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Interview with Jesses L. Greenstein

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JESSE L. GREENSTEIN (1909-2002) INTERVIEWED BY RACHEL PRUD’HOMME February 25, March 16 & 23, 1982 Photo by Leigh Wiener ARCHIVES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California Subject area Astronomy, astrophysics Abstract Interview in three sessions in 1982 with Jesse L. Greenstein, DuBridge Professor of Astrophysics, emeritus. Greenstein discusses his early career at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, under Otto Struve (1937-1948), and his arrival at Caltech in 1948 to build an astronomy department in the Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy. He discusses the early partnership between Caltech and the Carnegie Institution of Washington in running Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories, the interactions between observational astronomy and theoretical astrophysics, and the rise of radio astronomy. Besides his discussion of his work on stellar composition, the interview contains his recollections of such twentieth-century pioneers of astronomy and astrophysics as Struve, Grote Reber, Gerard Kuiper, Edwin Hubble, Fritz Zwicky, Walter Baade, Rudolph Minkowski, H. P. Robertson, Richard Tolman, and Fred Hoyle—and of various Caltech principals including Lee DuBridge, Earnest Watson, Arnold Beckman, and Robert Christy. He also discusses his service in the 1960s as chairman of Caltech’s Faculty Board and member of its Aims and Goals Committee. He speculates about the scarcity of women astronomers and the http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J difficulties they face. In an addendum to his interview, he discusses in more technical detail latter-day changes in instrumentation, the impact of new and improved detectors, and their contributions to his work on white dwarfs. Administrative information Access The interview is unrestricted. Copyright Copyright has been assigned to the California Institute of Technology © 1983, 2003. All requests for permission to publish or quote from the transcript must be submitted in writing to the University Archivist. Preferred citation Greenstein, Jesse L. Interview by Rachel Prud’homme. Pasadena, California, February 25-March 23, 1982. Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives. Retrieved [supply date of retrieval] from the World Wide Web: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J Contact information Archives, California Institute of Technology Mail Code 015A-74 Pasadena, CA 91125 Phone: (626)395-2704 Fax: (626)793-8756 Email: [email protected] Graphics and content © 2003 California Institute of Technology. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J Jesse Greenstein stands beside the wide-angle camera he designed with fellow Yerkes astronomer Louis G. Henyey in the late 1940s. A spherical concave mirror with 12-inch aperture is surmounted by three struts supporting a multi-component lens. The camera covered a field angle of 140º with critical definition and produced photographs similar to naked-eye observations. Today’s “all-sky” cameras are largely the progeny of the Greenstein-Henyey device.* http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J Jesse Greenstein (identifiable by tie and tweeds) holds the Greenstein-Henyey wide-angle camera, which is being photographed by the person reflected in the mirror. The façade and domes of the Yerkes Observatory appear along the circular rim of the reflection. The camera was used by Donald Osterbrock and Stewart Sharpless in 1950 to produce spectacular photographs of the Milky Way, the zodiacal light, and the counterglow.* * A full description of the Greenstein-Henyey camera is given in Otto Struve, “Photography of the Counterglow,” Sky & Telescope 10 (July 1951), 215-218. The Archives wishes to acknowledge the help of Prof. Donald E. Osterbrock of Lick Observatory in explaining the construction and use of the camera. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT INTERVIEW WITH JESSE L. GREENSTEIN BY RACHEL PRUD’HOMME PASADENA, CALIFORNIA Caltech Archives, 1983 Copyright © 1983, 2003 by the California Institute of Technology http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J Greenstein–ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTERVIEW WITH JESSE L. GREENSTEIN Session 1 1-6 Years at Yerkes, 1937-1948: O. Struve’s directorship, collaboration between observational astronomy and theoretical astrophysics; Struve brings in S. Chandrasekhar and G. Herzberg; alliance with McDonald Observatory at University of Texas; Midwest astronomers’ group; G. Reber and radio astronomy; work with L. Henyey on development of spectrograph; World War II and Struve’s attempts to keep astronomers at Yerkes; G. Kuiper and near-infrared device; J. G. Baker and reconnaissance technology. 6-11 Joins staff of Mount Wilson/Palomar, 1948; appt. head of Caltech’s astronomy dept., 1949; F. Zwicky; building up astronomy group; partnership with Carnegie Institution of Washington; observation vs. theory; old Mount Wilson staff; interplay between atomic physics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics; spectroscopists; difference between Yerkes/McDonald and Mount Wilson/Palomar; cooperation among Carnegie, Mount Wilson, and Lick. 11-19 Reasons for coming to Caltech; H. P. Robertson’s influence; E. Hubble; Caltech-Carnegie cooperation on teaching unworkable; early students; social life; Project Vista; L. DuBridge; growth of astronomy department; colleagues. Radio astronomy essential to optical astronomy; contributions of Australia and Britain; J. Bolton and E. G. Bowen; 1954 Washington conference on radio astronomy. 19-23 Users of equipment at Wilson/Palomar; Owens Valley Radio Observatory; optical astronomy; becomes honorary nuclear physicist; students’ careers; national observatories; future of astronomy. Session 2 24-32 Recollections of F. Zwicky and his use of 18-inch and 48-inch Schmidts at Palomar; Zwicky’s dislike of W. Baade; Zwicky’s home gas-mask demonstration; T. von Kármán and baseball- player bodyguard M. Berg; career of H. P. Robertson, application of general relativity to astronomy; R. C. Tolman. Rivalry in science; Greenstein as psychoanalyst. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J Greenstein–iii 33-45 Early PhDs in astronomy. Praise for E. Watson. De-astronomization of astronomy; interaction with physics. L. Davis; growth of nucleosynthesis; C. Lauritsen; F. Hoyle and Kellogg nuclear physicists; W. A. Fowler; the Burbidges; R. Christy; postdocs from Europe and elsewhere (W. Sargent, L. Searle); women in astronomy; honors. Session 3 46-54 Honors and lectureships; H. Dreyfuss and DuBridge chair; Faculty Board chairmanship; role on Aims and Goals Committee; A. Beckman; search for DuBridge’s successor; YMCA; relations between JPL and Caltech. 54-61 Humanities Division and encroachment of social sciences; Greenstein’s views, H. Brown’s response; R. Paul. E. Watson and his wife. Women astronomers: Annie Jump Cannon at Harvard and spectral classification; difficulties of C. Payne-Gaposchkin at Harvard; attempts to recruit S. Faber; Virginia Trimble. Additional Comments, November 1982 61-67 Development of astronomy at Caltech after 1948; 200-inch and Schmidt telescopes at Palomar; I. S. Bowen; instruments available; B. Rule and Robinson Lab; construction of 60-inch special purpose reflector; funding from Oscar Mayer Foundation and C. Greenewalt; J. B. Oke and optical scanner; image intensifiers; advent of television and computers; J. Westphal and J. Gunn; CCDs and PFUEI; technical accomplishments revolutionizing astronomy; effects on his own work. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT Interview with Jesse L. Greenstein by Rachel Prud’homme Pasadena, California Session 1 February 25, 1982 Session 2 March 16, 1982 Session 3 March 23, 1982 Begin Tape 1, Side 1 PRUD’HOMME: Let’s start by talking briefly about your work at Yerkes Observatory at the University of Chicago. When did you get there? GREENSTEIN: I got to Yerkes in 1937 as a National Research Council Fellow. That was holdable for two years. I stayed through that and then joined the junior faculty beginning in 1939. I left Yerkes in June 1948 to come to Caltech. PRUD’HOMME: Who were some of your colleagues there? GREENSTEIN: Well, the most important single figure was the director, Otto Struve, a White Russian émigré and distinguished fourth-generation astronomer from the Baltic German area of Russia and a man of extremely great scientific talent and moral and scientific rectitude. PRUD’HOMME: He had quite a reputation as a hard and stern leader. GREENSTEIN: He was a very hard, stern, shy, and very human person whom I greatly admired. He was, in fact, one of the few good leaders I have met in astronomy. PRUD’HOMME: There were extraordinary developments in the world of physics and astronomy at http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Greenstein_J Greenstein–2 that time. How did this influence the astronomers working at Yerkes? GREENSTEIN: Well, probably the largest single invention of the Yerkes period under Otto Struve was the idea of a close collaboration between observational astronomy and theoretical astrophysics. The latter had been a European invention of just the last decade before I arrived at Yerkes, with the development of atomic physics. So that with atomic physics, spectroscopy, and quantum mechanics entering astronomy, what you might call the modern epoch of atomic and later nuclear physics was on us. And Struve’s particularly good idea was to bring several distinguished theoretical astrophysicists
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