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Abdelrahim, 199 Abderrazak, Shaykh Mahdjoub, 206 Abdu, Muhammad

Abdelrahim, 199 Abderrazak, Shaykh Mahdjoub, 206 Abdu, Muhammad

Index

Airline hijackings, 24, 174, 194. See also A September 11 terrorist attacks Abdelrahim, 199 Aisha, Abu, 182–183 Abderrazak, Shaykh Mahdjoub, 206 Akanji, Azzad Abdu, Muhammad, 65 biography of, 152 Abdullah, King (), 145 Al Anbar Abdullah, Wayra Salih, 173 counterinsurgency operations, 95 Abdullah II, King (), 145, 172 suicide bomb attacks, 94 Abu Ghraib prison Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, 15, 217, 235 abuses at, xi al-Fateh al-Islami Institute, 203 “Fatimah’s Fiancé” video and, al-Muhajirun, 193 155–156, 162 n23 al Qaeda perceived importance of revenge for anti-Shia rhetoric, 225 transgressions at, 44 anti-U.S. sentiments, 231–232, 240 video footage of humiliating n27 treatment of men and women, avoidance of anti-Shia rhetoric, 78 142–143, 155–156, 224 factors in the rise of, 232–233 Afalah, Mohammed historical background, 232–233 biographical information, 201–202 honoring of suicide bombers, 13 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 65 “legitimate martyrdom” concept, Afghanistan 225 al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Herat) training timeline for the evolution of, camp, 172–173 257–258 compared with , 3–4 training camps, 24 fall of the Taliban regime, 4, 70–71, transformation into a fragmented 173 and multiheaded social Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and movement, 232 the rise of jihadi Salafis, al Qaeda in Iraq 165–166, 171 al-Tawhid wal-Jihad replacement, 71 Ahl al-Sunna wal-Jamaah Army anti-Shia views, 120–121 images of Muslim leaders in the Biographies of Eminent Martyrs, company of Western 147–158 dignitaries, 146, 161 n6 communiqués announcing replacement of Ansar al-Islam and, operations by Usud al-Sham fi 71 Bilad al-Rafidayn, 182 Ahmad, Najmuddin Faraj, 166 compared with Islamic nationalists, al-Ahmed, Mohammed Younis 39 insurgency sponsorship, 49 compared with the Islamic Army in AI. See Ansar al-Islam Iraq, 80–82 criteria to be considered a Muslim, n preceding a number indicates a note 125

259 Index

emergence as a major group, 53 al-Rashidin Army goal of, 215 emergence as a major group, 53 image of the heroic Muslim, 147 Alawi, Iyad, 145 interest in sparking civil war, 109 al-Albani, Sheikh Naser al-Din, 65, “Jihad in Iraq: Hopes and Dangers,” 129, 137 n24 74 joint attacks with ASG, 55 source of militant Islamists in justification for killing apostates, Europe, 194, 195 127 Algerian Armed Islamic Group, 172 justification for killing human Algerian Salafist Group for Call and shields, 133, 138 n35 Combat, 204 justification for killing supporters of Ali, Caliph (Iraq) the occupation and the existing establishment of caliphate, 136 n13 regime, 127–129, 137 n21 father of Imam Hussein, 123 justifications for suicide attacks, Ali the Tunisian, 206 117–118 “Altruistic suicide” theory, 214–215 Mujahidin Shura Council formation Anbar Salvation Council, 229 and, 64 al-Anbari, Abu Faris objectives of, 73–74, 85 n15, 85 n16 biography of, 151–152 pressure from Iraqis because of their Ansar al-Islam reliance on foreign fighters, adoption of escapees from 53–54 Afghanistan, 173 suicide attacks by, 106, 110, 121 elimination of, 173 symbolism of the Battle of Badr, establishment of, 173, 193–194, 257 153–154 French network and, 204–205 themes that make up the mythology Italian network and, 205–207 of martyrdom, 147–158 jihadi Salafism and, 71 timeline for the evolution of, religious worldview of, 89 257–258 suicide attacks by, 106, 110 transnational nature of, 64 Ansar al-Sunna Umar Brigade and, 42, 122 monthly online publication of, 71 video montage about fighting the Ansar al-Sunna Group Iraqi security forces, 158–159 compared with Islamic nationalists, video of the suicide attack on the 39 al‑Hamra Hotel, 112 n18 criteria to be considered a Muslim, video of the suicide attack on the 125 Palestine Hotel, 112 n17 goal of, 215 “Why Do We Fight, and Whom Do jihadi Salafism major group, 53, 64 We Fight?”, 73, 85 n15, 85 n16 joint attacks with AQI, 55 Zarwat al-Sinam, 154 joint responsibility with the IAI and al Qaeda in the Land of Two Rivers. See the MAI for attacks, 55 al Qaeda in Iraq justification for violence against the Shia, 122

260 Index

official formation of, 71 shift of political power in favor of religious worldview of, 89 the Shia and and, 169 replacement of Ansar al-Islam and, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and, 71 165–166, 171 suicide attacks by, 64 Syrian network, 178–181 ultimate aim, 90 ties developed during the Soviet video showing a suicide bomber invasion of Afghanistan, 165 declaring his last will and U.S. invasion of Iraq and, 167 testament, 149 U.S. war in Afghanistan after the Ansar Allah September 11 attacks and, 166 Lebanese network and, 182 war on terrorism and, 166–167 al-Ansari, Abu Dujana summit justification for suicide attacks, 121, disputes between states, 168 135 n8 Arif, Said, 204, 205 al-Ansari, Abu Islam Armed Islamic Group “The Markers of the Victorious Sect subway bombings and airline in the Land of the Two Rivers,” hijacking activities, 194 126, 137 n18 al-Aruri, Khaled Mustafa, 171 Aqal, Wafiq, 181 Asas, Abdelhy AQI. See al Qaeda in Iraq arrest of, 198 al Aqsa intifada biographical information, 199, 210 increase in the pace of suicide n22 attacks and, 7 ASG. See Ansar al-Sunna Group Aqsa uprising, 167, 168, 224, 235 al-Ashqari, Ans Jamal, 171 Arab fighters in Iraq Association of Muslim Scholars apparent impotence of Muslim impact of the insurgency on, 35 regimes in the face of the of the ’ resolve to attack Islamic and National Resistance Iraq, 167–168 Movement and, 37 factors facilitating volunteerism in Atiya, Abu, 204 Iraq, 166–171 al-Awami, Muamar Abdullah, 183 Internet and, 169–170, 183 al-Awda, Salman, 65 Iraq’s porous borders and, 168, 222 Awf, Abu Jordanian network, 171–173 biography of, 143–144, 161 n3 Lebanese network, 181–183 dream vision, 157 networks of radical Salafis, 165–166, al-Awfi, Salih, 175–176 184 Ayatollah Khomeini, 63, 232 Palestine-Israeli struggle and, 168 al-Ayiri, Yousef Bin Salih, 175 satellite television and, 169 al-Azhar Saudi and Kuwaiti networks, support for martyrdom, 168 174–178, 179 Azzam, Sheikh Abdullah, 165

261 Index

al-Barqawi, Issam Muhammad Tahir, B 172 Baathists. See also Ideological Baathists; Barra, Abu, 189 Islamic nationalists Barzani, Massoud, 173 de-Baathification policies and, 37, Baz, Sheikh Abdel Aziz bin, 65, 129 41, 42, 50–51, 221 al-Bazi, Sheikh Hikmat Mumtaz, 229 main groups of, 63 Belgian-Spanish network number of members, 49 background of, 195 suicide attack responsibility claims, Belgium-based network with links 93 to , Syria, , and Badjoudj, Abdelhalim, 202–203 Iraq (chart), 197 Badr, Battle of, 153–154 biographical information on suicide Badr Corps bombers, 196–202, 209 n19, infiltration of the interior ministry, 210 n22, 210 n26 42 Moroccan Islamic Combatant view of, 80 Group and, 198–199 justification for violence against, Belgium. See also Belgian-Spanish 122, 136 n11 network Shia militias of, 122 percentage of suicide bombers from, view of as collaborators with the 189 coalition, 122, 135 n9 Belhadj, Maymoun Baghdad biographical information, 196–199, counterinsurgency operations, 95 201, 202, 209 n19 suicide bomb attacks, 94–95, 96, Benchellali, Menad, 204 110, 207, ix Bensakhria, Mohammed, 204 al-Baghdad, Abu Hamza Bentaieb, 201 leadership of, 54 Benyettou, Farid, 203 al-Baghdadi, Abu Umar, 258 Berg, Nicholas, 235 Bakr, Abu, 181 Beslan, Russia, hostage crisis, 12, 28 Bali n22 suicide bombings, 225 bin Laden, Sheikh Osama Bandura, Albert benefits from the failure of Islamist moral disengagement concept, insurgencies, 233–234 119–121 exile of, 233 al-Banna, Raed Mansoor, 171 interest in fighting the “far enemy” Baquba represented by the United counterinsurgency operations, 95 States, 78 Bara, Abu original home of, 74 biography of, 151 sanctioning of suicide attacks, 218 al-Bara Bin-Malik Brigade suicide attack directions, 121 description, 64 support for Zarqawi, 176, 257 leadership of, 121 training camps in Afghanistan and, 234

262 Index

transnational Salafi networks and, Higher National Committee for the 166 De-Baathification of Society Biographies of Eminent Martyrs, xviii leadership, 40 Biographies of martyrs, 147–158 Chechens Blair, Prime Minister Tony (United use of female bombers, 7 Kingdom) Cherif, Peter, 203 pictured with Arab leaders, 145 Chong, Dennis Bloom, Mia expectations of valued peers Dying to Kill, 216–217 influence on activism, 22 Book organization Clinton, President Bill chapter descriptions, 25–26 pictured receiving a medallion from Bouchar, Abdelmajid, 196 King , 146 Bouchnak, Thamer, 203 Coalition Provision Authority. See also Bouloudo, Khalid, 198 Counterinsurgency operations Bouyahia, Maher, 206 actions taken to guard against Bremer, Paul, III suicide attacks, 105 de-Baathification policy and, 41 contracts used as funding for Brookings Institution mercenaries, 51–52 roadside bomb estimates, 90 de-Baathification measures, 37 Bukhalfa, Rashid, 204, 205 failure to establish democracy with Bush, President George W. stability in Iraq, 236 pictured looking shaken after images images of Arab leaders in the of a blown-up Humvee, 156 company of coalition officials, pictured shaking hands with Prime 145–146 Minister Ariel Sharon, 146 intimidation of whose who work pictured with Arab leaders, 145 with coalition forces, 90–91, video on board a U.S. battleship 110 declaring victory in Iraq, 145 justifications for attacks against supporters of, 127–129 strategic consequences to the C coalition of violence against Shias and security forces, CA. See Conquest Army 235–236, 237 Car bombs targets of suicide attacks, 102, percentage of suicide attacks, 105 127–129 preparation and placement of, 96, “Cognitive opening” concept, 190–191, 98, 170 193 roadside bomb estimates, 90 COIN. See Counterinsurgency Casablanca bombings, 205, 225 operations Chabarou, Mourad, 202 Committee for Preaching, Guidance, al-Chalabi, Ahmad and Religious Rulings Association of Muslim Scholars and, 37

263 Index

Conquest Army al-Dari, Dr. Muthanna Harith attacks on U.S. personnel in Iraq as Muhammad’s Army comments, 49 revenge for Israeli aggression in al-Shamari’s comments on, 82 Gaza and , 79 Darwish, Suleiman, Khaled, 180 jihadi Salafism and, 71 Data sources, xvii–xviii Cost-effectiveness Dawa Party inflicting mass casualties with a impact of the insurgency on, 35 minimum of bombers, 9–10 Dayjani, Abdel Aziz Abdel Hadi protection of experienced and skilled biography of, 151 members, 10–11 Defense Intelligence Agency recruitment difficulties, 10 targets of insurgent attacks, 92 Counterinsurgency operations. See also Degauque, Muriel Coalition Provision Authority biographical information, 195, car bomb preparation information, 199–201 98 della Porta, Donatella collateral damage from, 99 study of left-wing terrorism in Italy, control of Shia militias and, 228 22–23 cultural sensitivity and, 228 Democratic Party of Kurdistan, 173 “divide and conquer” strategy, 229 Department of Defense incorporation of Sunnis into the new provinces accounting for the greatest security forces, 228 number of attacks, 94 internal displacement of Iraqis al-Dhayt, Muhammad Abdel Rahman, because of sectarian violence 176 and, 228–229 Diakhabi, Chekou, 203 Iraqi force responsibility and, 228 al-Din, Ayman Kamal, 183 likelihood of defeat of insurgents Diplomats and, 95–96 target of attacks by the Iraqi limitations of, 226–231 insurgency, 91 pattern of, 95 Diyala phases of, 226–228 suicide bomb attacks, 94 political inclusion and, 227 Djoumakh, Laurent Mourad, 204 suicide attacks following, 99, 110 Doha, Abu, 204, 205 Courageous Men or Lions (Usud al-Dousry, Abu Hareth Abdul Rahman al‑Shara) video, 143 last will and testament of, 149 CPA. See Coalition Provision Authority Dream visions as confirmation of Cruypenninck, Pascal martyrdom, 157–158, 162 n26 biographical information, 200 DST. See Territorial Surveillance Directorate al-Dulaymi, Talib, 172 D al-Dulymi, Defense Minister Saadun (Iraq), 229 Dahmane, Abdelsatar, 195 al-Durah, Muhammad Damra, Suleiman Taleb, 171 video images of the killing of, 143

264 Index al-Duri, Izzet post 9/11 security measures, insurgency sponsorship, 49 surveillance, arrests, and public Durkheim, Emile distrust of Islamists and, “altruistic suicide” theory, 214–215 194–195 Dying to Kill (Bloom), 216–217 post-World War II emigration from Dying to Win (Pape), 213–215 North Africa, 191–192 preexisting ties to radical Islamist networks, 195, 207–208 E process of radicalism, 189, 191–193 radical networks, 193–195 Egypt repression of Islamic dissidents in support for “martyrdom operations,” the Middle East and North 168 Africa and, 193 Encyclopedia of Jihad safe houses for, 189 Internet posting of, 225, 238 n10 Expectations of future attacks European Muslims in Iraq credibility of threats and, 11–12 Belgian-Spanish network, 195–202 internal organizational pressure to “born-again” Muslims, 194 continue attacks, 12 categories of militants, 194 prerecorded statements and, 11, 13 “cognitive opening” and, 190–191, 193 “compound racism” of Europeans and, 192 F converts to Islam, 194, 195 Factional competition between groups, culture and secularity of Europe 8, 15, 216–217 and, 192 Fahd, King (Saudi Arabia), 146 diversity in perspectives and Fakhet, Serhane Ben Abdelmajid, 197 interests, 191, 207 al-Falistini, Abu Qatada establishment of informal networks paradigms for Muslims killing in , 193–194 themselves or other Muslims, French network, 202–205 130–131, 138 n29 grievances of, 191, 193 al-Fallaj, Addel Aziz, 177 idealistic vision of Islam, 192 Fallujah impracticality of returning to home counterinsurgency operations, 95 countries, 192, 194 suicide bomb attacks, 94 Italian network, 205–207 Faruq Brigades liberal asylum laws and, 194 suicide missions, 47 movement to through Syria or “Fatimah’s Fiancé” video, 155–156, 162 Turkey, 189–190 n23 North African Muslims and, 189 Fatwa Council of Al-Rashidin Army number of known suicide bombers “The Religious Ruling on Jihad and from Europe, 189 its Requirements in Iraq,” 79 Fayez, Nafez, 171

265 Index

Fayez, Naser, 171 Gibson, James L. al-Fazazi, Shaykh, 206 expectations of valued peers influence on activism, 22 membership of, 60 n39 GICM. See Moroccan Islamic role of, 47 Combatant Group suicide missions, 47, 93, 111 n8 Goris, Issam Former Soviet Union biographical information, 199–201 Beslan, Russia, hostage crisis, 12, 28 Group security n22 protection of recruiters, 11 invasion of Afghanistan, 165–166, , 1990-1991 171, 232, 234–235 Jordanian network and, 172 Fouad, Mullah Gunaratna, Rohan biographical information, 205–206 Tamil Tiger suicide attacks, 7 France Armed Islamic Group activities, 194 percentage of suicide bombers from, H 189 Hafez, Mohammed French network Manufacturing Human Bombs: link between recruits in France and The Making of Palestinian handlers in Syria, 204 Suicide Bombers, ix–xi Territorial Surveillance Directorate Haj, Khaled Ali, 175 arrests of terrorists, 202–203, al-Hajari, Mansoor, 178 204–205 al-Hajari, Mansur FS. See Fedayeen Saddam biography of, 150–151 al-Furan, Ahmed, 182 al-Hajari, Said biography of, 151 dream vision, 157 G Hajer, Abu, 175 Gandhi, Mahatma al-Hakim, Abdel Aziz, 145 nonviolent protest and, 24–25 el Hakim, Boubaker, 203 GCMAF. See General Command of the el-Hakim, Redouane, 202, 203 Mujahidin of the Armed Forces al-Hakimi, Abdelqadir, 198, 199 General Command of the Mujahidin of Hamas the Armed Forces compared with Islamic insurgents, Baathist major group, 53, 63 63 membership of, 46 honoring of suicide bombers, 13 Germany justifications for suicide attacks Strasbourg Christmas market attack, compared with jihadi Salafis’ 204 justifications, 117 al-Ghadiya, Abu, 180–181 Oslo peace process bombings, 11, 15 GIA. See Armed Islamic Group repertoire of resistance and, 25 suicide attacks by, 89, 125, 217

266 Index

Hanbali rulings Housni, Jamal, 206 justifications for killing civilians, Human shields 131–132 justifications for killing, 132–134 Hani, Abu, 206, 207 Humiliation theme of martyrdom Haraz, Said Mahmud Abdel Aziz, 190 female dishonor and suffering at the al-Hawali, Safar, 65 hands of security forces, al-Hayak, Imad, 181 144–145 Herat training camp. See al-Tawhid images from other conflicts in wal-Jihad (Herat) training Muslim countries, 143 camp Iraq as the central battlefield on which to fight the war against attacks against Israeli targets in the enemies of Islam, 144–145 southern Lebanon, 7 notions of masculinity and, 145, 220 bombing of the U.S. embassy in unity in the struggle of Muslims, Lebanon, 7 144, 161 n5 compared with Islamic insurgents, video footage from the “shock and 63 awe” phase of the U.S. invasion, factional competition and, 15, 28 142 n23 Hussein, Imam jihadi Salafis refusal to support, 79 Shia mourning of the martyrdom of, justifications for suicide attacks 123–124, 136 n13 compared with jihadi Salafis’ justifications, 117 repertoire of resistance and, 25 I suicide attacks by, 89, 124–125, 235 IAI. See Islamic Army in Iraq support for martyrdom, 168 al-Ibadi, Safwan, 171 Higher National Committee for the Ibn al-Khattab De-Baathification of Society training camps, 24 decrees from, 40–41 Ibn Taymiyyah al-Hijazi, Abu Hafs, 177 justification for killing apostates, Historical perspectives 127, 138 n29 definitions of terms, 6 Ideological Baathists Hezbollah attacks against Israeli British and French imperialism and, targets, 7 47–48 kamikaze pilots of World War II, commitment to reinstalling and 6–7 Iraqi nationalist regime Tamil Tigers, 7 opposed to Iranian influence, timeline for the evolution of al 48 Qaeda in Iraq, 257–258 compared with Islamic nationalists, U.S. embassy in Lebanon bombing, 46 7 compared with the of the Hizb al-Tahrir, 193 1979 , 63 Homam, Mohamed Ali Abou, 203

267 Index

coordination and cooperation with meaning of piety and apostasy in Islamic nationalists and jihadi Islam, 125–129 Salafis, 52–55 moral disengagement concept, description, 46 118–121 Faruq Brigades and, 47 “permissibility” of killing civilians in Fedayeen Saddam and, 47 Islam, 131–132 General Command of the “permissibility” of killing Muslim Mujahidin of the Armed Forces human shields, 132–134 and, 46 religious justifications of suicide groups targeted by, 46 attacks, 123–125 Muhaddad’s Army and, 49–50 theological justifications, 117, 118 Mujahidin Central Command and, view of violent conduct as a minor 46 transgression, 119–120 number of members, 49 violence on the ground, 118–121 reestablishment of the dominance of Idris, Bazis, 203 their deposed party, 48–49 IEDs. See Improvised explosive devices steps necessary to cause the collapse Impotence and collusion themes of of the system in Iraq, 48 martyrdom support from ’s depictions of the “arrogance” of extended family, 46–47 invading forces, 145 system-collapse strategy, 46, 56, images of Arab leaders in the 70–71, 93, 102 company of coalition officials, unpopularity of, 48–49, 50, 145–146, 161 n6 222–223 importance of the imagery, 146–147 use of suicide attacks, 47 Improvised explosive devices view of Iraq as part of the Arab Internet manuals on manufacturing, nation and the Abbasid Empire, 169–170 47 number of U.S. troops killed by, 103 Ideology and theology of martyrdom success of, 235 cultural or religious identity and, types of, 91 118 video image of U.S. soldiers and dehumanization of targets of explosion of, 156, 162 n24 violence, 120 Inevitable victory through faith and emotional arguments, 118, 142 sacrifice framing of violent deeds as moral dream visions as confirmation of acts, 119 martyrdom, 157–158 human intentionality and the eagerness to conduct a “martyrdom Islamic prohibition against operation,” 151–153 suicide, 129–131 sincere devotion to Islam, 148–149 ideological justifications, 117, 118 success in martyrdom operations, instrumental and ideological 153–156 justifications for suicide willingness to sacrifice personal terrorism, 121–123 wealth and family ties, 149–151

268 Index

Infrastructure targets, 91–92 al-Iraqi, Abu Maysara Internet leadership of, 54 al Qaeda training manuals posted Iraqi insurgency. See also Suicide on, 225, 238 n10 bombings in Iraq Biographies of Eminent Martyrs, xviii average daily insurgent attacks per recruitment and, 24 month (including suicide replacement of leaflets, pamphlets, bombings) June 2003-July and audiocassettes with 2006 (chart), 92 postings on, 21 car bomb attacks, 90, 96, 98, 105, role in recruitment and training of 110, 170 jihadists, 169–170, 184 de-Baathification policies and, 37, tips to volunteers on how to make 41, 42, 50–51, 221 their way to Iraq without emergence of, 35 attracting the attention of estimated number of insurgents, 71 security forces, 170 geographical expanse of attacks, -Iraq war of 1980-88, 50, 124 94–96, 110 Iranian revolution ideological Baathists, 46–50, 56 compared with ideological Baathists’ improvised explosive devices, 91 beliefs, 63 initial success of some groups, 53 jihadi Salafis and, 232–233 intimidation of whose who work Iraq. See also specific cities and regions with coalition forces, 90–91 compared with Afghanistan, 3–4 Islam as the vocabulary of resistance, economic stresses, 50–51 63 internal displacement of Iraqis Islamic nationalists, 35–46, 55–56 because of sectarian violence jihadi Salafis, 36, 63–87 and, 228–229 kidnapping of local citizens and , 233 foreigners, 91 justification for killing supporters of list of Sunni insurgent groups in the occupation and the existing Iraq, 2003-2006, 243–249 regime, 127–129, 137 n21 mercenaries, 50–52, 60 n44 porous borders and influx of suicide mix of opportunities and threats for bombers, 168, 222 Sunnis, 35 al-Iraqi, Abi al-Fadhl objectives of, 55 “The Markers of the Victorious Sect organization and coordination in the Land of the Two Rivers,” among groups, 52–55 126, 137 n18 reestablishment of groups suppressed al-Iraqi, Abu Abdul Rahman under the former regime, 35 leadership of, 54 rise in frequency of attacks, 92 al-Iraqi, Abu Aseed security service targets, 89, 91, leadership of, 54 102–103, 110 al-Iraqi, Abu Ayoub strategic and ideological orientation suicide attack on the al-Hamra of insurgents in Iraq (chart), 56 Hotel and, 112 n18 tactics used, 90–93, 110

269 Index

targets of attacks by, 91–93 Islamic Jihad third-generation insurgents, adoption of suicide bombing tactic, 234–238 217 Iraqi Islamic Party Islamic Movement in Kurdistan impact of the insurgency on, 35 Ansar al-Islam, 205 Islam. See also Quran merger with Jund al-Islam, 173 dream visions and, 157–158 Islamic nationalists human intentionality and the abundance of military arsenals and Islamic prohibition against experienced cadres and, 45–46 suicide, 129–131 avoidance of direct attacks on Shia justification for killing apostates, and Kurdish citizens, 39 127–129 claim that the West seeks to divide justification for killing human Iraq into three states, 43 shields, 132–134 compared with Hezbollah and justifications for killing civilians, Hamas, 63 131–132, 134 compared with ideological Baathists, meaning of piety and apostasy in, 46 125–129 compared with jihadi Salafis, 78–82 perception by Muslims of the war on coordination and cooperation with terrorism as a war against Islam, ideological Baathists and jihadi 166–167, 190 Salafis, 52–55, 56 sincere devotion to as part of the culturally insensitive tactics and, character of martyrs, 148–149 44–45 Islamic Army in Iraq de-Baathification policies and, 37, attacks on U.S. personnel in Iraq as 40–42, 50 revenge for Israeli aggression in deprivation of tribes and members of Gaza and Lebanon, 79 the security services of the background of, 37 privileges they enjoyed under compared with al Qaeda in Iraq and Saddam Hussein, 43–44 Ansar al-Sunna Group, 80 deteriorating security and the lack of departments, 80 basic necessities and, 42–43 emergence as a major group, 53 disbanding of the issuance of joint communiqué, 38 without salaries or pensions joint communiqué on the formation and, 40 of the armed forces and police, fear of new Shia- and Kurd- 40, 54 dominated security services, 39, joint responsibility with the ASG for 42 attacks, 55 groups targeted by, 38–39 Persist or Continue video, 161 n5 key beliefs, 38, 56, 63, 78–82 responsibility for attacks and membership of, 55 kidnappings, 37 representative groups, 37 Islamic Heritage Association, 172 Shias and Kurds and, 38, 39 support for, 37, 109

270 Index

system reintegration strategy, coordination and cooperation with 36–46, 55–56, 92–93 Islamic nationalists and toppling of Saddam Hussein’s Ideological Baathists, 52–55 regime and, 39 dehumanization of targets of ultimate goal of, 36, 38 violence, 120 differences between Islamic Army in formation of, 258 Iraq and, 79–82 Italian network foreign members, 36, 71 Ansar al-Islam links, 205–207, 210 “humiliations” and “crusades” n35 against Islam and, 75, 122–123, Division for General Investigations 134, 219 and Operations and, 205–206 ideological commitment to key figures, 210 n35 establishing an Islamic state, Tunisian origin of bombers, 205 36, 90, 237 Italy. See also Italian network ideological justifications for suicide Ansar al-Islam cell based in Sorgane, attacks, 117 205 importance of Iraq for the global Division for General Investigations jihad, 74–75, 237 and Operations, 205–206 Islamic prohibition against suicide number of suicide bombers from, and, 129–131 205 justification for killing human shields, 133–134 justifications for killing civilians, J 131–132, 134 justifications for suicide attacks al-Jaafari, Ibrahim, 145 compared with justifications by Japanese kamikaze pilots Hamas and Hezbollah, 117 compared with suicide bombers, 6–7 labeling of suicide attacks as al-Jazairi, Abbas, 199 “martyrdom operations,” 129 al-Jazairi, Mustapha, 198 major groups, 64 JCB. See Joint Coordination Bureau for martyrdom and, 109–110, 123–125 Jihad Groups moral disengagement and, 118–121 Jemaah Islamiah presence in Jordan, 171–172 al Qaeda training camps and, 24 pressure by local tribes to halt “Jihad in Iraq: Hopes and Dangers,” 74 suicide attacks, 230 Jihadi Salafis prohibitions against Muslims killing anti-Shia views, x, 70, 73, 75, 78–79, themselves or other Muslims 86 n26 and, 125, 134, 136 n16 compared with ideological Baathists reasons for suicide attacks, 109–110 and Islamic nationalists, 72, reasons for the strength of, x 78–82, 223 refusal to support Hezbollah, 79 religious justifications for suicide attacks, 123–125

271 Index

rewards of martyrdom, 153 Jordan suicide attacks by, 71 embassy of as the target of attacks by system-collapse strategy, 70–71, the Iraqi insurgency, 91, 102 82–83, 93, 102 suicide attacks on Amman, 232 view of regional conflicts as part of a Jordanian network campaign against Islam and al-Tawhid wal-Jihad training camp Muslims, 75 and, 172–173 view of the Quran as the revealed end of the Soviet occupation of word of God, 67 Afghanistan and, 171–172 view of the war in Iraq as an Gulf War of 1990-1991 and, 172 opportunity to expel foreign jihadi Salafi network and, 171–172, forces and establish a genuine 185 n10 Islamic state, 72–73 Mujahidin Shura Council’s view of themselves as the victorious biographies of Jordanian sect, 125–127, 137 n18 “martyrs” in Iraq, 171 vision of a regional jihad, 74 regions and tribes volunteers come Jihadi Salafism from, 171 background of, 64–65, 71 Jund al-Islam basic beliefs, 64–70 merger with Islamic Movement of classical Islam view of warfare and, Kurdistan, 173 83 n5 Jund al-Sham compared with other forms of suicide bombing of a British school Salafism, 65 in Doha, , 180 description, 64 emphasis on God’s sovereignty, 67, 123 K features of contemporary beliefs, Kamikaze pilots 66–70 compared with suicide bombers, 6–7 fundamentalist views, 65–66 Kanj, Bassam, 182–183 Khawarij and, 69 Karbala Murjiah and, 69 counterinsurgency operations, 95 strict constructionist jurisprudence Karim, 203 and rejection of innovations, Karmun, Nabil 67–70, 125 biographical information, 200, 201 takfir concept, 68–70 Keck, Margaret E. tawhid concept, 66 transnational advocacy networks, 18 Johnson, Paul, Jr., 235 Kenya Joint Coordination Bureau for Jihad embassy bombing, 225 Groups Khaibar, Muhsin, 198, 199 issuance of Islamic nationalist Khalifa, Muhammad, 181 political statements, 38, 54 Khalil, Mohammed Wasfi Omar Abu, 171

272 Index al-Khalil, Ibrahim, 182 al-Kharaz, Abdel Salam, 196–197 L al-Khattab, Umar Ibn, 128 Leaders of the Resistance and Khawarij Liberation jihadi Salafism and, 69 insurgent activities, 49 Kill ratio Lebanese network average number of deaths and Ansar Allah group, 182 injuries, 9 bombings of foreign restaurants, 183 King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr. capture of a 13-member cell, nonviolent protest and, 24–25 181–182 Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner capture of Ayman Kamal al-Din, (al‑Zawahiri), 77 183 Korchi, Samir, 204 clash of Lebanese forces with radical Kouachi, Cherif, 203 Islamists, 182–183 Krekar, Mullah, 166, 173 foiling of attacks against foreign al-Kurdi, Abu Umar, 190 targets by, 183 al-Kurdi, Ahmed Mahmoud, 181 regions volunteers come from, 181 Kurdistan Workers Party Syrian control of security services use of female bombers, 7 and, 181 Kurds Usbat al-Ansar group and, 181 de-Baathification policy and, 41, 42 Usbat al-Ansar’s dispatch of recruits gas attacks on, 39 to Iraq, 181, 188 n28 percentage of the Iraqi population, Usud al-Sham fi Bilad al-Rafidayn 215 operations, 182 use of chemical weapons against, 47 Lebanon. See also Hezbollah Kuwait bombings of the U.S. embassy and Iraqi invasion of, 233 French peacekeeping forces, 7 al-Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmad, 177 Lhazazba, Umar, 206, 207 al-Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmed Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam biography of, 151 honoring of suicide bombers, 13 al-Kuwaiti, Abu al-Bara, 177, 178 suicide attacks compared with al-Kuwaiti, Abu Awf suicide bombings in Iraq, 89, biography of, 143–144, 148, 161 n3 235 al-Kuwaiti, Abu Bakr, 177–178 suicide missions, 7 dream vision, 157 use of children and women for al-Kuwaiti, Abu Hamza suicide attacks, 7 biography of, 151 al-Libi, Abdelrahim or Abdelmajid, dream vision, 157 198 al-Kuwaiti, Abu Salih, 178 Loukili, Youness al-Kuwaiti, Abu Wadha, 178 biographical information, 201 biography of, 150–151 Lounani, Mustapha, 197–198 Kuwaiti network. See Saudi and Loveman, Mara Kuwaiti networks face-to-face networks, 22

273 Index

LTTE. See Liberation Tigers of Tamil Martyrdom mythology in Iraq Eelam appeal of martyrdom, 224–225 al-Lubnani, Abu Muhammad, 182 basic characteristics, 141 biographies of martyrs, 147–158 countering the appeal of, 230–231 M dream visions as confirmation of martyrdom, 157–158, 162 n26, MA. See Muhammad’s Army 162 n27 Maamri, Rachid eagerness to conduct martyrdom biographical information, 205 operations, 151–153 Madrid train bombings, 196, 197, 198, emotional imagery, x, 118, 142, 158 201, 232 heroic response to nonreligious al-Maghrebi, Jamal, 206 transgressions, 141 al-Maghrebi, Said, 203–204 humiliation and suffering inflicted al-Maghribi, Abdelrahman, 199 on Muslims, 141, 142–145, al-Maghribi, Abu Osama, 199 217–218, 224 biography of, 150 impotence of existing Muslim Mahdi Army regimes and their collusion with impact of the insurgency on, 35 the West, 141, 145–147 Islamic Army in Iraq view of, 80 inevitable victory through faith and Mahmoud, Abu Abdullah al-Hassan Bin sacrifice, 141–142, 147–158 Ansar al-Sunna Group leadership, 71 normalization and acceptance of MAI. See Mujahidin Army in Iraq martyrdom by Muslims, x al-Majeed, Ali Hassan polarization of Muslims and, use of chemical weapons against 230–231 Kurds, 47 rewards of martyrdom, 153 Majid, Mohammed sacrifice of personal wealth and biographical information, 205–206 family ties, 149–151 al-Makki, Abu Hassan, 177 selective highlighting of some al-Maliki, Nuri aspects of religion, culture, and unveiling of new security plan, 101 history, 141, 218–219 Manufacturing Human Bombs: sincere devotion to Islam and, The Making of Palestinian 148–149 Suicide Bombers (Hafez), ix–xi success in martyrdom operations, al-Maqdisi, Abu Jafar 153–156 last will and testament, 182 superhuman attributes of martyrs, al-Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad, 132, 172, 141 173 symbolism of the Battle of Badr, “The Markers of the Victorious Sect in 153–154 the Land of the Two Rivers” vengeance against violations of the (al-Iraqi and al-Ansari), 126, honor of Muslim women, 137 n18 155–156, 162 n22

274 Index

video images of blown-up Humvees source of militant Islamists in and of U.S. leaders looking Europe, 195 shaken, 156 Mosul weaving together the narratives of counterinsurgency operations, 95 humiliation, collusion, and suicide bomb attacks, 94 redemption, 158–160 Moussaten, Ibrahim, 201 Martyrs Brigade MSC. See Mujahidin Shura Council description, 64 Muad, Abu Marwan, Abu Ubeida, 45 biography of, 151 al-Massoud, Abdel Aziz, 177 Muawiyah, Abu, 156 Masud, Shah Mubarak, Hussni, 145 assassination of, 195, 206 al-Muhajir, Abu Hamza, 230, 240 n26 Media. See also Satellite television Muhammad, Major General Rashid solicitation of recruits and, 13 insurgency sponsorship, 49 Merai, 206 Muhammad’s Army Mercenaries Baathist major group, 63 funding for, 51–52 foreign jihadists in, 71–72 insurgent activities, 50–52 funding of, 49–50 low-risk activities of, 51 insurgent activities, 49 al-Mijati, Abdelkarim, 199 Muhjin, Abu, 181 al-Miqati, Ahmad Salim, 183 Mujahidin Army in Iraq Mobilization structures and networks background of, 37 “bloc recruitment,” 23 Courageous Men or Lions (Usud collective attribution, 23 al‑Shara) video, 143 description, 21 emergence as a major group, 53 discouragement of “free-riders,” 22 joint communiqué on the formation facilitation of mobilization, 21–23 of the armed forces and police, linking of committed individuals, 21 40, 54 social ties as a prerequisite for trust joint responsibility with the ASG for and commitment, 21–22 attacks, 55 Modood, Tariq suicide attacks against coalition “compound racism” of Europeans, forces, 57 n7 192 Mujahidin Central Command Moral disengagement concept Baathist major group, 46, 63 justification for suicide attacks, Mujahidin Shura Council 118–121 al Qaeda in Iraq role in formation Morchidi, Kamal, 207 of, 64 Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group Bara Bin-Malik Battalion, 64 connection to Syria, 198–200 biographies of Jordanian “martyrs” description, 196 in Iraq, 171 Morocco composition of, 64 Casablanca bombings, 205, 225 emergence as a major group, 53

275 Index

“Fatimah’s Fiancé” video, 155–156, Networks. See Mobilization structures 162 n23 and networks formation of, 229, 258 1920 RB. See 1920 Revolution Brigades Islamic State of Iraq and, 258 of the Islamic and National jihadi Salafism major group, 64 Resistance Movement jihadi Salafists and, 54 1920 Revolution Brigades of the Islamic Martyrs Brigade, 64 and National Resistance merger of al-Tawhid wal-Jihad with, Movement 89 Association of Muslim Scholars and, suicide attacks by, 64 37 videos of jihadists wanted by the attacks on U.S. personnel in Iraq as Saudi authorities, 177 revenge for Israeli aggression in al-Muqrin, Abdel Aziz, 175, 176, 187 Gaza and Lebanon, 79 n17 background of, 37 Murjiah conditions for negotiating with the jihadi Salafism and, 69 United States, 87 n31 Muslim Brotherhood emergence as a major group, 53 crushing of the uprising of, 180 joint communiqué on the formation overthrow of the British-backed of the armed forces and police, monarchy in Egypt, 52 40, 54 al-Mustafa, Nidal Hassan, 181 videos depicting IED attacks on al-Mutayri, Faysal Zaid, 177, 178 U.S. military vehicles, 87 n28 al-Mutiri, Faysal Zayd views of the Association of Muslim biography of, 151 Scholars, 87 n32 Nominal Baathists. See Islamic nationalists N Nabah, Muhammad, 181–182 Najaf O counterinsurgency operations, 95 Omar, Omar Mahmoud Abu, 172 suicide bomb attacks, 94 Open Source Center al-Najdi, Abu Abdel al-Malik data source, xvii suicide attack on the al-Hamra Organizational legitimacy Hotel and, 112 n18 factional competition and, 8, 15, al-Nasiri, Staff Colonel Muayyad Yasin 216–217 Aziz Abd-al-Razzaq repression by the targeted country Muhaddad’s Army formation and, 49 and, 15–16 Nasrallah, Hassan, 218 Organized labor Nasser, Gamal Abdel threats to, 18 Egyptian “free officers” movement OSC. See Open Source Center and, 52 Oslo peace process al-Nazzal, Sheikh Kamal, 229 Hamas bombings during, 11, 15

276 Index

Ouabour, Abdullah, 198 Political opportunity structures El Ouar, Rashid, 195 collective mobilization Ouinis, Tarek, 202, 203 opportunities, 18, 221–223 Oussaih, Khalid, 198 description, 18 loss of havens for radical Islamists and, 19, 222 P threats to organized labor and environmental advocates and, Palestine. See also Hamas; Popular 18 Front for the Liberation of toppling of the Baathist regime and, Palestine 19 Aqsa uprising, 167, 168, 224, 235 Popular Front for the Liberation of support for “martyrdom operations,” Palestine 168 adoption of suicide bombing tactic, video images of the killing of 217, 235 Muhammad al-Durah, 143 training camps, 24 Pape, Professor Robert Powell, Secretary of State Colin Dying to Win, 213–215 pictured looking shaken after images Passy, Florence of a blown-up Humvee, 156 collective attribution, 23 Prophet Muhammad. See Islam; Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, 173 Prophetic traditions Paz, Reuven Prophetic traditions estimate of the percentage of jihadi justifications for killing civilians, Salafis from Saudi Arabia, 72 131–132, 134 Petersen, Roger D. permission to fight back against the dynamic of ethnic resentment, onslaught of Meccan invasions, 41–42 153–154 Pew Research Center Psychological impact “Views of a Changing World: How incomprehensibility of attacks, 14 Global Publics View War in intimacy of killings, 13–14 Iraq, Democracy, Islam and public view of suicide bombings as Governance, Globalization,” unprecedented, 14 167, 184 n3 Psychological trauma “A Year After Iraq War: Mistrust of explanation for suicide bombings in America in Europe Ever Iraq, 217–218 Higher, Muslim Anger Persists,” 167, 184 n4 PFLP. See Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Q PKK. See Kurdistan Workers Party al-Qahtani, Abu Ans al-Tahami Policy implications. See Theory and biography of, 151 policy implications last will and testament, 144 al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 168

277 Index

Qatada, Abu, 204 Repertoires of action, modularity, and Qatadah, Abu, 172 diffusion Quran. See also Islam relational and nonrelational ties and, divine intervention in battle, 154 24–25, 225–226 dream visions, 157–158, 162 n26, values and goals of the movement 162 n27 and, 24, 224–226 jihadi Salafism view of, 67 Repression by the targeted country, justifications for martyrdom, 15–16 129–131, 218–219 Ressam, Ahmed, 194 references to jihad and martyrdom, Revenge killing 124 connection with values necessary for Qutaybah, Abu, 172 tribal unity, 44–45 Revolutionary Islamists targets of, 63–64 R Rice, Secretary of State Condoleezza pictured looking shaken after images RA. See al-Rashidin Army of a blown-up Humvee, 156 Radi, al-Ayashi, 206 al-Rimyan, Abdullah Salih, 176 Rafik, Mohammed, 205 Roberts, James Ramadan, Daoud, 201 testimony on lack of loyalty among Ramadan, Mustafa, 182 Iraqi officials and tribal leaders, Ramadi 51–52 suicide bomb attacks, 94 al-Rumayan, Abdullah Muhammad al-Rashidi, Faysal Ali Musa, 177–178 Salih, 176 dream vision, 157 Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense Donald al-Rashud, Abdullah Rashid, 181, 229 pictured looking shaken after images Rawashdeh, Mohammed, 171 of a blown-up Humvee, 156 Recruitment al-Rushud, Abdullah Rashid, 175 “bloc recruitment,” 23 al-Rushudi, Muhammad Salih difficulties in, 10 Sulieman, 176 networks of radical Salafis and, 165–166 solicitation of recruits, 13 ties developed during the Soviet S invasion of Afghanistan, 165 Saadi, Fadhal Red Cross biographical information, 206–207 target of attacks by the Iraqi al-Saadi, Ahmed Abdel Karim, 181 insurgency, 91, 102 Saddam Hussein Reha, Mohammed, 198 amnesty for jailed criminals, 50–51 Reid, Richard, 194 patronage system, 43–44 “The Religious Ruling on Jihad and its purges of the officer corps, 39 Requirements in Iraq,” 79

278 Index

support for Ideological Baathists inspiration of the September 11 from the extended family of, attacks and, 174 46–47 “iron fist” policy of the Saudi tribal chivalry, 45 authorities and, 175 U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia and, 233 lack of military training and, 175 view of U.S. strategy, 47 links among suicide bombers from al-Sadiq, Adnan Muhammad, 204 Kuwait (chart), 179 al-Saeed, Omar Deeb, 181 movement through Syria, 174 Said, 207 number of known suicide bombers Salah al-Din al-Ayoubi Brigades of the among members of, 178 Islamic Front for Iraqi recruitment of groups, 177 Resistance relative wealth of members, 174–175 background of, 37–38 volunteers fighting in Afghanistan Salah al-Din al-Ayoud Brigades of the and Chechnya, 174, 186 n13 Islamic Front for Iraqi Wahhabism and, 174 Resistance Saudi Arabia. See also Saudi and emergence as a major group, 53 Kuwaiti networks joint communiqué on the formation images of Arab leaders in the of the armed forces and police, company of coalition officials, 40, 54 145–146 Salah al-Din number of September 11 hijackers suicide bomb attacks, 94 from, 174 Salih, Abu presence of U.S. forces in, 233 biography of, 148 al-Sawwat, Majid, 177 Salman, Abou, 203 al-Sayyid, Rabi Uthman, 202 Samarra SCIRI. See Supreme Council for the counterinsurgency operations, 95 Islamic Revolution in Iraq suicide bomb attacks, 94 SDAB. See Salah al-Din al-Ayoubi Samir al-Suwail. See Ibn al-Khattab Brigades of the Islamic Front Sarkozy, Interior Minister Nicolas for Iraqi Resistance (France), 202 Security forces Sassi, Ali Ben, 206 al Qaeda in Iraq video montage Satellite television about fighting against, 158–159 role in recruitment and training of female dishonor and suffering at the jihadists, 169–170 hands of to justify violence, televised beheadings of Americans, 144–145 235 inclusion of Sunnis in, 228 Saudi and Kuwaiti networks justification for attacking, 121–122, attempted recruitment of a soccer 127, 135 n 9 team, 177 responsibility for counterinsurgency end of al Qaeda’s influence in Saudi operations, 228 Arabia and, 175–176 sectarian militias and, 229

279 Index

targets of suicide attacks, 89, 91, jihadi Salafist views of, 70, 73, 75, 102–103, 110, 235–236, 237 120–121 September 11 terrorist attacks. See also justification for violence against, 42, War on terrorism 122–123, 128, 135 n10, 136 post 9/11 security measures, n11 surveillance, arrests, and public martyrdom as a central feature of distrust of Islamists, 194–195, Shia ethos, 123–124 222 mass martyrdom by Iranian youth strategy of agitation in the Muslim during the Iran-Iraq war of world, 11 1980-1988, 124 U.S. war in Afghanistan after, 166 mourning of the martyrdom of al-Shafi, Abu Abdullah, 173 Imam Hussein, 123–124, 136 al-Shahid, Ibn, 183 n13 al-Shahwani, Muhammad Abdullah “original sin” of, 121 dominance of former Baathists, 49 percentage of the Iraqi population, al-Shamari, Abdel Aziz 215 biography of, 151 rejection of the legitimacy of the first al-Shamari, Abdul Aziz, 177 three caliphs in Islam, 75, 128 al-Shamari, Dr. Ibrahim strategic consequences to the coordination among groups, 54 coalition of violence against, differences between Islamic Army in 235–236, 237 Iraq and jihadi Salafis, 79–82 al-Siayan, Khaled, 183 interview with Al Jazeera television, al-Siddiq, Abu Bakr, 125, 128 57 n4 Sikkink, Kathryn al-Shamari, Muhammad Bin transnational advocacy networks, 18 Rahayman Al-Tawmi Social movement framework biography of, 148 advantage of, 16–17 al-Shami, Abu Ans, 172 description, ix–x, 16–18, 221 al-Shamri, Abu Jandal mobilization structures and MAI leader, 37 networks, 20–23 Shardi, Hisham, 181 political opportunity structures, Sharif, Abu, 181 18–19, 221–223 Sharon, Prime Minister Ariel () repertoires of action, modularity, pictured shaking hands with Pres. and diffusion, 23–25, 224–226 Bush, 146 strategic framing, 19–20, 223–224 al-Shayib, Salih, 181 transnational character of bombers, al-Shaykh, Sheikh Abd, 65 16 Sheikh Muayad Soughir, Bilal insurgency comments, 38 biographical information, 200, 201 Shias. See also Badr Corps Soviet Union. See Former Soviet Union de-Baathification policy and, 41, 42 Spain. See also Belgian-Spanish network “heresy” of, x, 128, 219, 225 Madrid train bombings, 196, 197, 198, 201, 232

280 Index

Sri Lanka. See Liberation Tigers of data and analysis of, 93–94 Tamil Eelam decline of international support, 12 Strasbourg Christmas market attack, definition of, 6 204 distribution of targets attacked by Strategic communication with targeted suicide bombers, 2003-2006 countries (chart), 104 commitment to escalate, 11–12 effectiveness of, 105, 112 n29 determination, 11 elections and, 101 deterrence of neutral observers and explanations for the rise and pace of uncommitted allies, 12 suicide terrorism, 213–221 shaming the enemy, 12 geographical expanse of, 94–96, 110 solicitation of recruits, 13 historical perspective, 6–7 Strategic framing human intentionality and the “condensed symbols” and, 19–20 Islamic prohibition against cultural framing and, 19 suicide, 129–131 demonization of suicide attack lethality of, 102 targets, 223–224 as a message to neutral countries, mobilization tasks, 19 102 public support for martyrdom in names and nationalities of know Palestine and Lebanon and, 20 suicide bombers in Iraq, use of discourse and symbolism for 251–254 political aims, 20, 223–224 number of compared with other al-Subayi, Nayif Salih, 178 countries, ix Suicide bombings in Iraq. See also Iraqi number of persons killed and injured insurgency per month in suicide attacks, actions taken by U.S. forces to guard 2003-2006 (chart), 103 against, 105 organization of the book, 25–26 “altruistic suicide” theory, 214–215 pattern in claims of responsibility average daily insurgent attacks per for, 107–109, 110 month (including suicide percentage of suicide attacks by bombings) June 2003-July group, 2003-2006 (chart), 107 2006 (chart), 92 perpetrators of, 106–109 average number of per day, 3, 26 n1 police as targets, 94–95, 102–103 car bombs, 90, 96, 98, 105, 110 political developments and, chaos and insecurity and, 102, 110, 101–102, 110, 220 215, 223 practice runs, 98 civilians mistakenly killed, 105 pressure on democratic governments, compared with those in other 215 countries, 89 public backlash against, 12 concealing the identity of bombers, quarterly data on suicide attacks by 106–107 group, 2003-2006 (chart), 108 culture of martyrdom and, 13, 93, religious worldview and, 89 109–110 rise of, 5, 92

281 Index

sabotaging of peace strategy, 10–11 al-Suri, Abu Umayr security forces as targets, 89, biography of, 148 102–103, 110 Sykes-Picot agreement, 72, 83 n5 Shia civilian targets, 89, 91 Syria social movement framework for, Moroccan Islamic Combatant 16–25, 221–226, ix–x Group and, 198–200 strategy of agitation, 11 movement of European Muslims to as a strategy to end occupation, Iraq through, 189–190, 222 213–215 U.S. pressure to monitor borders suicide attacks by city (chart), 97 with Iraq and, 226–227 suicide attacks in Iraq per month, Syrian network March 2003-August 2006 arrest of ten individuals belonging to (chart), 94 a jihadi Salafi group, 180, 187 surveillance of bombers, 98 n25 target of suicide attacks by quarter, border facilitation of movement of 2003-2006 (chart), 104 volunteers into Iraq, 178 targets of, 5, 89, 91–93, 102–106 foreign volunteers entering Iraq theoretical perspectives, 7–16 through, 178–179 timing of, 99–102, 220 Jund al-Sham and, 180 timing of suicide attacks in Iraq, number of known suicide bombers 2003-2006 (chart), 100 among members of, 178 training for Arab volunteers for, 111 “returnees” from Afghanistan and, n7 180 transnational character of bombers, rise of Islamic revivalism and, 180 5, 16, 89, 219, 251–254 smuggling routes developed during types of attacks, 96–99 the trade embargo against Iraq, types of suicide attacks, March 179–180 2003-February 2006 (chart), 97 System-collapse strategy, 70–71, 82–83, use of multiple bombers, 98–99 93, 102, 106 vehicles used, 96 System reintegration strategy, 36–46, Suleiman, Hassan, 182 55–56, 92–93 Suleiman, Jamal Ansar Allah leadership, 182 al-Sumaydi, Sheikh Mahdi, 37 T Sunnis. See also Islamic nationalists; Tactical advantages Jihadi Salafis cost-effectiveness, 9–10 assassination attempts against group security, 11 Saddam Hussein, 39 kill ratio, 9 martyrdom and, 124–125 pinpointing of targets, 9 Supreme Council for the Islamic tactical flexibility, 9 Revolution in Iraq Tactical flexibility, 9 Badr Corps, 42, 80 Tahayinah, Nasri Izzedin, 171–172 al-Suri, Abu-Bakr, 180

282 Index

Taieb, Ahmed Bin, 201 martyrdom as a central feature of Takfir concept Shia ethos, 123–124 description, 68–70 recent veneration of martyrdom by justification for killing supporters of Sunnis, 124–125 the occupation, 137 n21 Theology of martyrdom. See Ideology Tal Afar and theology of martyrdom counterinsurgency operations, 95, Theoretical perspectives.See also Theory 99 and policy implications suicide bomb attacks, 94 explanations for bombings, 7–8 Talabani, Jalal, 145, 173 factional competition between Talhah, Abu, 181–182 groups, 8 Taliban lack of a psychological profile of fall of the Taliban regime in bombers, 8 Afghanistan, 4, 70–71, 173 organizational legitimacy and, Tamil Tigers. See Liberation Tigers of 14–16 Tamil Eelam psychological impact, 13–14 Tantawi, Sheikh Muhammed, 168 strategic communication, 11–13 Tanzania tactical advantages of suicide embassy bombing, 225 bombings, 9–11 Tariq, Abu, 181 Theory and policy implications al-Tartusi, Abu Basir, 132, 133–134 action, modularity, and diffusion of al-Tashady, Abu Nasser, 177 suicide attacks, 224–226 Tawhid concept counterinsurgency limitations, description, 66 226–231 al-Tawhid wal-Jihad explanations for the rise and pace of formation of, 257 suicide terrorism, 213–221 religious worldview of, 89 factional competition, 216–217 replacement of by al Qaeda in Iraq, political opportunities for 71, 173 mobilizing transnational televised beheading of Nicholas martyrs, 221–223 Berg, 235 psychological trauma, 217–218 ultimate aim, 90 religious fanaticism and the culture al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Herat) training of martyrdom, 218–221 camp, 172–173 social movement theory, 221–226 al-Tayyeb, Sheikh Ahmed, 168 strategic framing of martyrdom, Television. See Satellite television 223–224 Territorial Surveillance Directorate suicide terrorism as a strategy to end arrests of terrorists, 202–203, occupation, 213–215 204–205 third-generation jihadists and the Theological justifications for suicide future of transnational attacks. See also Ideology and martyrdom, 231–238 theology of martyrdom al-Tikriti, Ibrahim al-Hassan insurgency sponsorship, 49

283 Index

Transnational Islamic terrorists al-Urduni, Abu Radwan, 171 Arab fighters in Iraq, 165–188 U.S. embassy in Lebanon bombing, 7 countries of origination, 5, 16 U.S. invasion of Iraq European Muslims in Iraq, 189–211 estimate of American and Iraqi dead future of, 231–238 and wounded, 4, 26 n3 al-Tunisi, Abu Samir increase in suicide attacks and, 5, suicide attack on the al-Hamra 232, 240 n27 Hotel and, 112 n18 jihadi Salafis’ view of, 74 Tunisia perception by Muslims as an unjust origin of bombers in the Italian war and an attack on Islam, network, 205 167, 184 n2 source of militant Islamists in video footage from the “shock and Europe, 195 awe” phase, 142 Turkey. See also Kurdistan Workers U.S.-Iraq war of 1990-91, 50 Party Usbat al-Ansar embassy of as the target of attacks by dispatch of recruits to Iraq, 181, 188 the Iraqi insurgency, 91, 102 n28 movement of European Muslims to Lebanese Islamists joining, 183 Iraq through, 189–190 Lebanese network and, 181 al-Turki, Abu Abdullah USS Cole biography of, 152 attack on, 225 TWJ. See al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Usud al-Sham fi Bilad al-Rafidayn operations in Iraq, 182 al-Utaybi, Abdel Rahman Bin Shuja U biography of, 143–144, 148, 161 n3 dream vision, 157 Ubaydah, Abu, 181 al-Utaybi, Saud, 175, 176 al-Ulaybi, Ameed, 198 al-Utaybi, Sheikh Mohammed bin Umar Brigade Abdul Rahman, 177 formation and purpose of, 42, 122, Uthaimin, Sheikh Ibn, 65, 129 136 n11 United Kingdom London suicide bombings, 232 percentage of suicide bombers from, V 189 The Victorious Sect replacement of Ansar al-Islam and, target of attacks by the Iraqi 71 insurgency, 91, 102 “Views of a Changing World: How al-Urduni, Abu al-Abbas, 171 Global Publics View War in al-Urduni, Abu al-Bara, 171 Iraq, Democracy, Islam and al-Urduni, Abu al-Walid, 171 Governance, Globalization,” al-Urduni, Abu al-Yahya, 171 167, 184 n3 al-Urduni, Abu-Hammam, 171

284 Index

anti-United States video message, W 106, 113 n30 Waddani, Habib, 207 bin Laden’s support for, 176, 257 Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn, 174, 219 declaration of allegiance to bin Wahhabism, 174, 219 Laden, 176 War on terrorism. See also September 11 foreign jihadists comments, 75–77 terrorist attacks formation of the MSC and, 229 perception by Muslims as a war justification for killing human against Islam, 166–167, 190 shields, 138 n35 post 9/11 security measures, justification for suicide attacks, 121 surveillance, arrests, and public justification for violence against distrust of Islamists and, Iraqi security forces, 127 194–195, 222 justification for violence against the “Why Do We Fight, and Whom Do Shia, 42, 122, 135 n10 We Fight?”, 73, 85 n15, 85 n16 killing of, 101 Wiktorowicz, Quintan list of individuals associated with, “cognitive opening” concept, 255–256 190–191, 193 move to Afghanistan, 171 Women move to northern Iraq, 166, 173 suicide attacks by, 7, 13, 27 n7, 195, poem about the themes of 199–201 humiliation, impotence, and World War II redemption through faith and Japanese kamikaze pilots compared martyrdom, 159–160 with suicide bombers, 6–7 pressure from Iraqis to have only Iraqi leaders, 54 Syrian network and, 180 Y video comments on the transnational nature of jihad, al-Yas, Abu, 199 143 al-Yasser, Abdelmajid, 198 view of the war in Iraq as an Yassin, Ahmed, 181 opportunity to expel foreign al-Yemeni, Abu Sarah, 183 forces and establish a genuine Islamic state, 42, 84 n12 Zarwat al-Sinam Z prophetic tradition of divine al-Zahrani, Faris, 175 intervention in battle, 154 al-Zaim, Ayoub, 198 al-Zawahiri, Aymen al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab anti-Shia strategy, 77–78 al-Tawhid wal-Jihad training camp, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, 172–173 77 anti-Shia rhetoric, 75–77, 82, 86 Zeidan, Muhammad Abdullah, 182 n22, 99, 128, 220

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