9th World Sponge Conference 2013. 4-8 November 2013, Fremantle WA, Australia Genetic diversity of the Indo-Pacific barrel sponge Xestospongia testudinaria (Haplosclerida : Petrosiidae) Edwin Setiawan1,2, Dirk Erpenbeck1, Thomas Swierts3, N.J. de Voogd3, Gert Wörheide1 1Dept.of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, LMU München 2Dept.of Biology,10 November Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia 3Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, The Netherlands Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Why genetic diversity ? • Information for genetic connectivity & phylogeography • Impact of environmental disturbances to marine ecosystem (e.g. Sutherland 2004; Lopez- Legentil et al. 2008; Lopez- Legentil & Pawlik 2009) • Species delimitation Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Why Xestospongia testudinaria? • Abundant in the Indo-Pacific (de Voogd & van Soest 2002) • One of the most common Indonesian reef sponges (van Soest 1989; de Voogd & Cleary 2008) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Background Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Research question • Genetic diversity & connectivity in a broader scale? • Species delimitation? = or ≠ X. testudinaria X. muta fig. Ritson-Williams et al. 2005 • What about X. bergquistia? 2 identical haplotype between it (Swierts et al. 2013) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU RESULTS • 8 haplotypes Genetic connectivity • 2 identical haplotypes for: (3‘ partition of cox1 gene) X. testudinaria (206 sequences) X. bergquistia (4 sequences) X. muta (116 sequences) • 4 specific haplotypes for X. testudinaria • 2 specific haplotypes for X. muta • p-distance of 0.0092 & nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.0037 Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Haplotype distribution X. muta in the Caribbean (X. testudinaria & X. bergquistia) (Lopez-Legentil & Pawlik 2009) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Phylogenetic reconstruction: All three barrel sponge taxa are not resolved Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Discussion • Haplotype diversity index of 3’ partition cox1: Xestospongia testudinaria (0.0037) similar to X. muta (π=0.0039), Lopez- Legentil & Pawlik 2009 Phorbas fictitius (π=0.0042), Xavier et al. 2010 • Low mtDNA substitution rates in Porifera • 3’ partition has a higher resolution than 5’ partition of cox1 (Erpenbeck et al., 2006) Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Species concept disagreement? Gray zone (De Quieroz, 2007) • Diagnosable species concept Morphology (Fromont 1991,van Soest 1980) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia = X. muta Sterol compounds (Fromont et al. 1994) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia = X. muta Microsatellites (Bell, 2013) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU • Ecological species concept Reproductive (Fromont & Bergquist 1994) X. testudinaria ≠ X. bergquistia Geography (Montalvo & Hill 2011) X. testudinaria ≠ X. muta • Monophyletic species concept (cox1) X. testudinaria = X. bergquistia = X. muta Cosmopolite barrel sponges? Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Possible explanation: • Ancient Polymorphism? (Charlesworth 2010) • Haplotype similarity result of high longevity? (e.g., McMurray et al. 2008) Adapted figure from Charlesworth 2010 Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Conclusions 1. Severe problems in species delimitation. 2. Discrepancy between morphology & molecules in haplosclerid sponges (McCormack et al.2002; Raleigh et al. 2007; Redmond & McCormack 2008,2009; Redmond et al. 2007). 3. Employ other marker besides cox 1. 4. “Bottom up” re-examination for haplosclerid sponges (see Cardenas et al. 2012). Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Acknowledgements • DAAD and NCB Naturalis Leiden • Queensland Museum • Indonesian Government and ITS Surabaya • Graduate Center LMU Munich • Molecular Palaeobiology Lab LMU Munich Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU Further cox1 genetic pattern similarity to (ATP6) & Intron of ATPsynβ in X. testudinaria Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology GeoBio-CenterLMU 5‘ partition of cox1 ATP 6 ATPsynβ X. testudinaria consist of at least three different species ?.