIDAD ALTAMIRA

An algorithm for the analysis of the double clad fiber design is described. The algorithm developed in the computer language MatLab, this based on the method of drawing up rays on three-dimensional graphical figures that are composed by a set of planes. The algorithm allows evaluating the trajectories of thousands of rays in sequential form and its corresponding absorption in each of the elements of the fiber according to the law of Lambert-Beer. Simulations for fibers with internal clad type ―D" (DC fibers) were carried out with the aim of evaluating the influence of the position of the nucleus within the internal clad. The results show that DC fibers present major absorption in the active core when it is displaced outside the geometric center of the internal clad.

2286143 Zinc-diffusion waveguide fabrication into periodically Poled Lithium Niobate RIOS L.A1, MATA J.O.2, CASILLAS P.3 1Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada 2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California 3Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM

Zinc diffusion into Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) is a recently developed technique to fabricate waveguides useful for non-linear optical devices where high confinement of light is essential, like that to obtain tuned coherent light sources not available in the traditional laser market.. We present results obtained in the fabrication of PPLN waveguides through zinc diffusion of metallic zinc carried out at atmospheric pressure, and shows that zinc diffusion is a viable route for fabricating waveguides to study of non-linear phenomena and the periodically inverted domain structure demonstrated to survive the thermal diffusion processes.

2286145 Cuasi-continuous wave OPO based on periodically poled lithium tantalite BARBOZA N.A.1, RIOS L.A.2, CUDNEY R.S.2 1CITEC UABC 2CICESE

We present an optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium tantalate (PPLT). We have obtained near-infrared emission from 1.48 to 1.55µm using pump pulses of 500ns of duration. We can get tunable light by using two different methods: by changing the PPLT crystal or choosing a different periodicity. This OPO have a threshold of less than 30W Peak power and presents a 3.5% of conversion efficiency from pump power to signal.

2286151 Multimode interference effects in optical fiber for pressure sensing applications RUIZ-PÉREZ V.I. V.I.1, TECPOYOTL-TORRES M. T.T.M.2, ROMERO-ANTEQUERA L. R.A.L.1, FUENTES-FUENTES M.A. M.A.1, BASURTO-PENSADO M. B.P.M.2, IBARRA- MANZANO O.G. O.G.3 1Optics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics (INAOE) 2CIICAP UAEM 3FIME University of Guanajuato

Nowadays, applications of Multimode Interference (MMI) effects in semiconductor optical devices have steadily increased because their excellent properties and ease of fabrication. Development of these effects into optical fiber has been achieved through a single-mode – multimode – single-mode (SMS) fiber structure that shows a high sensitivity to the bending-loss phenomenon. Therefore, they have been efficiently implemented

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into pressure sensing devices such as those described in this work. Basically, the SMS structure is embedded in a pressure-sensitive membrane, that transform pressure into a mechanical displacement proportional to the applied pressure, whose output is the corresponding attenuation of the transmitted intensity. Under this configuration, an all-fiber pressure sensor, with high sensitivity and repeatability, is obtained into a pressure range from -90 to +90 kPa. When the membrane thickness is changed, we have been able to measure a pressure range as large as 140 psi with this configuration. However, there are a wide range of opportunities depending on the membrane material. It is important to point out that, the proposed all-fiber MMI pressure sensor is characterized by an ease of manufacturing and a low-cost that includes the inexpensive required instrumentation.

2286153 Optoelectronic auto-sync pass filter DÁVILA PINTLE JOSÉ ANTONIO DPJA1, CALDERON FLORES BENJAMIN CFB1, REYNOSO LARA EDMUNDO ELE1, RENDÓN MARIN MANUEL RMM1 1Benémerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica

Auto-sync pass filters are an important element in systems of phase sensitive detection (lock-in), allowing the passage of the measured signal rejecting unwanted signals outside the transmission bandwidth of the filter, the filter must be dynamic and match its frequency of maximum transmission with the frequency of the signal to be measured which is determined by the needs of the experiment. Here we report the design of a band pass filter with maximum transmission frequency and quality factor adjustable by using light depend resistance (LDR) whose value is controlled by the intensity of a light emitting diode (LED) controlled by a control system that adjusts the values to get maximum transmission and bandwidth adjustable.

2284975 Raman spectroscopy of minerals and the effect of polished surface MENESES-NAVA M.A.1, ROBLES-CAMACHO J.2, SICARDI-SEGADE A.1, BARBOSA- GARCIA O.1, RAMOS-ORTIZ G.1, MALDONADO J.L.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./2Centro INAH Michoacán

The mineral composition of archeological samples is commonly determined by x-ray diffraction and electronic microscopy, but both techniques are destructive and expensive. An alternative non destructive technique is Raman spectroscopy, but has been reported that its application to archeological samples is restricted because the signal is dependent on the surface quality of the sample [1]. So in this work we present the effect of the surface quality on the Raman spectra of geological samples (jadeite, microcline and chalcedony) with different polished grades. The Raman spectra were measured with a 532 nm CW and pulse lasers to discriminate between the fluorescence and Raman signal. The results show that the Raman signal does not change significantly with the polished grade, but the induced fluorescence does change considerably. [1] L‘Homme et le precieux matieres minerales precieuses, Ed. Marie-Helene Moncel & Franguis Frohlich, Bar International Series 1934 (2009)

-2286223 Holographic switcher for fiber optic cable SEMLALI M.1, GROSMANN M.2 1Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Maroc 2Groupe de Recherche en Photonique, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France

The development of fiber optics communications requires the use of cables with fiber optics. It is frequently necessary to connect a piece of cable to another (or to others). This means to transfer information carried by optical fiber a of an optical cable A in another optical fiber b (or several other c, d, etc ...) of another optical cable B (which can be the same one or others in case of multiplexing). These operations can be done by using a ―holographic switcher‖. A holographic switcher is prepared in the following way: We record on the same holographic plate several Fourier holograms. Each of them is recorded with a reference beam oriented in the direction (usually normal incidence) where the beam to be injected will come from during utilization. Each of

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them is recorded with an object beam coming in each case from the direction of each different fiber in the cable B in which the beam shall be injected after the switching. At reconstruction, the reference beam transmitted by fiber a, illuminate the chosen coupler-switcher hologram (usually normal incidence). The hologram transmits the reconstructed beam which is thus injected in the proper optical fiber of the second cable. Holographic switchers can be designed in different ways. But their great advantage is that once designed, they can be reproduced very reliably, quickly and cheaply compared with conventional glass optical components.

OIS Optical Interactional Science

2283998 Effects of primary spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and field curvature on the focusing of ultrashort pulses: experimental results GONZÁLEZ-GALICIA M.A.1, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J1, ROSETE-AGUILAR M1, BRUCE N.C.1, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R1 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCADET

In this paper we evaluate the electric field distribution, by using scalar diffraction theory, near the focal plane of a lens for Gaussian illumination and a well-collimated pulse beam incident on an achromatic doublet. The effects of primary aberrations: spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and field curvature are analyzed for 200fs pulses @810nm incident on the lens. An experiment was performed to measure the pulses at the focus of the lens by using the two photon absorption (TPA) autocorrelation method. The Theoretical results are compared to experimental results.

2284558 Two-photon absorption and lasing in novel fluorene polymers ROMERO SERVIN S.1, RAMOS ORTIZ G.1, CARRILES R.1, MALDONADO J. L. 1, CASTRO CAMUS E.1, ZOLOTUKHIN M. G.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C. 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Organic semiconductors can be used for low cost two-photon infrared pumped lasing systems emitting in the visible. In this context, organic polymers with delocalized electrons can show large optical nonlinearities and high gain coefficients. Recently, many studies have reported the development of organic semiconductors with efficient two-photon activity. These materials have large two-photon absorption cross sections and high fluorescence quantum yields and can be used in two-photon pumped lasing systems. However, few reports have dealt with the measurement of cross sections for stimulated emission on these materials in order to assess their potential for laser applications. Here, we report on the stimulated emission cross section and optical gain in a novel semiconductor fluorene polymer (Poly[4,7-Bis[2´-(9´,9´- dimethyl)fluorenyl]benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole]) that exhibits two-photon absorption of the order of 6000 GM (1 GM = 10E-50 cm4 s) at 740 nm and a quantum yield of 1. Stimulated emission cross sections were measured through transient absorption experiments using fs laser pulses and white light continuum in a pump-probe configuration. The polymer exhibited optical gain in the wavelength range 500 – 600 nm and demonstrated to be a promising candidate for a two-photon pumped tunable laser system.

2284924 Soliton compression in tapered hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers GONZÁLEZ BAQUEDANO N.1, VARGAS S.1, ARZATE N.1, TORRES I.1, MARTÍNEZ RÍOS A.1, CEBALLOS HERRERA D.E.1, FERRANDO A.2, MILIÁN C.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C. 2Departamento de Óptica, Universidad de Valencia 3ITACA, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

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Hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers have made possible the study of new nonlinear optical effects with the additional advantage that if we change its geometric configuration, it also does the way in which light is guided through the fiber, directly influencing the generation of such phenomena. Pulse compression is one of that nonlinear optical effects, whose main application is to provide sources of ultra-short pulses. We present a numerical study of pulse compression, in the femtosecond regime, for different configurations of tapered hollow-core fibers, taking into account the third-order dispersion (TOD) and Raman scattering. Firstly, we show the effect of filling fraction, the shape of the holes and thinning of the photonic crystal fibers on the nonlinearity and TOD. Subsequently, solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we study the compression experienced by the pulse as it propagates through the fiber. References [1] Dimitre G. Ouzounov et al, Opt. Express Vol. 13 6153 (2005) [2] A.D. Bessonov, A.M. Zheltikov, PRE Vol.73 (2006) [3] J.C. Knight, F. Gerome, W.J. Wadsworth, Opt. Quant. Electron Vol. 39 1047 (2007) [4] A.V Gorbach, D.V. Skiryabin, Opt. Express Vol. 16 4858 (2008) [5] Yichang Meng et al, Optics Communications Vol. 283 2411 (2010)

2284980 Quantum security in homodyne reception using weak coherent states GARCIA E.1, LOPEZ J.A.2, MENDIETA F.J.2, ARVIZU A.2 1Universidad Autónoma de Baja California 2CICESE Research Centre

In the scenario of quantum cryptography Weak coherent states (WCS) are being used with continuos variables detection for determinate the security level in presence of an eavesdropper. For these low-photon-number applications, simultaneous field quadrature measurements are frequently required, such as in the detection of multilevel modulations in the communications environment. For this task multiport balanced homodyne detection (BHD) structures are employed, based on the splitting of the received field into its (non- commutating) in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components and their separate beating with a local oscillator (LO) in two BHD. This allows the simultaneous measurements of the 2 quadratures at the price of an additional noise due to the vacuum fields that leak via the unused ports resulting in a modified Husimi function for joint probability distribution for I and Q. These schemes require the proper optical phase synchronization between the LO and the incoming field, which constitutes a challenge for WCS reception. To achieve this, a Costas loop is implemented for low photon number WCS, with the design of an optimum feedback scheme considering the phase diffusion of WCS generated by semiconductor lasers. We implemented an optical Costas loop at 1550 nm based on polarization splitting of the laser field to detect the both quadratures simultaneously in free space. We present experimental and theoretical results on the performance of the mutual information between Alice and Bob due the phase error for different photon numbers, which have an impact on the optimization of the loop filter.

2285020 Optical waveguide writing in photochromic material: photoinduced optical properties by femtosecond laser GUTIÉRREZ M.1, RODRÍGUEZ A.1, BALDERAS R.E.1, CAMACHO S.2, CANO M.2, ELIZALDE L.E.3, LEDEZMA R.3 1Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí 2Centro de Investigación Científica y de Estudios Superiores de Ensenada 3Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada

We report on a study of the interaction of a pulsed laser Ti: sapphire with an spiropyran polymer. Such a polymer is photochromic, which has potential applications in integrated optical devices. A thin film of polymer deposited on a glass substrate is irradiated with ultrashort pulses from a laser Ti: sapphire (with a photon frequency ω). The film shows a two-photon absorption effect that is reflected in the generation of channel waveguides. Since the formation of such channels show this type of irradiation, using an ultrashort laser pulses, absorption band in the visible can be induced with a photon frequency 2ω, thus we demonstrate the use of femtosecond pulses to accomplish microchannel formation with photochromic response.

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2285036 Nonlinear spectroscopy of isotropic and anisotropic metallic nanocomposites in silica FERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ R.C1, TORRES-TORRES C.2, CHEANG-WONG J.C.1, CRESPO-SOSA A.1, RODRIGUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ L.1, RANGEL-ROJO R.3, OLIVER A.1, REYES-ESQUEDA J.A.1 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 2Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME-Z, I.P.N 3CICESE/Depto. de Óptica

Nonlinear spectroscopy of isotropic and anisotropic metallic nanocomposites in silica R. C. Fernández- Hernández1, R. Gleason-Villagran1, C. Torres-Torres2, J. C. Cheang-Wong1, A. Crespo-Sosa1, L. Rodriguez-Fernández1, A. López-Suarez1, R. Rangel-Rojo3, A. Oliver1, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda1 1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México 2Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME-Z, I.P.N, México, D. F. 07338, México 3CICESE/Depto. de Óptica, A.P. 360, Ensenada, B. C. 22860, México [email protected] We have studied the nonlinear absorption and refraction of metallic isotropic and anisotropic nanocomposites of Au and Ag nanoparticles embedded in matrices of SiO2, by using the Z-scan technique in the picosecond regime, and by varying the incident wavelength and irradiance. In the case of the anisotropic nanocomposites, the nonlinear optical response was determined exploring mainly the minor and major axes of the prolate anisotropic nanoparticles, using wavelengths close enough to the respective plasmon resonances, and varying also the polarization in order to measure the different components of the third order susceptibility tensor, χ(3). The results show a superposition in the nonlinear absorption, that is, the simultaneous presence of both positive and negative types, close and far enough to the surface plasmon resonance, which affects directly the nonlinear refraction. We have also found that the inter- and intra-band transitions of the metallic nanoparticles contribute positively to the nonlinear absorption, while the hot-electrons contribute negatively, at this temporal regime, and when the irradiance on the sample is increased. On the other hand, the inter-band transitions contribute negatively to the nonlinear refraction, whereas the intra-band transitions and hot-electrons contribute positively.

2285216 Carrier dynamics and nonlinear optical study on semiconductors PÉREZ-HERNÁNDEZ B. G.1, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J.1, MORALES-SAAVEDRA O. G.1, CASTAÑEDA-AVIÑA L.2, RODRÍGUEZ-ROSALES A. A.1, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R.1 1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.

Ultrashort pulsed lasers have been demonstrated as effective tools for the non-destructive examination (NDE) of energy transport properties in thin samples, in particular for the investigation of transient dynamics as well as nonlinear optical properties in semiconductors and metals. In this work we present two NDE pump-probe techniques known as Transient-Thermo-Reflectance and Transient-Thermo-Transmitance (TTR and TTT) for the study of transient dynamics in novel semiconductor materials. Each technique enables to monitor the change in reflectance or transmittance of the sample surface as a function of time on a sub-picosecond time scale. Changes in reflectance and transmittance can then be used to determine properties of the sample. In the case of metals, the change in reflectance or transmittance is related to changes in temperature and strain. The transient temperature profile at the surface is then used to determine the rate of coupling between the electron and phonon systems as well as the thermal conductivity of the material. In the case of semiconductors, the change in the reflectance and transmittance are related with local electronic state changes and temperature. In both techniques, a femtosecond pulse is split into an intense heating pulse and a weaker probe pulse. The heating pulse is used to generate the transient event to be observed. Control of the optical path length of the probe pulse produces a variable time delay between the pump and probe pulses. The probe then takes a snapshot of the reflectance or transmitance at a specific experimental time delay relative to the pump, whit a temporal resolution on the order of the probe pulse duration. Preliminary results are presented using GaAs and novel semiconductors materials, based on and ZnO:X (X=Cr, In, F). Additionally, the cubic non linear optical properties of these materials are also presented.

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2285181 Real-time self-referenced phase reconstruction proposal of ghz-bandwidth non- periodical optical pulses by in-fiber semi-differintegration CUADRADO-LABORDE C.1, ANDRÉS M. V.2, LANCIS J.3 1Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas 2Universidad de Valencia 3Universitat Jaume I

Different techniques have been developed to measure the phase information of short light pulses, such as the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) and the spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction (SPIDER). However, they require a rather bulky experimental setup and complex numerical algorithms, being best adapted for femtosecond pulse durations. Recently, it was proposed the phase reconstruction using optical ultrafast differentiation (PROUD), best suited for GHz-bandwidth light pulses. In PROUD, the signal‘s instantaneous frequency is retrieved from two temporal intensity measurements, namely the input and output pulses of a first-order differentiator. Unfortunately, the algorithm used in PROUD also needs the numerical calculation of the first-order derivative of the modulus of the input signal, which makes the procedure very sensitive to the presence of noise, and thus requiring a large averaging in the photo- detection process, precluding real-time applications. This technique was later optimized to enable real-time capability by using two linear-amplitude spectrally-shifted optical filters, plus differential photo-detection. Here we show two new simpler proposals for the instantaneous frequency detection based on in-fiber semi- differintegration, where by semi-differintegration we mean either a 0.5th-order differentiation or integration. In both cases, the signal‘s temporal phase can be obtained by simple dividing the intensities of the input and output pulses of a spectrally-shifted semi-differintegral operator. The proposed algorithms are inherently non- sequential and self-referenced providing real-time applicability. We numerically prove the viability of these proposals.

2285377 Photophysical properties of metallic-phthalocyanines dispersed in sonogel optical glasses TORRES-ZÚÑIGA V.1, SÁNCHEZ-VERGARA M.E.2, MORALES-SAAVEDRA O.G.1, ALVAREZ C.2, BAÑUELOS J.G.1 1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCADET-UNAM. 2Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) based compounds having central metallic atoms of Ga, Ni, and Fe were successfully embedded in porous silica gels via a catalyst-free sol-gel (sonogel) process in order to fabricate optically active solid-state hybrid glasses in both bulk and thin film formats at different dopant concentrations. The organic-inorganic hybrid composites obtained with room temperature processing showed stable mechanical performance, controllable geometrical shapes, good transparency and homogeneity suitable to perform morphological and linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) characterizations. AFM studies, epi-microscopy surface evaluation, refractive-index measurements (via Brewster‘s angle method), FTIR, Raman and absorption (UV-vis) spectroscopies were carried out in selected bulk samples. Thin film hybrid samples were also studied via the NLO techniques such as third-harmonic generation (THG) and Z-scan. The morphological and spectroscopic results showed a homogeneous dispersion of the organometallic compounds within the highly pure SiO2-sonogel network. Moreover, Brewster‘s angle measurements demonstrated the feasibility of tuning the refractive index of the samples by varying the chromophore dopant concentration. Additionally, the electronic absorption spectra showed band shifts of the two characteristic bands (Q-band: ~600nm and B- band: ~400 nm), evidencing the formation of molecular aggregates for all hybrids and modifications of the optical properties. Finally, THG and Z-scan measurements in hybrid thin films exhibit important NLO activity and good optical limiting performance. We conclude that the chemical variation of the central metallic ions in Pcs potentially modify and promote the NLO-effects in these compounds and that the sonogel matrix act only as an inert protective shell giving stable mechanical and thermal properties to the guest dopant compounds.

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2285587 A model for light transmission through a thin nonlocal-nonlinear media ARROYO CARRASCO M.L.1, MÉNDEZ OTERO M.M.1, REYNOSO L. E.2, CHÁVEZ- CERDA S.3, ITURBE CASTILLO M.D.3 1Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 2Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 3Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

The transmission of an intense light beam through a thin nonlinear sample has been extensively studied, like in self phase modulation experiment and Z-scan technique, with different approaches: the Gaussian decomposition method, the Huygens-Fresnel principle, the diffraction theory, etc., The nonlocality in the response of the media in general leads to solve more than one differential equation. In this work we present a simple model to calculate, in a numerical way, the on axis far field intensity in a Z-scan experiment or the far field pattern in spatial self phase modulation experiment by means of the diffraction theory and taking into account the locality of the thin nonlinear media. The obtained results show that the peak-valley separation distance and the transmittance difference in a Z-scan experiment and the number of rings, size and intensity distribution of the far field pattern in the spatial self phase modulation experiment are functions of the locality in the nonlinear response of the media. The proposed model describes in good approximation experimental results for samples, like absorbing liquids, liquid crystals, metal nanoparticles, etc., with different kind of nonlinear response. This model is valid for any value of the nonlinear phase shift.

2285720 Running hologram technique with arbitrarily fixed phase coupling for hole-electron competition characterization in undoped photorefractive titanosillenite crystals OLIVEIRA I. 1, FRESCHI A. A.2, FREJLICH J.1 1Faculdade de Tecnologia-Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP 2Universidade Federal do ABC

Photorefractive crystals are electro-optic and photoconductive materials. When a spatially modulated pattern of light is projected onto the crystal, charge carriers are excited from photoactive centers in the band gap and a space-charge field modulation arises because of photoconductivity. Because of the electro-optic effect, this space-charge field produces an index-of-refraction modulation, that is to say a phase hologram, in the crystal volume. If electrons and holes are involved in this process and if they are photoexcited from independent centers in the bandgap, more than one hologram arise, with different relative phases. Different techniques for characterization of hole-electron competition in photorefractive materials have been already reported in the literature, where holographic erasure and running hologram are two of the most interesting ones. [1-5]. The use of stabilized and self-stabilized holographic techniques [6] are particularly interesting because of the possibility of coping with environmental perturbations. In this work we report on the use of phase modulation in two-wave mixing with negative feedback to record stabilized photorefractive running holograms with arbitrarily fixed phase shift between the transmitted and the diffracted beams behind the crystal in the presence of hole-electron competition. We measure the diffraction efficiency as a function the phase shift between the transmitted and as a function of the velocity the self-stabilized running hologram, in the presence of an applied electric field. From these data we are able to determine several parameters characterizing the presence of holes and electrons in the recording process. REFERENCES [1]- I. Aubrecht et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol.12, pp.1918 (1995) [2]-I. de Oliveira et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. vol.95, pp. 241908 (2009) [3]G.Valley, J.Appl. Phys. Vol.59, pp.3363 (1986) [4]-G. Pauliat et al., Opt.Commun, vol.61, pp.321 (1987) [5]-V. Jerez et al., J. Appl. Phys. Vol.109, pp. 024901 (2011) [6]-A.A. Freschi and J. Frejlich, Opt. Lett., vol.20, pp.635 (1995)

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2285841 Synthesized nano-ring structures on 4x2 gaas surfaces probed by RAS and STM ORTEGA GALLEGOS J.1, GUEVARA L.E.1, BALDERAS R.E.1, LASTRAS L.F.1, LASTRAS A.1 1Instituto de Investigación en Comunicación Óptica, UASLP

In this work we report GaAs-nanoscale structures with annular geometry grown on GaAs substrates with 4x2 surface reconstruction. The structures were grown (self-assembled) at high temperature without flow of arsenic. Conventionally, such structures are manufactured at relatively low temperatures (around 200 C). In contrast, this study used a temperature of 600 C. For the 4x2 surface reconstruction of the GaAs substrate were deposited about ten monolayers of GaAs, without flow of arsenic. This results in structures with annular geometry, with average radius of 100 nm and low surface density. We report measurements of Differential Reflectance Spectroscopy as an in situ technique, which monitors the evolution of the formation of the nanoscale structures, as well as images of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, which allow real-space description of the above structures.

2285908 Two-photon temporal self-imaging TORRES-COMPANY V1, LANCIS J2, LAJUNEN H3, FRIBERG A.T.4 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA/ 2Universitat Jaume I, Castello, Spain 3University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland 4University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland; Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Kista, Sweden

Entangled photon pairs generated through the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in nonlinear crystals have recently attracted a lot of attention due to their interesting applications, e.g., in quantum information processing and quantum metrology. Here, the second-order analogue of the self-imaging Talbot effect is described and theoretically analyzed in the time domain. Rich phenomena are observed in coherence propagation along dispersive media of mode-locked two-photon states with frequency entanglement exhibiting a comb-like correlation function. These states have been experimentally generated through periodic spectral filtering of the two-photon spectrum with a Fabry-Perot cavity. First, the second- order correlation function revives (self-images) to its initial configuration when the group delay dispersion values of the dispersive media placed in the arms of signal and idler photons add to a multiple of the Talbot parameter T squared/pi, with T the period of the two-photon coherence. Note that this situation is completely different from that arising in the dispersion cancellation phenomenon, in which group delay dispersion for signal and idler photons cancel each other. Further, coherence propagation undergoes fractional revivals as a result of Gauss sums arising from Schrödinger evolution of the correlation function. Although revivals are an exact consequence of the periodic nature of the two-photon correlation function, practical implication, which only involves a finite number of propagating modes, exhibits some good but approximate self-imaging. The two-photon temporal Talbot effect suggests a straightforward and implementable way to transfer remotely frequency standards embedded on ultracompact quantum light sources.

2285962 Quadrupolar Second-Harmonic Generation By Higher-Order Gaussian Beams GONZALEZ M A, MAYTORENA J A 1Posgrado en Ciencias Físicas, UNAM/ 2Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM

Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) has been used widely to study surface and interface phenomena in centrosymmetric systems. Besides planar surfaces, other shapes have also been explored, such as spherical particles. SHG from the surfaces of Si nanocrystals within a matrix was also reported. The observed SH pattern suggests an induced nonlinear source with nonlocal character and depending on the in homogeneity of the incident field. Here, we study the scattering of optical second-harmonic (SH) radiation from a homogeneous centrosymmetric thin composite material illuminated by a higher-order Gaussian laser beam. The induced nonlinear quadratic polarization in the nanocomposite is taken as quadrupolar type. The

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transverse field distribution of the incident beam is described by Hermite-Gauss (HG) or Laguerre-Gauss (LG) modes. We calculate the SH radiation angular patterns generated by several incident combinations of spatial modes and polarizations. Excitation with radially and azimuthally polarized doughnut modes, and helical beams with linear or circular polarization are considered in particular. We found that this quadrupolar SHG depends sensitively on the transverse structure and polarization of the driving field. We comment on SH efficiency, forward scattering, angular momentum conversion and related issues.

2286006 Numerical Study Of The Medium Thickness In The Z-Scan Technique MARCELA MARIBEL MÉNDEZ OTERO M.M.M.O.1, MARCELO DAVID ITURBE CASTILLO M.D.I.C.2, MAXIMINO LUIS ARROYO CARRASCO M.L.A.C.1 1Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Dependencia Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas/ 2Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, dependencia Departamento de Óptica.

The optical characterization of non linear media through the Z-scan technique considers initially a thin medium (with a thickness much less than the beam depth of focus). It has been observed that increasing the thickness of the medium the transmittance increases, this means that n2 increases, for this reason we will present a numerical model to determinate the minimum thin and the maximum thick medium limit. A thin medium is considered as a thin lens with focal length F [1] and a thick medium can be regarded as a set of such thin lenses set with focal lengths F [2], these lenses are contained in a medium whit a refraction index different than air. This analysis is made through Matlab using the theory of Gaussian beams, ABCD matrices and the q parameter, elementary theory in the development of this work, where the main feature of this model is that the nonlinearity type of the medium is considered as an integer constant in himself focal length [3]. We present the graphs obtained from Z-scan for thick medium with both thermal and Kerr non lineal. [1] M. Sheik-Bahae, A. A. Said and E. W. Van Stryland. High-sensitivity, single-beam n2 measurements. Optics letters, Vol. 14 No. 17, (1989), 955-957. [2] Mansor Sheik-Bahae, Ali A. Said, D. J. Hagan, M. J. Soileau, Eric W. Van Stryland. Nonlinear refraction and optical limiting in thick media. Optical Engineering, Vol. 30 No. 8, (1991), 1228-1235. [3] Edmundo Reynoso Lara, Zulema Navarrete Meza, M. David Iturbe Castillo, Carlos G. Treviño Palacios, Erwín Martí Panameño, and M. Luis Arroyo Carrasco. Influence of the photoinduced focal length of a thin nonlinear material in the Z-scan technique. Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 5 (2007) 2517-2529.

2286021 Entanglement of formation of a pair of quantum dots SÁNCHEZ-S. SERGIO S.S.1, SÁNCHEZ MONDRAGÓN J. J. J.J.2, GARCÍA-MELGAREJO J.C. J.C.2, ALEJO-MOLINA A. A.A.2 1Institute for Energy Studies (IEE) of the University of Isthmus (UNISTMO) and Optics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics (INAOE) 2Optics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics (INAOE)

We investigated the dynamics of entanglement of two isolated Quantum Dots (QDs), each one immersed in a cavity of the Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM) type. The Hamiltonian difference between an atom and a QD is the physical QD Dipole-Dipole interaction that often has been used to model atomic entanglement. On the other hand, there is an outstanding analysis of CQED entanglement in the framework of the JCM, suitable to distinguish the actual role played by such Dipole-Dipole coupling and QED entanglement on its own. We show analytically that initial entanglement has effects of very much interesting such as temporal evolution that includes the so-called sudden death effect. In which the dipolar interaction effects change markedly due to its nonlinear characteristic contained in the Hamiltonian of quantum dots, which in principle is the type JCM but in reality is a collective Hamiltonian of the Dicke type. Therefore the physical properties are more innovative than the simple two-level atoms which should allow greater control for the technological applications of quantum computing. Entanglement has marked a new way to reinterpret the quantum nature of computer technology due to the incorporation of quantum processing units with so-called quantum bits (q- bits), represented as dual units that open up infinite possibilities for processes parallel at least theoretically

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much faster any classical computational process. Therefore a precise measurement is needed to quantify the degree of entanglement for a system such as two q-bits, which in this case we represented for two entangled quantum dots. A quantifiable measure widely used is the entanglement of formation of a mixed state (density matrix) of a bipartite quantum system, defined as the minimum number of singles needed to create an ensemble of pure states that represents the density matrix of the system.

2286071 Study of light propagation in random nanoparticles arrays JUAREZ-MORALES J.C.1, MUNOZ-LOPEZ J.1, MARTINEZ-NICONOFF G.1 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Óptica y Electrónica

Elementary long-range plasmon modes are described assuming an exponential dependence of the refractive index in the neighborhood of a conductive thin film. The study is performed using coupling mode theory. The interference between long-range plasmon modes allows the synthesis of surface sinusoidal plasmon modes which can be considered as generalized plasmon modes completely coherent. These sinusoidal plasmon modes are used for the synthesis of new surface plasmon modes partially coherent, which are obtained by means of an incoherent superposition of sinusoidal plasmon modes where each period is considered as a random variable. The kinds of surface modes generated have a profile easily tunable which is controlled by means of the probability density function associated to the period. The numerical simulation for sinusoidal, Bessel, Gaussian and Dark Hollow plasmon modes are presented.

2286083 Photoluminescence properties of copolymers derived of 3-alkylthiophenes and Thiophenes containing NLO chromophores RUEDA-ANAYA C.M.1, CASTRELLÓN-URIBE J.1, GÜIZADO-RODRÍGUEZ M.1 1Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

Polythiophene is a well known class of conducting polymer that exhibits good thermal and environmental stability and easy functionalization. Polythiophene derivatives are synthesized by the introduction of different groups at the 3-position as NLO chromophores. The functionalization of polythiophenes combines interesting optical properties as non linear optical (NLO) and photoluminescence (PL). Novel polythiophenes derivatives derived of 3-alkylthiophenes (alkyl=hexyl, octyl) and thiophenes functionalized with NLO chromophores: (S)-(−)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pyrrolidinemethanol and 2-[Ethyl[4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl) ethenyl]phenyl]amino]ethanol were evaluated optically. Copolymers films obtained by spin coating technique were analyzed. Their optical responses were measured when they were excited optically. The fluorescence signals measured at 650 nm when the copolymers were excited at 488 nm (blue light) were studied to different excitation powers. The slope of the optical response of the copolymers films was around 6%/mW. The evaluation of photoluminescence properties of conjugated polythiophenes are important due to their potential applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells and chemical sensors.[1] [1] Maiti, J. ; Dolui, S.K. J. Lumin. 2009, 129, 611.

2286182 Tuning visible emission light from ZnO quantum dots OLIVA J.1, DE LA ROSA E.1, TORRE A.2, SALAS P.3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C 2Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León 3CFATA UNAM

Nowadays, many research groups around world are working to find efficient lighting sources. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) which is an innocuous and inexpensive material, has demonstrated its capacity to produce visible emission. However, the main problem in this material is tailoring its defects to produce visible light. In this work, we demonstrated that by changing the temperature of synthesis in a wet chemical method from 500C to 1000C as well as the amount of surfactant, we can control the types of defects which produce blue or yellow emission individually, or a combination of both emissions (white light). To identify the type of defects which

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produce visible emission, we annealed our samples from 4000C to 8000C and we changed the excitation wavelength, from here, it was deduced that blue emission is produced by surface defects produced by interaction of amines with OH groups and yellow emission was caused by oxygen vacancies. In addition, it was obtained nanoparticles with spheres and rods shape, whose sizes ranging from 4 to 10 nm according to HRTEM images. This result indicates that our nanoparticles can be used as ―seeds‖ to growth thin films with hydrothermal procedures, which would be suitable to fabricate ZnO based LEDs. Also, we studied the confinement effects of those nanoparticles by calculating the energy band gap value (EG) from their absorption spectra. In this way, we found that an increase in temperature on the synthesis process produced a red shifting in the absorption band, that in turn, decreases the EG value.

Friday 19

Plenary 6

2285429 A review of adaptive optics in vision science DAINTY J.C. National University of Ireland, Galway

Adaptive Optics (AO) has two broad areas of application in vision science. One is to the imaging of the retina and the other is to the subjective evaluation, i.e. the psychophysics, of vision. In imaging, adaptive optics is a supplementary optical system that can be added on to a variety of imaging devices, such as a whole field fundus camera, a scanning laser ophthalmoscope or an optical coherence tomography (OCT) instrument. The first adaptive optics images were produced by Roorda and Williams over a decade ago. In the early work in this field, it was an achievement in itself to build an AO system that improved retinal images, but recently proper optical design and engineering has resulted in instruments of excellent quality, resulting, for example, in spectacular images of rod photoreceptors by Dubra and others. Commercial instruments are now being developed and will transform retinal imaging. The second area where adaptive optics is useful is in correcting, or altering, the wavefront aberration of the eye, for the purpose of psychophysical testing of human vision. The optical quality of the eye is rather poor by engineering standards; fortunately visual perception is mainly neuroscience, not optics. For example, if one corrects the aberrations of the eye, can a subject be given ―super-vision‖, or at least improved vision? A more practical scientific application is vision simulation, in which the implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL) is simulated using adaptive optics: this offers great flexibility to test new designs of IOL. The concepts and elements of adaptive optics have also influenced other areas of ophthalmology, such as laser refractive surgery. My talk will give a broad overview of the past and possible future for adaptive optics in both retinal imaging and visual perception.

FDI 9 Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2284586 Vector-wave holographic optical mass-storage YATAGAI T., BARADA D. Utsunomiya University

Holographic data storage is one of the most promising techniques in future mass-storage systems after Blu-ray Disc, since it has excellent features, such as storage capacity, access speed, energy consumption, cost and so on. An optical storage system with 3 Gbyte/disc of storage capacity and 3 Gbit/sec of access speed is developing. Angular and shift multiplexing techniques are developed to increase storage capacity. In this paper, an alternative approach to increasing storage capacity is proposed, in which polarization information in vector wave of light is employed. Recently, retardagraphy that is an optical recording technique with a single beam was proposed as an application to optical storage by the authors. In the retardagraphy, a retardance pattern of a birefringent object can be recorded on a polarization-sensitive medium as a recording medium. In other words, a pattern of the phase difference between two orthogonal polarization components of a vector

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wave can be recorded. In the conventional holography, a recording laser beam must be split into a signal beam and a tilted reference beams. In contrast, the retardagraphy employs the in-line recording setup so that the optical system for recoding and reading is very simple and robust for environmental turbulence. Binary and multi-level phase patterns displayed by a parallel-aligned liquid crystal spatial light modulator (PAL- SLM) were recorded on the polarization-sensitive medium, such as azobensene polymers and PQ-PMMA. An imaging polarimetry system measured retardation between two orthogonal polarization components of reconstructed images. In a preliminary experiment, orthogonal polarization-, 10-time-angular- and 100 micron shift-multiplexing were combined and successfully performed in vector-wave recording.

2284611 Improved error-reduction algorithm for designing phase diffractive optical elements AGUIRRE-OLIVAS D, ARRIZÓN V, SÁNCHEZ-DE-LA-LLAVE D Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica

The design of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) to generate a desired light intensity distribution has been studied in the realm of diffractive optics. Many algorithms have been proposed to perform this design, such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA) amongst others. Due to its fast convergence and easy implementation, the IFTA has been widely employed for the design of DOEs. The IFTA is based on going back and forth between the DOE plane and its diffraction domain employing the Fourier transform operator. In this work, we propose a modified error-reduction type IFTA algorithm to improve the performance of a DOE. As usual, the DOE is evaluated by the efficiency and error which are calculated in the Fourier plane. Several particular features of the algorithm are: 1) Its execution is controlled by two parameters: goal efficiency and goal error. 2) For each cycle, the amplitude field correction in the diffraction plane is performed (keeping the phase as a degree of freedom) in two sequential steps: first, the amplitude is corrected to transform the efficiency into the goal efficiency without altering the error; and second, the amplitude is modified to perform a gradual reduction of the true error without changing the efficiency. 3) The goal efficiency is gradually reduced along the execution while the goal error is maintained. 4) This gradual reduction of the goal efficiency and the gradual reduction of the true error during each cycle avoid stagnation. 5) As a result the algorithm always converges to get the goal error, which can be as small as desired, without a significant reduction in the final true efficiency. 6) The algorithm shows an overall performance which is better than previously employed algorithms like plain Gerchberg-Saxton, Adaptive- Additive and Mixed-Region Amplitude Freedom.

2286231 Nonlinear Abbe theory BARSI C., LU CHIEN-HUNG, FLEISCHER J.W. Princeton University

Abbe‘s theory of imaging essentially treats each Fourier mode of an object as a diffraction grating, so that resolution limits are determined by the ability to detect the first diffracted order from a given feature. Modifying the diffraction, e.g. by using structured illumination as another grating, can bypass this limit, at the expense of experimental complexity and numerical deconvolution. Further improvements can be obtained using non-sinusoidal gratings, as higher spatial frequencies of the object and grating generate lower-order daughter waves at the detector. Recently, nonlinearity was used to saturate a transmission grating, resulting in a wide-field image with theoretically unlimited resolution [2]. However, if there is nonlinearity, then there is no need to use a grating: the object itself will induce an index pattern in the material [3]. Here, we describe this dynamics and generalize Abbe‘s theory to include the effects of nonlinear diffraction. It is important to emphasize that all limitations associated with imaging, not just resolution, arise from linear theory. Nonlinear optics can break these limits by exploiting the presence and interaction of many photons at once. We demonstrate this experimentally by showing enhanced field of view and increased phase sensitivity for nonlinear propagation in a photorefractive SBN crystal.

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[1] E. Abbe, Arch. Mikrosk. Anat., 9, 413 (1873). [2] M.G.L. Gustafsson, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 37, 13081 (2005). [3] C. Barsi, W. Wan, and J.W. Fleischer, Nat. Phot. 3, 211 (2009).

2285086 Fractal diffraction elements with variable transmittance and phase shift MUZYCHENKO Y.B., ZINCHIK A.A., STAFEEV S.C., TOMILIN M.G. Saint-Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

Investigation of diffraction fields from fractal objects can lead to development of diffraction optical elements with enhanced characteristics. The paper describes the new type of diffraction elements with fractal structure and the properties of diffraction fields, obtained from these elements. Fractal diffraction elements based on the well-known fractals, possessing exact or statistical self-similarity, but have managed amplitude transmittance and phase shift, which is correlated with the spatial characteristics of fractal. For describing these objects it is not enough the fractal dimension, instead the correlation coefficient between phase/amplitude and spatial characteristic is needed. Because of this fact these objects could be named multifractal structures (MFS). It is shown that the diffraction spectrum of MFS possesses prevailing power of high frequencies in comparison with spectra of regular two-dimensional structures or fractal structures with binary transmittance and/or phase shift. This property could be applied in the field of spatial filtering and detection of phase heterogeneities of transparent objects. Results of modeling for different types of MFS are presented and it is shown that using of MFS allows to detect the value of distortion of the initial object with high accuracy. In the study the description of fractal zone plates (FraZP) with variable transmittance and/or phase shift is presented. The results of modeling of Fresnel diffraction from FraZPs with MFS show that the value of correlation coefficient influences on the intensity distribution and the location of the focal point.

2284971 Generation of spiral patterns by obstruction of Bessel beam TOTO-ARELLANO N.I.1, MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA A.1, RODRÍGUEZ-ZURITA G.2, RAYAS ÁLVAREZ J.A.1, SERRANO-GARCÍA D.I.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C. /2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

There are several techniques that generate interferometric spiral fringes. These pattern types have been proposed to the determination of phase signs and/or vortex detection. An alternative method to obtain spiral fringes (spiralgrams) is presented. The spiral pattern is generated for the interference of a truncated Bessel beam with a spherical wavefront. The phase reconstruction is achieved through simultaneous phase-shifting interferometry.

FDI 10 Fabrication, design and instrumentation

2285065 Microlenses fabrication on glass by combining laser with thermal-reflow technique FLORES-ARIAS M.T. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Micro-optics elements have been greatly attractive due to their wide applications. In particular, microlenses are basic components of many optical devices and systems (fiber couplers, viewing optics, laser beam shaping elements, etc). There are a big number of methods to produce microlenses, such as thermal reflow forming, stereolithography technique, mold insert, pressure difference or decompression method and hot embossing. Most of them are devoted to fabricate microlenses on photoresist. However, from several years ago people are trying to fabricate microlenses on glass because it offers compatibility with silicon micromachining, high chemical and radiation resistance, and thermal-mechanical stability. Laser direct-writing is not currently able to produce microlenses with comparable imaging and stray light properties as other methods, but has advantages in other aspects: flexibility in terms of surface shapes, diameter, and focal length; the very small dead space between lenslet of any desired shape and profile; and the simplicity of the fabrication setup. In this

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paper we present an improved method that combines the laser direct-write technique with a thermal treatment that changes the surface profile improving the optical quality of microlens arrays fabricated on soda-lime glass substrates. These two steps give us microlenses with comparable imaging and stray light properties as obtained by other methods. In particular we use a nanosecond Q-Switch Nd:YVO4 laser and a mufla Heraeus furnace working in the range of 620ºC-670ºC. An improvement in the optical quality of the microlens arrays were obtained as temperature increases. The best microlenses array was obtained at 670ºC with the following characteristics: diameter 47.89±6.65µm; focal length 510±10µm and focal spot size 2.82±0.02µm. The presented technique has been shown to be capable of fabricating low cost microlens arrays with good optical quality

2285102 Fabrication of a deformable mirror optimized for pulse shaping QURESHI N, GÓMEZ-ARISTA I, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J CCADET / Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

The recent surge in interest in temporal and spectral shaping of picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses has created a need for deformable mirrors with a high degree of flexibility in one dimension. Commercially available devices typically employ hard crystalline membranes with a small number of actuators, covered with a reflective material, providing limited flexibility. In this work we report on a new fabrication method for producing large-area multilayer polymer membranes and describe its application to the instrumentation of a deformable mirror. This implementation allows for highly flexible mirrors in which mechanical properties vary along the the length of the structure in a controlled manner in order to better match optical requirements. In addition, the mechanical properties of such membranes allow for a large number of closely spaced actuators. We discuss the application of this instrument to pulse shaping experiments.

2285669 Pulsed lasers in photovoltaic technology BARHDADI A.1, HARTITI B.2 1PSES Laboratory, ENS-Rabat, University Mohammed V – Agdal / 2LPMAER, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Mohammedia

Optical Thermal Processing (OTP) offer many advantages in Photovoltaic technologies focusing on the development of cost-effective solar cells performed in an automatic and continuous process. There exist several OTP which operate either in an adiabatic regime with coherent light (Pulsed Lasers) or in an isothermal short duration regime with incoherent light (Rapid Isothermal Processes). Most of these optical heating techniques are beneficial and useful because they are operating in very fast ways and clean traditions. Also, they are very economic in term of processing time and power consumption. However, despite of their attractive features, they introduce various structural and electrical active defects in the semiconductor materials used in solar cell technologies. This is the main barrier which prevents the development of OTP for large photovoltaic industrial applications. In this paper we report experimental results on laser induced electrical defects in silicon materials usually used in photovoltaic technologies. Different pulsed lasers including Ruby, Nd-Yag and Excimer have been considered. We examine their effects in wide power range on the electrical properties of silicon Schottky diodes. Some of the observed effects are compared to those resulting from conventional thermal processing.

2285950 Method of producing tapered fibers VEGA F., TORRES C.O., MATTOS L. Universidad Popular del Cesar

This paper presents a method for manufacturing tapered fiber, through elongation by the combination of heating and stretching butane torch controlled, the movement is made through bipolar stepper motors with a driver and a Microcontroller L293B PIC16F628A for motion control, optical fiber was observed under a

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microscope and a micrometer rule 2.5μm apart to calculate the diameter of the fiber. Reduced diameter of 100µm multimodo de fiber to 10µm.

2286190 Multilayer thin film coatings for reduced infrared loss in hollow glass waveguides BLEDT C.M., KOPP D.V., HARRINGTON J.A. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Department of Materials Science & Engineering

Hollow glass waveguides (HGWs) are an attractive alternative to traditional solid-core and 2D photonic crystal, infrared transmissive fibers. Applications for HGWs at wavelengths longer than 2 microns include use of the guides for the delivery of laser power and for use as chemical and thermal sensors. To date, the most common HGW is one with an inner coating of Ag followed by a single-dielectric layer of AgI. These single- layer dielectric coated HGWs have losses for a 700-micron bore guide as low as 0.2 dB/m at 10.6 microns. However, if a multilayer stack of alternating high/low index thin films is deposited instead of a single dielectric layer then the loss can be reduced substantially. In the present study, multilayer dielectric thin films have been deposited inside silica tubing using a liquid-phase deposition method. High index coating materials used include metal sulfides such as PbS while the low index materials include polystyrene (PS) and some sulfides. The emphasis for this work has been on films deposited using II-VI compounds, for example ZnS and ZnSe. To date it has been possible to deposit two-layer coatings using, for example, CdS and PS but a lower loss is possible if the coating stack is composed of three dielectric layers. In past work CdS/PbS/CdS coatings were deposited and found to have measured a loss approximately two times lower than that for a single dielectric layer at 10.6 microns. In this paper the theory of multilayer coatings will be presented along with the optical loss measurements from 2 to 12 microns for the multilayer dielectric coatings.

OE 9 Optical Engineering

2285652 High-speed speckle interferometry and multipoint vibrometry MOORE A.J. Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences.

I review research in high-speed speckle interferometry for the measurement of transient deformations and vibrations in real time with microsecond temporal resolution. The short exposure period and high framing rate of a high-speed camera can allow low-power continuous-wave laser illumination to be used. The ability to measure vibration with both high spatial and temporal resolution, which is not provided by techniques such as scanning laser vibrometry, has many applications in manufacturing design and modal analysis. Recent improvements introduced to increase the velocity measurement range are discussed, including novel detectors and data processing strategies. All the approaches described are applicable to other types of transient deformation measured with other optical systems.

2284483 Vibration measurement in non-rigid test environment with speckle interferometry MATSUMOTO T.1, NAKAMOTO H.1, TAKIZAWA Y.1, KITAGAWA Y.1, KURATANI F.2, KOYAMA K.3, ADACHI M.4 1Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Technology / 2Fukui University / 3Koyama Hardware Co.,Ltd. / 4Kanazawa University

We propose a new method for vibration measurement in non-rigid test environment with electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). The ESPI is useful for non-contact, real-time analysis of vibration and 2- dimensional fringe map of vibration magnitude is drawn in a processed image. This method needs rigid test environment, however. When the interferometer and a vibration surface are on a non-rigid table or their environments are separated, especially at manufacturing areas, high-amplitude, low-frequency noise fluctuation overwhelms a vibration signal and the amplitude fringes disappear. To settle this difficulty, we use

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electronic shutter function of a NTSC TV camera and reduce exposure time of a CCD image sensor. With the time reduction, we may extract an image from many input images, during whose acquisition time noise fluctuation turns back and its magnitude is so small that the vibration signal goes to be included in the image. We accumulate the images and increase the contrast of the amplitude fringe map. We evaluated usefulness of this method with circular saw vibration. The saw has a diameter of 165mm and a thickness of 1mm. A center hole of the saw is screwed to a piezoelectric actuator and is oscillated in the vertical direction to the surface. The interferometer and the saw are fixed on a rigid board and the noise fluctuation is electronically superposed on the vibration signal with sine wave. We applied the fluctuation noises with various frequencies and amplitudes and judged contrast improvement. From the experiments, it is confirmed that this method is successful for up to fluctuation amplitude of 0.06mm. The proposed method has following advantages. (1)Its performance does not depend on the wave form of the fluctuation. (2)We do not have to measure the wave form actually. (3)The method can be applied to unsteady noise fluctuations.

2284585 A dynamical light scattering technique and its application in viscoelastic networks in soft matter SARMIENTO-GÓMEZ E., GALVÁN-MIYOSHI J.M., CASTILLO R. Instituto de Física, UNAM

In this paper, we present a dynamic light scattering technique using diffusing wave spectroscopy to track the dynamics of colloidal particles embedded in a complex fluid which allows us to obtain structural and dynamical information of a transparent viscoelastic material. Scattered light of a single speckle is detected by a photomultiplier tube and the time correlation function of light intensity is calculated using a temporal average. If the particles can not explore the entire phase space, temporal average and ensemble average are not the same, a condition necessary to relate all the ensemble averages from the scattering by many particles to temporal fluctuations of the intensity. To overcome this situation, for large lag times, a CCD camera is also used for the acquisition of the scattered light as an array of detectors which enables us to perform thousands of simultaneous experiments. In this manner, the time correlation function is obtained directly by taking the ensamble average instead of using a temporal average. For short lag times, the non-ergodicity problem can be avoided by remixing the scattered light coming from the sample by the use of a slowly rotating diffuser disk placed before the collection optics of the photomultiplier tube. All togheter, the technique give us a true ensemble-averaged time correlation function over 7 decades of time. As an example of the application of the technique, the dynamics of micro-particles embedded in a solvent sensitive cross-linked polymer matrix, namely, an acrylamide gel is studied. This polymer network is known to swell or deswell by changing the solvent composition. In this way, the description of the arrested dynamics of the micro-particles, as well as the viscoelastic properties of the polymer network at different cage sizes is possible.

2284861 Probability mapping images in dynamic speckle PASSONI L.I.1, RABAL H.J.2, MESCHINO G1, TRIVI M.2 1Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Juan B. Justo 4302. (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina / 2Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET La Plata-CIC), UID Optimo, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Nacional de la Plata, P.O. Box 3, 1897, Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina

Several descriptors have been proposed in the literature for the characterization of the dynamic speckle phenomenon. Some of them are heuristic and some are useful for the description of only some phenomena. The interpretation of the results in terms of the physical origins that produce the dynamics is solved for only a few cases. Doppler shifts and other time varying phenomena compete to give rise to a complex time behavior that is hard to assign to simple reasons. In this work we propose the use of a learning procedure based in eventually the use of one or more descriptors. By means of it and based on the use of dynamic speckle patterns obtained with well identified samples we construct a color image where up to three components can be recognized in the sample. The procedure is based in the calculation of the probability of every pixel to

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belong to a certain class and constructing a component image proportional to the resulting value. This image is then used as one of the three colors RGB components of the final image. In the result, every pixel results classified and can be identified as showing the value of estimated probability of its belonging to each learned class. High brightness in one color means then a high probability that the point belongs to the corresponding class and conversely. We show some results to illustrate the use of the images.

2285711 Temporal and spatial vibration measurement by high speed optical interferometry GUTIERREZ-HERNANDEZ D.A.1, PEREZ-LOPEZ C.1, MENDOZA-SANTOYO F1, MIXTECO-SANCHEZ J.C.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenierías campus Guanajuato - Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Temporal and spatial analysis over a rectangular four sides-clamped plate is reported. A high speed optical interferometer system is used to record 4000 frames per second (fps) to obtain fringe patterns of interference. 25 of that fringe pattern are processed to get the phase out along the time and also to measure the profile of the plate at any time inside the recorded relation (12.5 images over the complete evolution). The resulted graphic is shown, the recovered phase of the plate is reported to graphic the complete evolution of the vibration applied to the plate and also it is demonstrated that the harmonic vibration signal applied to the plate is almost the same at the mechanical behaviour of the plate at 4000 fps.

OE 10 Optical Engineering

2285936 Speckle displacement in 3-d space and applications YAMAGUCHI I. Toyo Seiki, Gunma University

Speckle Displacement in 3-D Spaces and Applications Ichirou Yamaguchi Laser speckle patterns arise from interference of a great number of wavelets with mutually random phase relationships. They can be easily and distinctly observed in the coherent light diffusely reflected from rough surfaces. Their statistical properties are quantitatively described in terms of the correlation functions of intensity distributions of the patterns. If the surface roughness is larger than the wavelength and has a sufficiently fine structure, both the autocorrelation depicting speckle size distributions and the cross-correlation indicating speckle displacement and decorrelation due to displacement and deformation of rough surfaces are independent of fine surface structures. Hence they work as distinct natural surface markings which can be used for perfectly non contacting measurement of various surfaces including living objects. The critical issues in the measurement are the relationships between surface deformation and speckle displacement. Although analytical expressions for speckle displacement and decorrelation caused by homogeneous deformation have already been derived, they are only valid for initially plane surface of ideal roughness1). In the paper we present a computer code that can be applied to general initial surface and optical systems. We applied this code to evaluate accuracies expected for the laser speckle strain gauge and displacements sensors using digital speckle correlation2). Speckle displacement and decorrelation are closely related with changes of light phase that are detected in ESPI and digital holography. They also govern the fringe qualities and S/N to be observed in these methods. We can estimate possible errors arising in surface contouring and deformation measurement using these techniques under various conditions. 1) I. Yamaguchi: "Speckle displacement and decorrelation in the diffraction and image fields for small object deformation," Optica Acta, 28, 1359-1376 (1981). 2) I. Yamaguchi: ―Holography, speckle, and computers,‖ Opt. Lasers in Eng., 39, 411-429 (2003).

2284642 Interferometry-like image contour detection RODRIGUEZ-MORALES G. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

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A numerical interferometry-like experiment is done to enhance the contour detection in images with smoother intensity gradients than that of an edge. The experiment consists in the use the intensity information of the image as the phase of a sine function. This produces a sinusoidal pattern with the form of the contours according to the original intensity pattern. Application of this technique conforms, with the subsequent application of a known method for edge detection, a powerful tool to detect contours. The application of this technique is useful for variable density material as in a smoke plume or a spray.

2284796 Monte carlo method for evaluation of uncertainty in topometry by using in-plane electronic speckle pattern interferometry with divergent illumination MARTINEZ AMALIA1, PARRA-MICHEL JORGE2, CORDERO RAUL3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2Escuela de Ingenierías, Universidad de La Salle Bajío /3Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Monte Carlo method for evaluation of uncertainty in topometry by using in-plane electronic speckle pattern interferometry with divergent illumination Amalia Martínez1, Jorge Parra-Michel1,2, Raul Cordero3 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C., México 2Escuela de Ingenierías, Universidad de La Salle Bajío, México 3Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Electronic speckle pattern interferometry is a useful technique in the measurement of displacement fields and topography. Traditionally, arrangement with dual collimated illumination to topography measurement is used. In this case, the object analysis is limited to the size of optical collimating lens. In the case of large objects, an optical system with divergent illumination can be used. It is known that displacement fields and the optical phase are related by the sensitivity vector. At once, to compute the sensitivity vector, illumination sources position and superficial shape need to be considered. The last condition becomes an impediment to surface contouring. In a published work1, a simple iterative algorithm based on the Gauss-Seidel technique is presented to compute contouring measurement. In the present work, the uncertainty associated to the measurement of the topography is calculated by using the Monte Carlo method. 1. Jorge Parra-Michel, Amalia Martínez, Marcelino Anguiano-Morales, J. A. Rayas, ―Measuring object shape by using in-plane electronic speckle pattern interferometry with divergent illumination‖, Measurement Science Technology, Vol. 21, 2010, 045303 (8 pp). Key words: Topometry, ESPI, divergent illumination, dual illumination, uncertainty, Monte Carlo method.

2286186 Digital image correlation method: a versatile tool for engineering and art structures investigations KUJAWINSKA M.1, MALESA M.1, PIEKARCZUK A.2 TYMIńSKA-WIDMER L.3, MALOWANY K.1, TARGOWSKI P.4 1Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, 02-525 Warsaw, 8 Sw. A. Boboli St., Poland/ 2Building Research Institute, 00-611 Warsaw, 1 Filtrowa St., Poland/ 3Institute for the Study, Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland/ 4Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziądzka 5, PL-87 100 Toruń, Poland

Optics is the enabling technology and it is applied in many applications of engineering, medicine, multimedia and conservation of cultural heritage. However most of these applications require close cooperation with the end user and often they enforce modification and enhancement of an optical tool. In the paper we will show how optical metrology, specifically the usage of digital image correlation method is implemented to two completely different tasks: performing pre-operating tests of low cost building structures subjected to loading conditions which simulate the natural load e.g. introduced by the weight of snow and monitoring of canvas paintings for tracking humidity-induced deformations, which may appear in museum (or other location of a piece of art e.g. church). In the first case the numerical simulations carried out on the FEM model have been consequently verified by the measurements performed with the 3D Digital Image Correlation method (DIC)

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and as a result, the detailed, calibrated FEM model has been developed. The measurements were performed on a full scale model of the hangar‘s fragment. The shape and all components of the displacement vector were captured during the whole loading process in the 2m x 2m area of interest, using the DIC sensor. The methodology developed allows to increase the safety of exploitation of such structures despite of the lack of their constant health monitoring. In the second example a model painting on canvas served as a test object. In order to create discontinuities in its structure, cuts and gaps of various size were made in the support and ground layer. Then they were repaired and filled in with traditional techniques as well as with an alternative method using fibrous pulp mixed with different adhesives. The sample was subjected to environmental stress caused by rapid changes of relative humidity in a custom designed glass climate chamber. During the experiment DIC data were collected together with the relative humidity (RH) and temperature values. After processing the data, the displacement maps were correlated with humidity records and combined into video animations for convenient inspection. The presented examples are the background for a general discussion on different measurement scenarios with application of DIC method, as well as the required enhancements and modifications which had been introduced. Coresponding author: [email protected]

2286189 Unified theory of phase unwrapping approaches in multi-wavelength interferometry FALAGGIS K, P. TOWERS D, E. TOWERS C. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds

Multi–wavelength interferometry (MWI) has a long tradition with a number of applications in the field of optical interferometry. In MWI phase unwrapping procedures are usually based on beat wavelength approaches, Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) techniques, or the method of Excess Fractions (EF) [1,2]. Each of these unwrapping approaches has its distinct advantage making it suitable for a given application. Beat wavelength and CRT based approaches offer a direct calculation of integer fringe order, however, the unambiguous measurement range (UMR) is limited by the available measurement wavelengths. On the contrary, EF offers many alternative sets of wavelengths to achieve a large UMR with high reliability, however, the calculation of the integer fringe order involves a high number of computational steps. In this work, a unified theory of beat wavelengths, EF and CRT approaches is reported. It is shown the calculation of the integer fringe order embodies a low computational effort, which hitherto is only possible for CRT and beat wavelength approaches, whilst offering flexibility in choosing the measurement wavelengths for a given UMR, which is only the case for EF. Because, this model can be used in a predictive way to determine the UMR and measurement reliability it is possible to define optimization criteria that are based on parameters which are dependent on the choice of the measurement wavelengths. [1] Burke, J, Bothe, T, Osten, W and Hess, CF 2002, ‗Reverse engineering by fringe projection‘, Proc. SPIE, 4778, 312. [2] Falaggis, K, Towers, DP, and Towers, CE, 2010 ‗Theoretical analysis and optimisation of the method of excess fractions for long- range metrology‘, Proc. SPIE, 7790, 779009, DOI:10.1117/12.861177

BMO 4 Bio- medical optics

2284782 Micro-joule, pico-second range, YB3+-doped fibre laser for medical applications in acupuncture ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A.1, RIVERA-MANRIQUE S.I.1, JAQUES S.L.2 1CIITEC-IPN/ 2OREGON HEALTH STATE UNIVERSITY

Abstract: The work described here is based on the optical design, simulation and on-going implementation of a pulsed (Q-switch) Yb3+-doped, 1-um diffraction-limited fibre laser with pico-second, 10 micro-Joule-range energy pulses for producing the right energy pulses which could be of benefit for patients who suffer chronic headache, photophobia, phonophobia, and even nausea which could is sometimes triggered by a series of factors. The specific therapeutic effect known as acupunctural analgesia is the main objective of this medium- term project. It is a simple design on which commercially available software was employed for laser cavity design. Monte Carlo technique for skin light-transport, thermal diffusion and the possible thermal de-

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naturalization optical study and prediction will also be included in the presentation. Full optical characterization will be included and a complete set of recent results on the laser-skin interaction and the so called moxi-bustion from the laser design will be extensively described

2285234 Data acquisition interface for frequency domain phosphorescence lifetime detection LAI B1, LILGE L2 1University Health Network/ 2University of Toronto/University Health Network

The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on superficial lesions has led to its use for various indications such as pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions of the esophagus, bladder and skin as well as other non- oncological indications. However, for conditions requiring an interstitial approach (IPDT), such as deep- seated solid tumours of the lung, brain and prostate, efficacy is significantly impaired even when using otherwise effective and clinically approved photosensitizers such as Photofrin. One of the efficacy- determining factors of IPDT is the amount of triplet state oxygen within the clinical treatment volume (CTV), which has been shown to be insufficient in tumour volumes exposed to permanent or transient hypoxia. Consequently, the treatment efficacy may be improved if the amount of oxygen present in the CTV can be monitored during PDT and the light delivery is adjusted accordingly. As a known quencher of phosphorescence, triplet oxygen in the CTV can be quantified optically via phosphorescent sensors whose decay lifetimes are dependent on the amount of oxygen present. In this work, an interface for a multi-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector and associated data acquisition system is presented. This system performs spatially-resolved oxygen quantification by means of spectrally-resolved frequency domain phosphorescence lifetime measurements of triplet oxygen via multiple phosphorescent sensors emitting at different wavelengths.

2285502 Optical synapse R. JAIMES-REATEGUI R.J.R.1, A. N. PISARCHIK A.N.P2, R. SEVILLA-ESCOBOZA R.S.E.1, V. B. KAZANTSEV V.B.K3, J. H. GARCÍA-LÓPEZ J.H.G.L.1, G. HUERTA- CUELLAR G.H.C.1, C. E. CASTAÑEDA-HERNANDEZ C.E.C.H.1, D. LOPEZ MANCILLA D.L.M1 1Centro Universitario de Los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Enrique Díaz de León 1144, Paseo de la Montaña, Las de Moreno, Jalisco, México/ 2Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C./3Institute of Applied Physics of RAS, Uljanov Str. 46, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Neuronal connection is one of the important problems in information biology and neuroengineering for understanding brain functions and efficient biorobotics. In particular, a design of optical sensors of oscillatory neurons spiking sequences is one of the hot topics in modern neuroscience. In this work we propose an optical synaptic sensor based on a fiber laser driven by a neural FinzHung-Nagumo electronic circuit, to connect with another neuron. The architecture of possible optical synaptic connections is described introducing different kinds of opto-electronic coupling between neurons.

2284608 Reflection spectra of breast adipose tissue vs. histologic grade MUNOZ MORALES A,A1, VAZQUEZ Y MONTIEL S.1, REIGOSA A.2 1Grupo de Instrumentación de Óptica Biomédica, Coordinación de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica/ 2Laboratorio de Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigaciones Médica y Biotecnológica de la Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela

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areas (400 to 700 nm) electromagnetic spectrum for them using a spectrometer portable of integrating sphere, mark Hunterlab Model Mini-Scan with 400-700 nm. The problem to be solved for cancer detection by optical techniques is to find the solution to the inverse problem of scattering of radiation in tissue where it is necessary to solve the equation of energy transfer. Trigonometric interpolation through the data adjustment by least squares using Fourier series expansion to parameterize the spectral response curves of each sample of breast adipose tissue and this correlated with histological grades established by the optical biopsy for each one of the samples that white light radiation is directly affected by their internal structure, allowing use this technique to the study of anomalies in White Adipose Tissue Breast, changes are evident in the spectral response for Breast Adipose Tissue carcinogens with respect to healthy tissues and for the different histologic grades. Parameterization through the Fourier series expansion was favorable for studies of changes in the curves of spectral response.

2286178 Langmuir Blodgett methodology for metallic nanoparticle substrates preparation for SERS applications PÉREZ-MAYEN L.P.M.1, DE LA ROSA E.R.C1, CASTILLO F.C.2, CALIXTO-CARRERA S.A.C.C.1 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C /3Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

Fabrication of substrates with nanoparticles is an important topic in the area of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this work, we show a methodology implemented for the preparation of silicon substrates with silver nanoparticles by Langmuir Blodgett technique. The nanoparticles were previously synthesized by the method of polyol. Nanoparticles and substrates were functionalized hydroponically using 1-dodecanethiol and 1-dodecene respectively. During the experimentation it was found that the optimal deposition was obtained by calculating the number of nanoparticles necessary to get a monolayer as well as the ratio of the solvent volume for their optimal dispersion. The order of the particles on the substrate was modified by changing the pressure applied to the Langmuir‘s barrier. The substrate analysis made with the help of an atomic force microscope showed that there is a relationship between the pressure and the packaging of the nanoparticles. In this work we show that the proposed procedure for the deposition of nanoparticles on substrates could be precisely replicated, and that the results always have the same characteristics exhibiting a good reproducibility. The substrates were tested for SERS using a dye (R6G) for this characterization. The Raman response of the substrates showed the same tendency for several areas on the surface substrate

POE 8 Photonics and Opto-Electronics

2284948 Optical materials studies by radiophysics methods LARKIN A,I, SHSCEPINOV V.P. National Research Nuclear University MEPhI

Radio waves of millimeter region enables to research separation of energetic levels in crystal fields, to measure Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in materials of high anisotropy, to research antiferromagnetics and semiconductors, to work out quantum generators in millimeter and sub-millimeter regions. We have experimental results in the range of wave lengths from 8 up to 2.2 mm for different optical materials.

2283170 Re-doped fibre laser sources for speed measurement in three-phase motor applications CERRANO-HERNANDEZ I, CRUZ CONTRERAS A, ALVAREZ-CHAVEZ J.A CIITEC-IPN

A non-contact, Yb3+-doped fiber laser-based sensor for precise speed measurement in three-phase motor systems will be designed, using commercially available finite-element software. The pump source employed in this case will consist of a semiconductor fiber-pigtailed, laser diode emitting more than 250mW at 976nm from which, after frequency conversion using a non-linear crystal, at least 30mW of 690nm power will be

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orthogonally incident on the motor system rotor. A double-clad, concentric core/cladding structure, 15um- core in diameter with a 35000 ppm tailored profile concentration is used as the basic cavity for our designs. A 25 mW@690nm, high-intensity (I≈1.6x1021W/um2), with an M2≈1 and temporally stable behavior, will be demonstrated after full simulation using Vlad and optical characterization

2284542 Waveguides by multiple implantations of Ag ion on SIO2 substrates MARQUÉZ H.1, SALAZAR D.1, RANGEL R.1, OLIVER A.2, FLORES E.2, ANGEL J1 1CICESE/ 2IFUNAM

In this work, a methodology used to design optical waveguides by means of silver ion implantation in fused silica substrate is presented. Bombardment of a substrate with high energy ions results in the ions penetrating below the surface, producing a change in the refractive index. We realize a design of optical waveguides fabricated by multiple ion implantations, varying parameters of fabrication processes (time, doses, energy); with this procedure it is possible to accumulate individual contributions of each bombardment to obtain a index profile as step function over a wide region, compatible with core size of optical fibers.

2285255 From femtosecond laser pulses to a supercontinuum visible laser source RAMÍREZ GÓNGORA O.DEJ.1, SOLARTE RODRÍGUEZ E.2 1Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali/ 2Universidad del Valle

Since the advent of easily access to high power short pulsed laser sources and after the successful production of visible continuum in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber by J. Ranka et. al., researches elsewhere have found their way to study and understand more deeply the nonlinear phenomena through the well established field of fiber optics. In this work we are going to show how modeling, simulation and experimental work combine one and other and paved the way to get a better understanding of light matter interaction and provoke a big explosion of technological implications and applications based on the supercontinuum generation phenomena on fused silica fibers.

2285926 Development and analysis of a simple tunable erbium ring laser GIORDANA A, DUCHOWICZ R. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CIOp)

An all-fiber tunable erbium ring laser operating in the range of 1520-1570nm was developed. The ring configuration employs a Fabry-Perot tunable filter with a Free Spectral Range (FSR) of 60nm and bandwidth of 60pm. The filter is fixed to a PZT element excited with a voltage ramp. The electronic control allows realizing spectral sweepings with voltages values smaller to 20V. The maximum tuning frequency was 200 Hz. The power emission presents a practically flat wavelength response. Several configurations with different doped fiber lengths were analyzed showing a trade-off between spectral flatness and output power. The qualities of the laser device were proved measuring the absorption bands of acetylene, used for calibration purposes, monitoring the emission with an Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA). A simple rate equation model was further implemented to analyze the laser properties as its temporal behavior and the spectral dependence of the laser output. Theoretical results agree with those obtained experimentally.

OIS 8 Optical Interaction Science

2283996 Effects of primary spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and field curvature on the focusing of ultrashort pulses GONZÁLEZ-GALICIA M.A, ROSETE-AGUILAR M, GARDUÑO-MEJÍA J, BRUCE N.C, ORTEGA-MARTÍNEZ R Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCADET

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In the field of ultrashort pulses researchers have used the word ―distortion‖ to refer to the difference between the pulse front and the phase front of a femtosecond pulse beam after propagating through an optical system. In optical design the word ―distortion‖ is used to refer to a particular aberration that produces a change in the height of the paraxial image. For a set of cemented thin lenses with the stop at the lens the change of the height of the paraxial image is zero and therefore the primary aberration ―distortion‖ is zero, but not the distortion of the pulse front caused by the chromaticity of the lens. The effect of the primary aberrations, spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism on ultrashort pulses has been studied by Z. L. Horváth, et.al.[1] by using the Nijboer-Zernike theory. In this paper we use the Seidel aberration theory for thin cemented lenses with the stop at the lens. We use scalar diffraction theory to evaluate the electric field distribution near the focal region of a lens for homogenous illumination and a well-collimated pulse beam incident on the lens. The diffraction integral is evaluated by expanding the wave number in a Taylor‘s series up to second order. The intensity of the pulse is evaluated at the paraxial focal region of the lens in the presence of the Seidel aberrations for three incidence angles of the well-collimated incident pulse beam with respect to the optical axis of the lens. Results for 20fs pulses @810nm at the paraxial focal plane of an achromatic lens are presented. [1] Z.L. Horváth, et.al., 2007 Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 88, pp.220-222.

2284843 Propagation of ultrashort pulses behind diffracting screens PIKSARV P.1, BOWLAN P.2, LõHMUS M.1, VALTNA-LUKNER H.1, TREBINO R.2, SAARI P.1 1Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Estonia /2School of Physics, Georgia Tech, GA, USA

The treatment of field propagation behind diffracting screens in terms of somewhat forgotten boundary wave theory is generalized to the case of illumination by Gaussian-beam femtosecond pulses and is verified experimentally. Simulations based on obtained simple expressions are compared to experimental results of femtosecond pulse diffraction on two basic types of screens -- circular aperture and opaque disc (published in Opt. Express 18, 11083, 2010), as well as on an annular aperture and a system of 4 concentric annular apertures. Measurements of spatiotemporal electric field of diffracted pulses had been carried out using SEA TADPOLE technique with micrometer spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution. Our results directly -- in time-resolved manner -- demonstrate the formation of the boundary diffraction waves and their interference in the form of Arago‘s spots after an aperture. The spots have a Bessel-type radial profile and undergo superluminal propagation like an axicon-generated Bessel-X pulse (see a summary of our papers on Bessel-X pulses in OPN No. 12, 2009, p. 42). Our study beautifully confirms advantages and prospects of the time- domain treatment of diffraction on screens in terms of boundary waves. Also they significantly aid in the understanding of diffraction phenomena in general.

2285868 Study of a figure-eight laser generating noise-like pulses with adjustable characteristics POTTIEZ O.1, HERNANDEZ-GARCIA J.C.1, IBARRA-ESCAMILLA B.2, KUZIN E.A.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C/ 2INAOE

In this work we study experimentally and numerically a passively mode-locked figure-eight fiber laser that includes a polarization-imbalanced Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror (NOLM), whose switching power can be adjusted through a wave retarder plate. The laser emits broadband noise-like pulses with a bandwidth that can exceed 50 nm. The pulses are actually sub-nanosecond wave packets with an inner fine structure of sub-ps pulses with random amplitude and duration. The duration of the pulses as well as their spectral width can be adjusted through the variation of the NOLM switching power. Numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental results, confirming in particular the strong dependence of the pulse properties on the value of the NOLM switching power, although NOLM switching alone does not explain the appearance of the noise-like pulsing mode. The properties of this kind of pulses, like their wide bandwidth and energy, make them attractive for applications like supercontinuum generation and metrology.

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2285363 Formation of parabolic optical pulses in passive optical fibers SUKHOIVANOV I.A.1, IAKUSHEV S.O.2, SHULIKA O.V.2, GURYEV I.V.1, ANDRADE LUCIO J.A.1, IBARRA MANZANO O.G.1 1DICIS, University of Guanajuato/ 2Lab. Photonics, Kharkov Universityu of Radio Electronics, Ukraine

The generation and applications of optical pulses with a parabolic intensity profile has developed into the area of dynamic research activity over recent years. Parabolic pulses can propagate in a normally dispersive optical fiber in the presence of nonlinearity remaining their parabolic profile. Particularly these pulses are highly resistive to the deleterious effect of the optical wave breaking. Here the comprehensive theoretical study of the ultrashort optical pulses in the passive optical fibers in the steady-state regime is presented. Within the framework of extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation the formation of the parabolic optical pulses is studied with an emphasis on the practical implementations. The quality of the parabolic waveform is analyzed applying appropriate misfit parameter. Gaussian, super-Gaussian, and secant initial waveforms are analyzed. When initial pulse is super-Gaussian, the fully parabolic pulses can be obtained, whereas secant or Gaussian pulse transforms to the pulse with the shape more or less different from parabolic one. The influence of various factors such as initial pulse shape, its chirp, the third-order dispersion and fiber loss on the quality of quasi-parabolic pulses is studied in details. The range of soliton orders where the resulted shape of the quasi- parabolic pulses is closest to the parabolic one is found. It is shown also that reshaping of the chirped pulses toward parabolic profile occurs more efficiently as compared to the initially unchirped pulses.

2286155 Mode-locked fiber laser using a fiber directional coupler HERNANDEZ-ROMANO I.1, ANTONIO-LOPEZ J.E.1, SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J.J.1, DELFYETT P.2, MAY-ARRIOJA D.A.3 1National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics/ 2CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics /3Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas

Saturable absorbers based on SWCNTs have been fabricated using different techniques to incorporate these devices into passively mode-locked fiber laser. Free space, thin films, direct deposition, spray deposition and specialty fibers have been used to implement these devices. The techniques using evanescence field interaction offer high optical damage threshold and high third order nonlinearity, but so far their fabrication requires either stringent processes or expensive materials. In this work we present a saturable absorber based on a fiber directional coupler (FDC) and Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs). The working principle is also based on evanescence field interaction with SWCNTS but the fabrication is quite simple. The FDC has two cores, one located in the center of the fiber (core-1) and another that is off-center (core-2). Since there is some coupling between the cores, light launched at core-1 will be coupling back and forth between the two cores as it propagates along the FDC. Therefore, the FDC can be etched until we reach the surface of core-2 allowing interaction with any material that is placed on the surface. The SWCNTs are dispersed on a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer matrix, and the composite is cured along 2 cm of the etched fiber. After curing, the device was inserted in a typical Erbium doped ring cavity fiber laser in order to build up a passive mode-locked fiber laser. Self-starting passively mode-locked laser operation was observed using this device. The generated pulses have a pulse width of 446 fs at a repetition rate of 18.13 MHz, and the average power was 1 mW.

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SS - Science And Society

2286206 The role of ICTP/UNESCO in promoting optics education and research worldwide NIEMELA J. ICTP

This talk will cover the historical and current efforts by the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste and UNESCO to promote optics education and research in countries around the world with emerging economies. These various programs target a broad range of students and teachers from secondary school to post-doctoral levels. The International Commission for Optics (ICO), along with other organizations and societies, has played a major role in this endeavor, including the establishment of an ICO- ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award, given annually to an outstanding young researcher in optics in a developing country

2286214 Why is international research in science and engineering important? LONDOÑO C. National Science Foundation

International research collaboration is a critical mechanism that brings together researchers and engineers from around the world together to find solutions to the many challenges that humanity presently faces; such as: the impact of climate change; or finding new, sustainable and reliable energy sources; or improving health care, improving agricultural yields; or addressing the extinction of species, among others. Therefore, many countries around the globe have adopted a strategic approach for the support of international research at the frontiers of discovery realizing that often the outcome of such investments result in new applications that improve the competitiveness and prosperity of their economies. Often in highly industrialized and developed countries there are well established mechanisms to transfer the results of basic research into technological innovation. In this talk, I will present a general overview of the state of science and engineering in selected countries and will describe existing mechanisms that support investments in international research collaboration as a basic and necessary condition for growth and development.

2286204 Worldwide scientific collaboration and national intellectual property: how to put those things together? REINGAND N.1, STECH M.2 1CeLight, Inc. / 2Office of Intellectual Property Rights, US Department of Commerce

In this paper we made an attempt to discuss some important questions of intellectual property in international collaboration between scientists. Global nature of the scientific research is a nowadays reality, while IP laws still have national character. Though the basic principles of IP protection are similar in all countries, there are certain differences in legislation, and they affect the partnership. IP ownership in case when the invention is made by international team, copyrights on software created via outsourcing contract, reuse of the published scientific paper material in teaching, - these and other questions are discussed in the paper. Since the material is presented at the International Congress on Optics, we illustrate it on examples from optical sciences

2287000 Web 2.0 Implications for researchers and publishers(The Springerlink Platform) David Mouriño, Idra Arroyo Springer, Mexico

Internet has transformed the way we seek and use information; precisely in the last 5 years a pull of innovative techniques – collectively termed ‗web 2.0‘ – have enabled people to become Prosumers: producers as well as consumers of information. According to the analysis of different reports, Springerlink development

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team address their efforts to create information tools that empower researchers linking the Springer content with different web 2.0 tools.

TO 4 Theoretical Optics

2285133 Partial coherence and polarization in electromagnetic interference SETALA T.1, TERVO J.2, FRIBERG A.T.3 1Aalto University/ 2University of Eastern Finland / 3Aalto University, University of Eastern Finland, Royal Institute of Technology

For random scalar beams the degree of spatial coherence is related to the visibility of intensity fringes in Young‘s interference experiment. Another important quantity pertaining to random light beams is the degree of polarization, defined as the ratio of the intensity of the polarized part to that of the total field. Conventionally the degree of polarization is obtained through a sequence of measurements using polarizes and wave plates. However, for general electromagnetic (vectorial) beams the definition of the degree of coherence must be revisited, since coherence-induced interference may show up not only as intensity fringes (i.e., modulation of optical intensity) but also – or only – as a modulation of the polarization state. Consistently with this view, an electromagnetic degree of coherence has recently been introduced as a sum of the visibilities (modulation contrasts) of the intensity and the polarization state, specified by the Stokes parameters. This definition reduces to the traditional scalar case if the field is uniformly polarized. A common interpretation of the degrees of electromagnetic coherence and polarization is that they, respectively, characterize the strength of the correlations of the electric-field components at two points and at a single point. This suggests that the degree of polarization possesses an interference-based interpretation just like the degree of coherence. In this work, we discuss the degrees of electromagnetic coherence and polarization of arbitrary random vector beams, and introduce a new interference interpretation for the degree of polarization. More precisely, we show that the degree of polarization can be viewed as a contrast of modulation of the polarization state when the beam interferes with itself. This leads to a consistent picture of the two fundamental features of light: partial spatial coherence and partial polarization. The results are important in electromagnetic interference in particular, and in optics and photonics in general.

2283820 Coherence and polarization control using twisted nematic liquid-crystal spatial light modulators RICKENSTORFF C, FLORES E, OSTROVSKY A.S. Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Beginning from the mid-1980‘s nematic liquid-crystal (LC) spatial light modulators (SLMs) have been used in many optical applications, such as optical data processing, beam shaping, adaptive optics, real-time holography, etc. In these applications LC SLMs are used for amplitude or phase modulation of optical field. Recently, in connection with the heightened interest to the vector coherence theory of electromagnetic fields, a new possible application of nematic LC SLMs has been found. It has been shown [1] that the nematic LC SLM of certain configuration can realize the controlled changes of coherence and polarization of an electromagnetic beam, a fact that can be successfully used for generating a secondary partially coherent and partially polarized optical source with the desired statistical properties. Somewhat later this technique has been improved using two parallel-coupled LC SLMs [2] and two series-coupled LC SLMs [3]. All the mentioned techniques presuppose the use of transmissive parallel-aligned type nematic LC SLMs. Unfortunately, the lack of such a kind commercial LC SLMs does not yet permit to realize these techniques in practice. Here we propose an alternative technique which uses commercially available transmissive twisted type nematic LC SLMs. To secure the desired result, we use two parallel-coupled twisted nematic LC SLMs with orthogonal orientation of front directors. We illustrate an efficiency of the proposed technique with experimental results obtained using HoloEye LC2002 twisted nematic LC SLMs. [1] T. Shirai and E. Wolf, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 21, 1907 (2004). [2] T. Shirai, O. Korotkova, and E. Wolf, J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 232

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(2005). [3] A. S. Ostrovsky, G. Martínez-Niconoff, V. Arrizón, P. Martínez-Vara, M. Á. Olvera- Santamaria, and C. Rickenstorff-Parrao, Opt. Express 17, 5257 (2009).

2283992 Exact modeling of propagation of partially coherent optical fields CASTAÑEDA R, GARCÍA-SUCERQUIA J Physics School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín

Due to analytical and numerical difficulties, the propagation of optical fields in any state of spatial coherence is conventionally computed through severe approximations; Fresnel-Fraunhofer is one of the most widely used. These approximations provide in many cases a rough knowledge of the actual light behavior as it propagates, but the complexity of more appropriated models has concealed further developments. This work concerns a non-approximated procedure in order to model the propagation of optical fields in any state of spatial coherence. The classical cross-spectral density is written in center-difference coordinates which allows for its exact calculation in very practical cases. The results show that unaware behavior of light as it propagates can be reveled with this new approach. As the proposed method is applied to the Fresnel- Fraunhofer regime, the results equal those obtained with the conventional computation approaches. Light behavior as it propagates close to the diffraction transmittances can be learned with the aid of the proposed modeling tool.

2283611 Generation of a spiral wave using amplitude masks ANGUIANO M.A.1, SALAS D.S.1, TRUJILLO G.T1 1Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua

Generation of a spiral wave using amplitude masks Marcelino Anguiano-Morales, Didia P. Salas-Peimbert and Gerardo Trujillo-Schiaffino Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Av. Tecnológico No 2909, Chihuahua, Chih., México 31310 Abstract Optical beams of Bessel- type whose transverse intensity profile remains unchanged under free-space propagation are called nondiffracting beams. Experimentally, Durnin used an annular slit on the focal plane of a convergent lens to generate a Bessel beam. However, this configuration is only one of many that can be used to generate nondiffracting beams. The method can be modified in order to generate a required phase distribution in the beam. In this work, we propose a simple and effective method to generate spiral beams whose intensity remains invariant during propagation using amplitude masks. We used the Durnin‘s method to study how the Bessel beam is modified, an input light beam is incident on the amplitude mask, which consists of two incomplete annular slits. The light then propagates to a lens where it is focused to produce an invariant spiral beam. Laser beams with spiral phase, i.e., vortex beams have attracted great interest because of their possible use in different applications for areas ranging from laser technologies, medicine, and microbiology to the production of light tweezers and optical traps. We present a study of spiral structures generated by the interference between two incomplete annular beams.

2285072 Resuming divergent series in nonparaxial optics BORGHI R.1, GORI F.2, GUATTARI G.1, SANTARSIERO M.2 1Dipartimento di Elettronica Applicata, Università "Roma Tre" / 2Dipartimento di Fisica, Università "Roma Tre"

It is shown that the perturbative series, made by nonparaxial corrections, occurring in free-space nonparaxial propagation, diverge factorially. Our analysis provides a theoretical framework within which the results of recently carried out numerical experiments concerning nonparaxial propagation of vectorial Gaussian beams find a meaningful interpretation. Applications to spirally polarized optical beams are also considered.

AOA - Aplied Optics to Atwork

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2285894 Xochicalco: Tlayohualchieliztli or camera obscura VÁZQUEZ-MONTIEL S.1, GRANADOS-AGUSTÍN F.1, CORNEJO-RODRÍGUEZ A.1, GALE D.1, DIAMANT R.2, ESPINASA-PERENA R.3, FERNÁNDEZ-GUASTI M.2 1Instituto de Astronomía, Óptica y Electrónica/ 2Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Iztapalapa /3Instituto de Geofísica - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Xochicalco is an archeological site located in the state of Morelos in central Mexico. It flourished from 600 to 900 a.d. with numerous multicultural elements. There are several underground rooms caved on the hillside whose purpose has been subject of speculation. In particular there is a room with a shaft that has a hole in the roof. Its orientation towards the zenith supports the astronomical purpose of the site. Our hypothesis is that the place was used as a camera obscura for astronomical observations. In order to explore the feasibility of this assertion, the conditions required to produce an image were studied. The aperture diameter in the top of the shaft is about 30 to 50 cm, far too large to be used as a ―pinhole‖. It is possible that the aperture was covered with a wooden piece containing a small bore-hole. We work out the optimum aperture size; Small enough to minimize blur due to ray propagation while large enough to avoid appreciable diffraction. The portion of the sky that could be observed due to the orientation and aperture of the shaft was also undertaken. The two most intense celestial objects should produce bright enough images thus suggesting that observation of the sun took place during day-time as well as observation of the moon during night-time. The tracking length of the shafts is estimated. We conjecture that amate paper or cloth could have been used to directly draw the position of celestial objects.

2286157 Analysis by libs of archaeological objects from ancient peruvian cultures ASMAD MIGUEL1, SÁNCHEZ RUBÉN1, BALDWIN GUILLERMO1, CASTILLO LUISJAIME2, ALDAMA WILDER3, MORALES RICARDO4, UCEDA SANTIAGO4 1Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú / Laboratorio de Óptica, Departamento de Ciencias, Sección Física/2Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú / Programa Arqueológico San José de Moro/3Universidad Nacional de Trujillo - Perú / Laboratorio de Óptica y Láser (LOYL) /4Universidad Nacional de Trujillo - Perú / Proyecto Arqueológico Huaca del Sol y de la Luna

In this work, we will illustrate the application and usefulness of the Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy - LIBS technique in elemental analysis of the ancient ceramics and metallic objects from archeological findings. The different elemental compositions of metal and ceramic are obtained in the corresponding LIBS spectra. Also we will present the arrangement for the LIBS instrumentation employed for to take LIBS spectra. A very small zone -usually less than 150 um wide- is ablated by a nanoseconds pulse laser from the second harmonic (532nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. For this, LIBS is a nearly nondestructive technique and very fast. In addition, it is not necessary to prepare the sample to analyze, then, this technique is a non- contact and non-contaminant one. All measurements were carried out in ambient air at atmospheric pressure in the archeological findings.

2285535 Lattice based multispectral image restoration of Mexican ancient codices VALDIVIEZO N. J.C, URCID G, BAEZ J.J. INAOE

During the last years some researchers have been oriented toward the restoration and preservation of art paintings and historical documents. For these purposes, the uses of novel techniques like multispectral imaging and digital image processing have shown to be effective. In the present manuscript we describe a new procedure to perform the multispectral image restoration of pre-Hispanic paintings which uses the spectral properties of color. The method employs two lattice associative matrix memories to extract the purest spectral reflectances belonging to constituent pigments in a specific multispectral scene. In fact, the spectral

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information registered at image pixels is represented as a linear combination of different pigments spectra. Once the pigments spectra have been determined, they can be used to estimate their corresponding abundances by means of linear inversion. The color restoration is then achieved based on the optical properties of pigments stored in their spectral curves; therefore, the associated color can be compared and assigned to the corresponding abundance map in order to restore the damaged sections of the painting. We provide some illustrative examples of the discussed method applied to a multispectral imagery captured from a collection of Mexican codices of the 16th century. The results state that our technique can be effectively used for the digital restoration of art paintings.

2285304 Spacial location of reference points for the study in 360° of an object using stereo vision FLORES V.H1, MARTÍNEZ A.1, RAYAS J.A.1, GENOVESE K.2 1Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica / 2Università degli Studi della Basilicata

Stereo Vision is a powerful tool used to make a 360° scan on an object in order to obtain topography details or getting the special position of interest points, but the process could be slow because of the computing time. In this work we present the alternative of using high reflective markers, which are used as reference points to obtain the object‘s topography. The advantage of these markers is that their detection is faster than a full scene correlation and it is done by comparing the position of the centroids of each marker without using pixel- pixel analysis. With this technique we can create coordinate systems that is only based on the object geometry and combined with the fringe projection technique we could create virtual planes as reference planes and get the shape of the object.

2285848 Numerical reconstruction of spectral reflectance curves of oil painting on canvas VALDIVIESO L.G.1, GUERRERO J.E.2, OSORIO C.A.2 1Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica / 2Universidad industrial de Santander

Unlike the color –which is a quality without physical meaning and that involves subjective estimation of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with surfaces– spectral reflectance is a physical property that characterizes different materials, no matter what chromatic content of illuminant and the spectral response of the sensor. This means that the spectral reflectance is a magnitude of particular interest in both reconstruction and reproduction in digital color systems. In this paper, two approaches to the numerical reconstruction of spectral reflectance curves of samples of oil painting on canvas, are presented. These approaches need a set of spectral reflectance curves, given by a spectrophotometer, and their respective sampling using color filters placed in front of a monochrome CCD camera. The first approach is based on the interpolation of the camera response to each color filter. The second one, relies in obtain a vectorial base and appropiate coefficients to reconstruct the spectral reflectance curve. Goodness of fit coefficient (GFC) and absolute mean error (ABE) are the metrics used to evaluate the performance of the proposed procedures.

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