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Download Thesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Saudi Arabia-Iran relations 1929-2013 Al Saud, Turki Bin Khaled Bin Saad Bin Abdulaziz Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 A Historical Study of Saudi Arabia – Iran Relations and Regional Order 1929–2014 by Turki bin Khaled al-Saud A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Middle Eastern and Mediterranean Studies Programme King’s College University of London 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I feel very fortunate to have met many great people, who have turned this long, challenging, and sometimes difficult journey into a wonderful and rewarding experience; many of whom I hope will continue to be lifelong friends. I am very grateful to the various scholars, colleagues and friends who have helped me throughout the different stages of my research and writings. Special thanks go to Professor Michael Kerr, my academic supervisor at King’s College, who provided me with valuable advice throughout my studies. I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Rory Miller, whose advice and guidance during the first and second years of my PhD studies was helpful. I also extend my thanks to Saad Alhaqan for his unlimited assistance. I wish to thank the diplomats and other distinguished figures, for the many hours they spent patiently answering my questions about important figures, dates and events. This thesis could never have been written without their valuable help. I thank Ardeshir Zahedi for sharing his personal historical experiences, the details of which cannot be found in any books. I do not have the words to express sufficient thanks to Mrs Huijie Lin, my personal assistant, who has become a very dear friend. She has been extremely helpful, organising my interviews and travel itineraries during my research. I should also like to express my admiration for the staff at the King’s College Maughan Library, who have been very accommodating and supportive. Finally, I would like to thank Mrs Laura Klitsch and Dr Caroline Davis for proofreading my finished thesis. I am truly grateful to you all. i ABSTRACT This research is a historical study of Saudi Arabia-Iran relations, covering the period from 1929 to 2014. These two countries are major players in the region, and as such have been engaged in both mutual confrontation and cooperation. The aim of this research is to study the events that have affected the bilateral relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran from a historical perspective. This research also illustrates key aspects associated with their relations during the period of study. It further aims to provide a clear understanding of events over the course of almost a century, to explain how and why Saudi-Iranian relations developed as they did; specifically, the diverse triggers that resulted in amicability or resentment. The objective of this research is to uncover possible means to improve this important regional bilateral relationship, to sustain the stability and security of the wider region. This thesis contains six chapters, which evaluate both countries’ regimes, policy- forming processes and the historical events implicated in shaping their bilateral relations. The first chapter covers the period 1929 to 1979, illustrating the bilateral relations between the two nations and their respective impact on the region. The research then reveals the main impact of the Iranian revolution on the Saudi-Iranian relationship to have been heightened mistrust between the two nations. The revolution marked an end to cooperative diplomatic relations, creating a bitter rivalry between the two nations for power and influence in the region. As a consequence of post-1979 Iran’s regular regime change, from religious fundamentalists to reformers, this period witnessed some dramatic changes to perceptions of the country on the world stage. Hence, Chapters 2-6 are devoted to the post- 1979 era. Chapter 2 provides a history of the Iranian revolution and the Saudi response to ii it, while Chapter 3 discusses the impact of the Iran-Iraq War and its impact on Saudi Iranian bilateral relations. After the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, and Chapter 4 discusses the resultant events that brought Saudi Arabia and Iran together once more to contain a common threat, in the form of the Saddam regime. Chapter 5 details the impact on Saudi-Iranian relations when reformists governed Iran after 1990. The reformists pursued differing approaches to the wider world, leading to a period of rapprochement that brought the two countries closer together, contributing to improved relations, albeit within certain limits. Chapter 6 provides a historical account of the wide range of events and regional issues that affected Saudi-Iranian relations during the period 2001 to 2014. The study concludes that, from 1929 to the present, Saudi Arabia has not changed its stance on Saudi-Iranian bilateral relations; however, the regime change in Iran, from secular to conservative, resulted in significant changes to Iran’s position, leading to adjustments in its policy concerning bilateral relations. iii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ I ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... II NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS ..................................................................................... VII ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... IX INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................17 The Story of Saudi-Iranian Relations 1929-1979 ..................................................17 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................17 1.2 The Rise of the Saudi State in 1744 AD .................................................21 1.3 The Pahlavi Dynasty 1925-1979 .............................................................23 1.4 Saudi-Iranian Relations 1929-1979 ........................................................29 King Abdulaziz al Saud and Reza Shah Pahlavi 1929-1953 ...............29 King Saud and Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi 1953-1964 ................37 King Faisal and Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi 1964-1975 ...............41 King Khaled and Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi 1975-1979 .............55 1.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................59 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................62 Revolutionary Iran’s View of Saudi Arabia, and the Saudi...................................62 Response, during the Khomeini Era ......................................................................62 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................62 2.2 Saudi Arabia’s Initial Response to the Iranian Revolution .....................63 2.3 Saudi Arabia and Iran – The Historical Religious Dimension ...............67 2.4 Socio-Political Systems ..........................................................................76 The Saudi Arabian Socio-Political System ..........................................76 The Iranian Socio-Political Structure...................................................79 2.5 The Export of the Iranian Revolution and Saudi Arabia’s Response .....83 iv 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................102 CHAPTER 3 ...........................................................................................................106 Saudi Arabia and the Politics of the Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988 ...........................106 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................106 3.2 The Origins, Aims, Key Phases, and Impacts of the Iran-Iraq War .....108 3.3 Key phases of the Iran- Iraq war ...........................................................113
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