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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Winning Hearts and Minds’? The Roman Army in the Eastern Provinces under the Principate (27 BCE - 284 CE) Ban, Kee Hyun Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Nov. 2017 Winning ʻHearts and Minds’? The Roman Army in the Eastern Provinces under the Principate (27 BCE - 284 CE) by Kee-Hyun Ban Thesis submitted for Ph.D. King’s College London September 2015 1 Abstract My thesis investigates whether the Roman authorities had any policies or practices in employing and deploying their armed forces to win the hearts and minds of the population in the eastern provinces under the Principate (27 BCE - 284 CE) as kind of military strategy for exploiting their human and material resources to confront the Arsacid - Sassanid empire. Chapter 1 explains this aim with reference to previous scholarship. In chapter 2, I update and review the data for the provenance of soldiers. I argue that the hypothesis of increasing ʻlocalisation’ in the pattern of recruiting soldiers is wrong. Military units in the eastern provinces always depended largely on the recruits from Italy, Africa and the Danube, as well as from the other eastern provinces. Chapter 3 investigates the processes of recruitment and veteran settlement, and argues that the Romans had a strategic aim to strengthen social integration between soldiers and civilians. This is supported by a case study of the Roman garrison at Syene in Egypt. Chapter 4 argues that the logistics system of the Roman armed forces and their military presence within or near urban areas did not hinder the economic growth of the eastern provinces. The Roman government took action against the abuse of requisitions. As in the West, Roman military occupation brought some economic benefit. Chapter 5 shows the changing image of Roman soldiers in imperial Greek literature from invaders to guardians. Greek elites began to view themselves as part of the empire and to distinguish between insiders (Romans) and outsiders (barbarians). Provincials thought of Roman soldiers as more effective and reliable than their municipal police. 2 Chapter 6 argues that, as part of their military strategy, the Romans used the propaganda that their emperor was a Roman Alexander who confronted the Parthian threat to protect his subjects in the East. This seems to have had some success in uniting the various eastern nations to support and serve in Rome’s military domination of their territories. All these actions would have been impossible without a strategic intention to win the hearts and minds of the population in the eastern provinces. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... 9 Abbreviation .................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 12 1.1: The historical question ......................................................................................... 12 1.2: Winning hearts and minds .................................................................................... 17 1.3: Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2. Recruits to the Roman armed forces in the East: the data .................... 27 2.1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 27 2.2: The origins and movements of the Roman military units .................................... 28 2.2.1: The legions .................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2: The auxiliary units ......................................................................................... 35 2.2.3: The fleets ....................................................................................................... 41 2.2.4: The size of demand for military recruits ....................................................... 43 2.3: The views of previous scholars about the pattern of recruitment ......................... 52 2.4: The pattern of recruitment to the eastern units: the epigraphic evidence ............. 57 2.4.1: Asia Minor, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia ........................................................ 57 2.4.2: Syria ............................................................................................................... 60 2.4.3: Judaea, Arabia ............................................................................................... 61 2.4.4: Egypt .............................................................................................................. 63 2.4.5: Auxiliary units ............................................................................................... 66 2.5: Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 69 Chapter 3. The processes of recruitment and veteran settlement ............................ 72 3.1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 72 3.2: The procedure for recruiting soldiers ................................................................... 73 3.2.1: The timing of recruitment: regular or occasional? ........................................ 73 3.2.2: Volunteering, conscription, and civil status .................................................. 78 3.2.3: Integration under Roman military law and discipline ................................... 83 3.3: The procedure for veteran settlement ................................................................... 86 3.3.1: Veterans and civilians .................................................................................... 86 3.3.2: The strategic implications of veteran settlement ........................................... 89 3.4: A case study of the Roman garrisons at Syene in Upper Egypt ........................... 91 3.5: Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 100 4 Chapter 4. The logistics of the Roman army and civilians ...................................... 101 4.1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 101 4.2: The system of logistics ....................................................................................... 103 4.2.1: The views of scholars .................................................................................. 103 4.2.2: The officials ................................................................................................. 105 4.2.3: The structure of system and the annona militaris ....................................... 107 4.3: Soldiers and civilians: requisition, petition, and regulation ............................... 110 4.3.1: Compulsory requisition ............................................................................... 110 4.3.2: Angareia and hospitium ............................................................................... 112 4.4: The impact of the Roman army on the provincial economy .............................. 119 4.4.1: Military budget ............................................................................................ 119 4.4.2: Cities as supply bases and urban development ............................................ 120 4.5: Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 128 Chapter 5. Roman soldiers in imperial Greek literature ........................................ 130 5.1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 130 5.2: Roman rule and military force from the views of the Greek elite ...................... 131 5.2.1: General attitudes to Roman imperialism ..................................................... 131 5.2.2: Greek views of the imperial army ............................................................... 134 5.3: Roman soldiers in novels: villains or protectors? .............................................
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