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Use copy created from Institute Archives record copy. © Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. News Office (AC0069)

LNYLTF TECHN L

CAMBERENCEAS

F ALPON

Conference Committee Benjamin Lax, Chairman Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Henry H. Kolm, Secretary Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Francis Bitter Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Frederic H. Coensgen University of California

Wilhelm F. Gauster Oak Ridge National Laboratory Robert G. Mills Princeton University Advisory Committee R. Carruthers Atomic Energy Research Establishment England N. Kurti Oxford University Clarendon Laboratory England L. Weil Laboratoire d'Electrostatique et de Physique du Metal Institut Fourier France

G. von Gierke Max -Planck - Institut fur Physik und Astrophysik Germany

T. Fukuroi Tohoku University Japan

D. deKlerk Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium der Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden Netherlands

Kai Siegbahn Uppsala University Sweden

Committee on Biomagnetics F. 0. Schmitt Massachusetts Institute of Technology 0. H. Schmitt University of Minnesota

H. Fernandez -Moran Massachusetts General Hospital

R. 0. Becker Syracuse V. A. Hospital SPONSORED BY F. A. Brown University of Illinois U.S. AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

CONFERENCE OBJECTIVES this deadline but to indicate your desire to

It is the purpose of the conference to attend as early as possible, not only to facili-

bring together scientists from a variety of tate local arrangements, but also to assure

research areas who are concerned with the yourself of a place. It may be necessary to

generation and use of high magnetic fields. close attendance before the deadline. Regis-

The areas will include primarily plasma ter your arrival at the registration desk in the

physics, solid state physics, low tempera- foyer of Kresge Auditorium. There is no regis-

ture physics, nuclear physics, electronics tration fee.

and biomagnetics. The emphasis in all HOTEL ACCOMMODATIONS papers should be on basic concepts and The conference headquarters hotel will new techniques in the generation and ex- be in the Hotel Somerset, 400 Commonwealth perimental use of high magnetic fields. Avenue, Boston. Very reasonable rates have Invited papers will be aimed at reviewing been arranged and it is strongly urged that the broad scope of the various research you mail the enclosed room reservation card areas, while contributed papers will be without delay. more specialized. Magnetic materials per se

and design of conventional magnets are not LOCAL TRANSPORTATION

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ground. With the exception of papers in PROGRAM

morning sessions specifically intended as ALL SESSIONS WILL BE HELD reviews, lengthy introductions should be IN KRESGE AUDITORIUM

omitted. Work which has previously been published elsewhere in whole or in part W E D N E S D A Y should not be re-published in the proceed-

with appropriate ings, but merely summarized MORNING reference to the literature. It would be very Conference Chairman Lax difficult to impose a rigorous maximum length, On behalf of M.I.T. Killian but 1500 words or about 8 double-spaced On behalf of A.F.O.S.R. Millsaps pages is suggested as appropriate for most

papers of average content. Papers not sub- A. FIELD GENERATION Chairman: Weil mitted at the time of the conference cannot Al. Water Cooled Magnets 30* Bitter

be included in the proceedings. Any detailed A2. Cryogenic Magnets 30 Taylor questions should be addressed to the secre- A3. Pulsed Magnets 30 Furth tary. AFTERNOON THE PROGRAM B. HIGH FIELD RESEARCH The program which follows is essen- PROGRAMS Chairman: Von Gierke tially complete, with the notable exception Bl. R.R.E., Great Malvern 20 Parkinson of the session on superconductivity. In view B2. Oxford University 15 Wood of intensive work now in progress in this B3. Cambridge University 15 Adkins area, post-deadline papers for this session B4. The MIT National are hereby solicited and will be scheduled Magnet Laboratory 15 Stevenson

to the capacity of the session. B5. Tokyo University 15 Sugawara

The unfortunate brevity of most papers B6. Leiden University 15 de Klerk

was regarded as a preferable alternative to B7. N.A.S.A., Cleveland 15 Callaghan

the omission of many or the addition of more B8. Warsaw University 15 Ingarden

parallel sessions. B9. Lebedev Institute 15 Veselago

*Time in Minutes Use copy created from Institute Archives record copy. © Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. News Office (AC0069)

C. GENERAL PHYSICS AND Chairman: T HLU/RSD A Y POWER SUPPLIES Smoluchowski

Cl. Laboratory Experiments MORNING in Geophysics 30 Bennett D. THE BEHAVIOR OF C2. Vacuum Polarization CONDUCTING FLUID S Experiments in IN HIGH FIELDS Chairman: Siegbahn Extremely High Fields 15 Erber Dl. High Fields and C3. High Fields for High Plasma Physics 30 Allis Energy Particle Analysis 15 Kim D2. Diffusion of Electrons C4. Nuclear Research and Ions 30 Lehnert Magnets 15 Peterson D3. Resonance Effects 30 Buchsbaum C5. The N.A.S.A. Homopolar Supply 15 Fakan D4. High Field Effects in Magnetohydrodynamics 30 Sears C6. The Canberra Homopolar Supply 15 Blamey AFTERNOON C7. The Graz Homopolar Machine 15 Klaudy E. FUSION Chairman: S. C. Brown

C8. Pulsed Motor-generator El. The Stellarator 15 Mills Sets 15 Adams E2. Mirrors 15 Coensgen

L. BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF E3. Cusped Geometries 15 Hagerman MAGNETIC FIELDS E4. Injection H. Fernandez - Moran 15 Marshall Effects Review and panel Discussion E5. Shock 15 Kolb E6. Fusion, England 15 Carruthers

E7. Fusion, U.S.S.R. 15

E8. Optimum Design of Solenoids 15 Braams

E9. Optimum Design of Fluid Cooled Magnets 15 Kronauer

F. TRANSIENT FIELDS Chairman: Maxwell

Fl. The Storage and Transfer of Energy 15 Carruthers

F2. Flux Concentration by Howland Stationary Conductors 15 and Foner

F3. Flux Concentration by Hydromagnetic Flow 15 Mawardi F RID Ar

F4. Flux Concentration by Implosion 15 Fowler MORNING

F5. Force-Free Pulse Coils 15 Levine G. THE BEHAVIOR OF SOLIDS IN HIGH FIELDS Chairman: Arrott F6. Miniature Coils for Pulsed Field Research 15 De Blois

F7. Pulsed Bubble Chamber 15 Bergmann Gi. Magnetospectroscopy 30 Lax G2. Spin Bloembergen F8. Pulsed Fields of Long Roeland Resonance 30 Duration and Muller 15 G3. Cyclotron Resonance 30 Galt F9. Hydrogen-Cooled Pulsed G4. Oscillatory Phenomena 30 Kahn Magnets 15 van der Sluijs

M. CELLULAR AND SUBCELLAR AFTERNOON RESPONSES Chairman: F.O. Schmitt H. SOLID STATE PHYSICS Chairman: Brooks Ml. Comparison of the Mag- S enftle and HI. Pulsed Field Suscepti- netic Properties of Water Thorpe bility Measurements in Transplantable Hepatoma 15 Stevenson and Normal Liver Tissue H2. Pulsed Field Magnet- in Rats. ization Measurements in Compounds 15 Jacobs M2. Biological Effects of Gross, Magnetic Fields on Gottfried, H3. Pulsed Field Resonance Antibody Titer, Wound and Smith Measurements 15 Foner Healing and Inflamation. H4. Pulsed Field Magnet- oresistance Measure- M3. Enhancement of Hac cel, Smith, Human Erythrocyte and ments in Metals 15 Olsen Agglutination by M ontgomery. H5. Pulsed Field Magnet- Constant Magnetic Fields oresistance Measure- ments in Semiconductors 15 Hulbert M4. Effects of Magnetic Field I.L. Mulay on Living Cells and and H6. Susceptibility and Magdet- Organisms I L.N. Mulay ization of Rare Earths 15 Henry H7. Magnetoresistance of Metals and Semi-Metals 15 Tanuma H8. High Field Research at Tohoku University 15 Maeda H9. Size Effects 15 Cotti H10. De Haas-van Alphen Effect in Pulsed Fields 15 Priestly

I. FIELD ANALYSIS Chairman: Rose I1. Superconductor Fields 20 Gauster SA T URD A Y 12. Magnetometry 20 Grivet MORNING 13. Spherical Harmonics 10 Garrett 14. Analogue Methods 10 Wakefield J. LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS Chairman: Squire 15. Flux Path Control 10 Christensen JI. Low Temperature Physics 16. High Power Solenoids in High Fields 30 Kurti with External Magnetic Circuit 10 Cioffi J2. Galvano-thermo-magnetic 17. Efficiency Criterion for Effects 20 MacDonald Iron Magnets 10 de Klerk and Templeton 18. Auxiliary Use of Iron 10 Montgomery J3. The Cryogenic Magnet 19. New Solenoid Magnets 10 Gaume Program at Los Alamos 20 Laquer 110. Force-reduced Toroidal J4. An Aluminum Magnet Systems 10 Mills and Cooled With Liquid Wells Hydrogen 15 Purcell Ill. Field Coils For Magnet- and Payne ohydrodynamic Generators 10 Stekly, de Winter, and El Bindari J5. A Large Liquid Neon Cooled Aluminum Magnet 15 Laurence N. ORGANISMAL RESPONSES and Brown Chairman: O.H. Schmitt NI. Some Influence of Weak Brown J6. Precooled Solenoids for Magnetic Fields on Multisecond Pulses 15 Zijlstra Animal Orientation. N2. Effects of Magnetic Beischer AFTER NOON Fields on Development of Drosophila and Arbacia. K. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS Chairman: N3. Etiological Factors Shorey, Daunt Producing Intracorporal Hanselman KL. Superconducting Materials 15 Kunzler Hyperthermia in an and Experimental Electro- Gilchrist K2. Superconducting Magnets 15 Autler magnetic Field. K3. Large Volume Super- Donadieu N4. Abstract not Available. Barnothy conducting Magnets 15 and Rose N5. Relation Between Natural Becker Magnetic Field Intensity K4. Magnetic Radiation and the Incidence of Shielding 15 G. Brown Psychotic Disturbances in the Human Population. Post-deadline Papers on Superconductivity N6. Results Obtained by MacLean Exposure of Patients with Terminal Cancer to Increased Magnetic Fields.

Al. WATER-COOLED SOLENOIDS. Francis Bitter, wound solenoids of the Oxford pattern and Bitter M. I. T. National Magnet Laboratory. This paper solenoids. The novel features of the system and sol- will summarize briefly results achieved up to the enoids will be described together with performance present. It will then review new developments in data. magnet design at the M. I. T. National Magnet Labor- Initial experiments concerned with magneto- atory, and will conclude with comments on possible resistance effects in metals will be reported. future developments. B2. OXFORD UNIVERSITY. Martin Wood, The A2. CRYOGENIC COILS. Clyde E. Taylor, Univer- Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University. Fields sity of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. of up to 50 Kg. are produced regularly by iron-free, The large reduction in electrical resistance pro- water-cooled solenoids with 4 inch diameter barrels. duced by lowering the temperature of conductors Work is in progress on a special laboratory tohouse can greatly reduce power requirements. This old seven new magnets, some of which are planned to idea is being re-examined in the light of modern produce fields of up to 130 Kg. Emphasis is given refrigeration techniques and recent conductivity to the criteria which are considered most important measurements on pure metals. In particular, alu- in the design of the magnets and of an installation of minum and sodium appear economically feasible this type in a University laboratory. and promise about a ten-fold total power reduction, B3. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY. C. J. AdkinsCaven- including refrigeration requirements. Experimen- dish Laboratory, Cambridge University. A high tal work on low temperature resistivity and mag- magnetic field laboratory has been set up at the netoresistance is summarized. There are no fun- Cavendish for general studies in the solid state. A damental reasons why this technique cannot be used twelve-phase supply is rectified by silicon diodes to in the near future on a large scale, particularly produce 75 volts at 27, 000 amps. Performance data where large size D.C. coils are required. Econom- on the equipment will be given as available, and its ical and experimental coils are discussed. A application of studies of magnetoresistance, cyclo- comparison is made with superconducting coils. tron resonance and magnetoacoustic oscillations is A3. PULSED MAGNETS.* Harold P. Furth, Uni- discussed. versity of California, Lawrence Radiation Labora- B4. M. I. T., NATIONAL MAGNET LABORATORY. tory. The behavior of transient magnetic fields In Donald T. Stevenson, M. I. T., National Magnet systems of conductors is discussed in terms of Laboratory. The new magnet laboratory being built conventional circuit analysis and in the more gener- at M. I. T. under a contract with the Air Force Office ally applicable terms of hydromagnetics. The prob- of Scientific Research will be described. The power lems of energy flow and pressure balance in rigid source will consist of motor-generator sets with movable systems are discussed. Numerous and continuous solenoids which will produce continuous magnet examples are given, based on high-field fields up to about 250, 000 gauss. A flexible switch- technology, plasma physics, magnetic metal-forming arrangement will allow simultaneous use of ing, etc. several magnets. A brief description of the exist- * Work performed under the auspices of the U. S. ing 1. 7 megawatt magnet facility capable of furnish- Atomic Energy Commission. ing fields up to about 125, 000 gauss will be given. Bl. R. R. E., GREAT MALVERN. D. H. Parkinson, The research program at the new and old facilities Royal Radar Establishment, Great Malvern. At will be outlined. R. R. E. a battery bank is used as the power source B5. TOKYO UNIVERSITY. T. Sugawara, The Insti- which under normal working conditions supplies 2 tute for Solid State Physics, Tokyo University. A It can be overrun to 3 megawatts satis- megawatts. new method of obtaining smoothed, high magnetic factorily. Two types of magnets are in use: -strip fields will be described and results obtained with the

cryogenic plants, arc tunnels, shock tubes, and a new appartus will be reported. space environment simulator. The apparatus is a model of our final one and was specially designed and manufactured by Toshiba Cl. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS INGEOPHYSICS. Co. to get smoothed high magnetic fields with a sole- Willard H. Bennett, Naval Research Laboratories, noid magnet. Our big apparatus, based on the same Washington. Many major features of the aurora, principle, will have a capacity of about 3000KW and local magnetic disturbances, and localized radio and will produce a maximum field of about 12OKoe or radar interference effects can most naturally be more in a cylinder of about 5cm diameter. The explained as resulting from focused streams of pro- field ripple will be less than 5oe. (. 005% without a tons from the sun deflected in the dipole magnetic filter. field of the earth modified by the magnetic field of the great radiation belt. B6. LEIDEN UNIVERSITY. D. deKlerk, Kamer- An understanding of the complicated behavior of such streams in the earth' s lingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University. The magnetic field, and also the generation of the great power for the magnet is supplied by four parallel radiation belt from those streams can most rapidly six anode rectifiers, each giving 1000 amp. at 1000 and best be acquired using a laboratory tube called volts. The current is regulated with the help of the " Stormertron" which models the stream grid pulses with adjustable phases. Due to the high forms in the earth' s field and also models the generation voltage it is impossible to coolwithwater. About 3 of the belt from the streams. Movies have been 200 m per hour of orthodichlorobenzene is circu- made of the streams and radiation belts as modeled lated through the coil and a heat exchanger. The in the Stormertron and these will be shown, coils are wound from rectangular or square copper and some comments will be made regarding the pro- wire with thin fiber strips between the windings of cesses through which proton streams are related each layer. The subsequent layers are separated to auroral and geomagnetic effects. by fiber rods, the spaces between the rods being the cooling channels. Special attention has been C2. VACUUM POLARIZATION EXPERIMENTS IN given to the suppression of the ripple in the magnet EXTREMELY HIGH FIELDS, Thomas Erber, Illi- current. Fields up to 60, 000 oersteds have been nois Institute of Technology, Chicago. A wide vari- reached in coils with an inner diameter of 8cm, the ety of non-linear electromagnetic effects are inprin- 5 ripple being less than 1 in 10 ciple contained in quantum electrodynamics. A par- tial listing would include: the slowing down of light B7. THE NASA LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER, in external fields; optical rotation; refraction; pho- CLEVELAND. E. E. Callaghan, Lewis Research ton splitting; pair production; electromagnetic shock Center, N. A. S. A., Cleveland. Magnetics research waves; light-light scattering; vacuum Cerenkovradi- at the N. A. S. A. is aimed at a wide variety of ulti- ation and Cerenkov self-excitation. With the develop- mate uses. Studies are being made of plasma con- ment of extremely high ambient electromagnetic tainment, space radiation shielding, magnetohydro- fields certain of these effects should become access- dynamic power generation, magnetic nozzles for ible to experimental investigation. We plasmas, material properties, and heat transfer in give a brief outline of some of the theoretical concepts involved ionized gases. These projects are supported by a in the notion of " vacuum polarization" and discuss number of basic studies in such areas as magneto- some practical schemes of calculation-- -the classi- resistance and superconductivity. Theoretical and cal Born-Infeld theory and the quantum mechanical feasibility studies are being conducted in a number approach of Heisenberg and Euler. of related areas. This paper will review briefly our A summary of the order of magnitude of various experimental current efforts and the facilities which support them. effects is given. These facilities either have recently come into being or will be available in the near future and will C3. HIGH FIELDS FOR HIGH ENERGY PARTICLE include a large D. C. power supply, several large

ANALYSIS. Y. B. Kim, University ofWashington, * This work was supported in part by the U. S. Ato- Seattle. The application of pulsed magnetic fields, mic Energy Commission. energy particle physics 200 kg or higher, in high C5. THE NASA HOMOPOLAR SUPPLY. John C. to the two basic inter- will be discussed in reference Fakan, Lewis Research Center, NASA, Cleveland. with the charge of a actions: the field interactions The NASA-Lewis Research Center has available a or with the spin of the particle. particle in motion homopolar generator with a power rating of three with the charge enables one The field interaction megawatts which will furnish 100, 000 amperes at the momentum and charge of the parti- to determine 30 volts or 200, 000 amperes at 15 volts to the coils of high field use in this class, cle. As an example of water cooled or cryogenically cooled electromag- emulsion work with 200 kg the results of nuclear nets. The operating characteristics of this power be reported. The field interaction pulsed fields will source will be described and its advantage and dis- to the determination of magnetic with the spin leads advantages 4s a magnet power supply will be dis- the measurements of the magnetic moments. For cussed. Its flexibility and adaptability to several hyperons, high fields of 200 moment of shortlived configurations of coils and to coil conductor ma- appear imperative. Experiments along kg or higher terials of several kinds will be presented. this line will be discussed with emphasis on the role C6. THE GRAZ HOMOPOLAR GENERATOR. Peter of high fields. A. Klaudy, Techn. Hochschule, Graz, Austria. C4. NUCLEAR RESEARCH MAGNETS.*V. F. Peter- A homopolar generator (220 kw, 20 kA) using Hg- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. son, jet contacts built at Graz showed the following ad- Several types of pulsed high field magnets are now vantages over comparable ordinary D. C. genera- in use in photoproduction experiments at the Cal. tors: less weight per kW output, higher efficiencies Tech. 1. 5 Bev. electron synchrotron. The magnets higher, ripple-free output current, lower manufac- are designed to work from a 5 KV 30, 000 joule con- turing costs, and higher thermal inertia assuring denser bank with current rectification (50, 000 am- excellent overload characteristics due to: high peres peak, 1 millisecond half-period). One type, 2 current densities at jet contacts (>50 amp/mm ), the "Z -magnet" developed jointly with C. E. Roos hence space saving and lower contact losses com- (Vanderbilt University), is a Bitter-type solenoid pared with carbon or liquid ring brushes, excellent whose axial field of 160-200 kilogauss is used to con- contact cooling (liquid continuously replaced) allow- fine charged particles of small transverse momenta. ing high contact velocities (130 m/s and more), Neutral particles, or charged particles of greater hence reduced machine sizes; double use of rotor momentum (such as theZ+on y + p 3z ++ Ko), can and stator iron (for magnetc flux and current). can escape to emulsion detectors placed about lcm. High magnetic field generation requires current from a small target. The electron background is sources with above features. At present a much strongly suppressed. A second type, a pulsed uni- larger homopolar generator is under construction. form field " K-magnet " spectrometer, is being PULSED MOTOR-GENERATORS. Crawford G. used to detect low momentum K+ mesons. The C7. Moreland Inc., engineers, small size of this 900 air-core spectrometer (15cm. Adams, Jackson and ma- radius) minimizes decay loss of unstable particles. Boston. Since Kapitza' s work with rotating rotating machinery has The solid angle and momentum acceptance are lar- chinery, as a general rule, pulsed high magnetic ger than conventional iron-core spectrometers. In not been used for producing been that of order to obtain a uniform field transverse toparticle fields. One problem has generally durations of several motion over the entire volume, a sinO surface cur- energy storage for pulse is rent distribution is employed. Nearly half of the seconds. The MIT National Magnet Laboratory by using magnetic energy is stored in the useful aperture. obtaining pulses in the order of 5 seconds in large flywheels. It is Design features and operational experience will be mechanical energy stored discussed. also possible to obtain large amounts of power from

electrical systems for periods in the order of 20 cies. Experments will be described which are de- with relatively little disturbances to the seconds signed to study some of these plasma properties. electrical system. This is done by forcing the field D4. High-FIELD EFFECTS IN MAGNETOHYDRODY- of the synchronous motor which drives D. C. genera- NAMICS. W. R. Sears, Cornell University. Studies tors, so that the reactive drain ordinarily caused by of the equations for steady flow of electrically con- the changes in motor shaft output does not occur. This ducting fluids indicate that profound and sometimes is accomplished by forcing the field of the synch- anomalous effects will occur if strong magnetic ronous machine at the same time and in synchron- fields are present. These are most evident in " align- ism with the increasing D. C. machine output. In ed fields" flows, for which the main stream and the this way, within the thermal and mechanical limita- undisturbed applied field are parallel. The magnetic tions of the machinery, appreciable increases inthe field is " strong" if the magnetic pressure is much duration of the pulse can be obtained economically larger than the dynamic pressure of the stream; the because the stored energy of the entire utility sys- propogation speed of Alfven waves is then larger tem is used. This eliminates the requirement for than the stream speed, and gross effects such as local energy storage devices. " wakes" and standing waves may occur upstream of DI. HIGH FIELDS AND PLASMA PHYSICS. William an obstacle. Some of these phenomena are displayed P. Allis, Physics Dept., M. I. T. here, and questions of uniqueness of the flow patterns are discussed in the light of available evidence. D2. DIFFUSION OF ELECTRONS AND IONS. F. C. Hoh and B. Lehnert, Royal Institute of Technology, El. THE STELLARATOR. R. G. Mills, Princeton Stockholm. The motion of a charged particle in a University. A magnetic field has no effect on that magnetic field consists of a gyration around the lines component of velocity of a charged particle which is of force and of drift motions across and along the parallel to the field. To avoid prompt loss of a plas- field. There exist several mechanisms by which ma from the ends of a solenoidal field, it could be the particle can be displaced across the field. Part proposed to bend the shape into a closed torus, elim- of these, such as the drifts in external force fields inating the ends. The field inhomogeneitywhich results, and collision diffusion phenomena, follow directly however, destroys confinement. The modification of from the theory on stable and regular motion of a a toroidal field required to allow equilibrium confine- plasma. In addition, there exist mechanisms of a ment plus the provision of stability will be explained. complex nature by which charged particles can be Equilibrium is accomplished by a rotational trans- driven across the field at an enhanced rate. Phe- form, and stability is provided by shear. The mean- nomena of this kind may arise from instabilities and ings of these terms will be explained and examples electric and magnetic irregularities and from tur- given. bulence. In the present paper a review is given of E2. PLASMA CONFINEMENT IN MAGNETIC the research on the diffusion of an ionized gas across MIRROR FIELDS* F. H. Coensgen, Lawrence Radia- a magnetic field. Special attention is paid to the tion Laboratory University of California. The prob- behaviour of the positive column. lem of generating a hot plasma within a magnetic mirror field has long been the foremost problem in D3. RESONANCE EFFECTS IN A PLASMA. S. J. the investigation of plasma behavior in such fields. Buchsbaum, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Resently plasma densities of 10 to 1013 have been Murray Hill, New Jersey. A multicomponent plas- achieved in a number of experiments by various ma in a strong magnetic field possesses a number methods. These methods will be briefly described of degrees of freedom, i. e., resonant frequencies. with emphasis on the method of plasma injection by The dependence of these frequencies on the plasma which densities of the order of 1013 ions/cm 3 have and cyclotron frequencies of the various plasma con- been achieved. The results of the various experi - stituents will be discussed with emphasis on the properties of electron-ion and ion-ion hybrid frequen-

ments with regard to the important question of stable lands. The optical design of iron-free coils for ther- plasma confinement in magnetic mirror fields will monuclear research is discussed, taking into account be summarized. the scaling laws for the experiment. The scaling lavs indicate that the performance of the coils is express- E3. CUSPED GEOMETRIES.* D. C. Hagerman, Los ed by a quantity B L , where B is the magnetic field Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of Cali- strength in a characteristic point and L is a charac- fornia. The problem of magnetohydrodynamic insta- teristic length. Criteria for the optimal coil shape, bilities is a serious one in substantially all of the the choice of conductor material and the current den- approaches to a thermonuclear source of power. In sity are derived and the dependance of the optimal principle, these instabilities may be overcome if design on the parameter PA is discussed. everywhere the magnetic field lines curve away from the plasma; such a field configuration is known as a 1?.E8. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF FLUID COOLED ELEC- cusped geometry. A disadvantage of the cusped TROMAGNETS. R. E. Kronauer, Harvard University geometry is its relatively high particle loss rate It is the purpose of this paper to establish criteria by through the cusps; however, a number of methods which combinations of materials and coolant may be have been proposed to partially control the particle evaluated in their ability to produce high fields, and losses. Several laboratories currently are theo- to develop techniques for utilizing any given combin- retically and experimentally studying the injection ation at maximum efficiency or maximum capabil- and confinement of plasma in this type of field. ity. It was shown by Bitter that significant power * Work performed under the auspices of the U. S. economy could be effected by distributing current Atomic Energy Commission. optimally in the solenoid. When a significant fraction of magnet volume must be given over to cooling E4, INJECTION. J. Marshall, Los Alamos Scien- voids and load bearing structure the optimization tific Laboratory, University of California. process is difficult and requires the assistance of E5. SHOCK EFFECTS. A. C. Kolb, W. H. Lupton, computing machines. It is evident, however, that as U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington. To limiting performance levels are approached the frde- produce plasma temperatures in the kiloelectronvolt dom to adjust current is restricted. Passing over, range and high densities (Z10 electron/cm ) for the present, the more limited advantages which sec, mag- for times in excess of~ 10 a large pulse accrue to the best current distribution, it is possible con- net facility has been constructed. The system to determine the magnet size, the size of cooling sists essentially of a low inductance (-1 m Lh) 2 passages, fluid velocity and cooling void fraction megajoule capacitor bank connected to a long (lb 2 which minimize the required power. meters) single-turn coil with a 10 cm bore. Auxili- Fl. THE STORAGE AND TRANSFER OF ENERGY. ary capacitor banks are used to preionize and R. Carruthers, Atomic Energy Research Establish- Ohmic heat deuterium (-0. 1 mm Hg) contained in a ment, England. Pulsed magnetic fields require an quartz tube. The rapidly rising field from the main energy store which can be switched to the load coil bank discharge (up to-150 kilogauss with -20 meg- 11for the desired experimental period. At the end of amps) compresses and heats the plasma. Prelimi- this period the energy is removed from the load and nary results using one-third the bank at 11. 5 meg- either dissipated or returned to the store. amps will be described with a discussion of relevant Energy may be stored in a number of ways, as magnetohydrodynamic calculations and the over-all electric charge in a capacitor, as magnetic energy design considerations of the magnet facility. in an inductor, as kinetic energy in a mechanical E6. FUSION, ENGLAND. R. Carruthers, Atomic system (e. g. fly wheel), or as chemical energy (e. g. England. Energy Research Establishment, batteries or explosives). The appropriate method of E7. OPTICAL DESIGN OF SOLENOIDS. C. M. energy storage is determined by the rate of rise of Braams, FOM-Instituut voor Plasma-Fysica,Nether- magnetic field required and by the number of pulses

generated in the liquid conductor induces a magnetic needed before the apparatus is of no further use. The field in the same direction as the initial applied.field. paper discusses the various forms of energy storage As a result, the net magnetic field due to this flux in the light of these experimental requirements. concentration is predicted to be a function of the mag- The switching problems vary considerablybetween netic Reynolds' number and of the ratio of the radii the different forms of energy storage. Very high of the cylinder. The dependence of the stability of rates of rise call for spark gap type switches hand- the flow on the amplification of the magnetic field is ling high instantaneous powers, whilst the longer pul- also investigated. The measurements obtained are ses impose unusually arduous duties on mechanical in reasonable agreement with the theory. switches. Recent development work on both high and Supported in part by the Geophysics Research low pressure spark gaps and mechanical switches for * Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, use at voltages up to 100 kV and currents up to 200 kA Air Research will be described. and Development Command. H. H. Kolm, The practicability of inductor storage for energies ** Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. Ser. II, 5, 381 (1960), H. H. in the region of 100 megajoules and current rise times Kolm and 0. K. Mawardi, J.A. P. 32, 1296 (1961) of about 10 milliseconds has been studied. Work on the study of suitable circuits and the development of F4. FLUX CONCENTRATION BY IMPLOSION.* C. a circuit breaker to meet the onerous duty of trans- M. Fowler, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Uni - ferringcurrent from store to load will be reported. versity of California. Magnetic fields in excess of 10 megagauss have been produced bay using high explo- F2. FLUX CONCENTRATION BY STATIONARY CON- sives to compress the flux obtained from DUCTORS.* B. Howland and S. Foner,+ Lincoln Lab- initialfields of approximately a hundred thousand gauss. The ini- oratory, M. I. T. A design for high-efficiency flux tial fields are induced within thin-walled concentrators is described, and results of pulsed metal cylinders of from 3 to 4 inches inside diameter. Flux con- field tests are presented. Losses on the outer sur- centration is achieved upon compression of the metal face of the concentrator are reduced by imbedding the cylinders following detonation of the cylindrical ex- primary winding in a deep helical groove which is plosive rings surrounding them. The large fields ob- machined on the outer surface. In this way both leak-. tained are essentially axial, have a duration time of age inductance and radial forces between the pri - from 1-2 sec near peak value, occupy cylindrical mary winding and the outer surface of the concentra- volumes of 6-8 mm diameter and, for the experi tor are reduced. Losses on each current carrying - ments described here, have estimated lengths of 25- surface can be reduced by similar configurations. Re- 50 mm. Comparisons of measured sults of experiments with replacable inserts, which and calculated field-time histories are presented. may be used to vary the field distribution in the work- Some other explosive geometries, ing volume, are also summarized. Applications to in addition to the cylindrical geometry discussed systems with large field volumes are indicated. above, are described briefly. * Operated with the support of the Army, Navy and Work done under auspices of the U. S. Atomic Air Force. * Energy Commission. + Now at the M. I. T. National Magnet Laboratory, F5. FORCE-FREE PULSE COILS. F3. FLUX CONCENTRATION BY HYDROMAGNETIC M. A. Levine, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Bedford. FLOWS* 0. K. Mawardi, Case Institute of Technology A magnetic field coil is said to be force-free 1 Cleveland. The operating characteristics of a hydro- 2 in that region where I aB, where I is the current, is magnet** are discussed. In this liquid electromag- = a a scalar and B the magnetic net the exciting current is produced within it by forc- field. No finite isolated system can be wholly force-free 3 ing a liquid conductor to enter radially through the , however force- free regions can be used, in a manner analagous space between two concentric cylinders placed in an to a pressure transformer, to reduce the intensity of msg- axial magnetic field. The tangential current thus

netic field pressure. Single stage systems have been rise of about 1012 A/sec. The repetition rate of the designed utilizing an electrolytic analog plotting tank apparatus is 10 sec. Operational experiences, tech- which reduces the magnetic field intensity by one- nological test and development work, electrical and third and the magnetic field pressure to less than50% thermal control problems will be discussed, as well A multi-stage system has been designed which redu- as the intended test program at the CERN Proton Syn- ces the magnetic field to an arbitrarily low value. A chrotron. single stage system has been tested under pulse con- F8. PULSED FIELDS OF LONG DURATION. L. ditions. Force-free coils have not been of practical Roeland and F. A. Muller, Natuurkundig Laboratory significance in the production of intense magnetic of the University of Amsterdam. Experments onpro- fields utilizing conventional conductors because the perties such as crystal anisotropy and magnetostric- current densities and power requirements of such a tion of conducting materials in high magnetic fields coil are more severe than under conventional design. demand a long duration of this field and a consider- It appears probable that such coils will be widely ap- able experimental volume. Magnetic field pulses of plicable to the use of superconductors. about 300, 000 Oe lasting 1/10 second in a volume of 1. R. Lust and A. Schluter, Z. Astrophys. 34, 263 about 10 cm 3 have been aimed at. A fast reacting (1954). current source for very high currents has been de- 2. S. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A coil of unusually large dimension has been 42, 1 (1956). veloped. 3. H. P. Furth, M. A. Levine, and R. W. Waniek, designed, giving optimum field strength with the Rev. Sci. Instr. 28, 949 (1957). available power (2.5 MW). The constancy of the field 4. H. P. Furth, M. A. Levine, to be published. in a 1/10 second period will be better than 1/27. F6. MINIATURE COILS FOR PULSED FIELD RE- F9. HYDROGEN-COOLED PULSED MAGNETS. J. C. SEARCH. R. W. De Blois,General Electric Research A. vander Sluijs, Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Laboratory, Schenectady, New York. Pulsed mag - Nieuwsteeg, Leiden, The Netherlands. In this paper netic fields greater than 100 koe and of microsecond a brief review will be presented of experiments on duration are readily producible in millimeter-dia- pulsed magnetic fields in the Kamerlingh Onnes meter coils supplied by energy storage units of only Laboratory. The coils are operated at the tempera- several joules capacity. 1. Useful combinative experi- ture of liquid hydrogen with pulse durations of about ments on microgram-sized magnetic specimens 20 milliseconds. Data in field values and properties become feasible with such coils. Demonstrative ex- of materials used for reinforcement will be given. perimental results on the (H, P, T) depencence of the magnetic-state transitions of a single-crystal 10lg Gl. MAGNETO-OPTICAL PHENOMENA. B. Lax, specimen of MnAs will be presented. 2. Lincoln Laboratory*, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 1. R. W. De Blois, J. Appl. Phys. 32 (August 1961). nology. Magneto- optical phenomena have assumed 2. D. S. Rodbell and P. E. Lawrence, J. Appl. Phys, new significance in the study of the physical proper- 31, 275s (1960). ' ties of solids. The combination of low temperatures, development of improved single crystals and high F7PULSED BUBBLE CHAMBER. Wilfried, H. Berg- magnetic fields has provided greater resolution of mann, Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, Munich, spectral lines in the millimeter, infrared, optical Germany. The design of a 70 mm propane test bubble and x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. chamber operating in a pulsed magnetic field of up New phenomena have been discovered and exploited to 300 k oersted will be presented. The field coil is as a consequence. In semiconductors and metals, stu- a single turn cylinder simultaneously constitutingthe dies of intraband transitions involving magnetoplas - chamber body. The duration of the field maximum is ma, Faraday and Voigt effects and oscillatory effects of the order of 51.sec. The current maximum of 3 of free carriers have given important information mega-amperes is produced by a 18 k volt condenser about the band structure of these materials. Studies aggregate of 300 k joule energy storage with acurrert

of interband transitions utilizing magneto-absorption ther motion of the free charge carriers which may be and magnetoreflection techniques have elucidated the studied by observing the properties of a metal in a band properties of semiconductors. Data on the Zee- magnetic field are certain modes of plasma oscilla- man effect of impurities and excitons in semicon- tion. The plasma frequency usually considered is at ductors have been used to determine effective masses optical frequencies for metals, and is discussed else- and g-factors of electrons and holes. Magneto-opti- where in this symposium. But if several charge cal effects in magnetic materials include Faraday carriers of the same sign are present, there are rotation, Zeeman effect of paramagnetic, ferrimag- plasma modes corresponding to relative motion of netic and antiferromagnetic materials. Finally, the these charge carriers which are near cyclotron re- Mbssbauer effect in high external magnetic fields may sonance frequencies and therefore often in the micro- provide a clue about the electron configurations which wave range. Furthermore, these modes affect the are responsible for the internal magnetic fields in interaction of transverse electromagnetic waves with magnetic materials at the nuclei. the metal, even though the plasma oscillations them- * Operated with the support of the U. S. Army, Navy selves are longitudinal. These modes were discuss- and Air Force. ed for gas plasmas in an earlier session of this con- G2SPIN RESONANCE. N. Bloembergen, Harvard Uni- ference. Their field-frequency relation is the pro- versity, Cambridge, Mass. The contribution of perty of most interest thus far. magnetic spin resonance experiments in-very high G4. OSCILLATORY PHENOMENA. A. H. Kahn, fields to our present knowledge will be reviewed. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. Paramagnetic resonance in the presence of large A quantum treatment of electrical conductivity in crystalline field splittings, ferrimagnetic resonance high magnetic fields will be presented. It will be and antiferromagnetic resonance, spin waves, mag- shown how the transport coefficients and the magnetic netic relaxation, nuclear spin resonance and nuclear susceptibility display variations periodic in the recip- spin polarization, microwave and optical Faraday rocal of the magnetic field strength. The use of this rotation and optical Zeeman effects will be discussed. high field behavior in the determination of electronic Emphasis will be on the changes that occur when the band structures will be discussed. The scattering of applied magnetic field is increased by an order of conduction electrons by impurities is greatly modi- magnitude over conventional values. fied by the magnetic field. The effect on conductivity G3. CYCLOTRON RESONANCE. J. K. Galt, Bell will be discussed. TelephoneLaboratoriesMurray Hill, New Jersey. Hl. PULSED FIELD SUSCEPTIBILITY MEASURE- One of the important ways in which the band struc- MENTS*' R. Stevenson, Eaton Electronics Research ture of solids may be observed experimentally is to Laboratory, McGill University. A technique for per- study the motions of free charge carriers in the solid forming a measurement of magnetic susceptibility in in a magnetic field. These free carriers may have high pulsed fields is described, and the various diffi- to be created, as in semiconductor studies at low culties are indicated. Typical results are presented. temperature by shining light on the sample under Most of the substances examined showed no change in study. In any case, however, the most important mo- their properties when subjected to the high field, how- tion involved is the orbital motion about the field ever several compounds of manganese exhibited a well which occurs with the cyclotron frequency. The field defined increase in susceptibility. The size of the for this " cyclotron" resonance determines theeffec- increase can be correlated with the low-field proper- tive mass, or a more fundamental parameter related ties of these compounds, and the hypothesis is put to it. If the constant energy contours for the charge forward that the high field alters the mechanism of carriers as they orbit around the field are not circles, exchange coupling. several aspects of the anisotropy may be determined * Supported by the Office of Naval Research and in from the study of cyclotron resonance effects. Ano- part by the Defence Research Board (Canada).

H2. PULSED FIELD MAGNETIZATION MEASURE- Fe, In, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sn and Zn. MENTS IN COMPOUNDS. I. S. Jacobs, General The measuring equipment used is described. Electric Research Laboratory, Schenectady, New H5. PULSED FIELD MAGNETORESISTANCE York. Magnetization curves, M vs. H, are readily MEASUREMENTS IN SEMI-CONDUCTORS. J. A. measured in pulsed fields (H- 200 koe) by pickup Hulbert, Royal Radar Establishment, Great Malvern, coil techniques. The magnetization behavior of ma- Worcestershire, England. Measurements of mag- terials in high fields can yield useful information netoresistance in oriented single crystals of germa- whether the material be paramagnetic, ferromagne- nium and III - V compound semi-conductors, in pul- tic, ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic or some com- sed magnetic fields up to 400 KOe, and at tempera- bination of these. Among the possible observations tures between 4 0 K and 3000K are described. The are a failure to achieve saturation; the value of the possibility of obtaining band structure information spontaneous moment and the presence or absence of from the data is discussed. a differential susceptibility at high fields quantita- tively characterizing a nonferromagnetic interaction; H6. SUSCEPTIBILITY AND MAGNETIZATION OF and relatively abrupt changes in M indicating anti- RARE EARTHS. W. E. Henry, Research Laboratory ferromagnetic spin-flopping, metamagnetic behavior, Lockhead Missiles and Space Company, Palo Alto, or first order transformations. Examples of these California. Interest in magnetic atomic constants types of behavior will be presented. and exchange interactions of magnetic assemblies,in H3. PULSED FIELD RESONANCE MEASUREMENTS. which the magnetism arises from unpaired f elec- S. Fonert Lincoln Laboratory, * Massachusetts, trons, has prompted us to attempt magnetic satura- Institute of Technology, Applications of pulsed field tion (at high continuous fields and low temperatures) techniques to magnetic resonance experiments are and general susceptibility studies of rare earth me- summarized, and examples of such experiments in tals. The study in progress embodies randomly oriented polycrystalline paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic, materials in comparison with and diamagnetic solids are presented. Particular preferentially oriented crystals and some single cry- advantages and limitations of the pulsed field tech- stals. In order to assess the effect of s-f coupling, nique are reviewed for these experiments. Some experiments are being carried out for comparison of possibilities of complementary pulsed field magnetic atoms in the metal with ions and complexes in com- moment measurements are also briefly considered pounds. The effect of the crystalline electric field in for a few specific examples in order to compare the the lattice is being studied. type of information obtainable with these methods. H7. MAGNETORESISTANCE OF METALS AND SEMI- Many of these experiments do not require pulsed mag- METALS. S. Tanuma, Tohoku University, The netic fields if the appropriate D. C. field or high fre- Research Institute for Iron, Steel and Other Metals. quency source is available. Practical cases which Magnetoresistance measurements of bismuth and bis- require a rapidly changing magnetic field will also be muth-antimony alloy single crystals were made in discussed. continuous high magnetic fields up to 100 kilogauss * Operated with support from the U. S. Army, Navy and in pulsed fields up to several hundred kilogauss. and Air Force The longitudinal magnetoresistance in bismuth show- + Now at the MIT National Magnet Laboratory, ed an abnormally large negative effect and the beha- H4. PULSED FIELD MAGNETORESISTANCE vior of resistance versus field curves was to be found MEASUREMENTS IN METALS. P. Cotti, B. Luthi, strongly size dependent. and J. L. Olsen,.Swiss Federal Institute of Tech- The shift of Fermi energy with antimony concen- nology, Zurich. Recent pulsed field magnetoresis- tration in bismuth-antimony alloys was investigated tance measurements on polycrystalline metals at low by using the transverse galvanomagnetic effects in- temperatures are summarized and discussed. Work cluding both oscillatory and quantum limit conditions. in Zurich has yielded results for: Ag, Al, Au, Cu,

results are compared with existing models Magnetoresistance of copper-nickel alloys is also of the Fermi being measured in order to investigate the touched surface. An experimental observation of magnetic breakdown in magnesium amount of Fermi surface of the alloy on the Brillouin is also reported. zone boundary. 11. SUPERCONDUCTOR FIELDS. W. F. Gauster, H8. HIGH FIELD RESEARCH AT TOHOKU UNIVER- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenne- ssee. The analysis SITY. S. Maeda, The Research Institute for Iron, of magnetic fields inside current carrying Steel and Other Metals, Tohoku University. A high winding is necessary for calculating the field magnet has been constructed at Tohoku Univer- mechanical forces acting on the conductors. For sity using some new ideas; 1) The electric power superconducting solenoids, this field analysis be- source uses a 350 V, 10 KA mercury arc rectifier;it comes especially important in view of the transi- is able to generate both steady and pulsed fields. 2) tion from the superconducting to the regular state of The reservoir for cooling water for the coils a spe- the winding elements. A few simple cases of superconducting coil cially designed tank of 200 tons capacity and it has designs are shown in which the analysis of two membranes made of rubber for the purpose of the internal magnetic field leads immediately separating hot and cool water. 3) Three Bitter type to criteria for optimization of the total volume of the superconductors. coils have been used for generation of steady fields, The general volume optimization one of which is of Helmholtz type with an adaptable problem for superconducting solenoids is discussed, iron core (50 KOe. 60 mm in inside diameter) and and practically important special solutions by means the others are longitudinal (120 KOe. 60 mm in in- of iteration methods are shown. side diameter). 12. THE METHOD OF ZONAL HARMONICS. M. W. One Bitter type small coil without cooling holes Garrett, Department of Physics, Swarthmore College. has been constructed for generation of pulsed fields, Advantages and limitations of the method of zonal which has an inside diameter of 15 mm. harmonics for magnetic field calculations and sys- Some methods for measuring magnetic properties tem design will be discussed. A flexible program such as susceptibility and anisotropy in continuous and subroutines using this method have been written and pulsed fields will be discussed. for the IBM 7090 computer. Axial and radial field components, H9. SIZE EFFECTS IN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS. and the vector potential, are computed to better than one part P. Cotti, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zur- permillion, at all points within ich. The resistivity of pure metals at low tempera- the vacuum of a thick coil system such as the Oak ture is size dependent, when the electronic free path Ridge DCX-2 magnet, in a few tenths of a secondper field becomes comparable with or greater than the size of point. The working speed, of the order of 30 times faster the sample. Associated with this size effect are size than that of competing methods using the same computer, effects in the magnetoresistance. These have been is sufficient to permit the detailed tracing of investigated in pulsed longitudinal and transverse ion orbits through hundreds of revolutions in such a field. magnetic fields up to 100 kOersted in very pure In- 13. ANALOGUE dium and Aluminium. METHODS. K. E. Wakefield, Plas- ma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University. H10. DE HAAS-VAN ALPHEN EFFECT IN PULSED Uses of resistance analogues to synthesize and ana- FIELDS. M. G. Priestley, Institute for the Study of lyze magnetic fields are briefly reviewed, and the Metals, University of Chicago. Techniques of pro- advantages and disadvantages of such devices dis- ducing long high-homogeneity pulsed fields of 200kil- cussed. Recent digital computer approaches to the ogauss are described. A comprehensive study using solution of these problems are based on similar nets, these techniques, of the de Haas-van Alphen effect in and have proven to be useful in certain applications magnesium is reported, together with some new data where detailed knowledge of the field over large on aluminium and some new results of Mr. B. R. regions is required. Several of these applications Watts on beryllium, platinum and other metals. The

are discussed. The criteria to be met in using these equivalent surface poles has been explored by sever - network methods are outlined. al authors, This work is enlarged and the results compared with the performance of a wide range of 14. A METHOD OF CONTROLLING MAGNETIC FLUX commercial magnets. Magnet circuits can also be PATH. U. R. Christensen, Project Matterhorn, analyzed by a volume integral of dipoles. This re- Princetnn University, This paper discusses the prob- moves the restriction of uniform magnetization and lem of finding the direction of the axis of each one of allows the optimum direction of magnetization to be a set of coils so that a particular tube of flux will explored. General results are given for iron cylin- follow-as closely as possible a given geometric path. ders, and a number of specific tapered poles are ana- It is assumed that the location of the coil centers are lyzed. A computer program utilizing the volume di- already known and that the desired flux path is realiz- pole treatment is discussed. The homogeneity of able-with this coil distribution. fields in the gaps of magnets is presented in the form 15. HIGH POWER SOLENOID WITH EXTERNAL MAG- of a Taylor series of error coefficients, and these NETIC CIRCUIT. P. P. Cioffi, Bell Telephone La- are compared with actual performance. boratories, Inc. Murray Hill, New Jersey. The field 18. NEW SOLENOID MAGNETS. F. Gaume, Univer- in a solenoid can be expressed in terms of the applied sity of Lyon, France. Solenoid designs are studied mmf and effective length of field path. The lattert , using disks or helices, giving a current density dis- a function of the geometry factor and axial length, in- tribution having the form: i = (i /y) f(x) (French creases for short solenoids faster than axial length patent C. N. R. S. n 1 209 196). Substantial economy and subsequently approaches it asymptotically for long in power requirements is easily achieved in various solenoids. An advantage is gained with an external cases: Magnetic field as intense as possible in a magnetic circuit when ig is greater than the axial given volume; very uniform fields; maximum differ- length. With 1600 kw input, a Bitter solenoid with 2. 5 ence in magnetic potential between two given points; in throat diameter should develop a field of 120, 000 oe etc. Some examples, numerical data and graphs are with an optimum stack height of 4. 5 in. when a ton of presented. permendur is used in the external magnetic circuit. This conclusion emerges both from magnetic circuit 19. MAGNETOMETRY. P. Grivet, Universite de theory and from dipole theory. Without the magnetic Paris, Laboratoire d' Electronique et de Radioelec- circuit, the same solenoid will develop a field of 8,O00 tricite. Tentative classification of high fields and of oe. the chief difficulties encountered in their measurement; steady fields (20-200 kG) : non uniformity or 16. EFFICIENCY CRITERIA FOR IRON MAGNETS. D. low temperature environment-pulsed fields: short de Klerk and C. J. Gorter, Kamerlingh Onnes Labora- duration (ms range) or very short duration (14s range) tory der Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. In general it is nonuniformity, high mechanical forces onconductors, difficult to compare the numerical field data for iron high induced tensions and breakdown danger. Methods core electromagnets as given in the literature. It of measurement: proves to be possible to give an efficiency criterion 1) Measurement of high currents and correlation to by plotting the maximum field values as a function of the fields. log V/v, where v is the volume of the field space, and 2) Measurement of fields by the induction law V the total volume of the magnet (iron and copper). It -Slow (ms) integration of induced e. m. f.with is found that a correct distribution of the iron and the a galvanometer-photocell fluxmeter windings around the field gap is of paramount impor- -Fast electronic integration of induction e. m. tance. Even a factor of a hundred can be saved in the f. and quantized digital counting. weight of the magnet by an economical construction. 3) Direct measurement of fields through physical 17. THE AUXILIARY USE OF IRON. D. B. Montgom- transducers ery, M. I. T. National Magnet Laboratory. The cal- -Nuclear resonance and compensation of in- culation of gap fields in iron magnets by means of homogeny; examination of the possibilities

of a nuclear maser and of pulsed field excitation of a magnetic field on electronic or nuclear moments, 2) the -Faraday effect for light effect of a magnetic field on the motion of electrons in a solid. In both these -Hall effect in high fields and Hall plates; cases low tempera - magnetoresistance effects tures enhance the effect of the magnetic field. Topic -Tentative examination of other possible mag- (2), in which the influence of temperature comes in netic transducer. mainly through the mean free path will be delt with only briefly - several papers presented at the con- 110. FORCE REDUCED TOROIDAL SYSTEMS. R. G. ference cover this aspect. The emphasis will be on Mills and D. R. Wells, Project Matterhorn, Prince- the discussion of case (1) especially of magnetic and ton University. The many " force-free" conductor nuclear cooling and the use - as well as misuse - of systems that can be found are physically unrealiz- very intense magnetic fields in such work. able since they must be infinite. The virial theorem J2. applied to finite conductor geometries requires non- GALVANO-THERMO-MAGNETIC EFFECT. D.K. C. MacDonald and I. zero forces applied at some points of the conductor M. Templeton, Division of Pure Physics, National Research system to maintain equilibrium. It is possible to de- Council, Ottawa. Pre- vious sign systems in which the force densities are signi- work in our laboratory has shown that a magnetic field may prove ficantly less than those present in conventional coils. to be a very useful tool in the interpretation of low temperature These have been called " force-reduced' systems. It thermoelectric measurements. is possible, for example, to eliminate forces com- However, the problems of providing satisfactory pletely from critical parts of the design. A descrip- thermoelectric "reference" standards, of thermometry, tion of design techniques and examples of applica- and even of suitable circuits for tions will be given. measurements under a magnetic field app.ear to us rather severe. We shall discuss these problems, Ill. FIELD COILS FOR MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC some possible solutions, and some of the experi - GENERATORS. Z. J. J. Stekly, T. A. de Winter and ments we hope to perform with both steady and (poss- A. El Bindari, Avco-Everett Research Laboratory, ibly) pulsed fields. Everett, Mass. The basic requirements for MHD J3. THE generator coils are set forth and performance of a CRYOGENIC MAGNET PROGRAM AT LOS ALAMOS. H. Laquer, typical MHD generator with room temperature, cry- I. * Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New ogenically cooled, and superconducting coils is ana- Mexico. Some of the problems encountered in lyzed. Various geometric configurations are consi- operating electromagnets in liquid cryogenic dered for producing high magnetic fields paralleland environments will be discussed, in particular heat transfer, perpendicular to the axis of a cylindrical volume. thermal stability, choice of power supply and methods These configurations are compared on the basis of of electric power transmission from ambient temperatures into the cryo- maximum field per unit power expenditure, maxi - genic medium. Recent measurements on the residual mum field per unit mass of conductor, uniformity of and magneto resistances of aluminum foils of vary- field in the.region of interest, and stress limitations. ing purity and on critical currents for Nb 3Sn Comparison is made between uncooled, cooled, cry- ribbon of varying thickness will ogenically cooled and superconducting coils. Their also be reported. These data may serve as respective areas of application are defined and the a guide in the design of low tem- problems associated with each are discussed. perature coils. * Work performed under the auspices of the U. S. J1. LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS IN HIGH FIELDS Atomic Energy Commission. N. Kurti, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University. J4. AN ALUMINUM From among the many uses of intense magnetic fields MAGNET COOLED WITH LIQUID HYDROGEN. J. R. Purcell in experiments at low temperature, one may single and Errol G. Payne. A high field, steady state magnet has out two broad groups, characterised by: 1) the effect been developed that utilizes liquid-hydrogen forced-convection cool-

ing. The solenoid is constructed of stacked reels Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. Murray Hill, wound with high purity aluminum foil, and employs New Jersey. Studies of the superconducting proper- unique radial ducts for coolant flow. This design ties of several materials have shown that current den- allows for high stacking factor, low current require- sities high enough to be useful for superconducting ments and simplicity of construction, along with a magnets can be expected at magnetic fields of at least minimum of total power needs. The construction of 200 kgauss in materials such as Nb3Sn. At the pre- the magnet and auxiliary equipment is described, and sent time, the most reasonable explanation for the the results of preliminary testing are given. existence of "hard" superconductors with disloca- tions. Results of investigations that have lead to the J5. A LARGE LIQUID NEON COOLED ALUMINUM MAGNET. J. C. Laurence and G. V. Brown, Lewis above conclusions as well as considerations concern- Research Center, NASA, Cleveland. Magneto-resis- ing the application of various superconductors to the tance measurements have shown that high purity alu- construction of magnets will be discussed. minum (99. 999 pure) is a suitable material of which K2. CONCEPTION AND DESIGN OF LARGE VOLUE to construct an electromagnet cooled cryogenically to SUPERCONDUCTING SOLENOID. * L. J. Donadieu 0 the range of 20-30 K. This paper describes thede- and D. J. Rose, Nuclear Engineering and Research sign and construction of an aluminum magnet and the Laboratory of Electronics, M. I. T. The advantageof associated closed-cycle liquid neon refrigeration superconducting magnets are most evident in large plant which will be used to cool it. The magnet is volume applications. The various problems involved large-inside diameter 30cm, outside diameter 100 cnM in the design of such apparatus are analyzed and pos- and length 200 cm - to provide for a uniform center sible solutions are explored. These include magnetic field in excess of 100 K gauss and mirror ends with a problems such as electric connection and insulation, ratio of 2: 1. The magnet will be used for ion-cyclo- force containment, magnetic energy dissipation, tron-resonance experiments and general magnetic start-up and control circuitry; as well as cryogenic field research. problems such as heat leakage caused by radiation and' conduction through electrical and mechanical con- J 6. PRECOOLED SOLENOIDS FOR MULTISECOND PULSES. H. Zijlstra, Metallurgical Laboratory, nections, transient effects of initial cool-down and N. V. Phillips' Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven, accidental quenching, and helium and nitrogen meta- the Netherlands. For the investigation of metallic bolism and manipulation. Finally, as an example, we describe the design of a 40 kilogauss supercon- ferromagnetic materials with an anisotropy field of ducting solenoid of 8 inch diameter and 4 foot length the order of 105 oersteds, magnetic field strength of being constructed at M. T. the same order of magnitude were required. As a I. Work supported partly by the Army, Navy, Air consequence of the conductivity of the samples it was * Force, NSF and ARPA. necessary to extend the duration of these fields to several seconds in order to avoid eddy currents in K3. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS. S. H. Autler, the sample. A versatile and cheap solution was found Lincoln Laboratory, M. I. T. The past, present and in the use of a solenoid, precooled by liquid nitrogen future of superconductors in the generation of mag- and fed by a 100kW D. C. motor generator. During a netic fields will be discussed. The relevant proper- measuring cycle, in which the magnetization as a ties of superconductors will be carefully defined and function of field strength is measured, the coil dis- then applied to the design of magnets for use in the sipates the supplied power into its own heat capacity laboratory, masers, plasma containment, etc. The which involves a cooling cycle of about 15 minutes principles governing the choices of materials, cryo- between two measuring cycles. The construction of stat design, power supply and switching circuits will the coil and some results will be described. be illustrated for various types of magnets. Those Kl. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN HIGH FIELDS AT magnets built to date will be surveyed and an attempt made to evaluate the feasibility of energy stor- HIGH CURRENT DENSITIES. J. E. Kunzler,

of 4000 gauss. A method of quantitating would heal- age, alternating fields, pow'er transmission and ing and inflammatory response has been devised for other future applications of superconductors. measuring repair and regeneration in these instances. * Operated with support from the U. S. Army, Navy, The data suggests that magnetic fields cause a gener- and Air Force. al physiologic response rather than a direct effect on the phenomena observed, K4. MAGNETIC RADIATION SHIELDING. G. V. i. e. on wounded tissues. It is theorized that the Brown, Lewis Research Center, National Aeronau- effect is caused by paramagnetic molecules of tics and Space Administration, Cleveland, Ohio. enzyme-substrate intermediates. Recent discoveries of superconducting materials M3. ENHANCEMENT OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE with very high critical fields offer the possibility of AGGLUTINATION BY CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIEI.DS. shielding manned space vehicle cabins from Van E. Hackel, A. E. Smith and D. J. Montgomery, Allen belt radiations and from cosmic rays of ener- Michigan State University, East Lansing. Various gies up to perhaps a few BeV. A strong magnetic antisera (anti-D, anti-C, and anti-E of the Rh series; field of suitable geometry could deflect incoming anti-A and anti-B were tested with suspensions of charged particles to shield a region internal to the human erythrocytes in physiological saline. During field from the particles. A smaller-volume oppos- incubation, the specimens were subjected to moder- ing field could cancel the shielding field to make the ately strong constant fields set up by permanent mag- cabin itself field-free. The feasibility of replacing nets. With each of the anti-Rh sera agglutination was bulky material shields by such a magnetic shield enhanced over controls placed near dummy magnets. generated by superconducting coils is examined. The effect appears to be due primarily to inhomo- geneity in the magnetic field. With negative cells, no Ll. BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC agglutination was caused by the magnetic fields. With FIELDS. H. Fernandez-Moran, Massachusetts Gen- anti-A and anti-B sera agglutination was not enhanced eral Hospital, Boston, Mass. Review and PanelDis- indicating that the effect is specific. The effects of cussion. incubation as well as titer and type of antibody will Ml. COMPARISON OF THE MAGNETIC PROPER- be discussed. TIES OF WATER IN TRANSPLANTABLE HEPATO- M4. EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON LIVING MA AND NORMAL LIVER TISSUE IN RATS. F. E. CELLS AND ORGANISMS. (Mrs.) I. L. Mulay and Senftle and A. N. Thorpe. A quartz helical spring L. N. Mulay, Chemistry Department, University of balance is described for making magnetic-suscepti- Cincinnati. The purpose of this investigation is to bility measurements of tissue at temperatures as study the effects of magnetic field on living materials low as 770 K. Low-temperature measurements' of so as to obtain more information on its basic nature. frozen normal liver tissue and hepatoma tissue of Drosophila melanogaster, sarcoma 37 ascites tumor rats showed distinct differences in magnetic-sus- cells, and embryonic tissues were selected for the ceptibility. Comparison of the temperature curves investigation. Magnetic field in the range of 200-8000 for the two kinds of tissue suggest that these differ- oersteds derived from permanent Alnico magnets was ences are due to the water or the way the water is used. For tumor studies, hanging drop cultures were held. prepared from a seven day old transplanted mouse M2. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS tumor. The culture slides were exposed to varying ON ANTIBODY TITER, WOUND HEALING AND IN- intensity magnetic field, 200-8000 oersteds, at a con- 0 FLAMATION. L. Gross, B. Gottfried, and L. W. stant temperature of 37 C. The microscopic exami- Smith, Waldemar Medical Research Foundation,PTrt nation was carried out peroidically. After 18 hours, Washington, New York. Evidence is presented that cells exposed to high intensities of magnetic field, homogeneous magnetic fields delay the rise of anti- 4000 - 8000 oersteds, showed complete degeneration, body titer in mice. Wound healing and inflamation whereas control tumor cells showed normal growth. is also delayed in mice housed in magnetic fields

Use copy created from Institute Archives record copy. © Massachusetts Institute of Technology ------F- MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. News Office (AC0069)

Magnetic field of low intensities 200 - 1500 oersteds N2. EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON DEVEL- had no apparent effect on the tumor cells. For study- OPMENT OF DROSOPHILA AND ARBACIA. D. E. ing the effects of magnetic field on normal cells and Beischer, U. S. Naval School of Aviation Medicine, tissues, hanging drop cultures were made from em- Pensacola, Florida. Two Generations of fruit flies bryonic mouse and chick heart tissues on plasma were observed during continuous exposure to uniform clot, and treated as before. The magnetic field in magnetic fields of different intensities up to a field the range of 200-8000 oersteds had no visible effects strength of 20, 000 gauss. No unusual changes were on normal embryonic tissues. For Drosophila stu- noticed with the exception that the adult flies were dies young flies were exposed to magnetic field of more agile than the control flies. The development varying intensity, 600-8060 oersteds, and allowed to of sea urchin eggs in non-uniform field distinctly ad- lay eggs in the field. First and second generations verse to the development process during the first20 were also grown for the entire period in the magne- days. tic field. All exposed and control organisms were N3. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS PRODUCING INTRA- examined for physiological and genetic changes. Sev- CORPORAL HYPERTHERMIA IN AN EXPERIMEN- eral body deformities were observed. Studies with TAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD. W. D.. Shorey, other organisms like bacteria, parameceum, and R. C. Hanselman, R. K. Gilchrist, and R. W. amoeba showed no apparent visible effects due to Sessions, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois. magnetic field in the range of 200-8000 oersteds. In the course of determining the maximum time that These results clearly showed that magnetic field has experimental animals can tolerate an electromagne- a preferential action on certain living cells and or- tic field such as used in our previous work,* we ganisms. The following postulates have been profound wide variations in the rise of temperature of posed to elucidate these effects. (i) The chemical specific organs and the 50 M. L. D. Experiments components in the cells have varying magnitude of were devised to determine the cause of these vari- magnetic susceptibility representing the diamagnetic ations. In rabbits this was found to be due tohyper- and the permanent and any transient paramagnetic thermia secondary to heating of gastric and colonic contributions. Hence, the permanent and any tran - contents. This heating effect remained constant irre- sient components will experience varying forcesun- spective of fundamental changes in the characteris- der the influence of the magnetic field. (ii) Although tics of diet or amount of air present in the stomach. these forces are small, from a macroscopic point of Reasons are presented to show that this thermal view, they may be appreciable to upset the delicate response is that of induction heating of such mater- balance (chemical or other equilibria) inside and out- ial by this type of electromagnetic field. Evidence side the cell. (iii) Such changes are assumed, at will be presented to show that if the gastrointestinal least in part, to produce the degenerationof the cells. tract is free of contents that the stomach, liver, NI. SOME INFLUENCES OF WEAK MAGNETIC spleen, and the kidneys heat at a fairly constant low FIELDS ON ANIMAL ORIENTATION. F. A. Brown rate and that the time that such experimental animals Jr., Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. may tolerate exposure to an electromagnetic field is Studies in orientation of animals as widely diverse markedly prolonged. This work suggests that pa- as snails, flatworms, fruit-flies and protozoans ori- tients properly prepared may tolerate such a field ented in the earth' s magnetic field and subjected to for a prolonged period without danger. Thus we are variously oriented experimental fields with the hori- encouraged in the hope that we can heat magnetic tar- zontal component ranging in strength from 0. 04 to get material with only local thermal effects. 10 gauss, indicating the orientation to be affected by * Controlled Radio-Frequency Generator for Pro- small differences in strength and direction of the ductions of Localized Heat in Intact Animal. Richard fields. The character of the organismic responses Medal, B.S., R.K. Gilchrist, M.D., WalterBarker, exhibits rhythmic alterations regulated by the bio- M. D., and Russell Hanselman, M. D., Chicago. A. logical clocks.

M. A. Archives of Surgery, Sept. 1959, Vol. 79, pp. 427-431.

N4. M. Barnothy and J. Barnothy. University of Illinois, College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois. Abstract not available.

N5. RELATION BETWEEN NATURAL MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY AND THE INCIDENCE OF PSY- CHOTIC DISTURBANCES IN THE HUMAN POPULA- TION. R. 0. Becker, Veterans Administration Hos- pital, Syracuse, New York. A highly statistically significant relationship between the daily K-sum index measured at the Fredericksburg Magnetic Ob- servatory and the number of psychiatric admissions to a veterans hospital with a one day lag time has been found. In view of the physical relationship between solar flares and magnetic disturbances the flare-disease index correlation was evaluated. Again a significant correlation is found but with a lag time of three days. Possible coupling mechanisms be - tween the geo-magnetic environment and Vie biological system will be discussed. N6. RESULTS OBTAINED BY EXPOSURE OF PA- TIENTS WITH TERMINAL CANCER TO INCREASED MAGNETIC FIELDS. K. S. MacLean, 135 East Sixty- fifth Street, New York 21, New York. Mammary- cancer-prone mice (C3H strain) were exposed to increased magnetic fields. This resulted in the retar- dation, suppression and prevention of cancer, a pro- longation of life, a lessening of hostility and other behavior changes. Patients with terminal cancers are now being subjected to increased magnetiefields. For a time permanent magnets were used. Electro- magnets are proving more efficient. Progress is evaluated by careful clinical studies including ront- gengrams, biopsies and photographs. The problem was and still is how to supply adequate magnetic force longenough for therapeutic effect. Typical case reports will be presented. In every case pain has been relieved, sensorium cleared and life prolonged.

Henry . Kolm MTNational Magnet Laboratory Cabridge 39, \Mass