PLATES, MAPS AND FIGURES

Plates 1 The seal of Robert Fitzwalter, c. 1213–19. © The Trustees of the British Museum. 2 St Sergios and St Bacchus depicted as thirteenth-century Turcopole officers, c. 1250–60. Reproduced by permission of Archbishop Damianos and the Fathers of the Monastery of St Catherine. Photograph reproduced by permission of Elizabeth Bolman and Jaroslav Folda. 3 The Tomb of the Virgin, Jerusalem. Reproduced by permission of Amy Tibble. 4 The Tomb of Queen Melisende, inside the Tomb of the Virgin, Jerusalem. Reproduced by permission of Amy Tibble. 5 Coin featuring Tancred, regent of Antioch. Reproduced by permission of the Museum of the Order of St John and University of Birmingham. 6 Mid-thirteenth-century icon of St George. © The Trustees of the British Museum. 7 Thirteenth-century sword. © The Trustees of the British Museum. 8 ‘Nasal’ helmet. Sandstein/Macesito. 9 Earthenware tile depicting Richard I in combat. © The Trustees of the British Museum. 10 Twelfth-century statue of a , including his shield. G. Garitan. 11 Illustration of a siege from a fourteenth-century French manuscript. © The British Library Board. 12 The Tower of David, Jerusalem. Reproduced by permission of Amy Tibble. 13 Frankish royal palace, Jerusalem. Reproduced by permission of Amy Tibble.

ix x PLATES, MAPS AND FIGURES

14 Crac des Chevaliers. Xvlun. 15 Caesarea. Andrew Shiva. 16 The Tower of Flies, Harbour of Acre. Yuval Y. 17 Battle beneath the walls of a town, Egyptian painting, twelfth–thirteenth century. © The Trustees of the British Museum. 18 Portrait of by Ismail al-Jazari (1136–1206). 19 Saladin captures the True Cross from , illumination by Matthew Paris, Chronica maiora I, thirteenth century. 20 Statue of Saladin by Abdallah al-Sayed, , 1993. Omar al-Shami.

Maps Map 1 Modern and Medieval (I): The South xv Map 2 Modern and Medieval (II): The North xvi Map 3 The Near East in the Twelfth Century 9 Map 4 Pulses of Nomadic Activity in the Middle East, c. 1064–1187 17 Map 5 Early Frontier Castles 174 Map 6 Isolating Ascalon 182 Map 7 The County of Edessa 199 Map 8 The County of Tripoli 201 Map 9 Egypt and the Latin 213 Map 10 The Principality of Antioch 253 Map 11 The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 301 Map 12 The Hattin Campaign 322

Table Table 1 Symmetry and Intensity of Warfare 53

Plans Plan 1 Magna Mahomeria and its Environs 92 Plan 2 The Battle of Jaffa, 1192 152 Plan 3 Tyre 162 Plan 4 Blanchegarde and Kerak: Comparative Plans on a 192 Constant Scale Plan 5 Belvoir: The Killing Zones of a New Castle 196 Plan 6 The Battle of Ascalon, 1099 228 Plan 7 The Battle of Tell Danith, 1115 266 Plan 8 The Battle of Ager Sanguinis, 1119 284