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Type Ia Supernovae Progenitor Systems

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Type Ia Supernovae Progenitor Systems What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs Explosion Mechanisms Type Ia Supernovae Progenitor Systems Cosmology Traci Johnson Carleton College February 10, 2012 1 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Contents What is a Type Ia Supernova? 1 What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs Explosion Mechanisms 2 White Dwarfs Progenitor Systems Cosmology 3 Explosion Mechanisms 4 Progenitor Systems 5 Type Ia Supernovae and Cosmology 2 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Table of Contents What is a Type Ia 1 What is a Type Ia Supernova? Supernova? History History of Supernovae SN Types Observational Types of Supernovae Characteristics Observational Characteristics White Dwarfs Explosion Mechanisms 2 White Dwarfs Progenitor Systems Cosmology 3 Explosion Mechanisms 4 Progenitor Systems 5 Type Ia Supernovae and Cosmology 3 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Earliest Observations of Supernovae earliest recorded in second century A.D. What is a Type Ia named \guest stars" by ancient astrologers Supernova? History more recently named stella novae: Latin for \new star" SN Types Observational Characteristics White Dwarfs Explosion Mechanisms Progenitor Systems Cosmology (left) Crab nebula: remnant of SN recorded in A.D. 1054 by Chinese. (right) Remnant of SN recorded by Tycho Brahe in A.D. 1572. Image credit: APOD. 4 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Modern Observations of Supernovae What is a Type Ia Supernova? History Fritz Zwicky (Caltech { 1930s) SN Types Observational coined the term \supernova" Characteristics White Dwarfs (1934, with Walter Baade) Explosion proposed SNe were explosions Mechanisms Progenitor of massive stars Systems found 120 SNe on his own, Cosmology one co-discovery developed first classification system for SNe (with Rudolph Minkowski) Fritz Zwicky observing at Palomar Observatory with the 18-inch Schmidt telescope. Image credit: Swedish Morphological Society. 5 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Supernova Types What is a Type Ia Supernova? History Minkowski-Zwicky classification scheme ! spectra SN Types Observational Characteristics White Dwarfs Explosion Mechanisms Progenitor Systems Cosmology Image credit: Chem1 Virtual Textbook. 6 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Supernova Types What is a Type Ia Supernova? History Type II: strong SN Types Observational hydrogen lines Characteristics White Dwarfs (absorption and Explosion emission) Mechanisms Progenitor Type I: no Systems hydrogen lines Cosmology Type Ia: silicon absorption Type Ib: helium absorption Type Ic: neither of the above Example spectra from various Type I and Type II SNe. Image credit: McGraw-Hill. 7 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Host Galaxies of Type Ia Supernovae Spiral galaxies Elliptical galaxies host to all SNe subtypes only host Type Ia SNe What is a Type Ia Supernova? high star-forming rate ! no star formation ! old, History SN Types more heavy-mass stars low-mass stars Observational Characteristics White Dwarfs Explosion Mechanisms Progenitor Systems Cosmology Spiral galaxy M33. Image credit: APOD. Elliptical galaxy M87. Image credit: APOD. 8 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Thermonuclear Supernovae thermonuclear detonations of white dwarf stars Type Ia A New Classification of Supernovae What is a Type Ia Supernova? New classification scheme ! explosion mechanics History SN Types Core Collapse Supernovae Observational Characteristics White Dwarfs catastrophic collapse of massive stars at the end of their lives Explosion Type II Mechanisms Progenitor Type Ib (no H layer) Systems Cosmology Type Ic (no H or He layers) 9 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson A New Classification of Supernovae What is a Type Ia Supernova? New classification scheme ! explosion mechanics History SN Types Core Collapse Supernovae Observational Characteristics White Dwarfs catastrophic collapse of massive stars at the end of their lives Explosion Type II Mechanisms Progenitor Type Ib (no H layer) Systems Cosmology Type Ic (no H or He layers) Thermonuclear Supernovae thermonuclear detonations of white dwarf stars Type Ia 9 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson consistent with the detonation of carbon-oxygen white dwarfs { all of the same mass! Observational Characteristics of Type Ia SNe What is a Type Ia Supernova? most luminous supernovae History 36 SN Types peak luminosity ∼ 10 W Observational Characteristics ∼ 5 billion times more luminous than the Sun! White Dwarfs extremely homogeneous { very small dispersion in peak Explosion Mechanisms luminosity Progenitor Systems very rare { 1 SN Ia every 5 centuries per galaxy Cosmology spectra ! highest producers of iron and intermediate mass elements 10 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Observational Characteristics of Type Ia SNe What is a Type Ia Supernova? most luminous supernovae History 36 SN Types peak luminosity ∼ 10 W Observational Characteristics ∼ 5 billion times more luminous than the Sun! White Dwarfs extremely homogeneous { very small dispersion in peak Explosion Mechanisms luminosity Progenitor Systems very rare { 1 SN Ia every 5 centuries per galaxy Cosmology spectra ! highest producers of iron and intermediate mass elements consistent with the detonation of carbon-oxygen white dwarfs { all of the same mass! 10 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Table of Contents What is a Type Ia 1 What is a Type Ia Supernova? Supernova? White Dwarfs Formation Central 2 White Dwarfs Conditions Chandrasekhar Formation Mass Limit Central Conditions Explosion Mechanisms Chandrasekhar Mass Limit Progenitor Systems Cosmology 3 Explosion Mechanisms 4 Progenitor Systems 5 Type Ia Supernovae and Cosmology 11 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Stellar Evolution: The Main Sequence What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs Formation star: gravitationally-bound Central Conditions ball of gas Chandrasekhar Mass Limit struggles to maintain Explosion Mechanisms hydrostatic equilibrium Progenitor gravity inward Systems gas and light pressure Cosmology outward main-sequence: hydrogen fusion in core (90% of lifetime) Hertzsprung-Russell diagram: a still-shot of stellar evolution. Image credit: Encyclopedia of Science. 12 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Low-Mass Stellar Evolution What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs Formation Central Conditions Chandrasekhar Mass Limit Explosion Mechanisms Progenitor Systems Cosmology Evolution of a low mass star on the HR diagram. Image credit: Univ. of Cincinnati - Physics. 13 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson White Dwarf Characteristics What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs Formation Central Hot, dense cores of low-mass stars Conditions Chandrasekhar compact objects { mass of Mass Limit Explosion the Sun, size of the Earth! Mechanisms surface temperatures { Progenitor Systems 8000-50,000 K Cosmology composition { He, C, O, Ne, Mg (depends on star's initial mass) Sirius A and Sirius B (a white dwarf). Image credit: Wikipedia. 14 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson What is the Central Pressure of a White Dwarf? What is a Type Ia recall: P = ρgh for constant ρ and g Supernova? White Dwarfs pressure gradient inside a star: Formation Central Conditions dP GMr 4 2 Chandrasekhar = ρg = −ρ = − πρ r (1) Mass Limit dr r2 3 Explosion Mechanisms r = radius inside star Progenitor Systems Mr = mass inside r Cosmology integrate pressure gradient from surface to center: Z 0 4 2 2 2 2 Pcentral = − πρ rdr = πρ RWD (2) RWD 3 3 15 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson What is the Central Pressure of a White Dwarf? What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs Formation Central white dwarf parameters: MWD = 1:0 Msun, RWD = 1:0 Rearth, Conditions 4 3 Chandrasekhar ρ = MWD= 3 πRWD , Mass Limit Explosion Mechanisms 22 −2 Pcentral = 3:8 × 10 N m Progenitor Systems Cosmology roughly 1.5 million times the central pressure of the Sun!!! ideal gas pressure not enough to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium 16 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Electron Degeneracy Pressure What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs pressure created when electrons are Formation forced into higher energy levels by Central Conditions quantum effects Chandrasekhar Mass Limit quantum wave functions start Explosion Mechanisms overlapping in the high density Progenitor environment Systems Pauli exclusion principle: no two Cosmology fermions allowed in the same quantum state Heisenberg uncertainty principle: ∆x∆px ≈ ~ (3) Energy level occupancy of a degenerate electron gas. Image credit: McGill University Physics. 17 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Electron Degeneracy Pressure What is a Type Ia Supernova? from both quantum principles: White Dwarfs Formation Central 5=3 Conditions P / ρ (4) Chandrasekhar Mass Limit Explosion no temperature dependence Mechanisms for a carbon-oxygen white dwarf: Progenitor Systems Cosmology P = 1:9 × 1022 N m−2 electron degeneracy pressure is sufficient for maintaining white dwarf hydrostatic equilibrium 18 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson Mass-Volume Relationship What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs Formation Central setting electron degeneracy pressure equal to central pressure: Conditions Chandrasekhar Mass Limit MWDVWD = constant (5) Explosion Mechanisms Progenitor increase in mass ! decrease in size of white dwarf Systems Cosmology speed of electrons cannot exceed the speed of light fundamental limit for the mass of white dwarfs 19 Type Ia Supernovae Traci Johnson The Chandrasekhar Mass Limit of White Dwarfs What is a Type Ia Supernova? White Dwarfs Formation Central Conditions Chandrasekhar Mass Limit derived by Chandrasekhar in Explosion Mechanisms 1930, Nobel Prize 1983 Progenitor 1.4 M Systems Sun Cosmology SNe Ia result from \sneaking up" on this limit Subrahmanyan
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