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Open B__K__Richardson Final Version.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Health and Human Development WINNING AND LOSING: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS A Dissertation in Kinesiology by Brian Kayle Richardson © 2012 Brian Kayle Richardson Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2012 The dissertation of Brian K. Richardson was reviewed and approved* by the following: Robert Scott Kretchmar Professor of Exercise and Sport Science Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Linda L. Caldwell Professor of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management Douglas R. Hochstetler Associate Professor of Kinesiology Mark Dyreson Professor of Kinesiology Karl Newell Professor of Kinesiology and Biobehavioral Health Head of the Department *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT The concept of winning and losing is deeply ingrained in the Western approach to competition. Much of this emphasis on the winning vs. losing dichotomy comes from exponential growth in professional sports and business-oriented intercollegiate athletics. Sports are big business. Now parents of young children are often pushing the win vs. lose concept beginning with teams for very young children through high school sports. This dissertation has three hypotheses: While dichotomous characterizations of sporting achievement enjoy degrees of validity, they are insufficient; these insufficiencies can be shown metaphysically and normatively, and; traditions and practices of Zen Buddhism can be used effectively as a source for rival conceptions of sporting achievement. This study examines winning and losing from a Western perspective by examining dualisms and dichotomies, complementary pairs, and Darwinian roots of dichotomies. Then it examines the nature of sporting tests, test variations and related meanings, test contingencies and related meanings, the complexity and nature of sporting contests, test-contest relationships, and seven types of winning ~ losing. A brief history of Buddhism is presented, followed by a discussion on the four principles of Zen: meditation, mindfulness, moral action, and moral thought. Then Zen principles and practices are translated into sport and movement. The final chapter applies Zen philosophy to coaching youth baseball. Practice and participation guidelines for youth baseball coaches discuss: Zen mysticism, Zen as a high- demand practice, pragmatics, diversity, and self-transformation. It concludes with a case study using a Zen-inspired coaching method on how to field grounders. iv If coaches stop placing an over-emphasis on winning vs. losing and encourage youth players to experience the game from a holistic, peaceful, and calm Zen approach, the children will begin to also have harmony and oneness with equipment, with their physical ~ mental approach to playing, and experience a self-transformation of seeing baseball without the mental clutter of anxiety or worry about winning vs. losing. By using Zen coaching techniques, children and teens can learn to play the sport for the sake of the experience the game offers, the enjoyment of playing, and for the growth and development Zen and baseball offers in the sport and in life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1 Dichotomies: The Importance of Winning (and Not Losing)............................... 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 The Significance of Winning and Losing and Related Dichotomies............................... 2 Statement of the Problem................................................................................................. 11 Hypotheses....................................................................................................................... 11 Significance of the Research............................................................................................ 20 Unique Aspects of This Research and Organization of Chapters.................................... 20 Chapter 2 Understanding Winning and Losing From a Western Perspective ........................ 22 Dualisms and Dichotomies .............................................................................................. 22 Opposition between two identities........................................................................... 24 Opposition by degree ......................................................................................... 25 Opposition by cut ............................................................................................... 27 Hierarchical ordering of the pair.............................................................................. 31 The pair sum up and define a whole ........................................................................ 32 Transcendence.......................................................................................................... 33 Complementary Pairs....................................................................................................... 35 Darwinian Roots of Dichotomous Thought..................................................................... 39 Social Darwinism and Its Roots of Dichotomization....................................................... 43 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3 The Complexity of Competition and Associated Meanings .................................. 47 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 47 The Nature of Sporting Tests........................................................................................... 48 Test Variations and Related Meanings ............................................................................ 53 Test Contingencies and Related Meanings ...................................................................... 60 Discrepancies of measurement................................................................................. 60 Differences in closed and open tests ........................................................................ 61 Impact of luck and chance........................................................................................ 65 Officiating errors...................................................................................................... 67 Human errors.................................................................................................... 68 Unintential bias errors...................................................................................... 68 Intential bias errors .......................................................................................... 69 Fixing of matches.............................................................................................. 70 Subjective scoring errors.................................................................................. 70 Performance capabilities .......................................................................................... 71 Intentional manipulation of testing scores ............................................................... 72 Variable records ....................................................................................................... 72 vi The Complexity of Sporting Contests ............................................................................. 77 Nature of Sporting Contests............................................................................................. 77 Seven Types of Winning ~ Losing .................................................................................. 79 Blowout win............................................................................................................. 80 Clear-cut win............................................................................................................ 80 Close win.................................................................................................................. 80 The tie....................................................................................................................... 81 Blowout loss, clear-cut loss, and close loss ............................................................. 81 Test – Contest Relationships............................................................................................ 82 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 4 Zen Buddhism and Holism in Sport....................................................................... 90 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 90 Foundations of Zen Buddhism......................................................................................... 93 Roots in mysticism................................................................................................... 94 Buddhism itself is not uniform................................................................................. 98 Buddhism is a high-demand form of spirituality ....................................................
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