Palabras clave flora la de mundial. conservación la en juegan que estos papel el subrayan de jardines los en amenazadas especies y96 naturaleza la en extintas especies cinco de presencia La que los géneros mejor representados son mejorque géneros los representados cultivares. los todos Camellia género El cultivares. 514 y958 híbridos 288 por 168 991 géneros, familias, representada especies, está riqueza Esta cultivares. y híbridos infraespecíficas, específicas, 1884 de categorías riqueza una señaló listado del análisis El Azores. de históricos jardines ocho en cultivadas vasculares plantas de listado un de redacción la propósito hicimos este Con turísticos. jardines de nacional inter circuito el en (2014-2020) jardines estos Portugal de integrar pretendiendo turístico desarrollo el para acción de plan un de parte es Azores» de verdes «jardines proyecto El Resumen infra-specific and specific of richness a 1884 reveals checklist this of analysis The Gardens. Historical 8Azorean in cultivated vascular of the Tourism’.‘Garden achecklist we built purpose that With of international circuit the in Gardens Azorean (2014-2020) the to integrate Portugal aiming development in for tourism plan action the of part is Project Azores Gardens The Green Abstract correspond to 60% of all the hybrids and hybrids the of all to 60% correspond Camellia 514 958 . and 168 hybrids 288 991 families, genera, , : Azores, Garden flora, Garden tourism. Garden flora, Garden : Azores, Keywords of World Conservation Flora. the in Gardens the role of the stresses Gardens Azorean the in species threatened 96 and wild the in extinct are Zamiaceae CARACTERIZACIÓN BREVE AZORES»: DE VERDES «JARDINES PROYECTO EL FLORA VASCULAR OF THE CHARACTERIZATION DE LA FLORA VASCULAR DE LOS JARDINES HISTÓRICOS DE AZORES DE HISTÓRICOS JARDINES LOS DE VASCULAR FLORA LA DE is the family best represented with 73 species while the best represented genera genera represented best the while 73 species with represented best family the is Revista Scientia Insularum, 3; diciembre 2020, pp. 11-26; 2020, e-2659-6644 ISSN: diciembre 3; Insularum, Scientia Revista GREEN GARDENS AZORES PROJECT: AZORES ABRIEF GARDENS GREEN IN THE AZORES’ HISTORICAL GARDENS HISTORICAL AZORES’ THE IN : Azores, flora de jardín, turismo de jardines. turismo de jardín, flora : Azores, with 48 species and Camellia and species 48 with Maria JoãoMaria Pereira*, Quintal**, Raimundo Carina Costa*** & Isabel Albergaria**** Costa*** &Isabel Carina DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.SI.2020.03.01 DOI: taxa contribuye con un 60% de todos los híbridos y un 71% yun híbridos los todos de de 60% un con contribuye es la familia mejor representada con 73 especies, mientras mientras 73 con especies, mejor representada familia la es , hybrids and cultivars. This richness is represented by is represented richness This cultivars. and , hybrids Camellia Encephalartos with 45 species. The presence of 5 species species of 5 45 The presence with species. cultivars represent 71% of all the cultivars. 71% represent cultivars. cultivars the of all con 48 yCamellia 48 con con 45 especies. 45 con especies. hybrids hybrids -

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 11 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 12 the vascular flora present only on the nineteen century historical gardens: historical floracentury presentthenineteen only on vascular the of characterization the Terceira at aimed Pico and study but this vineyards Islands; two Park, Paz and da Pinhal Garden, Botanic Faial sites including were selected, ral implementation To their and evaluation. and project strategies seve mination this b) disse and and of communication design characterization and selection gardens steps: a) project two developed in is this publicprivate Broadly and institutions. co-promotors, other Azorean Frutuoso as involves Institution and several Gaspar Tourism promoted Universityis and Azores by the Azores the Observatory, with ‘Azores2020’, Program Development Operational the Regional Fund through pean Tourism. Garden Euro of Circuit the International the by The co-financed project, in Gardens Tourism Azorean the to integrate aims and Development Portugal in 2019).mentation (Green Azores Gardens forthe Action Plan of projectpart is This gardens. the in events cultural and cational edu scientific, several 2007), (ICS and Island Miguel São in at Furnas Camellias Travel (Haslemere tours guided thematic 2013), of Ancient Meetings International 2014; (Cox al. et distinctions international ICS 2019); of organization to the and visitors (SDEA 2018; 2019); SREA of Terra acknowledgment to the Garden Nostra number and of visits increasing to corresponded: an has of gardens, uses the ding world regar growing demand the Azores the In tourism. mass with not associated are that of represent segments tourism niche markets complementary these because tourism, but suitable adventure or foris number also nature of agreater people than tourism garden not only because Azores, at the tourism segment of the ping garden 2017;rreiro Ponte 2018). al. et develo in evident advantages are there Nevertheless, Tourism’ ‘Adventure and Tourism’ 2014; (Fraga Governo 2016; dos Açores Gue - Trust 2014).nal on grounded been ‘Nature has Until now Azores at the tourism Trust’s National the in were entries registered paid (Natio million Gardens British 2014, in that fact the example 20 an as take tourism, we can of garden impact mic Tourism’2013; 2018). (Benfield Čakovská theecono understand If want to we of ‘Garden demand global to the answer can that heritage important an are res tra Garden) (figure Garden) (figure tra 1). Terra Park do and Canto JoséGarden, Woodland do Beatriz Canto Garden, Nos University Sant’Ana Garden, Borges nio José Azores Garden, Garden, do Canto Terceira (Duque Terceira (Antó da Island Island Miguel 7from São Garden) and The present study resulted from the Azores Green Gardens Projectimple Gardens Green Azores thefrom The presentresulted study of Azo the gardens the value, landscape and botanical, For historical, their **** *** [email protected]. e-mail: of Azores, Centre Biotechnology University, zores ** *

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T isbon University, Centre for Geographical Studies. Geographical for Centre University, isbon A erra Nostra Garden Hotel. Garden Nostra erra zores University, CHAM Azores. CHAM University, zores 1. INTRODUCTION

one from ------Study site Study 2.1. Victoria cruziana later, and lane, memorial the elements water the pool. Other were as added thermal natural a with replaced was canoes with cold waterlake 2000). The original garia or (Alber elements added were transformed several but time romantic garden, with 1.5 only with area (table ha smallest the 1).den has University Gar Azores the while 120 ha, with area largest the also has Garden land (20 lowest at altitude m). the located garden the is José WoodGarden do Canto 283 330 António Borges and the m, while between altitude, higher atsituated the 2005). one the José is Woodland do Canto Garden (Albergaria century nineteen of the second half the in 2017). formed practically valho are other gardens the All of present genesis the the Terra became (Car which Garden Nostra Furnas in Hall” “Yankee house called summer the was aromantic garden, as one to established be first the gardens, selected the Regarding interest. landscape and botanical, torical, - have his and facilities, and services maintenance possess accessible, and visitable, be Azores University Garden; JCW - José do Canto Woodland Garden; BC - Beatriz do Canto park; park; Canto do -Beatriz BC Garden; Woodland Canto do -José JCW Garden; University Azores Figure 1. Locations of the gardens at Terceira and São Miguel islands: DT- Terceira da Duque islands: Miguel São Terceira at and gardens of the 1. Locations Figure Garden; AB - António Borges garden; SA - Sant’Ana garden; JC - José do Canto garden; AU garden; Canto do JC -José garden; -Sant’Ana SA garden; Borges -António AB Garden; Regarding the gardens typology, the Terra the it’s typology, its origin in gardens Garden the Nostra a Regarding to the following: were andparks gardens Azorean the Thecriteria select to s A.D. Orb. tank, some animals covered with creeping plants and and plants creeping covered with some A.D. animals Orb. tank, TN - Terra Nostra (courtesy of Ricardo Cruz architect). Cruz of Ricardo (courtesy -TerraTN Nostra 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS AND MATERIAL 2. - - - -

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 13 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 14 and to the monument to the and ‘Alto 2005). Memória’ da (Albergaria of town the part higher to the access one an of that is with apublicGarden, garden of Duque Terceira da 2000). Finally, typology the (Albergaria Garden Borges nio et al. 2015).et al. from 2016 Also, to 2018 gardens listed were to the made visits several recenttaxonomic published works scientific respective the (e.g. Moura we analyse 141the taxa ‘Accepted’ (e.g. status the with Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.)names Franco). For List’ (2013) ‘The using forked adopted synonyms thewe scientific base; data (table parks 2). and were gardens chec of selected Plant the names shed plant lists non-publi from published were and gathered Plant names gardens. historical rean identifications plant and database list 2.2. Plant present features also romantic are grottoes rock volcanic artificial 2000). The (Albergaria Garden Azores University at lake artificial Park do to Canto small atwheel Beatriz awater and cascades small with water elements water stream fromsophisticated the more with or less romantic gardens essence their in are University Garden Azores and Garden, Park, do António Canto Borges 2000). Beatriz (Albergaria do Canto planted by José initially exotic species the with coexisting or species, invasive ralized exotic natu of and native spontaneous area to avast corresponds Woodland Garden 2000). José do Canto (Albergaria respectively garden, rose pond the and small the elementsas and formal romantic the original find also butplant collection, we can their increases and it maintains that sense the in park abotanical also is Garden 2000). José do Canto of (Albergaria exotic acollection species with park botanical a as itself assuming front in ‘parterre’ of the palace, elements the like formal and point anchorage the with lake the romantic elements the together as such brings 2017). Carvalho Sant’AnaGarden of The 2000; (Albergaria flowerbeds formal new Azores University Garden University Azores Duque da Terceira Garden Terceira da Duque Park Canto do Beatriz Garden Borges António Garden Woodland Canto do José Sant’Ana Garden Sant’Ana José do Canto Garden Canto do José Terra Nostra Garden TABLE 1. LOCATION AND APPROXIMATE DATES OF FORMATION, AREAS AND ALTITUDES ALTITUDES AND AREAS OF FORMATION, DATES APPROXIMATE AND 1. LOCATION TABLE OF THE SELECTED HISTORICAL AZOREAN PARKS AND GARDENS (ALBERGARIA, 2005) (ALBERGARIA, GARDENS AND PARKS AZOREAN HISTORICAL SELECTED OF THE symbolically An excel worksheet was used to create database for Azo the database plant list to the create used was worksheet excel An Name Gand.), (e.g. Gand.), ‘Unresolved status with Viburnum name’ treleasei names University Garden University Azores at Ponta Delgada Angra do Heroísmo do Angra Furnas Ponta Delgada Furnas Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Furnas Location Year 1860 1897 1882 1850 1845 1858 1785 1852 elaborated at Antó at elaborated more much but Approximate areas (ha) areas 12,5 120 5,8 3,7 1,5 1,7 7,5 3

altitudes (m) altitudes Approximate 280 -330 280 30 -40 30 40 -80 40 20 -80 20 40 -70 40 200 200 20

- - - - - information gathered in the plant list data base for the Azorean historical gardens. historical for Azorean the base data plant list the in gathered information the databases. lists and3 Tableelectronic papers scientific guides, field floras, nal when needed parts of the plants were of plants the when parts needed and were taken specimens of selected images digital visits the during parks; and dophyta, independently for Pteri the sites)rent calculated present studied the plants in was ‘richness’ (the From database or number of . diffe this variety subspecies; 1884 with represented Some are base plant only entries. by species aparticular rent habit growth forms. rent habit growth diffe and of different origins, of proportions:andcultivars, the of different hybrids 2013) calculated List also (The Plant base calculated. We world data was plant list on the families of extant total the regarding gardens, historical Azores’ at the ness representative- Families hybrids. and cultivars forms, varieties, subspecies, species, Azores University Garden University Azores Garden Terceira da Duque Park Canto do Beatriz Garden Borges António Garden Woodland Canto do José Garden Sant’Ana Garden Canto do José Terra Nostra Garden Habit growth form growth Habit Origin Cultivars categories IUCN Taxon categories Group Azores the to status Species Status Conservation Species status Name TABLE 3. INFORMATION AT AZORES’ HISTORICAL GARDENS PLANT DATABASE PLANT GARDENS HISTORICAL AT AZORES’ INFORMATION 3. TABLE Floristic composition Floristic TABLE 2. DATA SOURCES FOR PLANT NAMES (HD - HISTORICAL DOCUMENT; DOCUMENT; -HISTORICAL (HD NAMES PLANT FOR DATA 2. SOURCES TABLE To the 8 historical gardens the plant list resulted in adata in resulted plant list the analysis. ToData gardens 8historical the

Pinophyta Name ITD - INTERNAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENT; B-BOOK) DOCUMENT; TECHNICAL -INTERNAL ITD , dicotyledons and , and for the families, genera, genera, monocotyledons, for families, and and the , dicotyledons Herbs / Shrubs / Trees / Palms / Climbers /Ferns /Climbers /Trees /Palms /Shrubs Herbs region)] of(geographic [Native /Natural Horticultural cultivars Hybrid cultivars/ variety /Species cultivars Species /Hybrid /Form /Variety /Subspecies /Species / Family Pteridophyta /Native Exotic /Unresolved Accepted Pereira et al. 2010 al. et Pereira 2017 CMAH 2018 Quintal Topiaris 2008 2018 2015, Quintal Pacheco 2016 1856 Canto 2018 Braga and Quintal 1856 Canto 2018 -ITD Costa collected Available lists /Pinophyta for posterior identification using regio using identification posterior for / Dicotyledon / / Dicotyledon / Species name Species Type of document ITD ITD ITD ITD ITD ITD HD HD B B - - - - -

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 15 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 16 cultivars represent (table 71%cultivars 6). cultivars the of all cies) (table 5). Camellia represented Encephalartos genera are best the 73 also number with of species; represented species large by the family number 19 ofrepresented genera with large by Zamiaceae the while genera; List The (2013)in Plant registered lies (figure database 2). 75% own gardens of the representedbest group Azorean since the are they fact in families, fewest the group the with 4). Although Pinophyta are 514to 168 families, hybrids 288 991 (table genera, and 958 species, cultivars, Figure 2. Representativeness of Pteridophyta Representativeness 2. Figure Varieties Subspecies Species Genera Families Frequency lies in the Azores’ historical gardens (total number of families estimated by The Plant List, 2013). List, byThe Plant estimated of families number (total gardens historical Azores’ the in lies TABLE 4. RICHNESS VALUES CALCULATED INDEPENDENTLY FOR EACH PLANT GROUP GROUP PLANT EACH FOR INDEPENDENTLY CALCULATED VALUES RICHNESS 4. TABLE FOR 8 HISTORICAL GARDENS AT AZORES ISLANDS (DUQUE DA TERCEIRA, ANTÓNIO ANTÓNIO DA TERCEIRA, (DUQUE ISLANDS AT AZORES GARDENS 8HISTORICAL FOR WOODLAND GARDEN, BEATRIZ DO CANTO PARK, AND TERRA NOSTRA GARDEN) NOSTRA TERRA AND PARK, CANTO DO BEATRIZ GARDEN, WOODLAND Group CANTO DO JOSÉ UNIVERSITY, AZORES CANTO, DO JOSÉ SANT’ANA, BORGES, different plant entries that correspond that entries plant different 1884 reveals base analysis The data Totals 1884 991 168 514 31 6 hybrids correspond to 60% of all the hybrids and Camellia hybrids and the hybrids correspond of to 60% all P terido 205 166 27 61 5 1 p hyta 3. RESULTS 3. (with species) 48 Camellia and , Pinophyta P ino 127 138 34 2 0 9 p hyta , dicotyledons, and monocotyledons fami monocotyledons and , dicotyledons, Dicotyledons 1261 300 492 108 15 4 total Pinophyta Monocotyledons (with 45 spe is the family family the is 206 280 119 24 1 9 is the the is fami - - -

Remaining families Sapindaceae Moraceae Lamiaceae Blechnaceae Bignoniaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae Proteaceae Pinaceae Oleaceae Lauraceae Apocynaceae Hybrids Acanthaceae Cultivars Forms Polypodiaceae Iridaceae Araceae Arecaceae Myrtaceae Zamiaceae Asparagaceae Solanaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Pteridaceae Malvaceae Ericaceae Cupressaceae Amaryllidaceae Rosaceae Family 288 958 TABLE 5. BEST REPRESENTED FAMILIES AND GENERA GENERA AND FAMILIES REPRESENTED 5. BEST TABLE 3 Number of of Number Genera ≤ 4 12 13 10 10 18 17 19 17 17 17 11 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 AT THE AZOREAN HISTORICAL GARDENS HISTORICAL AZOREAN AT THE Remaining families Cyatheaceae Acanthaceae Cycadaceae Lamiaceae Pinaceae Oleaceae Polypodiaceae Amaryllidaceae Solanaceae Malvaceae Moraceae Rosaceae Sapindaceae Proteaceae Cupressaceae Zamiaceae Theaceae Asteraceae Bromeliaceae Fabaceae Pteridaceae Poaceae Myrtaceae Fagaceae Asparagaceae Ericaceae Blechnaceae Dryopteridaceae Arecaceae 60 2 1 Family 11 1 1 Number of of Number Species ≤ 9 46 20 48 43 26 12 12 28 12 24 13 13 73 10 10 32 32 16 21 11 11 11 14 21 14 18 18 31 15 802 232 Remaining genera Salvia Magnolia Macrozamia Ceratozamia Banksia Bambusa Araucaria Vriesea Asplenium Eucalyptus Encephalartos Camellia Cyathea Tillandsia Adiantum Dryopteris Blechnum Quercus Rhododendron Pteris Ficus Acer Polystichum Cycas 1 Genus Number of of Number 85 53 0 Species ≤ 5 22 48 13 13 45 10 10 10 16 11 11 15 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 17 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 18 threatened species category. Five species are extinct in the wild (e.g. wild the in Encephalartos category. species extinct Five are threatened species (26%) 4). Americas from the (figure native followed plants by the sively from Asia, 354 with (29%) species represented gardens the in exclu 254 of are which species 3B). (figure entries of database the 30.1%to habit decreases growth the shrubby 3A) but(figure level at species shrubs represent (54%) of database entries the the half nearly of all Also, origin. ticultural Others Magnolia Canna Vriesea Acer Gusmania Rhododendron Camellia HISTORICAL AZOREAN AT THE CULTIVARS AND OF HYBRIDS DISTRIBUTION 6. TABLE GARDENS BY GENERA. (OTHERS = LESS THAN 5 HYBRIDS OR CULTIVARS PER GENUS) PER OR CULTIVARS 5HYBRIDS THAN =LESS (OTHERS BY GENERA. GARDENS Also, 96 of the species found at Azorean Gardens are under a IUCN (2012) under aIUCN are Gardens found at Azorean of species 96 the Also, region best geographic the is Asia of plant species nativity the Regarding (49,2%) half Nearly hor with correspond entries to plants base of data the Genera plant of the total the for distribution habit 3. Growth Figure database entries (A) and for the species (B). species the for and (A) entries database Hybrids (%) Hybrids 60 20 2 2 4 5 7 Cultivars (%) Cultivars 22 71 1 2 2 2 - - nubimontanus critically endangered (e.g. endangered critically tosporum undulatum tosporum Pit as at Azores species worst invasive the including landscape Azorean the in zed Zamia &S.Y.Chang Wollemia nobilis Liang, Figure 5. : IUCN categories for the species found at the Azorean Gardens. Azorean the at found species the for categories IUCN status: 5. Conservation Figure vazquezii In a different analysis, 88 species found at Azorean Gardens are naturali are Gardens Azorean found at 88 species analysis, adifferent In Figure 4. Nativity of plant species found at the Azorean Gardens. Azorean the at found species of plant Nativity 4. Figure P.J.H. Encephalartos and Hurter woodii D.W. Stev., Sabato (figure Luca) &De 5). Vent. Hedychium and gardnerianum Aechmea apocalypticaAechmea W.G. and &J.M. Allen, Jones, K.D. Hill Reitz, Reitz, Camellia impressinervis Camellia Sander) and 26 species are are Sander) species 26 and Sheppard ex Ker Gawl. Sheppard Ker ex H.T. H.T. - -

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 19 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 20 rical farms and gardens sooner linked to sooner linked gardens and farms rical lopment of touristic activity. due deve to the plant collections their increasing José gardens) are doand Canto to hotels (Terra linked private gardens Nostra while specimens existent the serve fication rectified. identi some have may their and specimens studies further with increase will dens gar Azorean of richness the total that Therefore,expected Herbariums. red is it with vouchers identification specimens’ the properlyat registe validate preserved necessary also are is notlisted. It plants herbaceous andmany ornamental tification iden lack still found on gardens specimens the several of plant names, lists extant the to according gardens historical Azorean the in existence the specimens’ verified study this lost. Although been has plants of imported the part asubstantial that cultivars (table 7).cultivars of Camellia collection largest the TerraAlso, possesses Garden Nostra entries) (table (respectively 70%, database 70% of total 80% 7). the and families number genera of and species, highest the Terragardens: possesses Garden Nostra que terra Nostra possesses 1532 possesses que Nostra terra taxa the all considering plant entries of (e.g. tourism economic from the activity Par obtained resources to the linked taxa numbers of cultivated 2015), (Silva Carvalho land and high of the old and preservation specimens the ses the highest number for species specific richness richness (691), number for specific species highest the ses area comparablein and is gardens these in diversity specific of high tenance Terra Nostra Garden categories listed oftotal Number Beatriz do Canto Park Canto do Beatriz António Borges Garden Borges António Garden University Azores Garden Terceira da Duque Garden Sant’Ana Garden Woodland Canto do José Garden Canto do José TABLE 7. COMPARATIVE RICHNESS IN THE AZOREAN HISTORICAL GARDENS HISTORICAL AZOREAN THE IN RICHNESS 7.TABLE COMPARATIVE of Madeira has a greater number of agreater histo has of Madeira island the relation Azores, toIn the tend to pre under public administration gardens Azorean the Nowadays in elaborated by Canto list José do extensive the of 1856analysis reveals The Finally, the number of listed species is very different between the surveyed the surveyed between different very is Finally, species number of the listed Considering the Azorean historical gardens, Terra- gardens, posses Garden Nostra historical Azorean the Considering Categories

and cultivars in the private insular historical gardens are are gardens historical private the insular in cultivars and Species 134 283 100 991 189 691 195 62 53 4. DISCUSSION 4. tourism Genera 360 227 122 144 140 514 88 49 53 , which helps to explain, the main the helps, which to explain, (table main 8). Portuguese in As Families 168 109 135 34 68 78 32 53 61 Hybrids 266 288 20 3 3 4 7 6 7 and cultivars). and hybrids and hybrids and Cultivars 958 859 34 12 16 3 1 1 6 ------1300 taxa 1300 1086 of University Lisbon Garden with taxa, taxa 3000 with Garden Botanical Madeira richness: floristic in leaders continuous to the be Gardens Botanical Historical Portuguese the mission to their Island Madeira at do (tableFerreira Quinta to Palheiro 8).richness floristic and Due species) Camellia and of Zamiaceae collections important the and gardens, historical Azorean the all of 19 the ( importance the genera of palms highlight veness genera representati and of attions families Terra Abrief analysis Garden. Nostra dophyta (tablespecies 8). number of the plant and areas gardens’ historic insular Portuguese the between (2010), al. et we didn’tcorrelationcorrelationcoefficient(Pearson0,002) a find =

Madeira Azores Hotel Pestana Casino Park Garden Park Casino Pestana Hotel Pousada da Juventude Garden Juventude da Pousada Vista Bela da Quinta Vistas das Quinta Hotel do Jardim Vigia da Quinta Garden Terceira da Duque Quinta da Magnólia da Quinta Garden University Azores Garden Sant’Ana Garden Woodland Canto do José Quinta Jardins do Imperador do Jardins Quinta Lago do Jardins Estalagem Palace Monte Quinta Ferreiro Palheiro do Quinta Park Canto do Beatriz Garden Borges António Garden Canto do José Terra Nostra Garden Quinta Palmeira Quinta TABLE 8. PLANT RICHNESS BETWEEN THE PORTUGUESE ARCHIPELAGOS ARCHIPELAGOS PORTUGUESE THE BETWEEN RICHNESS PLANT 8. TABLE At the Azorean historical gardens, the good representativeness of representativeness Pteri good the gardens, historical Azorean the At by Golding 179 from the analysed Contrarily gardens worldwide botanic and and (IFCN 2019; (IFCN 2019). BGCI Pinophyta ( Historical Gardens 17th-19th OF AZORES AND MADEIRA. *DATA FROM QUINTAL (2007) *DATA FROM QUINTAL MADEIRA. AND OF AZORES centuries) (45 species) at Terra Garden. Nostra families is mainly explained by the fern and Cycadales and fern by the explained mainly is families

Area (ha) 120,00 12,50 14,30 0,80 3,00 2,32 5,80 0,56 2,47 1,06 3,85 0,21 5,67 3,70 1,37 1,50 3,41 1,70 7,50 and Botanical Garden of Ajuda with of Ajuda with Garden Botanical and Families (n) 136 109 135 131 113 118 77 34 68 87 88 96 95 73 78 32 53 74 61 Arecaceae Genera (n)Genera 420 360 223 227 122 3 433 336 144 221 142 132 140 339 171 313 216 159 88 49 53 ) collection on ) collection , Botanical , Botanical Species (n) Species 260 284 484 263 134 283 100 186 189 691 195 631 185 156 414 155 collec 62 53 (73 (73 - - -

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 21 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 11-26 22 great expeditions around the world the around end at the of expeditions 18great last from the resulted were novelty they the since Oceania and from Asia plants tury ania represent 43%, of all the species present at the Azorean gardens. At 19 At gardens. present species Azorean represent at the the 43%, ofania all 2010). Rice (Taillemite 2004; and/orAsia Pacificoceans and Oce native to Species Indian Atlantic, the across plants of collecting purposes expeditions naval European onethe of reflecting entries, only 10% embodies plant database and of total the Terra at José and do Canto years privatelast gardens. Nostra the in weremade species Azorean endemic and several of plantations tags fication identi receive consequently specimens native and market tourism the in valued is Today, species. native flora of woody Azorean acollection had Azorean native the (Vasc.) F.J. &Robba). Rumsey, only Terra Carine For years many Garden Nostra subsp. blishment (e.g. A.E.Bobrov macaronesicum Polypodium fern the (as Picconia the azorica gardens representthe The specimens in probably gardens. nonleft specimens rical planted 2019;histo Future 2019), Forests Azorean the at almost neglected florais local the plants. herbaceous sider ornamental many do not con lists extant the sent 69.3% Nevertheless, plant names. listed of total the repre trees) they (shrubs and woody plants the we considered If all plant species. 2019). (ICS worldthe of of ‘Gardens Excellence’ list in garden this placing database, total the in plant entries 680 has Garden Nostra at Terra of camellias collection the Once again gardens. present Azorean at the vars more important role in their conservation. rolemore their in important should play a gardens Azorean the species, plants endemic of Azorean many rarity 2001; Groves al. 2015). et al. et 2000; Conser Carrino due to time the same the At and (Daehler intended is to gardens introduce at that the for species any analysis assessment arisk to perform importance the stresses cultivars, and species new with gardens improveandhistorical Theto recoverrecent these pressure gardens. the exotic flora non-cultivated current the present at all database we included the if in increase will plants naturalized and of escaped percentage the gory. Nevertheless, or under some (2012) wild in IUCN correspond to- extinct cate species threatened 5,2% while of plant entries plants naturalized of correspond plant entries to escaped only 2018). 4,7%(Chenabc Sunabc and database gardens’ Azorean current the In conservation species for rare ones have programs historical the including gardens Sudnik-Wócikowska 2010; 2015; Hulme 2019) Guo al. et botanical many today (Galera and invasive later became that for introduction exotic species the of many 1774 in sea from the Cook world the around second voyage (Hooker on 1843). his rophylla tree is a good example, since this coastal species was first seen by Captain Captain seen by first was species coastal this since example, agood is tree The European flora is poorly represented at the Azores historical gardens historical Azores poorly is flora represented Thethe European at (Amazon species Azorean native of spite value many In of ornamental the and database the in entries total both dominates habit growth Theshrub of culti of hybrids and lists the dominate of camellias cultivars Hybrids and Although the botanical gardens were, in a historical context, responsible context, were, ahistorical in gardens botanical the Although (Tutin) tree), Knobl. of or esta spontaneous result th century; the Araucaria hete the century; azoricum azoricum th cen ------ting the manuscript but all the authors provided critical feedback. authors the provided critical but manuscript the all ting wri in andthe M.J. took lead identifications. data the treated Pereira existing the verify and gardens at the plants the locate plant lists, extant the analysed Costa C. ‘Azores2020’. Programme Operational the through (TerraPark) Bensaude eGrupo Garden). Nostra do Canto Woodland do Canto Garden), (Beatriz do Canto (José Parque Beatriz Garden), do Canto José do Mata-Jardim José Canto (José do Canto do Jardim ção (Sant’Ana Cultura da Garden), Garden),(António Borges Regional Funda Direção do Heroísmo (Duque Terceira da de Ponta Municipal Garden), Delgada Câmara University,res Frutuoso To de Institution. Angra Municipal Gaspar and Câmara ment ‘Azores2020‘). Fund (Operational Programme To Tourism Observatory, Azo I. Albergaria conceived the present study; R. Raimundo, M.J. Raimundo, Pereira R. and present conceived the study; I. Albergaria Development Regional Fund European the by co-financed was study This Develop Regional To European project the and Azores Green Gardens 6. AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION AUTHORS 6. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Recibido : febrero de 2019; de : febrero aceptado : abril de 2019 de : abril - - - -

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