ISAAC NEWTON OSTAD and WISE
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Edmond Halley and His Recurring Comet
EDMOND HALLEY AND HIS RECURRING COMET “They [the astronomers of the flying island of Laputa] have observed ninety-three different comets and settled their periods with great exactness. If this be true (and they affirm it with great confidence), it is much to be wished that their observations were made public, whereby the theory of comets, which at present is very lame and defective, might be brought into perfection with other parts of astronomy.” — Jonathan Swift, GULLIVER’S TRAVELS, 1726 HDT WHAT? INDEX HALLEY’S COMET EDMOND HALLEY 1656 November 8, Saturday (Old Style): Edmond Halley was born. NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE NOVEMBER 8TH, 1656 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY (THE FOLLOWING DAY, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST). Edmond Halley “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX HALLEY’S COMET EDMOND HALLEY 1671 February 2, Friday (1671, Old Style): Harvard College was given a “3 foote and a halfe with a concave ey-glasse” reflecting telescope. This would be the instrument with which the Reverends Increase and Cotton Mather would observe a bright comet of the year 1682. ASTRONOMY HALLEY’S COMET HARVARD OBSERVATORY ESSENCE IS BLUR. SPECIFICITY, THE OPPOSITE OF ESSENCE, IS OF THE NATURE OF TRUTH. Edmond Halley “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX HALLEY’S COMET EDMOND HALLEY 1676 Edmond Halley was for six weeks the guest of the British East India Company at their St. Helena colony in the South Atlantic for purposes of observation of the exceedingly rare transit of the planet Venus across the face of the sun. -
Practical Calculations for Designing a Newtonian Telescope
Practical Calculations for Designing a Newtonian Telescope Jeff Beish (Rev. 07 February 2019) INTRODUCTION A Newtonian reflecting telescope can be designed to perform more efficiently than any other type of optical system, if one is careful to follow the laws of nature. One must have optics made from precision Pyrex or a similar material and figured to a high quality. The mounting hardware must be well planned out and properly constructed using highest quality materials. The Newtonian can be used for visual or photographic work, for "deep sky" or "planetary" observing, or a combination of all these. They are easy to layout and to construct using simple household tools. The design mathematics is simple and can be easily accomplished by hand calculator. The Newtonian reflector can be easily modified for other types of observing such a photometry, photography, CCD imaging, micrometer work, and more. Since a reflecting telescope does not suffer for chromatic aberration we don't have to worry about focusing each color while observing or photographing with filters as we would in a single or double lens refractor. This is a problem especially associated with photography. Since the introduction of the relatively low cost Apochromatic refractors (APO) in the past few years these problems no longer hamper the astrophotographer as much. However, the cost of large APO's for those requiring large apertures is prohibitive to most of us who require instruments above 12 or so inches. Remember, even with the highest quality optics a Newtonian can be rendered nearly useless by tube currents, misaligned components, mirror stain, and a secondary mirror too large for the application of the instrument. -
A MATHEMATICIAN's SURVIVAL GUIDE 1. an Algebra Teacher I
A MATHEMATICIAN’S SURVIVAL GUIDE PETER G. CASAZZA 1. An Algebra Teacher I could Understand Emmy award-winning journalist and bestselling author Cokie Roberts once said: As long as algebra is taught in school, there will be prayer in school. 1.1. An Object of Pride. Mathematician’s relationship with the general public most closely resembles “bipolar” disorder - at the same time they admire us and hate us. Almost everyone has had at least one bad experience with mathematics during some part of their education. Get into any taxi and tell the driver you are a mathematician and the response is predictable. First, there is silence while the driver relives his greatest nightmare - taking algebra. Next, you will hear the immortal words: “I was never any good at mathematics.” My response is: “I was never any good at being a taxi driver so I went into mathematics.” You can learn a lot from taxi drivers if you just don’t tell them you are a mathematician. Why get started on the wrong foot? The mathematician David Mumford put it: “I am accustomed, as a professional mathematician, to living in a sort of vacuum, surrounded by people who declare with an odd sort of pride that they are mathematically illiterate.” 1.2. A Balancing Act. The other most common response we get from the public is: “I can’t even balance my checkbook.” This reflects the fact that the public thinks that mathematics is basically just adding numbers. They have no idea what we really do. Because of the textbooks they studied, they think that all needed mathematics has already been discovered. -
Foundations of Newtonian Dynamics: an Axiomatic Approach For
Foundations of Newtonian Dynamics: 1 An Axiomatic Approach for the Thinking Student C. J. Papachristou 2 Department of Physical Sciences, Hellenic Naval Academy, Piraeus 18539, Greece Abstract. Despite its apparent simplicity, Newtonian mechanics contains conceptual subtleties that may cause some confusion to the deep-thinking student. These subtle- ties concern fundamental issues such as, e.g., the number of independent laws needed to formulate the theory, or, the distinction between genuine physical laws and deriva- tive theorems. This article attempts to clarify these issues for the benefit of the stu- dent by revisiting the foundations of Newtonian dynamics and by proposing a rigor- ous axiomatic approach to the subject. This theoretical scheme is built upon two fun- damental postulates, namely, conservation of momentum and superposition property for interactions. Newton’s laws, as well as all familiar theorems of mechanics, are shown to follow from these basic principles. 1. Introduction Teaching introductory mechanics can be a major challenge, especially in a class of students that are not willing to take anything for granted! The problem is that, even some of the most prestigious textbooks on the subject may leave the student with some degree of confusion, which manifests itself in questions like the following: • Is the law of inertia (Newton’s first law) a law of motion (of free bodies) or is it a statement of existence (of inertial reference frames)? • Are the first two of Newton’s laws independent of each other? It appears that -
The "Greatest European Mathematician of the Middle Ages"
Who was Fibonacci? The "greatest European mathematician of the middle ages", his full name was Leonardo of Pisa, or Leonardo Pisano in Italian since he was born in Pisa (Italy), the city with the famous Leaning Tower, about 1175 AD. Pisa was an important commercial town in its day and had links with many Mediterranean ports. Leonardo's father, Guglielmo Bonacci, was a kind of customs officer in the North African town of Bugia now called Bougie where wax candles were exported to France. They are still called "bougies" in French, but the town is a ruin today says D E Smith (see below). So Leonardo grew up with a North African education under the Moors and later travelled extensively around the Mediterranean coast. He would have met with many merchants and learned of their systems of doing arithmetic. He soon realised the many advantages of the "Hindu-Arabic" system over all the others. D E Smith points out that another famous Italian - St Francis of Assisi (a nearby Italian town) - was also alive at the same time as Fibonacci: St Francis was born about 1182 (after Fibonacci's around 1175) and died in 1226 (before Fibonacci's death commonly assumed to be around 1250). By the way, don't confuse Leonardo of Pisa with Leonardo da Vinci! Vinci was just a few miles from Pisa on the way to Florence, but Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci in 1452, about 200 years after the death of Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci). His names Fibonacci Leonardo of Pisa is now known as Fibonacci [pronounced fib-on-arch-ee] short for filius Bonacci. -
The Astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
Ice Core Records – From Volcanoes to Supernovas The Astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe (1546-1601, shown at left) was a nobleman from Denmark who made astronomy his life's work because he was so impressed when, as a boy, he saw an eclipse of the Sun take place at exactly the time it was predicted. Tycho's life's work in astronomy consisted of measuring the positions of the stars, planets, Moon, and Sun, every night and day possible, and carefully recording these measurements, year after year. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630, below right) came from a poor German family. He did not have it easy growing Tycho Brahe up. His father was a soldier, who was killed in a war, and his mother (who was once accused of witchcraft) did not treat him well. Kepler was taken out of school when he was a boy so that he could make money for the family by working as a waiter in an inn. As a young man Kepler studied theology and science, and discovered that he liked science better. He became an accomplished mathematician and a persistent and determined calculator. He was driven to find an explanation for order in the universe. He was convinced that the order of the planets and their movement through the sky could be explained through mathematical calculation and careful thinking. Johannes Kepler Tycho wanted to study science so that he could learn how to predict eclipses. He studied mathematics and astronomy in Germany. Then, in 1571, when he was 25, Tycho built his own observatory on an island (the King of Denmark gave him the island and some additional money just for that purpose). -
Telescopes and Binoculars
Continuing Education Course Approved by the American Board of Opticianry Telescopes and Binoculars National Academy of Opticianry 8401 Corporate Drive #605 Landover, MD 20785 800-229-4828 phone 301-577-3880 fax www.nao.org Copyright© 2015 by the National Academy of Opticianry. All rights reserved. No part of this text may be reproduced without permission in writing from the publisher. 2 National Academy of Opticianry PREFACE: This continuing education course was prepared under the auspices of the National Academy of Opticianry and is designed to be convenient, cost effective and practical for the Optician. The skills and knowledge required to practice the profession of Opticianry will continue to change in the future as advances in technology are applied to the eye care specialty. Higher rates of obsolescence will result in an increased tempo of change as well as knowledge to meet these changes. The National Academy of Opticianry recognizes the need to provide a Continuing Education Program for all Opticians. This course has been developed as a part of the overall program to enable Opticians to develop and improve their technical knowledge and skills in their chosen profession. The National Academy of Opticianry INSTRUCTIONS: Read and study the material. After you feel that you understand the material thoroughly take the test following the instructions given at the beginning of the test. Upon completion of the test, mail the answer sheet to the National Academy of Opticianry, 8401 Corporate Drive, Suite 605, Landover, Maryland 20785 or fax it to 301-577-3880. Be sure you complete the evaluation form on the answer sheet. -
Dining Room 14
Dining Room 14 Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset Richard Lumley, 2nd Earl of (1643–1706) Scarborough (1688?–1740) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723) Oil on canvas, c.1697 Oil on canvas, 1717 NPG 3204 NPG 3222 15 16 Thomas Hopkins (d.1720) John Tidcomb (1642–1713) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723) Oil on canvas, 1715 Oil on canvas, c.1705–10 NPG 3212 NPG 3229 Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle Richmond and Lennox (1672–1723) (1669 –1738) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646 –1723) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646 –1723) Oil on canvas, c.1703–10 Oil on canvas, c.1700–12 NPG 3221 NPG 3197 John Dormer (1669–1719) Abraham Stanyan (c.1669–1732) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646 –1723) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723) Oil on canvas, c.1705–10 Oil on canvas, c.1710–11 NPG 3203 NPG 3226 Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun Algernon Capel, 2nd Earl of Essex (1675?–1712) (1670–1710) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646 –1723) by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723) Oil on canvas, 1707 Oil on canvas, 1705 NPG 3218 NPG 3207 17 15 Further Information If there are other things that interest you, please ask the Room Steward. More information on the portraits can be found on the Portrait Explorer upstairs. All content © National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG) or The National Trust (NT) as indicated. Dining Room 14 William Walsh (1662–1708) Charles Dartiquenave by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723) (1664?–1737) Oil on canvas, c.1708 after Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723) NPG 3232 Oil on -
Newton.Indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 14:45 | Pag
omslag Newton.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 14:45 | Pag. 1 e Dutch Republic proved ‘A new light on several to be extremely receptive to major gures involved in the groundbreaking ideas of Newton Isaac Newton (–). the reception of Newton’s Dutch scholars such as Willem work.’ and the Netherlands Jacob ’s Gravesande and Petrus Prof. Bert Theunissen, Newton the Netherlands and van Musschenbroek played a Utrecht University crucial role in the adaption and How Isaac Newton was Fashioned dissemination of Newton’s work, ‘is book provides an in the Dutch Republic not only in the Netherlands important contribution to but also in the rest of Europe. EDITED BY ERIC JORINK In the course of the eighteenth the study of the European AND AD MAAS century, Newton’s ideas (in Enlightenment with new dierent guises and interpre- insights in the circulation tations) became a veritable hype in Dutch society. In Newton of knowledge.’ and the Netherlands Newton’s Prof. Frans van Lunteren, sudden success is analyzed in Leiden University great depth and put into a new perspective. Ad Maas is curator at the Museum Boerhaave, Leiden, the Netherlands. Eric Jorink is researcher at the Huygens Institute for Netherlands History (Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences). / www.lup.nl LUP Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 1 Newton and the Netherlands Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 2 Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. -
The Newton-Leibniz Controversy Over the Invention of the Calculus
The Newton-Leibniz controversy over the invention of the calculus S.Subramanya Sastry 1 Introduction Perhaps one the most infamous controversies in the history of science is the one between Newton and Leibniz over the invention of the infinitesimal calculus. During the 17th century, debates between philosophers over priority issues were dime-a-dozen. Inspite of the fact that priority disputes between scientists were ¡ common, many contemporaries of Newton and Leibniz found the quarrel between these two shocking. Probably, what set this particular case apart from the rest was the stature of the men involved, the significance of the work that was in contention, the length of time through which the controversy extended, and the sheer intensity of the dispute. Newton and Leibniz were at war in the later parts of their lives over a number of issues. Though the dispute was sparked off by the issue of priority over the invention of the calculus, the matter was made worse by the fact that they did not see eye to eye on the matter of the natural philosophy of the world. Newton’s action-at-a-distance theory of gravitation was viewed as a reversion to the times of occultism by Leibniz and many other mechanical philosophers of this era. This intermingling of philosophical issues with the priority issues over the invention of the calculus worsened the nature of the dispute. One of the reasons why the dispute assumed such alarming proportions and why both Newton and Leibniz were anxious to be considered the inventors of the calculus was because of the prevailing 17th century conventions about priority and attitude towards plagiarism. -
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo's Telescopic Sightings? Dean Keith Simonton Online First Publication, January 30, 2012. doi: 10.1037/a0027058 CITATION Simonton, D. K. (2012, January 30). Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo's Telescopic Sightings?. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0027058 Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts © 2012 American Psychological Association 2012, Vol. ●●, No. ●, 000–000 1931-3896/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0027058 Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo’s Telescopic Sightings? Dean Keith Simonton University of California, Davis Galileo Galilei’s celebrated contributions to astronomy are used as case studies in the psychology of scientific discovery. Particular attention was devoted to the involvement of foresight, insight, oversight, and hindsight. These four mental acts concern, in divergent ways, the relative degree of “sightedness” in Galileo’s discovery process and accordingly have implications for evaluating the blind-variation and selective-retention (BVSR) theory of creativity and discovery. Scrutiny of the biographical and historical details indicates that Galileo’s mental processes were far less sighted than often depicted in retrospective accounts. Hindsight biases clearly tend to underline his insights and foresights while ignoring his very frequent and substantial oversights. Of special importance was how Galileo was able to create a domain-specific expertise where no such expertise previously existed—in part by exploiting his extensive knowledge and skill in the visual arts. Galileo’s success as an astronomer was founded partly and “blindly” on his artistic avocations. -
Sarah Churchill by Sir Godfrey Kneller Sarah Churchill Sarah Churchill Playing Cards with Lady Fitzharding Barbara Villiers by S
05/08/2019 Sarah Churchill by Sir Godfrey Kneller Sarah Churchill Sarah Churchill playing cards with Sarah Churchill by Sir Godfrey Lady Fitzharding Barbara Villiers by Kneller Sir Godfrey Kneller Letter from Mrs Morley to Mrs Freeman Letter from Mrs Morley to Mrs Freeman 1 05/08/2019 Marlborough ice pails possibly by Daivd Willaume, British Museum The end of Sarah on a playing card as Anne gives the duchess of Somerset John Churchill 1st Duke of Sarah's positions Marlborough by John Closterman after John Riley John Churchill by Sir Godfrey Kneller John Churchill by Sir Godfrey Kneller 2 05/08/2019 John Churchill by the studio of John John Churchill Michael Rysbrack, c. 1730, National Portrait Gallery John Churchill in garter robes John Churchill by Adriaen van der Werff John with Colonel Armstrong by Seeman Marlborough studying plans for seige of Bouchain with engineer Col Armstrong by Seeman 3 05/08/2019 Louis XIV by Hyacinthe Rigaud Nocret’s Family Portrait of Louis in Classical costumes 1670 Charles II of Spain artist unknown Louis XIV and family by Nicholas de Largillière Philip V of Spain by Hyacinthe Rigaud Charles of Austria by Johann Kupezky 4 05/08/2019 James Fitzjames D of Berwick by Eugene of Savoy by Sir Godfrey unknown artist Kneller Blenheim tapestry Marshall Tallard surrendering to Churchill by Louis Laguerre Churchill signing despatches after Blenheim by Robert Alexander Hillingford 5 05/08/2019 Note to Sarah on the back of a tavern bill Sir John Vanbrugh by Sir Godfrey Kneller Castle Howard Playing card showing triumph in London Blenheim Palace 6 05/08/2019 Admiral Byng by Jeremiah Davison Ship Model Maritime Museum 54 guns Louis swooning after Ramillies Cartoon of 1706 Pursuit of French after Ramillies by Louis Laguerre 7 05/08/2019 Thanksgiving service after Ramillies Oudenarde by John Wootton Oudenarde on a playing card Malplaquet by Louis Laguerre Malplaquet tapestry at Marlbrook s'en va t'en guerre Blenheim 8 05/08/2019 Marlborough House Marlborough House Secret Peace negotiations 1712 Treaty of Utrecht 1713 9.