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Tai Lü Manuscripts from Southern Yunnan and Northern Laos: the Function and Development of Paratexts in a Recently Revived Manuscript Culture

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Tai Lü Manuscripts from Southern Yunnan and Northern Laos: the Function and Development of Paratexts in a Recently Revived Manuscript Culture Tai Lü manuscripts from Southern Yunnan and Northern Laos: The function and development of paratexts in a recently revived manuscript culture Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades der Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) an der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Apiradee Techasiriwan aus Bangkok (THAILAND) Hamburg 2019 First Evaluator: Prof. Dr. Volker Grabowsky Second Evaluator: Prof. Dr. Jan van der Putten The date of the oral defense: 23.07.2019 Contents Preface vii Acknowledgement ix List of abbreviations x Table of figures and tables xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1. Tai Lü 1 1.1 Brief history of Tai Lü 1 1.2 Tai Lü way of life 2 1.3 Tai Lü language and script 4 1.4 Tai Lü manuscript Culture 7 1.5 Paratext in Tai Lü manuscripts 8 2. Review of related literature and theoretical framework 9 3. Core Questions 12 4. Sources 13 5. Note on transcription and Romanization 14 6. Structure of the thesis 15 Chapter 2: General information about Tai Lü history and 19 Tai Lü manuscript culture 1. A Brief history of Tai Lü in Laos / Sipsòng Panna 19 1.1 General information of Tai Lü 19 1.2 A Brief history of Tai Lü 23 Tai Lü in Yunnan 23 Tai Lü in Laos 30 2. Tai Lü manuscript culture 35 2.1 Language and script 35 2.2 Tai Lü manuscripts 40 First case: Ai Saeng Kham (Chiang Rung) 47 Second case: Ai Saeng Nòi (Moeng Long) 48 Third case: Nan Chaen (Moeng Ham) 49 Fourth case: Ai Choi Cha Han (Moeng La) 50 Fifth case: Pò Saeng Sam (Moeng Laem) 51 3. The influence of printing technology 55 ii Chapter 3: Paratexts in Tai Lü manuscripts 59 1. Paratexts in Tai Lü manuscripts 61 1.1 Text titles or intertitles 62 1.2 Paratexts in the margin of a page 62 1.3 Colophons 62 1.3.1 Position of Colophons 64 1. Front cover folio 65 2. Back cover folio 66 3. Front and back cover folio 67 4. Before the main text 69 5. After text 70 6. Before and after text 72 7. Front cover folio and after text 74 8. Back cover folio and after text 76 9. Back cover folio, before and after the main text 77 10. Front and back cover folio, and after the text 80 11. Before, between and after text 82 12. Between, after text and back cover folio 84 1.3.2 Composition of the colophons 87 Dating systems in Tai Lü manuscripts 92 1.4 Table of contents 95 1.5 Prefaces 102 2. Non-textual elements in Tai Lü manuscripts 103 2.1 Symbols 103 2.2 Functions of non-textual elements in Tai Lü manuscripts 111 3. The diachronic development of paratexts in Tai Lü manuscripts 117 Corpus One: Southern Yunnan 119 Period One: 1884 – 1949 CE 120 Period Two: 1950 – 1966 CE 121 Period Three: 1980 – 2013 CE 122 Corpus Two: Northern Laos 132 Period One: 1883 – 1914 CE 132 Period Two: 1915 – 1974 CE 134 Period Three: 1975 – 2003 CE 137 4. Conclusion 140 iii Chapter 4: Analysis of the contents of Paratexts in Tai Lü Manuscripts 145 1. Contents of Text Titles 145 1.1 Text titles 145 1.2 Intertitles 154 2. Paratexts in the margins of a page 156 2.1 Paratexts in the left-hand margin 156 2.1.1 Titles of texts and number of fascicles 156 2.1.2 Certain important contents 157 2.2 Paratexts in the right-hand margin 158 2.3 Paratext on top of a page 159 3. Prefatory material in Tai Lü manuscripts: concerns of scribes 160 3.1 Political events and scribal criticism 162 3.2 Intentions and concerns of scribes (and donors) 169 1). YN6: Nangsü Phün Moeng La (The chronicle of Müang La) 169 2). YN7: Pòp Pün Sipsòng Panna Saenwi Fa (The Chronicle of Sipsòng 170 Panna) 3). YN124: Khao Nithan Satsana Moeng Long Atikamma Latthabuli Thuan 174 Sam (Religious Legends of Moeng Long Atikamma Raṭhapuri, vol. 3) 4). YN185: Phün Müang Sipsòng Panna Thi Nüng Thi Sòng Thi Sam 176 (Religious Legends of Moeng Long Atikamma Raṭhapuri, vol. 1, 2 and 3) 5). YN186: Phün Müang Atikamma Latthabuli Nuai Thi Nüng 178 (The Chronicle of Atikamma Raṭhapuri, vol. 1) 6). YN192: Tamnan Pha Sing Luang Chiang Mai 179 (The Chronicle of Wat Phra Sing Luang Chiang Mai) 7). LS21: Pawatsat Lao-Tai (Lao-Tai History) 181 4. Colophons 185 4.1 Contents concerning the scribes and donors 186 4.1.1 Name, place and occupation of scribes and donors 186 4.1.2 Purposes of scribes/donors for writing /donating manuscripts 193 The purposes 194 1. Supporting the Teachings of the Buddha 195 2. Paying homage to the triple gems 198 3. Donating manuscripts to a monastery 200 4. Making merit for the benefit in future lives 203 5. Dedicating merit to the deceased 205 6. Paying respect to a manuscript 209 7. Writing manuscripts for sponsors 211 8. Teaching people 212 9. Writing for posterity and the benefit of future generations 213 iv 10. Writing for the memory of the traditional polity (moeng / müang) 215 4.1.3 Wishes of scribes/donors for writing /donating manuscripts 216 1. Hoping to see the next Buddha named “Sri Ariya Metteyya” 218 2. Hoping that the benefit of making merit supports the donors in all 219 future lives until entering Nibbāna 3. Asking for three kinds of happiness 221 4. Asking sacred items as witnesses to remember benefit of making merit 223 5. Hoping for better conditions in future lives 227 6. Hope to transmit texts to younger generations 230 4.1.4 Apologies and expressions of humbleness by the scribes writing the 231 manuscripts 4.1.4.1 Apologizes for bad handwriting because the scribe is a beginner 232 4.1.4.2 Apologies for bad handwriting and incorrectness due to copying the text from an older manuscript 233 4.1.4.3 Apologies for bad handwriting and incorrectness because the scribe has never been ordained 234 4.1.5 Complaints of scribes while writing manuscripts 235 4.1.6 Curses of scribes 237 4.1.7 Biography of scribes 240 4.1.7.1 Autobiography 240 4.1.7.2 Biography 245 4.2 Contents concerning of the production and the transmission the manuscript itself 249 4.2.1 Background of the manuscript 249 4.2.1.1 Transmission of the manuscript 249 4.2.1.2 The sources of the text in the manuscript 251 4.3 Manuscript economy 256 4.4 Mentions of historical events not directly related to the recorded text 258 5. Conclusion 263 Chapter 5: Conclusion 267 General information of Tai Lü ethnic group and Tai Lü manuscript culture 267 Tai Lü manuscript culture 269 Paratexts in Tai Lü manuscripts 270 Non-textual elements in Tai Lü manuscripts 271 The development of Tai Lü manuscripts 272 (Analysis of the contents of Paratexts in Tai Lü Manuscripts) 273 1. Contents of Text Titles 274 2. Paratexts in the margins of a page 274 3. Prefatory material in Tai Lü manuscripts: concerns of scribes 274 v 4. Colophons 275 Recommendations for future research 276 Bibliography 277 1. Primary sourses: The Manuscripts in corpora southern Yunnan and 277 northern Laos 1) Corpus 1: China (Southern Yunnan) 277 2) Corpus 2: Northern Laos 310 2. Published Sources and Secondary Literature 320 A. IN WESTERN LANGUAGES 320 B. IN THAI 330 C. Archival sources 335 D. Websites 335 About the author 337 Zusammenfassung 338 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 339 vi Preface This dissertation is a study of paratexts and non-textual elements in Tai Lü manuscripts from southern Yunnan and northern Laos, focusing only on mulberry paper manuscripts (pap sa) as mulberry paper is the preferred writing support for manuscripts in the Tai Lü speaking areas during the second half of the twentieth century, both for the recording of religious and secular texts. Both corpora comprise altogether 290 manuscripts ( southern Yunnan 211, northern Laos 79). My research with Professor Dr. Volker Grabowsky in sub-project A03: “Organization of Historical Knowledge in Tai Lü Manuscripts: The Paratextual Sphere of a Recently Revived Manuscript Culture” at the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ( SFB 950 Manuskriptkulturen in Asien, Afrika und Europa), University of Hamburg, widened my view for studying of manuscripts very much because of my previous studies in this field usually focused on manuscripts’ contents and let me know about importance and interestedness of paratexts in manuscripts. During my research I found many kinds of paratexts in Tai Lü manuscripts, as well as of their functions, how they helped to structure and organize texts pertaining to the transmission traditional knowledge with the manuscripts and what they communicate with the readers and users of these manuscripts. Therefore, the main topic areas discussed in my dissertation are: different categories and kinds, roles and functions, as well as the development of paratexts and non-textual elements in Tai Lü manuscripts in a diachronic and synchronic perspective. It is also analyzed what information the paratexts reveal about the production and use of manuscripts as well as the intention of scribes and sponsors. vii Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my highest respect, to Cao Mὸm Kham Lü (Tao Sü Sin) , the last ruler (cao fa) of Sipsòng Panna, whom I had the rare privilege to meet in person in August 2012, just five years before he passed away on October 1, 2017. It is him to whom I dedicate this disseration.
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