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Université De Montréal La Cité De Séleucie-Sur-Le-Tigre Aux Époques Séleucide Et Arsacide

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Université De Montréal La Cité De Séleucie-Sur-Le-Tigre Aux Époques Séleucide Et Arsacide Université de Montréal La cité de Séleucie-sur-le-Tigre aux époques séleucide et arsacide Par Raphaël Weyland Département d’histoire Faculté des Arts et Sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Arts et Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en Histoire Novembre 2018 © Raphaël Weyland, 2018 Université de Montréal Département d’histoire, Faculté des Arts et sciences Cette thèse intitulée La cité de Séleucie-sur-le-Tigre aux époques séleucide et arsacide Présentée par Raphaël Weyland A été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Pierre Bonnechere Président rapporteur Christian Raschle Directeur de recherche Josef Wiesehöfer Codirecteur Fabrizio Vecoli Membre du jury Miguel John Versluys Examinateur externe iii Résumé en français La cité de Séleucie-sur-le-Tigre fut fondée au 4e siècle avant J.-C. par Séleucos Ier, prétendant à la succession de l’empire d’Alexandre le Grand. La taille des ilôts créés lors de cette fondation est inégalée dans le monde hellénistique et témoigne de l’ambition manifestée par le nouveau dynaste. La cité prospéra pendant plusieurs siècles et acquit le statut de résidence royale et de centre administratif. Elle fut cependant conquise par les Arsacides, dynastie rivale, en 129 avant J.-C. Bien que le développement de Séleucie n’en ait pas été immédiatement affecté, la ville se mit à décliner à partir du 2e siècle et disparut vers 200. Pour expliquer ce retournement de situation, la critique moderne a insisté sur la culture des souverains la dominant. Dirigée par les Séleucides, ses fondateurs macédoniens, Séleucie aurait prospéré. Conquise par les Arsacides iraniens, elle aurait été traitée avec défiance et persécutée par ces derniers jusqu’à son effondrement. Cette idée repose notamment sur la mention du caractère grec de la cité par certains auteurs antiques et sur l’influence de ceux-ci sur les analyses des premiers archéologues à avoir fouillé le site. Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les rapports entre la cité et ses souverains tout au long de son histoire afin d’évaluer la part que cette rivalité culturelle supposée y joua. Elle repose sur la comparaison entre la tradition littéraire, essentielle pour établir un canevas chronologique mais orientée par des intérêts politiques, et les découvertes archéologiques des expéditions menées entre 1927 et 1989 à Séleucie. Celles-ci ont mis au jour de nombreux monuments et objets (monnaies, statuettes, sceaux) permettant de nuancer l’idée que la population de la cité ait été au départ ou ait conservé à travers les siècles un caractère grec qui lui aurait valu l’inimitié des Arsacides. D’autres facteurs expliquant le déclin et l’abandon de la ville, comme le déplacement du fleuve ou l’évolution du contexte géopolitique, sont donc proposés. Mots-clés : Séleucie-sur-le-Tigre; Royaume séleucide; Royaume arsacide; Mésopotamie hellénistique; Ctésiphon; hellénisme. iv English Abstract The city of Seleucia on the Tigris was founded in the 4th century BCE by Seleucos I, one of Alexander’s empire’s Successors. According to the size of it’s original dwelling-blocks, it was designed from the start to be a large and important city. It flourished for some time and became an administrative center and royal residence. In 129 BCE, it was conquered by the Arsacids, a rival dynasty. Seleucia’s development continued unbroken, but the city eventually declined and disappeared around 200 CE. To explain this change, historians underlined the importance of the perceived culture of its old and new sovereigns. Ruled by the Macedonian Seleucids, the city prospered. Under the Iranian Arsacids’ hostile administration, it was ill-treated until it got abandoned. Such analyses have been based on some passages of ancient texts insisting on the Greek character of Seleucia and its inhabitants. Those also influenced the interpretation of the results of the first archaeological digs conducted on the site. This thesis comes back on the relations between the city and both its Seleucid and Arsacid kings in order to evaluate the importance of this supposed cultural rivalry in the development of Seleucia. It compares the written tradition, essential but biased by political imperatives, and the buildings, coins, seals and figurines discovered by American, German and Italian archaeologists between 1927 and 1989. Our results suggest that the city and its population were of a mixed cultural backround and that its supposed Greek character did not play much of a role in its decline. We therefore suggest that other factors explain the disappearance of Seleucia, such as the Tigris changing bed and an evolution in the geopolitical situation of the Near East around 200. Key-words : Seleucia on the Tigris; Seleucid Kingdom; Arsacid Kingdom; Hellenistic Mesopotamia; Ctesiphon; Hellenism. v Table des matières Résumé en français .................................................................................................................... iii English Abstract ......................................................................................................................... iv Table des matières....................................................................................................................... v Liste des figures ....................................................................................................................... viii Liste des abbréviations ............................................................................................................... ix Dédicace ...................................................................................................................................... x Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... xi Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Imaginer le Moyen-Orient antique .......................................................................................... 3 Sources et historiographie ..................................................................................................... 16 Les sources écrites ............................................................................................................ 17 Les sources matérielles ..................................................................................................... 23 Structure et objectifs ............................................................................................................. 29 L'environnement géographique de Séleucie-sur-le-Tigre ......................................................... 31 Géographie de la Mésopotamie antique ................................................................................ 33 La terre des deux fleuves .................................................................................................. 34 Les canaux ........................................................................................................................ 38 Le Naarmalcha .................................................................................................................. 39 Séleucie, un nœud stratégique............................................................................................... 44 Les routes du sud et de l'est .............................................................................................. 44 Les routes du nord et de l'ouest ......................................................................................... 51 La ville indéfendable......................................................................................................... 59 vi Une plaque-tournante vulnérable .......................................................................................... 61 La Séleucie séleucide ................................................................................................................ 63 Les deux solitudes? ............................................................................................................... 64 Tell Umar .......................................................................................................................... 67 L’agora du nord et le « bâtiment des archives » ............................................................... 70 L’administration et les rapports avec le roi ........................................................................... 76 Un brillant second ................................................................................................................. 98 La Séleucie arsacide ................................................................................................................ 100 Šāhānšāh ou Kadag-xwadāy? ............................................................................................. 102 La Séleucie arsacide ............................................................................................................ 111 Tell Umar ........................................................................................................................ 112 L’agora du nord et le « bâtiment des archives » ............................................................. 114 L’agora du sud ................................................................................................................ 116 Les temples A et B et l’Herôon de Séleucie ................................................................... 117 Le bloc
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