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The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida)

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The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida) ISSN 0083-7903, 87 (Print) ISSN 2538-1016; 87 (Online) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida) by P. R. BERGQUIST and K. P. WARNE . �· New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 87 1980 NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, I;)emospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida) by P. R. BERGQUIST and K. P. WARNE Department of Zoology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 87 1980 This workSig is licensed 1 under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ ISSN 0083-7903 Received for publication: May 1979 © Crown Copyright I 980 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF TABLES 4 ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 5 Acknowledgments 8 COLLECTIONS EXAMINED 8 LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED 11 SYSTEMATICS ... 12 Order Haplosclerida Topsent 12 Family Haliclonidae de Laubenfels 12 Haliclona Grant, 1835 12 Family Adociidae de Laubenfels 19 Adocia Gray, 1867 20 Orina Gray, 1867 21 Sigmadocia de Laubenfels, 1936 22 Toxadocia de Laubenfels, 1936 ... 24 Family Callyspongiidae de Laubenfels 24 Callyspongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 ... 24 Chalinopsil/a Lendenfeld, 1888 ... 33 Dactylia Carter, 1885 34 Order Nepheliospongida Bergquist 34 Family Nepheliospongiidae Clark ... 35 Petrosia Vosmaer, 1887 ... 35 Xestospongia de Laubenfels, 1932 36 Family Oceanapiidae Van Soest 37 Oceanapia Norman, 1869 37 Vagocia de Laubenfels, 1936 38 REFERENCES 39 INDEX 41 PLATES ... 43 3 ThisSig work 1 •is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ LIST OF FIGURES Page I. Diagrammatic representation of the major types of skeletal architecture to be found with- in the Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida .. 7 2. Locality map for sites from which material considered in this monograph was collected 9 3. Immediate Auckland area localities from which collections were made 10 4. Evolutionary tendencies within the Haliclonidae 13 LIST OF TABLES Page I. Characteristics of Cal/yspongia fistulosa 29 4 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida · and Nepheliospongida) by P. R. Bergquist and K. P. Warne Department of Zoology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand ABSTRACT New Zealand sponges belonging to the orders Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida are described and discussed with respect. to their systematic and ecological relationships. Forty-one species belonging to eight genera of Haplosclerida are described, of which twelve are new; of eight species belonging to four genera of Nepheliospongida, two are new. Particular attention is directed toward evaluating recent theories on the classification of the Haplosclerida, in particular the status of the genera Haliclona and Reniera and the importance of dermal morphology in the generic classification of the Callyspongiidae. INTRODUCTION This, the third part of the Demospongiae of New natural taxonomic scheme for these sponges, tradition­ Zealand, deals with two orders, the Haplosclerida and ally all classified within the Haplosclerida, has been the the Nepheliospongida. Without any doubt the sponges simplicity of most of the species in spicule content and in these groups are the most difficult taxonomically of in skeletal organisation. The megascleres are most fre­ the entire class Demospongiae. They are also very well quently of a single diactinal type. Microscleres are not represented in the shallow waters and intertidal regions common and when present they are simple sigmas around New Zealand. There have been few publications and/or toxas. In addition, there are few cases where recording Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida from markedly distinct regional spicule arrangements occur the New Zealand region (Lendenfeld 1887; Kirk 1911; within the sponge. The clear ectosomal, endosomal and Brq>ndsted 1923, 1924; Dendy 1924; Bergquist 1961a, accessory skeletons so characteristic of the Poecilo­ b), and consequently, it is not surprising to find sclerida are not found in Haplosclerida and Nephelio­ fourteen new species among the forty-nine dealt with in spongida. this monograph. The only marked skeletal specialisation is seen in the The major difficulty faced by successive authors who development of a dermal skeleton in some genera. This have attempted to find a workable and at the same time is either spicular, fibrous, or both, and is a distinct, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 87. 1980 5 ISSN 0083-7903 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ regular arrangement of skeletal elements in the plane of particular seems often to be developed as a response to the dermal membrane. It is frequently referred to as a incident light. For instance, Callyspongia diffusa tangential dermal skeleton. Some authors (de Lauben­ (Ridley) is found encrusting the undersides of boulders fels 1936) have excluded forms with tangential dermal and growing out into the open sunlight. The parts which spicule skeletons from the Haplosclerida and placed are in the shade are a pale yellow colour, but the them instead in the Poecilosclerida. Subsequent branches exposed to light are mauve. This phenomenon authors, Hechtel (1965), Levi (1973), and Bergquist is common in a number of haplosclerids: Callyspongia (I 978), have not adopted this view. Recently three fistulosa (Kirk), Adocia venustina Bergquist, Halic/ona authors have attempted a revision of the familial and heterofibrosa (Lundbeck). In Nepheliospongida generic classification of the Haplosclerida (Griessinger common colours are yellow, brown, and red brown, and 1971; Wiedenmayer 1977a, b; van Soest in press). They significantly there can be a marked differential have all concentrated on fine details of skeletal pigmentation with the surface dark and the endosome organization and composition and as a result it is now pale. The latter condition never occurs in Haplosclerida. possible to detect some trends which permit a familial arrangement to be proposed with reasonable. hope of (ii) Form: The form of a sponge may be a species­ stability. It is not possible to be more optimistic; specific character, although in the past many wrong genuine problems still exist at the generic level and identifications have been made because the phenotypic substantive changes in classification may still be made flexibility of sponges with respect to form was not on the basis of larval, chemical, and histological studies recognised. Details of the external appearance need to when sufficient comparative information is available. be recorded when the sponge is alive, since contraction For example, the skeletal characteristics of the of the tissues results in the loss of some features after Nepheliospongiidae were clearly divergent from those preservation. For example, Halic/ona ste/liderma n.sp. of the Haliclonidae, Adociidae and Callyspongiidae. On is characterised by radiating subdermal canals which the basis of these characters alone, however, it was not lead to the oscules, but this stellate pattern becomes possible to separate the group from other Haplo­ inconspicuous when the sponge is preserved. The sclerida. When biochemical and reproductive characters taxonomist must also be aware of the variability of the and fossil history were considered in conjunction with species he is .dealing with. Unique habitats often result skeletal features (Bergquist 1980) it was obvious that the in unusual external appearances in the sponges living two groups were separate at the ordinal level; the there. Differences in form are common when a sponge is oviparous reproduction of the Nepheliospongida stands found in situations of both high and low wave exposure in strong contrast to the ovoviviparity of the as, for example, in Halic/ona heterofibrosa (Lundbeck) Haplosclerida and represents the retention of a and Callyspongia bathami n.sp. condition which is primitive within the class. With the (iii) Consistency: This character is in some cases a useful Nepheliospongida removed, the Haplosclerida became a guide to the correct family allocation of a specimen: the compact, homogeneous group. Callyspongiidae are very elastic, the Adociidae have a In order to utilise the two order and five family crisp, friable texture, and Nepheliospongiidae a hard classification which we have adopted in this monograph often stony texture. Certain species are characterised by it is necessary to understand precisely which descriptive the production of a sticky exudate. For example, criteria have been used, how they have been applied, Dactylia palmata Carter can be identified in the field by and also the relative importance which has been placed its pale khaki colour in combination with the copious on each characteristic. Griessinger
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