9th World Sponge Conference 2013. 4-8 November 2013, Fremantle WA, Australia

Genetic diversity of the Indo-Pacific barrel sponge Xestospongia testudinaria (Haplosclerida : Petrosiidae)

Edwin Setiawan1,2, Dirk Erpenbeck1, Thomas Swierts3, N.J. de Voogd3, Gert Wörheide1 1Dept.of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, LMU München 2Dept.of Biology,10 November Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia 3Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, The Netherlands Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

Why genetic diversity ? • Information for genetic connectivity & phylogeography

• Impact of environmental disturbances to marine ecosystem (e.g. Sutherland 2004; Lopez- Legentil et al. 2008; Lopez- Legentil & Pawlik 2009)

• Species delimitation Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

Why Xestospongia testudinaria?

• Abundant in the Indo-Pacific (de Voogd & van Soest 2002)

• One of the most common Indonesian reef sponges (van Soest 1989; de Voogd & Cleary 2008) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

Background Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

Research question • Genetic diversity & connectivity in a broader scale?

• Species delimitation? = or ≠

X. testudinaria X. muta fig. Ritson-Williams et al. 2005 • What about X. bergquistia?

2 identical haplotype between it (Swierts et al. 2013) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

RESULTS • 8 haplotypes Genetic connectivity • 2 identical haplotypes for: (3‘ partition of cox1 gene) X. testudinaria (206 sequences) X. bergquistia (4 sequences) X. muta (116 sequences)

• 4 specific haplotypes for X. testudinaria

• 2 specific haplotypes for X. muta

• p-distance of 0.0092 & nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.0037 Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

Haplotype distribution X. muta in the Caribbean (X. testudinaria & X. bergquistia) (Lopez-Legentil & Pawlik 2009) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

Phylogenetic reconstruction: All three barrel sponge taxa are not resolved Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Discussion • Haplotype diversity index of 3’ partition cox1: Xestospongia testudinaria (0.0037) similar to X. muta (π=0.0039), Lopez- Legentil & Pawlik 2009 Phorbas fictitius (π=0.0042), Xavier et al. 2010

• Low mtDNA substitution rates in Porifera

• 3’ partition has a higher resolution than 5’ partition of cox1 (Erpenbeck et al., 2006) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Species concept disagreement? Gray zone (De Quieroz, 2007)

• Diagnosable species concept Morphology (Fromont 1991,van Soest 1980) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia = X. muta Sterol compounds (Fromont et al. 1994) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia = X. muta Microsatellites (Bell, 2013) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

• Ecological species concept Reproductive (Fromont & Bergquist 1994) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia Geography (Montalvo & Hill 2011) X. testudinaria ≠ X. muta

• Monophyletic species concept (cox1) X. testudinaria = X. bergquistia = X. muta

Cosmopolite barrel sponges? Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

Possible explanation:

• Ancient Polymorphism? (Charlesworth 2010)

• Haplotype similarity result of high longevity?

(e.g., McMurray et al. 2008)

Adapted figure from Charlesworth 2010 Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Conclusions

1. Severe problems in species delimitation.

2. Discrepancy between morphology & molecules in haplosclerid sponges (McCormack et al.2002; Raleigh et al. 2007; Redmond & McCormack 2008,2009; Redmond et al. 2007).

3. Employ other marker besides cox 1.

4. “Bottom up” re-examination for haplosclerid sponges (see Cardenas et al. 2012). Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Acknowledgements • DAAD and NCB Naturalis Leiden

• Queensland Museum

• Indonesian Government and ITS Surabaya

• Graduate Center LMU Munich

• Molecular Palaeobiology Lab LMU Munich Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

Further cox1 genetic pattern similarity to (ATP6) & Intron of ATPsynβ in X. testudinaria Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU

5‘ partition of cox1 ATP 6 ATPsynβ X. testudinaria consist of at least three different species ?