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Jean-Gaël Gricourt E-Mail: Jgricourt@Free.Fr Jean-Gaël Gricourt e-mail: [email protected] 22 septembre 2021 version 2.2 Résumé Ce glossaire est pour l’instant très orienté matériel et optique instrumentale mais il est en mesure d’évoluer vers d’autres sujets. Tout le contenu de ce glossaire est critiquable et comme il s’agit d’un “work in progress” vos commentaires positifs ou négatifs ainsi que vos suggestions et rectifications seront les bienvenus. Contact : [email protected] Table des matières 1 DicAstro 2 2 Appendices 240 2.1 Recommandations................................................... 240 2.2 Les forums....................................................... 240 2.3 Les chaînes Youtube.................................................. 241 2.4 Les magazines...................................................... 241 2.5 Bibliothèques d’astro photos.............................................. 241 2.6 Bibliothèques d’astro dessins............................................. 241 2.7 Des simulateurs de télescopes............................................. 242 2.8 Pollution lumineuse.................................................. 242 2.9 Des outils de calculs.................................................. 242 2.10 L’optique instrumentale................................................ 242 2.11 Cartes / Planétarium.................................................. 243 2.12 Catalogues....................................................... 243 2.13 Ephémérides & calculs................................................. 243 2.14 La petite histoire des télescopes amateurs...................................... 243 3 Réflexions 246 3.1 Quel instrument choisir ?................................................ 246 3.2 Les forums sont-il une bonne source d’information ?................................. 247 1 1 DicAstro Voici un travail que j’ai commencé en Janvier 2017. Il s’agit d’un glossaire de définitions des termes couramment utilisés en astronomie. Je l’ai d’abord écrit pour rassembler diverses notes et connaissances acquises aux court de mes lectures ou interventions dans les fils de discussion de mes forums favoris. Certains termes sont familiers et d’autres sont beaucoup plus exotiques faisant parfois référence à des concepts ardus à comprendre et à expliquer mais en général cela vaut la peine de s’accrocher pour finalement tout comprendre. Même si je n’incrémente pas toujours la version du document celui ci subit de nombreuses corrections et modifications tous les mois. Je le maintiens le plus à jour possible malheureusement je n’ai pas de retour sur ce travail et j’ai donc très peu de recul sur la qualité de ce glossaire donc soyez indulgent et transmettez moi vos remarques celles ci me seront très utiles pour y apporter des rectifications :-) Ce document comporte à présent plus de 800 termes expliqués et minutieusement annotés de références sur lesquelles je me suis appuyé pour écrire ces définitions. Il est bien sûr possible de redémontrer mathématiquement certains résultats cependant pour ne pas alourdir ce documents ces développements sont consignés dans d’autres documents annexes disponibles à la demande. Enfin si certain liens ne fonctionnent plus il suffit de consulter le site Web Archive pour retrouver les pages Web ou les documents correspondants. Merci à ces auteurs qui m’ont inspiré pour écrire ce dico, en particulier : — Starman1 alias Don Pensack 1 (CN) : un amateur passionné qui possède des connaissances pratiques pointues sur l’optique et le matériel astro. — Sixela Sixela (WA,CN) : un amateur de Belgique qui possède des connaissances approfondies en optique appliquée — wh48gs alias Vladmir Sacek (CN) : est un opticien professionnel très pointu dans l’optique appliquée 2 — Jon Isaacs alias Jon Isaacs (CN) : un amateur très assidu, ses interventions sont toutes pertinentes et amène souvent vers d’autres références — Thierry Legault 3 (AS,WA) : référent en France dans l’astrophotographie amateur — Lyl alias Myriam (AS,CN,WA) : éminente spécialiste de l’optique et des lunettes astro — Norma,NDesprez (AS,WA) : spécialiste du soleil mais pas que il a une grande expérience dans l’observation. — ’Bruno (AS,WA) : un autodidacte des sciences et fin observateur visuel — Skywatcher707 alias Laurent Vadrot (WA) : encyclopédie vivante du matériel astro d’hier et d’aujourd’hui — Jason D alias Jason Khadder (CN) : inventeur du collimateur Catseye et spécialiste de l’optimisation des Newtons. — EdZ alias Edward Zarenski (CN) : un spécialiste des jumelles qui les a étudiées sous toutes les coutures — denis0007dl alias Denis Levatić (CN) : un spécialiste de l’optimisation des binoculaires — Pinac alias Pinac (CN,AS) : un collectionneur de jumelles modernes 4 1. Starman1 : EyepiecesEtc 2. Vlad : Notes on Amateur Telescope Optics 3. Thierry Legault : Astrophoto 4. Pinac : Binocular Today 2 A √ Adler Index désigne un indicateur de luminosité d’une paire de jumelles plus précis que la pupille de sortie : AI = G× D où G est le grossissement et D est le diamètres des objectifs. Cette indicateur exprime la capacité des jumelles à détecter les faibles étoiles. Batterie désigne la source d’énergie nécessaire pour faire fonctionner certains équipement astro donc les indispensables montures EQ en astrophoto. Il en existe plusieurs type : Batteries Type Capacité (Wh/kg) Nb cycle Durée de vie Sécurité Polluant Pb, Acide, Gel 40 400 ? ??? Li-ion (LCO, LMO, NMC) 200 500 ? ? Li-Po 190 400 ? ? LiFePO4 120 2000 ??? ??? Les batteries doivent intégrer l’utilisation d’un BMS pour contrôler leur bon fonctionnement et prévenir les cas d’utilisations critiques afin d’éviter les destructions et empêcher une usure prématurée [22]. Puissance délivrée par un appareil électrique : P = U × I où P = puissance en Watt, U = tension en Volt et I = intensité du courant en Ampère Consommation d’un appareil de puissance P : Conso (Wh) = P × ∆th où Conso = consommation en Wh, ∆th = durée d’utilisation en heures. La capacité de la batterie s’exprime en Wh, donc une batterie doit avoir la une capacité minimum selon le temps d’utilisation de l’appareil : Capacite ≥ P × ∆th. Pour un appareil électrique la tension d’utilisation est constante donc I = P/U on peut exprimer aussi la consommation ou la capacité de charge de la batterie en mAh (milli ampère heure) : Conso (mAh) = I(mAh) × ∆th Bishop Index désigne un indicateur de luminosité d’une paire de jumelles : BI = G × D où G est le grossissement et D est le diamètres des objectifs. Cette indicateur exprime la capacité des jumelles à détecter les faibles étoiles. Binocular Performance Index Index ou “BPI” [130] désigne un indicateur de luminosité d’une paire de jumelles plus précis que la pupille de sortie : BPI = AI + contrast (%) + transmission (%) où AI est le “Adler Index”. Cette indicateur exprime la capacité des jumelles à détecter les faibles étoiles. Aberration Chromatique ou “Chromatisme” ou “Dispersion des Couleurs” “Color Blur” ou “Color Fringing” désigne un défaut optique produit les formules optiques à base de lentilles : les lunettes, les oculaires, les SCT (lames de fermeture). Le chromatisme apparaît lorsque les points de focalisation de différentes longueurs d’onde ne coïncident pas exactement. 3 Credit : Gilles Boisclair CA : Chromatisme longitudinal Lorsqu’on parle de chromatisme on parle le plus souvent le chromatisme longitudinal, c’est à dire le chromatisme sur l’axe optique. Dans ce cas le rouge focalise plus loin que le bleu et la différence entre ces points focaux constitue le “Spectre secondaire”. En pratique le chromatisme devient visible lorsque de fausses couleurs tel que des halos bleus ou verts / jaunes apparaissent autour des objets lumineux, par exemple les étoiles brillante, la lune ou les planètes ou bien des objets vus en contre-jour. En photo on parle souvent du fameux liseré bleu autour des objets. L’autre effet du chromatisme est de réduire considérablement la résolution des images en dispersant l’énergie lumineuse des points image. Chromatisme longitudinal d’une lunette Skywatcher 150 APO Credit : Nasim Mansurov Credit : Airylab Note : la courbe montre pour une couleur donnée l’écart du foyer réel avec le plan focal de référence vertical passant par 0 sur l’axe optique. On fait varier la hauteur h des rayons frappant la lentille (les ordonnées du graphe) et on mesure l’écart (les abscisses du graphe) au point focal de référence intersection du plan focal avec l’axe optique. Avec l’ensemble des couleurs représentées ce graphe montre le sphérochromatisme de la lunette. CA : Chromatisme transversal Le chromatisme latéral ou transversal est le chromatisme variant selon l’angle d’incidence des rayon lumineux. Le chromatisme augmente à mesure que l’angle d’incidence augmente. 4 Chromatisme latéral d’une lunette Skywatcher 150 APO Credit : Nasim Mansurov Credit : Airylab Note : la courbe montre pour chaque couleur l’écart du foyer réel avec le point focal théorique sur le plan focal. On fait varier l’angle d’incidence α des rayons frappant la lentille (les ordonnées du graphe) et on mesure l’écart (les abscisses du graphe) au point focal de référence sur le plan focal Historiquement il existe des oculaires conçus pour corriger le chromatisme latéral (CVD = Chromatische Vergrosserung Differenz) des lunettes achromatique comme le Kellner. CA : Chromatisme en général Les causes de la formation de cette aberration sont : 1. la dispersion des couleurs au passage d’une lentille de verre car l’indice de réfraction du verre varie avec la longueur d’onde (voir le “Nombre D’Abbe”). 2. la dispersion atmosphérique au voisinage de l’horizon
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