DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Xestospongia Testudinaria?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Xestospongia Testudinaria? 9th World Sponge Conference 2013. 4-8 November 2013, Fremantle WA, Australia Genetic diversity of the Indo-Pacific barrel sponge Xestospongia testudinaria (Haplosclerida : Petrosiidae) Edwin Setiawan1,2, Dirk Erpenbeck1, Thomas Swierts3, N.J. de Voogd3, Gert Wörheide1 1Dept.of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, LMU München 2Dept.of Biology,10 November Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia 3Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, The Netherlands Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Why genetic diversity ? • Information for genetic connectivity & phylogeography • Impact of environmental disturbances to marine ecosystem (e.g. Sutherland 2004; Lopez- Legentil et al. 2008; Lopez- Legentil & Pawlik 2009) • Species delimitation Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Why Xestospongia testudinaria? • Abundant in the Indo-Pacific (de Voogd & van Soest 2002) • One of the most common Indonesian reef sponges (van Soest 1989; de Voogd & Cleary 2008) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Background Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Research question • Genetic diversity & connectivity in a broader scale? • Species delimitation? = or ≠ X. testudinaria X. muta fig. Ritson-Williams et al. 2005 • What about X. bergquistia? 2 identical haplotype between it (Swierts et al. 2013) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU RESULTS • 8 haplotypes Genetic connectivity • 2 identical haplotypes for: (3‘ partition of cox1 gene) X. testudinaria (206 sequences) X. bergquistia (4 sequences) X. muta (116 sequences) • 4 specific haplotypes for X. testudinaria • 2 specific haplotypes for X. muta • p-distance of 0.0092 & nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.0037 Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Haplotype distribution X. muta in the Caribbean (X. testudinaria & X. bergquistia) (Lopez-Legentil & Pawlik 2009) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Phylogenetic reconstruction: All three barrel sponge taxa are not resolved Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Discussion • Haplotype diversity index of 3’ partition cox1: Xestospongia testudinaria (0.0037) similar to X. muta (π=0.0039), Lopez- Legentil & Pawlik 2009 Phorbas fictitius (π=0.0042), Xavier et al. 2010 • Low mtDNA substitution rates in Porifera • 3’ partition has a higher resolution than 5’ partition of cox1 (Erpenbeck et al., 2006) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Species concept disagreement? Gray zone (De Quieroz, 2007) • Diagnosable species concept Morphology (Fromont 1991,van Soest 1980) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia = X. muta Sterol compounds (Fromont et al. 1994) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia = X. muta Microsatellites (Bell, 2013) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU • Ecological species concept Reproductive (Fromont & Bergquist 1994) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia Geography (Montalvo & Hill 2011) X. testudinaria ≠ X. muta • Monophyletic species concept (cox1) X. testudinaria = X. bergquistia = X. muta Cosmopolite barrel sponges? Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Possible explanation: • Ancient Polymorphism? (Charlesworth 2010) • Haplotype similarity result of high longevity? (e.g., McMurray et al. 2008) Adapted figure from Charlesworth 2010 Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Conclusions 1. Severe problems in species delimitation. 2. Discrepancy between morphology & molecules in haplosclerid sponges (McCormack et al.2002; Raleigh et al. 2007; Redmond & McCormack 2008,2009; Redmond et al. 2007). 3. Employ other marker besides cox 1. 4. “Bottom up” re-examination for haplosclerid sponges (see Cardenas et al. 2012). Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Acknowledgements • DAAD and NCB Naturalis Leiden • Queensland Museum • Indonesian Government and ITS Surabaya • Graduate Center LMU Munich • Molecular Palaeobiology Lab LMU Munich Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Further cox1 genetic pattern similarity to (ATP6) & Intron of ATPsynβ in X. testudinaria Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU 5‘ partition of cox1 ATP 6 ATPsynβ X. testudinaria consist of at least three different species ?.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taxonomy and Diversity of the Sponge Fauna from Walters Shoal, a Shallow Seamount in the Western Indian Ocean Region
    Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region By Robyn Pauline Payne A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisors: Dr Toufiek Samaai Prof. Mark J. Gibbons Dr Wayne K. Florence The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. December 2015 Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region Robyn Pauline Payne Keywords Indian Ocean Seamount Walters Shoal Sponges Taxonomy Systematics Diversity Biogeography ii Abstract Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region R. P. Payne MSc Thesis, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Seamounts are poorly understood ubiquitous undersea features, with less than 4% sampled for scientific purposes globally. Consequently, the fauna associated with seamounts in the Indian Ocean remains largely unknown, with less than 300 species recorded. One such feature within this region is Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount located on the South Madagascar Ridge, which is situated approximately 400 nautical miles south of Madagascar and 600 nautical miles east of South Africa. Even though it penetrates the euphotic zone (summit is 15 m below the sea surface) and is protected by the Southern Indian Ocean Deep- Sea Fishers Association, there is a paucity of biodiversity and oceanographic data.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Barrel Sponge) Population on the Southeast Florida Reef Tract Alanna D
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations HCNSO Student Work 7-25-2019 Spatial and temporal trends in the Xestospongia muta (giant barrel sponge) population on the Southeast Florida Reef Tract Alanna D. Waldman student, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Alanna D. Waldman. 2019. Spatial and temporal trends in the Xestospongia muta (giant barrel sponge) population on the Southeast Florida Reef Tract. Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (514) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/514. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCNSO Student Work at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thesis of Alanna D. Waldman Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science M.S. Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography July 2019 Approved: Thesis Committee Major Professor: David Gilliam, Ph.D. Committee Member: Jose Lopez, Ph.D. Committee Member: Charles Messing, Ph.D. This thesis is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/514 HALMOS COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND OCEANOGRAPHY Spatial and temporal trends in the Xestospongia muta (giant barrel sponge) population on the Southeast Florida Reef Tract By Alanna Denbrook Waldman Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a specialty in: Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University August 2019 Table of Contents List of Figures ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • General Introduction and Objectives 3
    General introduction and objectives 3 General introduction: General body organization: The phylum Porifera is commonly referred to as sponges. The phylum, that comprises more than 6,000 species, is divided into three classes: Calcarea, Hexactinellida and Demospongiae. The latter class contains more than 85% of the living species. They are predominantly marine, with the notable exception of the family Spongillidae, an extant group of freshwater demosponges whose fossil record begins in the Cretaceous. Sponges are ubiquitous benthic creatures, found at all latitudes beneath the world's oceans, and from the intertidal to the deep-sea. Sponges are considered as the most basal phylum of metazoans, since most of their features appear to be primitive, and it is widely accepted that multicellular animals consist of a monophyletic group (Zrzavy et al. 1998). Poriferans appear to be diploblastic (Leys 2004; Maldonado 2004), although the two cellular sheets are difficult to homologise with those of the rest of metazoans. They are sessile animals, though it has been shown that some are able to move slowly (up to 4 mm per day) within aquaria (e.g., Bond and Harris 1988; Maldonado and Uriz 1999). They lack organs, possessing cells that develop great number of functions. The sponge body is lined by a pseudoepithelial layer of flat cells (exopinacocytes). Anatomically and physiologically, tissues of most sponges (but carnivorous sponges) are organized around an aquiferous system of excurrent and incurrent canals (Rupert and Barnes 1995). These canals are lined by a pseudoepithelial layer of flat cells (endopinacocytes).Water flows into the sponge body through multiple apertures (ostia) General introduction and objectives 4 to the incurrent canals which end in the choanocyte chambers (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Species of the Genus Callyspongia (Haplosclerida:Callyspongiidae) from Korea
    Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity xxx (2017) 1e5 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/japb Original Article Two new species of the genus Callyspongia (Haplosclerida:Callyspongiidae) from Korea Kim Hyung June, Kang Dong Won* National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, South Korea article info abstract Article history: In this study, two new species of the genus Callyspongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864: Callyspognia Received 11 July 2017 pyeongdaensis sp. nov. and Callyspongia maraensis sp. nov. from Korea are described as new to science. All Received in revised form of the available information is presented in this study including the localities from which the species 5 September 2017 were collected and illustrations of spicule and skeleton. Accepted 22 September 2017 Ó 2017 National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA), Publishing Available online xxx Services by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Keywords: Callyspongiidae Callyspongia Korea New species Sponge Introduction surveyed Jeju Island, South Korea, where marine life has not been studied and is affected by Kuroshio Current. As a result, here, we The family Callyspongiidae was found in 1936 by de Laubenfels describe one new species of Callyspongia. This new species was and consists of haplosclerid sponges which have a two- compared with the Korea and Japan Callyspongia species with a dimensional ectosomal skeleton of primary, secondary, and some- similar morphology. times tertiary fibers (De Voogd 2004; Desqueyroux-Faundeze and Valentine 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical and Bioactive Diversities of Marine Sponge Neopetrosia Mini
    A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2016; 11: 433-452 Journal homepage: www.banglajol.info Abstracted/indexed in Academic Search Complete, Asia Journals Online, Bangladesh Journals Online, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Abstracts, Directory of Open Access Journals, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Google Scholar, HINARI (WHO), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Open J-gate, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS and Social Sciences Citation Index; ISSN: 1991-0088 review - Chemical and bioactive diversities of marine sponge Neopetrosia Mini Haitham Qaralleh Department of Medical Support, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Karak University College, Al-Karak, Jordan. Article Info Abstract Received: 26 January 2016 The marine sponge Neopetrosia contains about 27 species that is highly Accepted: 21 March 2016 distributed in Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean Sea) and Pacific Available Online: 3 April 2016 Ocean. It has proven to be valuable to the discovery of medicinal products DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v11i2.26611 due to the presence of various types of compounds with variable bio- activities. More than 85 compounds including alkaloids, quinones, sterols and terpenoids were isolated from this genus. Moreover, the crude extracts and Cite this article: the isolated compounds revealed activities such as antimicrobial, anti-fouling, Qaralleh H. Chemical and bioactive anti-HIV, cytotoxic, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-protozoal, anti-inflamma- diversities of the marine sponge Neo- tory. Because only 9 out of 27 species of the genus Neopetrosia have been petrosia. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. chemically studied thus far, there are significant opportunities to find out new 2016; 11: 433-52. chemical constituents from this genus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida)
    ISSN 0083-7903, 87 (Print) ISSN 2538-1016; 87 (Online) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida) by P. R. BERGQUIST and K. P. WARNE . �· New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 87 1980 NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, I;)emospongiae, Part 3 (Haplosclerida and Nepheliospongida) by P. R. BERGQUIST and K. P. WARNE Department of Zoology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 87 1980 This workSig is licensed 1 under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ ISSN 0083-7903 Received for publication: May 1979 © Crown Copyright I 980 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF TABLES 4 ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 5 Acknowledgments 8 COLLECTIONS EXAMINED 8 LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED 11 SYSTEMATICS ... 12 Order Haplosclerida Topsent 12 Family Haliclonidae de Laubenfels 12 Haliclona Grant, 1835 12 Family Adociidae de Laubenfels 19 Adocia Gray, 1867 20 Orina Gray, 1867 21 Sigmadocia de Laubenfels, 1936 22 Toxadocia de Laubenfels, 1936 ... 24 Family Callyspongiidae de Laubenfels 24 Callyspongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 ... 24 Chalinopsil/a Lendenfeld, 1888 ... 33 Dactylia Carter, 1885 34 Order Nepheliospongida Bergquist 34 Family Nepheliospongiidae Clark ... 35 Petrosia Vosmaer, 1887 ... 35 Xestospongia de Laubenfels, 1932 36 Family Oceanapiidae Van Soest 37 Oceanapia Norman, 1869 37 Vagocia de Laubenfels, 1936 38 REFERENCES 39 INDEX 41 PLATES ..
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Haplosclerid Sponges from Caribbean Panama with Symbiotic Filamentous Cyanobacteria, and an Overview of Sponge-Cyanobacteria Associations
    PORIFERA RESEARCH: BIODIVERSITY, INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY - 2007 31 Two new haplosclerid sponges from Caribbean Panama with symbiotic filamentous cyanobacteria, and an overview of sponge-cyanobacteria associations Maria Cristina Diaz'12*>, Robert W. Thacker<3), Klaus Rutzler(1), Carla Piantoni(1) (1) Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0163, USA. [email protected] (2) Museo Marino de Margarita, Blvd. El Paseo, Boca del Rio, Margarita, Edo. Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. [email protected] <3) Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA. [email protected] Abstract: Two new species of the order Haplosclerida from open reef and mangrove habitats in the Bocas del Toro region (Panama) have an encrusting growth form (a few mm thick), grow copiously on shallow reef environments, and are of dark purple color from dense populations of the cyanobacterial symbiont Oscillatoria spongeliae. Haliclona (Soestella) walentinae sp. nov. (Chalinidae) is dark purple outside and tan inside, and can be distinguished by its small oscules with radial, transparent canals. The interior is tan, while the consistency is soft and elastic. The species thrives on some shallow reefs, profusely overgrowing fire corals (Millepora spp.), soft corals, scleractinians, and coral rubble. Xestospongia bocatorensis sp. nov. (Petrosiidae) is dark purple, inside and outside, and its oscules are on top of small, volcano-shaped mounds and lack radial canals. The sponge is crumbly and brittle. It is found on live coral and coral rubble on reefs, and occasionally on mangrove roots. The two species have three characteristics that make them unique among the families Chalinidae and Petrosiidae: filamentous, multicellular cyanobacterial symbionts rather than unicellular species; high propensity to overgrow other reef organisms and, because of their symbionts, high rate of photosynthetic production.
    [Show full text]
  • Sponge (Porifera)
    Sponge (Porifera) species from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Levantine Sea, eastern Mediterranean), with a checklist of sponges from the coasts of Turkey Turk J Zool 2012; 36(4) 460-464 © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1107-4 Sponge (Porifera) species from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Levantine Sea, eastern Mediterranean), with a checklist of sponges from the coasts of Turkey Alper EVCEN*, Melih Ertan ÇINAR Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir - TURKEY Received: 05.07.2011 Abstract: Th e present study deals with sponge species collected along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 2005. A total of 29 species belonging to 19 families were encountered, of which Phorbas plumosus is a new record for the eastern Mediterranean, 8 species are new records for the marine fauna of Turkey (Clathrina clathrus, Spirastrella cunctatrix, Desmacella inornata, Phorbas plumosus, Hymerhabdia intermedia, Haliclona fulva, Petrosia vansoesti, and Ircinia dendroides), and 19 species are new records for the Levantine Sea (C. clathrus, Sycon raphanus, Erylus discophorus, Alectona millari, Cliona celata, Diplastrella bistellata, Mycale contareni, Mycale cf. rotalis, Mycale lingua, D. inornata, P. plumosus, Phorbas fi ctitius, Lissodendoryx isodictyalis, Hymerhabdia intermedia, H. fulva, P. vansoesti, I. dendroides, Sarcotragus spinosulus, and Aplysina aerophoba). Th e morphological and distributional features of the species that are new to the Turkish marine fauna are presented. In addition, a check-list of the sponge species that have been reported from the coasts of Turkey to date is provided. Key words: Sponges, Porifera, biodiversity, distribution, Levantine Sea, Turkey, eastern Mediterranean Türkiye’nin Akdeniz kıyılarından (Levantin Denizi, doğu Akdeniz) sünger (Porifera) türleri ile Türkiye kıyılarından kaydedilen süngerlerin kontrol listesi Özet: Bu çalışma, 2005 yılında Türkiye’nin Akdeniz kıyılarında bulunan bazı sünger türlerini ele almaktadır.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Community Assembly Found with Sponge Orange Band Disease in Xestospongia Muta (Giant Barrel Sponge)
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations HCNSO Student Work 8-1-2014 Microbial Community Assembly found with Sponge Orange Band Disease in Xestospongia muta (Giant Barrel Sponge) Rebecca Mulheron Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Share Feedback About This Item This Thesis has supplementary content. View the full record on NSUWorks here: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/18 NSUWorks Citation Rebecca Mulheron. 2014. Microbial Community Assembly found with Sponge Orange Band Disease in Xestospongia muta (Giant Barrel Sponge). Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, Oceanographic Center. (18) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/18. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCNSO Student Work at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY OCEANOGRAPHIC CENTER Microbial Community Assembly found with Sponge Orange Band Disease in Xestospongia muta (Giant Barrel Sponge). By Rebecca Mulheron Submitted to the Faculty of Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a specialty in: Biological Sciences Nova Southeastern University Date: August 2014 Thesis of Rebecca Mulheron Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science: Biological Sciences Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center Approved: Thesis Committee Major Professor: ______________________________ Dr. Jose Lopez, Ph.D. Committee Member: ___________________________ Dr. Aurelien Tartar, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Sponges (Porifera) of the South China Sea Region
    Micronesica 35-36:100-120. 2003 Taxonomic inventory of the sponges (Porifera) of the Mariana Islands MICHELLE KELLY National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd Private Bag 109-695 Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand JOHN HOOPER Queensland Museum P.O. Box 3300 South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia VALERIE PAUL1 AND GUSTAV PAULAY2 Marine Laboratory University of Guam Mangilao, Guam 96923 USA ROB VAN SOEST AND WALLIE DE WEERDT Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics Zoologisch Museum University of Amsterdam P. O. Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract—We review the sponge fauna of the Mariana Islands based on new and existing collections, and literature records. 124 species of siliceous sponges (Class Demospongiae) and 4 species of calcareous sponges (Class Calcarea) have been identified to date, representing 73 genera, 44 families, within 16 orders. Several species are adventive. Approximately 30% (40) of the species encountered are undescribed, but not all are endemics, as the authors know them from other locations. Approximately 30% (38) of the species are known from diverse locations within the Indo West Pacific, but several well-known, widespread species are absent. The actual diversity of sponge fauna of the Marianas is considerably higher, as many species, especially cryptic and encrusting taxa, remain to be collected and studied. Introduction Our knowledge of the sponge fauna of the tropical Pacific has increased substantially in recent years, as a result of enhanced collecting effort driven in 1 current address: Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Fort Pierce FL 34949 2 corresponding author; current address: Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611-7800, USA; email: [email protected] Kelly et al.: Sponges of the Marianas 101 part by pharmaceutical interests, and by the attention of a larger number of systematists working on Pacific sponges than ever before.
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Barrel Sponge Fact Sheet
    Blue Barrel Sponge Fact Sheet Common Name: Blue Barrel Sponge, Giant Barrel Sponge, Marine Sponges, Siliceous Sponges, Volcano Sponge Scientific Name: Xestospongia muta Wild Status: Least Concern Habitat: Found on coral and rocky reef flats Country: Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, Bermuda, Florida, Gulf of Mexico Shelter: Shallow water, Under-hangs, Caves Life Span: 2000 years Size: Diameter of 6 feet Details The Blue Barrel Sponge is one of the largest species of sponge and lives mostly in the Caribbean. They can grow up to 35 feet and have a diameter of 6 feet and live up to 2000 years. As the sponge ages it begins to grow slower and take a long time to finally reach it's full size. Sponges do not have a cardiovascular system and have to have a constant water flow in order to have food, remove waste and have oxygen. They are filter feeders. The body of the sponge has many canals which helps filter the water through their bodies. The canals are lined with cells called Choanocytes which are flagellated. The Flagellum creates a rhythmical beating so water can move easily and food can become trapped. Blue Barrel Sponge can reproduce asexually or sexually because it's a hermaphrodite. They are important to the coral reef in that they provide a habitat for crabs, shrimps, gobies, etc. Cool Facts • The Blue Barrel Sponge dominates coral reef communities. • The Blue Barrel Sponge community in Florida Keys from Conch Reef has been studied since 1997. • The Blue Barrel Sponge is a filter feeder. • The Blue Barrel Sponges' tissues contains photosynthetic symbiotic cyanobacteria which gives it its color.
    [Show full text]
  • Mtdna Diversity of the Indonesian Giant Barrel Sponge Xestospongia Testudinaria
    Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2016, 96(2), 323–332. # Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2015 doi:10.1017/S0025315415001149 MtDNA diversity of the Indonesian giant barrel sponge Xestospongia testudinaria (Porifera: Haplosclerida) – implications from partial cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences edwin setiawan1,2,3, nicole j. de voogd3, thomas swierts3, john n.a. hooper4,5, gert wo¤rheide1,6,7 and dirk erpenbeck1,6 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen, Munich, Germany, 2Zoology lab, Biology Department, Mathematic and Natural Science Faculty, Sepuluh November Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia, 3Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands, 4Biodiversity Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Australia, 5Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia, 6GeoBio-CenterLMU Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen, Munich, Germany, 7SNSB – Bayerische Staatssammlung fu¨r Pala¨ontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany The Indonesian archipelago is a ‘hotspot’ for invertebrate biodiversity (‘Coral Triangle’). In this area of ‘peak’ biodiversity, the origins of this high species diversity have often been debated. Xestospongia testudinaria is one of the sponge species that dom- inates coral reef sponge communities in this region. The role of the so-called ‘giant barrel sponge’ for the reef ecosystem has been studied repeatedly, as have its various bioactive compounds. However, the genetic variation of this iconic sponge in the region remains unknown. We investigate over 200 barrel sponge samples from Indonesia, and neighbouring as well as more distant localities (Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Thailand, Taiwan, Java, Sulawesi and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia) using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1.
    [Show full text]