Kingdom of Heaven Rulebook

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Kingdom of Heaven Rulebook RULES OF PLAY TABLE OF CONTENTS Rules of Play ........................................................................3 11. Interception ................................................................13 1. Introduction ....................................................................3 11.1 When Can An Interception Occur? .................................13 2. Game Components .......................................................3 11.2 Resolving an Interception Attempt ...................................13 2.1 Inventory .......................................................................................3 11.3 Successful Interceptions ........................................................14 2.2 Map ...............................................................................................3 11.4 Combining Interceptions and Avoidance ........................14 2.3 The Playing Pieces .......................................................................3 12. Avoiding Battles .........................................................14 2.4 The Cards ......................................................................................4 12.1 Avoiding Battle .......................................................................14 3. Important Definitions ..................................................4 12.2 Combining Interceptions and Avoidance ........................14 12.3 Continuation ...........................................................................14 4. Setting up the Game .....................................................5 12.4 Shadowing ................................................................................15 4.1 Units, Leaders and Strongholds ..............................................5 4.2 Political Status Markers .............................................................5 13. Battles ...........................................................................16 4.3 Event Deck ...................................................................................5 13.1 When Battles Occur ..............................................................16 4.4 Rules Precedence ........................................................................5 13.2 Resolving Battles.....................................................................16 13.3 Winning a Battle ....................................................................17 5. Sequence of Play .............................................................6 13.4 Pursuit .......................................................................................17 5.1 Replacement Phase (skip this phase on Turn 1) .................6 13.5 Taking Losses ...........................................................................17 5.2 Mustering Phase (Skip this Phase on Turn 1) ......................6 13.6 Leader Casualties ....................................................................17 5.3 Deal Strategy Cards (and Ransom) .......................................6 Leader Loss Table ............................................................................17 5.4 Determine Initiative ...................................................................6 13.7 Aftermath .................................................................................17 5.5 The Strategy Phase ......................................................................6 5.6 Demobilization Phase ...............................................................6 14. Retreats ........................................................................18 5.7 End of Turn ..................................................................................6 14.1 Retreat Procedure ...................................................................18 5.8 Victory ...........................................................................................6 15. Attrition .......................................................................18 6. Replacement Phase ........................................................6 15.1 When Attrition Occurs ........................................................18 6.1 Taking Replacements .................................................................6 15.2 Attrition Procedure ...............................................................18 6.2 Neutral Powers ............................................................................7 16. Demobilization ..........................................................19 7. Mustering Phase .............................................................7 16.1 How Demobilization Occurs .............................................19 7.1 Placing Leaders ............................................................................7 17. Walled Cities and Castles (Strongholds) ............20 7.2 Placing Units ................................................................................7 17.1 General Characteristics .........................................................20 7.3 Intrinsic Garrisons ......................................................................8 17.2 Units and Leaders in Strongholds ......................................20 7.4 Neutral Powers ............................................................................8 17.3 Retreats into Friendly Strongholds ....................................20 8. Strategy Cards ................................................................8 17.4 Resistance Factor ....................................................................21 8.1 Receiving Strategy Cards ..........................................................8 17.5 Calls for Surrender .................................................................21 8.2 Playing Strategy Cards ...............................................................8 17.6 Sieges .........................................................................................21 8.3 Dual Usage ...................................................................................8 17.7 Assaults .....................................................................................23 8.4 Actions ..........................................................................................8 17.8 Relief Forces ............................................................................24 8.5 Reshuffling ...................................................................................9 17.9 Lifting a Siege ..........................................................................24 8.6 Optional Rule: Combining Cards .........................................9 17.10 Garrisons ................................................................................24 17.11 Conquest ...............................................................................24 9. Diplomacy ......................................................................9 9.1 Diplomatic Orientation ............................................................9 18. National Characteristics ..........................................26 9.2 Gifts and Blandishments .........................................................10 18.1 Cavalry ......................................................................................26 9.3 Diplomatic Advantage ............................................................10 18.2 Cavalry Armies .......................................................................26 9.4 Free Passage ................................................................................10 19. Crusades ......................................................................26 9.5 The Diplomacy Roll: ..............................................................11 19.1 Scheduled Crusades ...............................................................26 9.6 Results of the Roll ....................................................................11 19.2 Cancelled Crusades ...............................................................26 10. Movement ...................................................................11 19.3 Other Crusaders .....................................................................26 10.1 Who May Move .....................................................................11 20. Victory ........................................................................26 10.2 Movement Procedure ............................................................11 20.1 Victory Points (VP) ...............................................................26 10.3 Rank (Leader Subordination) .............................................12 20.2 Calculating Victory ...............................................................26 10.4 Commanders and Subordinates .........................................12 21. Credits ..........................................................................26 10.5 Stacking ....................................................................................12 22. Recommended Reading ..........................................26 10.6 Special Terrain and Off-Map Boxes ...................................12 Extended Example of Play .............................................27 10.7 Foraging ....................................................................................13 10.8 Naval Movement ....................................................................13 10.9 Movement and Diplomacy ..................................................13 2 KINGDOM OF HEAVEN THE CRUSADER STATES 1097-1291 RULES OF PLAY 2.3 THE PLAYING PIECES 1. INtrODUctION Units: Each playing piece with a picture of a soldier on it represents a body of troops. The nationality
Recommended publications
  • Cry Havoc Règles Fr 20/07/17 10:50 Page1
    ager historique UK_cry havoc règles fr 20/07/17 10:50 Page1 HISTORY & SCENARIOS ager historique UK_cry havoc règles fr 20/07/17 10:50 Page2 © Buxeria & Historic’One éditions - 2017 - v1.0 ager historique UK_cry havoc règles fr 20/07/17 10:50 Page3 SELJUK SULTANATE OF RUM Konya COUNTY OF EDESSA Sis PRINCIPALITY OF ARMENIAN CILICIA Edessa Tarsus Turbessel Harran BYZANTINE EMPIRE Antioch Aleppo PRINCIPALITY OF ANTIOCH Emirate of Shaïzar Isma'ili COUNTY OF GRAND SELJUK TRIPOLI EMPIRE Damascus Acre DAMASCUS F THE MIDDLE EAST KINGDOM IN 1135 TE O OF between the First JERUSALEM and Second Crusades Jerusalem EMIRA N EW S FATIMID 0 150 km CALIPHATE ager historique UK_cry havoc règles fr 20/07/17 10:43 Page1 History The Normans in Northern Syria in the 12th Century 1. Historical background Three Normans distinguished themselVes during the First Crusade: Robert Curthose, Duke of NormandY and eldest son of William the Conqueror 1 Whose actions Were decisiVe at the battle of DorYlea in 1197, Bohemond of Taranto, the eldest son of Robert Guiscard 2, and his nepheW Tancred, Who led one of the assaults upon the Walls of Jerusalem in 1099. Before participating in the crusade, Bohemond had been passed oVer bY his Younger half-brother Roger Borsa as Duke of Puglia and Calabria on the death of his father in 1085. Far from being motiVated bY religious sentiment like GodfreY of Bouillon, the crusade Was for him just another occasion to Wage War against his perennial enemY, BYZantium, and to carVe out his oWn state in the HolY Land.
    [Show full text]
  • Sketch of the History of the Knights Templars
    Sketch of the History of the Knights Templars Author: James Burnes The Project Gutenberg eBook, Sketch of the History of the Knights Templars, by James Burnes This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Sketch of the History of the Knights Templars Second Edition Author: James Burnes Release Date: July 5, 2014 [eBook #46199] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS*** E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Paul Marshall, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 46199-h.htm or 46199-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46199/46199-h/46199-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46199/46199-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/sketchofhistoryo00burn SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS, by JAMES BURNES LL.D. F.R.S. Knight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order Second Edition. Illustrated with Plates. Wm. Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh; Payne & Foss, London; John Cumming, Dublin. Edinburgh, MDCCCXL. [Illustration] TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS Prince Augustus Frederick. DUKE OF SUSSEX, EARL OF INVERNESS, K.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Settlement on Lusignan Cyprus After the Latin Conquest: the Accounts of Cypriot and Other Chronicles and the Wider Context
    perspektywy kultury / Varia perspectives on culture No. 33 (2/2021) Nicholas Coureas http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8903-8459 Cyprus Research Centre in Nicosia [email protected] DOI: 10.35765/pk.2021.3302.12 Settlement on Lusignan Cyprus after the Latin Conquest: The Accounts of Cypriot and other Chronicles and the Wider Context ABSTRACT The accounts of various chronicles of the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries on settlement in Cyprus in the years following the Latin conquest, from the end of the twelfth to the early thirteenth century, will be examined and com- pared. The details provided by the chronicles, where the information given derived from, the biases present in the various accounts, the extent to which they are accurate, especially in cases where they are corroborated or refuted by documentary evidence, will all be discussed. The chronicles that will be referred to are the thirteenth century continuation of William of Tyre, that provides the fullest account of the settlement of Latin Christians and others on Cyprus after the Latin conquest, the fifteenth century chronicle of Leon- tios Makhairas, the anonymous chronicle of “Amadi” that is probably date- able to the early sixteenth century although for the section on thirteenth cen- tury Cypriot history it draws on earlier sources and the later sixteenth century chronicle of Florio Bustron. Furthermore, the Chorograffia and Description of Stephen de Lusignan, two chronicles postdating the conquest of Cyprus by the Ottoman Turks in 1570, will also be referred to on the subject of settle- ment in thirteenth century Cyprus. By way of comparison, the final part of the paper examines the extent to which the evidence of settlement in other Medi- terranean lands derives chiefly from chronicles or from documentary sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Crusader Rex
    CRUSADER REX 1.11 Town Rating Rulebook Organization Town Rating is the number of shields This rulebook is formatted so that the sidebar near a town's name. Most towns have 1-4 (this column) contains designer and historical shields. Minor towns have no shields. notes to help you understand and enjoy this game. 1.12 Town Control Fog-of-War Saracen towns are in SYRIA and EGYPT . Surprise is an exciting aspect of Crusader Rex. They are friendly to the Saracen unless Blocks generally stand upright facing the owner. occupied by Frank blocks. This promotes bluff and innovative strategies because players are uncertain of the strength or Frank towns are within the realms of identity of an enemy block. ANTIOCH , TRIPOLI , and JERUSALEM . They are friendly to the Frank unless occupied Battle Sites by Saracen blocks. The main battles of the period are shown on the map for interest, red for Frank victories and Masyaf is the Kingdom of the Assassins green for Saracen victories. and cannot be entered by other blocks. Names & Places IMPORTANT: Changes to town control Modern day translations of names and places are effective instantly. Occupying any from the Crusading era can vary. When vacant enemy town makes it immediately confronted with spelling choices, we have friendly, but it instantly reverts to enemy generally deferred to Lyons & Jackson’s Saladin: control if vacated. The Politics of Holy War. INTRODUCTION Towns have two playable areas: castle Town Control Crusader Rex is a game covering the and field. In a siege, one player defends Because changes to town control are effective Third Crusade.
    [Show full text]
  • Crusader Rex
    ALMOST DONE CRUSADER REX 1.11 Town Rating Rulebook Organization Town Rating is the number of shields This rulebook is formatted so that the sidebar near a town's name. Most towns have 1-4 (this column) contains designer and historical shields. Minor towns have no shields. notes to help you understand and enjoy this game. 1.12 Town Control Fog-of-War Saracen towns are in SYRIA and EGYPT . Surprise is an exciting aspect of Crusader Rex. They are friendly to the Saracen unless Blocks generally stand upright facing the owner. occupied by Frank blocks. This promotes bluff and innovative strategies because players are uncertain of the strength or Frank towns are within the realms of identity of an enemy block. ANTIOCH , TRIPOLI , and JERUSALEM . They are friendly to the Frank unless occupied Battle Sites by Saracen blocks. The main battles of the period are shown on the map for interest, red for Frank victories and Masyaf is the Kingdom of the Assassins green for Saracen victories. and cannot be entered by other blocks. Names & Places IMPORTANT: Changes to town control Modern day translations of names and places are effective instantly. Occupying any from the Crusading era can vary. When vacant enemy town makes it immediately confronted with spelling choices, we have friendly, but it instantly reverts to enemy generally deferred to Lyons & Jackson’s Saladin: control if vacated. The Politics of Holy War. INTRODUCTION Towns have two playable areas: castle Town Control Crusader Rex is a game covering the and field. In a siege, one player defends Because changes to town control are effective Third Crusade.
    [Show full text]
  • Sketch of the History of the Knights Templars
    McKEW PARR COLLECTION MAGELLAN and the AGE of DISCOVERY PRESENTED TO BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY • 1961 .) I 10 v n of tbc mil*¥M s "<— -> %/ A O* 4 >V^ v/d^v * ^ ilp^^^^™:iiiv O 6 ^ V f£ w V^ ^^^M^^^^M&S% jjiiti mt 3 (P ST I gd 1 «jgwou& tiFtrtttou. &c© 0§3 WML IM^CglEW®©© <& g®5M s HE)OT2I$WIR®EI IP^TSSH <& IF©gS p 3L © KTE) © EST «5T©5ElSSr (SWEEEanKT©, ©WHILES . 198035 HIS EOYAI, HIGHNESS f) x iuxt 3lu$xt# tn$ fxebexic k , UHE OF SUSSEX, EARL OF INVERNESS, K.O. D*C.L &c. &c. &c. &c. ir (&tmtfr ^xwr *i <$u%teixth, IHF FQIXOWILVG PAG*S AKF t>EjDtCAt£0 Bl ?llts faithful and tflmHmt &txtom& nnb i$x&t\\tx, JAMES EFE1ES. NOTICE. The very limited number of copies comprising the First Edi- tion of this Work were exhausted by presentations amongst the most Illustrious Individuals,—leaving only a few copies for the Author's numerous circle of friends and associates. To remove a disappointment very generally expressed by many intimate friends of the Author in this Country, he has been induced to print a Second Edition of the Work, which is now offered to the Public, with many Additions and Illustrations, — for one of which, in particular, — the plate of Sir Sidney Smith,—the Publishers are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Bentley. Edinburgh, August 1840. CHAP. PAGE 1. The Hospitallers, ...... 1 2. The Templars, ... ... 9 3. The Persecution of the Templars, ... .25 4. The Continuation of the Order, . ... 39 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Knights Templar
    Sovereign Order of the Elder Brethren Rose Cross Founded in 1317 by Pope John XXII of Avignon (France) The Knights Templar Brief History of the Crusades and Knights Templar by Philippe L. De Coster, B.Th.,D.D. Grand Master General of O.S.F.A.R.C © April 2013 – Philippe L. De Coster, Ghent, Belgium (Non-Commercial) Sovereign Order of the Elder Brethren Rose Cross Founded in 1317 by Pope John XXII of Avignon (France) The Knight Templars Brief History of the Crusades and Knight Templars by Philippe L. De Coster, B.Th.,D.D. Grand Master General of O.S.F.A.R.C “Journey Through the Mysterious Labyrinth of the Knights Templar” © April 2013 – Philippe L. De Coster, Ghent, Belgium (Non-Commercial) 2 The Knights Templar Brief History of the Crusades Sometime between 1110 and 1120, in the aftermath of the First Crusade, a small group of knights vowed to devote their lives to the protection of pilgrims in the Holy Land. They were called the 'Order of the Poor Knights of Christ.' The King of Jerusalem, Baldwin II, granted them the use of a captured mosque built on Temple Mount in Jerusalem, the site of the ancient Temple of Solomon. From this they became known as the Knights Templar. Under the patronage of St. Bernard of Clairvaux the Order received papal sanction and legitimacy. The Knights Templar were granted permission by the pope to wear a distinctive white robe with a red cross. Within a hundred years the Order owned land all over Europe and had amassed considerable wealth.
    [Show full text]
  • Faith and Sword: a Short History of Christian-Muslim Conflict
    faith and sword globalities Series editor: Jeremy Black globalities is a series which reinterprets world history in a concise yet thoughtful way, looking at major issues over large time-spans and political spaces; such issues can be political, ecological, scientific, technological or intellectual. Rather than adopting a narrow chronological or geographical approach, books in the series are conceptual in focus yet present an array of historical data to justify their arguments. They often involve a multi-disciplinary approach, juxtaposing different subject-areas such as economics and religion or literature and politics. In the same series Why Wars Happen A History of Language Jeremy Black Steven Roger Fischer The Nemesis of Power A History of Writing Harald Kleinschmidt Steven Roger Fischer Monarchies, 1000–2000 A History of Reading W. M. Spellman Steven Roger Fischer The Global Financial System, Cinemas of the World 1750–2000 James Chapman Larry Allen Navies in Modern World History Geopolitics and Globalization in Lawrence Sondhaus the Twentieth Century Brian W. Blouet Sovereign Cities: The City-State through History Mining in World History Geoffrey Parker Martin Lynch China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West J.A.G. Roberts Landscape and History since 1500 Ian D. Whyte Faith and Sword A Short History of Christian–Muslim Conflict alan g. jamieson reaktion books Published by Reaktion Books Ltd 33 Great Sutton Street London ec1v 0dx, uk www.reaktionbooks.co.uk First published 2006 Copyright © Alan G. Jamieson 2006 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • From Cyprus to Syria and Back Again: Artistic Interaction in the Medieval Levant
    ECA 9 (2012-2013), p. 79-106; doi: 10.2143 / ECA.9.0.3044824 From Cyprus to Syria and Back Again: Artistic Interaction in the Medieval Levant Bas SNELDERS and Mat IMMERZEEL* INTRODUCTION In outlining the stylistic characteristics of the wall paintings, previous scholarship has commonly Compared to other areas in the Eastern Mediter- divided those in Lebanon and Syria (henceforth ranean, the number of medieval wall paintings in Greater Syria or the Syrian mainland) into two Lebanon and Western Syria is remarkably high1. main groups. On the one hand, there is a group of Today, over thirty sites with murals are known in murals that were painted in a Byzantine style, either Lebanon: in the area between Tripoli and Jbeil, by Byzantine painters or local painters trained in and in the Qadisha Valley, which were situated the Byzantine artistic tradition. The murals of the within the borders of the Frankish County of Trip- second group, on the other hand, though also oli (1099-1289), and in Beirut, which formed the influenced by Byzantine art, betray formal charac- northernmost city of the Kingdom of Jerusalem teristics that have been described as a local ‘Syrian (1099-1291). In present-day Syria, paintings can style’. Typical features of this particular stylistic be found in the Crusader strongholds Crac des trend are its restrained palette and the simplified Chevaliers and Marqab Castle. Seven more deco- use of colours and shadows, together with a com- rated urban and monastic churches are present in mon preference for strongly marked folds and con- a territory that was never occupied by the Franks, tours.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Intermediaries in the Latin East, 1095-1291 Honors Re
    “For We Who Were Occidentals Have Become Orientals:” The Evolution of Intermediaries in the Latin East, 1095-1291 Honors Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation “with Honors Research Distinction in Medieval and Renaissance Studies” in the Undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University By K. A. Tuley The Ohio State University June 2012 Project Adviser: Professor Sarah-Grace Heller, Department of French and Italian ! Tuley 2 ! Table of Contents Introduction, p. 3 Historical Background, p.5 Methodology and Sources, p. 18 Chapter 1: Crusaders to Latin Easterners: From the First Crusade to the Aftermath of the Loss of Jerusalem (1097-1191), p. 26 Chapter 2: Franks of the East and West: the Third Crusade (1191-1192), p. 45 Chapter 3: Intermediaries Within the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1097-1291), p. 56 Concluding Remarks, p. 80 Appendix 1: Maps, p. 84 Appendix 2: Key Figures in the Crusades and Latin East, p. 89 Appendix 3: Ethnic Terms, p. 98 Bibliography, p. 100 ! Tuley 3 ! Introduction The Mediterranean Basin in the medieval era was, itself, a cultural contact zone, where Jews, Muslims, and Christians of various sects and languages met, trading ideas, goods, and battles. The strip of Levantine coastal territory from Ascalon in the south to Antioch and Edessa in the north conquered by the armed pilgrimages now called the Crusades has come to be known the “Crusader States,” but I find the “Latin East” to be a more accurate title: Europeans who came to the Levant quickly lost the total-war ideology associated with Crusaders, and developed an identity based on being Latins in and of the East.
    [Show full text]
  • Whose Middle Ages?
    Whose Middle Ages? TEACHABLE MOMENTS FOR AN ILL-USED PAST Andrew Albin Mary C. Erler Thomas O’Donnell Nicholas L. Paul Nina Rowe Editors Forthcoming from Fordham University Press Fall 2019 For Editorial and Licensing Inquiries please contact Will Cerbone at (646) 868-4203 or by e-mail at [email protected] For Ordering Information please contact Ingram Content Group LLC at (866) 400-5351 or via e-mail at [email protected] or on ipage at https://ipage.ingramcontent.com Uncorrected Proof for Promotional Use Only Uncorrected Proof for Promotional Use Only Modern Intolerance and the Medieval Crusades Nicholas L. Paul Among the events and ideas we link with the Middle Ages perhaps none is invoked as frequently, as forcefully, and in as bewildering an array of circumstances as the Christian holy wars known as crusades. Epic battles pitting helmeted knights against turbaned adversaries in dusty settings are the backdrop for popular movies, TV shows, novels, and mil- lion-selling electronic games; figures from the crusades are held up as mascots for sports teams and as iconic figures in the histories of nations and religious and cultural groups. Memories of the crusades are not just popular, they are also powerful, and claims about the meaning and legacy of the crusades have never been as contentious, nor as potentially explosive, as they are today. Although the crusades have always occupied an outsized place in popular perceptions of the Middle Ages, in the west- ern world the term “crusade” gained a new political currency after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: a Study of Religious Chivalry
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1969 The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: A Study of Religious Chivalry Indrikis Sterns University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History of Christianity Commons, Medieval History Commons, Other Religion Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Sterns, Indrikis, "The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: A Study of Religious Chivalry" (1969). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1181. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1181 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1181 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: A Study of Religious Chivalry Abstract From the Preface: The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the religious military orders, and of the Teutonic Knights in particular, within the process of change in developing the concept of a religious and a Christian warrior during the Crusades, or, in other words, how the existing Latin ideal of religious retreat was adapted, blended and attached to the chivalric image of Western Europe in the Holy Land, as reflected in the statutes of the Teutonic Knights. For this purpose the statutes of the other two prominent religious military orders, the Knights Templars and the Knights Hospitallers, and also the Rules and Constitutions of other contemporary religious orders are compared with, and studied as possible sources of, the statutes of the Teutonic Knights. Also the organization and membership of the Teutonic Order are described and analyzed. Basic to all this is the first English translation of the statutes, the Book of the Order, made from the German text of 1264, found in the oldest extant manuscript.
    [Show full text]