Linking for Learning. a New Course for Education. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 310 765 IR 014 250 TITLE Linking for Learning. A New Course for Education. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. Office of Technology Assessment. REPORT NO OTA-SET-430 PUB DATE Nov 89 NOTE 191p.; For related documents, see IR 014 251-252. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Golernment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (GPO 052-003-01170-1, $9.00). PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) -- Reports - Research /Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCo8 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Administrators; Computer Assisted Instruction; *Distance Education; Educational Innovation; *Educational Planning; *Educational Technology; Elementary Secondary Education; Federal Aid; Federal Regulation; Higher Education; Instructional Effectiveness; Program Descriptions; State Action; State Surveys; Teacher Education; Teacher Role; Technology Transfer; *Telecommunications IDENTIFIERS *Office of Technology Assessment ABSTRACT The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) of the U.S. Congress was asted to analyze various technological options for distance education, examine current developments, and identify how Federal, State, and local policies could encourage more efficient and effective use of technology in education. This report complements OTAs assessment of use of computers in elementary and secondary education; "Power (.4n! New Tools for Teaching and Learning." Findings of the study include:(1) use of distance education in elementary and secondary education has increased dramatically over the past 5 years, but many students and teachers still do not have access to needed but distant experts and information;(2) rapid advances in technology are creating distance learning systems that are powerful, flexible, and increasingly affordable, but no one technology works for every application; (3) in most instances, distance learning appears to be as effective as face-to-face instruction 1" the classroom; (4) while reaching a small number of teachers today, distance learning will greatly affect the teaching force of tomorrow, requiring further training and institutional support; (5) state education agencies are both gatekeepers and catalysts for distance education; (6) federal and state regulations guiding the development of telecommunications infrastructure and services significantly affect distance education; and (7) federal funding for distance education has been important but modest. Four factors that will most affect the future of distance education are telecommunications policy; research, evaluation, and dissemination; support for teachers; and expansion of the infrastructure. Appendixes include a state-by-state profile of distance education activities across the nation; sample costs of transmission systems; a glossary of terms used in the report; information on obtaining contractor reports; and a list of participants at the Changing Telecommunications Technology and PolicIt Workshop held in February 1989. Photographs, diagrams, and project descriptions are provided throughout the report. (GL) K G FOR LEARNING 2 A New Course for Education c74 U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES 'NFORMATION CENTER (ERICI itelh(s documenthas been reproduced as received from the person or orgaruzat(on coy:unsung it I- Minor changes nave been made to Improve reproduction quality Poonts of view or opinions stated in this CoCu ment do not necessarily represent ottiClal SERI position or policy r it 1 4 CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2 Office of Technology Assessment Congressional Board of the 101st Congress EDWARD M KENNEDY, Massachusetts, Chairman CLARENCE E MILLER, Ohio, Vice Chairman Senate House ERNEST F. HOLLINGS MORRIS K UDALL South Carolina Arizona CLAIBORNE PELL GEORGE E BROWN, JR Rhode Island California TED STEVENS JOHN D DINGELL Alaska Michigan ORRIN G HATCH DON SUNDQUIST Utah Tennessee CHARLES E GRASSLEY AMO HOUGHTON Iowa New York JOHN .-I GIBBONS ( l',1 onvoting) Advisory Council DAVID S POTTER, Chairman NEIL E. HARL WILLIAM J PERRY General Motors Corp (Ret ) Iowa State University H &() Technology Partners CHASE N. PETERSON, Vice Chairman JAMES C HUNT SALLY RIDE University of Utah University of Tennessee California Space Institute CHARLES A BOWSHER HENRY KOFFLER JOSEPH E ROSS General Accounting Office University of Arizona Congressional Research Service MICHEL T HALBOOTY JOSHUA LEDERBERG JOHN F.M SIMS Michel T Halbouty Eneryy Co Rockefeller University Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc Director JOHN H GIBBONS The Technology Assessment Board approves the release of this report The viewsexpressed in this report are not necessarily tl..e of the Board, OTA Advisory Council, or individualmembers thereof LINKING 0 NING A New Course for Education CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATESOFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 41 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of TechnologyAssessment. Linking for Learning A NewCourse for Education. OTA-SET-430 (Washington. DC:U.S. Government Printing Office. November 1989). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number89-600723 For sale by the Supenntendent ofDocuments U.S. Government Printing Office.Washington. DC 20402-9325 (order form can be foundin the back of this report) ii t.,- t./ Foreword Neighbors share resources and come together to create community, enhancing the speci! qualities of individuals while enriching the well-being of all. Electronic links, used for learning, are creating new neThbors among schools, classrooms, teachers. students. and other members of the community. Rapidly developing telecommunications technologies, becoming cheaper even as they become more powerful. are changing American life. Enlisted over the past 5 years to meet the needs of geographically isolated schools, these technologies, united with trained and enthusiastic teachers, are beginning to enrich all our school environments. Another fascinating aspect of distance learr.ing is that the private sector is an active participant. joining hands with educators, higher education. and government. This study of distance learning was requested by the Senate Committee on Laor and Human Resources and endorsed by the House Committee on Education and Labor. OTA was asked to analyze various technological options. examine current development. and identify how Federal, State and local policies could encourage more efficient and effective use. This report complements OTA's assessment of use of computers in elementary and secondary education. Power On! New Tools jor Teiching and Learning. Throughout this study, the Advisory Group. workshop participants, and many others played key roles in defining major issues, providing informatl in, and championing a broad range of perspectives. OTA thanks them for their substantial commitment of time and energy. Their participation do(lot necessarily represent an endorsement of the special report, for wl,;ch OTA bears sole responsibility. lae4..// efAilz._ ... JOHN H. GIBBONS Director ill U Linking for Learning Advisory Group Rich Gross,Advisory Group Chair Dean of Telecommunications, Kirkwood Community College Cedar Rapids, IA Lionel Baldwin Kurt Moses President Vice President National Technological University Academy for Educational Development Fort Collins, CO Washington, DC Gregory M. Benson, Jr. Robert Pearlman Director National Consultant on Educational Technology Center for Learning Technologies, Policies, American Federation of Teachers Research and Development Cambridge, MA New York State Department of Education Albany, NY Charles Terrett Superintendent Louis Bransford Fulton County Schools President Hickman, KY Public Service Saellite Consortium Washington, DC Robert Tinker Executive Director Dee Brock Technical Education Researcl. "enters Senior Vice President Cambridge, MA Education Services Public Broadcasting Service Joan Wallin Alexandria, VA Supervisor Media and Technology Unit Ron Hartman Minnesota Department of Education Vice President St. Paul, MN Continental Cablevision Lansing, MI Debra Willson Teacher Harry R. Miller Satellite Telecommunications Educational Associate Director, External Affairs Programming Network New England Telephone Spokane, WA Burlington, VT NOTE: OTA appreciates and is grateful for the valuableassistance and thoughtful critiques provided by the advisory group members. The advisory group does not, however, necessarilyapprove, disapprove, or endorse this report. OTA assumes full responsibility for the report and the accuracy of itcontents Iv Linking for Learning: A New Course for Education OTA Project Staff John Andelin, Assis,ant Director, OTA Science, Information, and Natural Resources Division Nancy Carson Science, Education, and Transportation Program Manager Linda G. Roberts, Project Director Kathleen Fulton. Analyst David Wyc, Research Analyst Robert Garfinkle. Research Analyst Cheryl Garnette, U S. Department of Education* Matthew Josephs. Intern Marsha Fenn. Technical Editor Madeline Gross. Admini.arative Secretary Kimberley Gilchrist, Secretary Contractors Bruce 0. Barker Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory Texas Tech University Donald C. Holznagel Richard E. Clark Jason Ohler University of Southern California University of Alaska Southeast Christopher Dede Lloyd 0. Otterman University of Houston-Clear Lake TI-IN Network Richard T. Hezel Larry G. Patten Hezel Associates St. Louis Community College Michael G. Moore Vivid Inc. Pennsylvania State University Kenneth Ratkiewicz 'On detail. v U Contents Page Chapter 1. Summary 3 Chapter 2. Distance Education in Today's