Environmental Impact Assessment
Project Number: 47030-002 September 2015
People’s Republic of China: Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project
Prepared by the Pingxiang Municipal Government for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 4 September 2015)
Currency unit – Chinese yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.16 $1.00 = CNY6.22
ABBREVIATIONS AAD – annual average damage ADB – Asian Development Bank A2/O – aerobic-anoxic-oxic AP – affected person AQG – air quality guideline As – arsenic B – boron BHC – benzene hexachloride, (=Lindane)
BOD5 – 5-day biochemical oxygen demand Cd – cadmium CN – cyanide CNY – Chinese yuan CO – carbon monoxide
CO2 – carbon dioxide
CO2eq – carbon dioxide equivalent COD – chemical oxygen demand Cr – chromium CR – critically endangered CRVA – climate risk and vulnerability assessment Cu – copper DDT – dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane DEP – Department of Environmental Protection DFR – draft final report DO – dissolved oxygen EA – executing agency EEM – external environmental monitor EHS – environmental, health and safety EIA – environmental impact assessment EIR – environmental impact report EIRF – environmental impact registration form EIT – environmental impact table EMP – environmental management plan
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EMS – Environmental Monitoring Station EN – endangered EPB – Environmental Protection Bureau ESE – environmental supervision engineer EW – extinct in the wild
F¯ – fluoride FSR – feasibility study report FYP – five year plan GDP – gross domestic product GHG – greenhouse gas GRM – grievance redress mechanism HC – hydrocarbon HDD – horizontal directional drill HDPE – high density polyethylene Hg – mercury
IMn – permanganate index IA – implementing agency IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature JPEPSRI – Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Science Research Institute LAS – linear alkylbenzene sulfonate LC – least concern LDI – local design institute LIC – loan implementation consultant LIEC – loan implementation environmental consultant MEP – Ministry of Environmental Protection MSW – municipal solid waste
NH3-N – ammonia nitrogen Ni – nickel
NO2 – nitrogen dioxide
NOx – nitrogen oxides NT – near threatened O&M – operation and maintenance PAH – poly-aromatic hydrocarbons PAM – polyacryl amide PAM – project administration manual Pb – lead PCP – pre-stressed concrete pipe PCR – project completion report PIU – project implementation unit PLG – project leading group
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PM – particulate matter
PM2.5 – particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm
PM10 – particulate matter with diameter ≤ 10 μm PME – powered mechanical equipment PMG – Pingxiang municipal government PMO – project management office PMSPAPT – Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotion of Aquatic Product Technology PMO – Pingxiang project management office PPTA – project preparation technical assistance PRC – People’s Republic of China PSA – poverty and social assessment PUCIDC – Pingxiang Urban Construction Investment and Development Corporation REA – rapid environmental assessment RPMP – reinforced plastic mortar pipe Se – selenium SEMP – site-specific environmental management plan
SO2 – sulfur dioxide SOE – state owned enterprise SPS – safeguard policy statement SWCR – soil and water conservation report TN – total nitrogen TP – total phosphorus TPH – total petroleum hydrocarbon TSP – total suspended particulate UPVC – Un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride UV – ultra-violet VOC – volatile organic compound VU – vulnerable WAB – Water Affairs Bureau WBG – World Bank Group WHO – World Health Organization WTP – water treatment plant WWTP – wastewater treatment plant Zn – zinc
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WEIGHTS AND MEASURES dB – decibel oC – degree Centigrade cm – centimeter gm – gram ha – hectare km – kilometer km/h – kilometer per hour km2 – square kilometer Kwh – kilowatt hour L – liter m – meter m/s – meter per second m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter m3/d – cubic meter per day masl – meters above sea level mg/kg – milligram per kilogram mg/L – milligram per liter mg/m3 – milligram per cubic meter mm – millimeter pcu – passenger car unit pcu/d – passenger car unit per day pH – a measure of acidity / alkalinity t – metric ton t/a – metric ton per annum t/d – metric ton per day μg/m3 – microgram per cubic meter μm – micron or micrometer
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NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.
This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
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CONTENTS
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 10
A. BACKGROUND ...... 10 B. PROJECT DESIGN ...... 12 C. PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 12 D. BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 14 E. CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 16 F. OPERATION IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 17 G. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 18 H. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 19 I. KEY EMP IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 19 J. RISKS AND KEY ASSURANCES...... 19
II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK AND STANDARDS ...... 21
A. POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 21 B. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 23 C. LAWS, REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ...... 23 D. EVALUATION STANDARDS ...... 27 E. ASSESSMENT PERIOD ...... 34
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 36
A. PROJECT RATIONALE ...... 36 B. COMPONENT 1: INTEGRATED RIVER REHABILITATION AND FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT ...... 41 C. COMPONENT 2: WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT ...... 54 D. COMPONENT 3: RURAL URBAN TRANSPORT ...... 61 E. COMPONENT 4: CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ...... 66 F. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION ...... 66 G. ASSOCIATED AND/OR LINKED FACILITIES ...... 67
IV. BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 69
A. SUB-REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 69 B. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 78 C. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 86 D. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 104
V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 110
A. POSITIVE IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ...... 110 B. SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RELATED TO PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION .... 114 C. MEASURES DURING DETAILED DESIGN AND PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGES ...... 115 D. IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION STAGE ...... 117
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1. Physical Impacts and Mitigation – Air Quality ...... 117 2. Physical Impacts and Mitigation – Noise and Vibration ...... 119 3. Physical Impacts and Mitigation – Surface Water Quality ...... 121 4. Physical Impacts and Mitigation – Solid Waste, Earth Work, Soil Erosion ...... 124 5. Impacts and Mitigation on Biological Resources, Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 127 6. Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation – Land Acquisition and Resettlement ...... 133 7. Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation – Health and Safety...... 134 E. IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING THE OPERATION STAGE ...... 136 1. Impacts related to the Operation of the River Rehabilitation and Flood Protection Works ...... 136 2. Impacts related to the Operation of the Wastewater Treatment Plants ...... 137 3. Impacts related to the Operation of the Rural-urban Road ...... 138 F. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION CONSIDERATIONS ...... 145
VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 150
A. NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ...... 150 B. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED ...... 150
VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 164
A. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 164 B. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 164 C. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY ...... 166 D. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY FOR DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENTS ...... 169 E. DISCUSSION FORUM ON DRAFT DOMESTIC EIRS, EITS AND PROJECT EIA ...... 170 F. FUTURE PLANS FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 172
VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 173 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 173 X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...... 174
A. ENVIRONMENT SAFEGUARD CATEGORIZATION AND DUE DILIGENCE ...... 174 B. EXPECTED PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 174 C. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION ...... 175 D. IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING OPERATION ...... 176 E. SUPPORTING STUDIES ...... 177 F. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ...... 178 G. RISKS AND ASSURANCES ...... 178
APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1: Environmental Management Plan APPENDIX 2: Contract Clauses Related to the Environment Management Plan (EMP) APPENDIX 3: Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) APPENDIX 4: Integrated Flood Risk Management Component - Ecological Survey, Embankment Assessment, and Recommendations for River Project Design
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FIGURES
FIGURE I.1: FLOOD RISK MAPS FOR THE PROJECT AREAS ...... 37 FIGURE I.2: FLOODING OF THE LISHUI RIVER IN SHANGLI COUNTY ON MAY 25, 2014 ...... 38 FIGURE I.3: PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING SEWER INTERCEPTOR MAINS IN THE RIVERS ...... 39 FIGURE I.4: LOCATIONS OF PROJECT COMPONENTS AND SUBCOMPONENTS ...... 40 FIGURE I.5: LOCATIONS OF THE PROPOSED RIVERS FOR INTEGRATED RIVER REHABILITATION AND FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT ...... 43 FIGURE I.6: INUNDATION AREAS ALONG THE JINSHAN RIVER IN SHANGLI COUNTY ...... 45 FIGURE I.7: TYPES OF RIVER CROSS-SECTIONS ...... 46 FIGURE I.8: TYPICAL RIVER CROSS-SECTIONS ...... 47 FIGURE I.9: PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING SELECTED EXISTING WEIRS ...... 49 FIGURE I.10: EXAMPLES OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR WEIR AND OVERFLOW WEIR ...... 50 FIGURE I.11: SCHEMATIC OF SEWER SEPARATION IN THE PINGSHUI RIVER ...... 51 FIGURE I.12: RIPARIAN RE-VEGETATION AREAS ALONG THE LIANGJIANG, BAIMA AND YUAN RIVERS ...... 52 FIGURE I.13: LOCATION AND LAYOUT OF THE XUANFENG WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ...... 55 FIGURE I.14: LOCATION AND LAYOUT OF TONGMU WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ...... 56 FIGURE I.15: OXIDATION DITCH WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM ...... 57 FIGURE I.16: LAYOUTS OF WASTEWATER COLLECTION PIPELINE NETWORKS ...... 60 FIGURE I.17: PROPOSED ROAD IN COMPONENT 3: URBAN-RURAL TRANSPORT ...... 62 FIGURE I.18: CROSS SECTIONAL VIEWS OF THE PROPOSED ROAD ...... 64 FIGURE IV.1: SOIL OF PINGXIANG. SOURCE: ISRIC-WORLD SOIL ...... 70 FIGURE IV.2: LAND USE AND LAND COVER DATA OF PINGXIANG. SOURCE: ISRIC-WORLD SOIL INFORMATION...... 70 FIGURE IV.3: THE RIVER SYSTEM IN PINGXIANG AND LOCATIONS OF THE PROJECT RIVERS ...... 73 FIGURE IV.4: REPRESENTATIVES OF PROJECT RIVERS IN LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 74 FIGURE IV.5: REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECT RIVERS IN LUXI COUNTY ...... 76 FIGURE IV.6: REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOGRAPHS OF PROJECT RIVERS IN SHANGLI COUNTY...... 77 FIGURE IV.7: REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOGRAPHS OF PINGSHUI RIVER IN XIANGDONG DISTRICT ...... 77 FIGURE IV.8: TYPICAL HABITATS ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 86 FIGURE IV.9: HABITAT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 88 FIGURE IV.10: THE NATIONAL PROTECTION ZONE FOR PINGSHUI RIVER SPECIAL FISH SPECIES GERMPLASM ...... 101 FIGURE IV.11: THE PROVINCIAL PROTECTION ZONE FOR PINGXIANG RED TRANSPARENT CRUCIAN CARP GERMPLASM ...... 102 FIGURE IV.12: PROPOSED RURAL-URBAN ROAD ALIGNMENT THROUGH THE SHANGLI COUNTY YANGQI MOUNTAIN SCENIC AREA ...... 103 FIGURE I.1: TOWNS AND TOWNSHIPS WITHIN 1-KM OF THE PROPOSED RURAL-URBAN ROAD ...... 113 FIGURE V.2: EXISTING SCHOOLS (BLUE) AND PROPOSED PUBLIC BUS STATIONS ALONG THE URBAN-RURAL ROAD ...... 113 FIGURE I.3: SILT CURTAIN ...... 122 FIGURE I.4: BORROW AND SPOIL DISPOSAL SITES ALONG URBAN-RURAL ROAD ...... 126 FIGURE I.8: DREDGED SEDIMENT TREATMENT BY SOLIDIFICATION ON SITE AND GEOTEXTILE BAG DEWATERING ...... 151 FIGURE I.8: LOCATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE SITES CONSIDERED FOR THE XUANFENG TOWN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ...... 154 FIGURE I.8: COMPARISON OF WASTEWATER COLLECTION PIPELINE NETWORK IN LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 157 FIGURE I.8: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE ROUTES FOR RURAL-URBAN TRANSPORT ...... 158 FIGURE I.8: ALIGNMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR ROAD SECTION K22+097~K30+682 ...... 159
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FIGURE I.8: SCHEMATICS OF INTERSECTION ALTERNATIVES AT ROAD SECTION K30+830 ...... 160 FIGURE I.8: ALIGNMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR THE ENDING SECTION AT YINHE TOWN AND XUANFENG TOWN SOURCE: FSR ...... 162 FIGURE I.1: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE BY POSTING ON PINGXIANG MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT WEBSITE...... 165 FIGURE I.2: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE VIA COMMUNITY POSTING ...... 165 FIGURE I.3: DISCUSSION FORUMS IN MARCH 2015 ...... 171
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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A. Background
1. This environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an environmental safeguard report prepared for the Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project (the project), which has be classified as category A for environment by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This report was based on information in five domestic environmental impact reports (EIR), six domestic environmental impact tables (EIT), five soil and water conservation reports (SWCR) and nine feasibility study reports (FSR) prepared for the project components, as well as project preparation technical assistance (PPTA) consultants’ site reconnaissance and special studies on ecology and biodiversity along the rivers proposed for rehabilitation and a climate risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA).
2. Pingxiang Municipality is a prefecture-level city located in the western part of Jiangxi Province bordering Hunan Province, approximately 120 km east of Changsha, capital city of Hunan Province and 250 km west of Nanchang, capital city of Jiangxi Province. Its land area of 3,860 km2 is approximately 2.3% of the size of Jiangxi Province. At the end of 2012, it had a resident population of 1.874 million, accounting for 4.2% of the population of Jiangxi Province. Its topography is dominated by mountainous terrain (65%) with elevations ranging from approximately 65 m to 1,920 m. The terrain is high in the north and southwest, and low in the center sloping downward towards the east and west, similar to the shape of a saddle. It administers three counties (Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli) and two districts (Anyuan and Xiangdong).
3. Pingxiang can be considered to be at the southeastern periphery of the extended Changsha metropolitan region and east of the Chang-Zhu-Tan city-cluster that is being developed as a secondary node in the PRC’s national urban system plan.1 It is connected to the national highway system and to the high-speed rail network with a station open since November 2014. It is a poverty-stricken and mineral-rich industrial city with economic pillars being coal and iron mining, steel, aluminum, industrial ceramics, chemical industry, and fireworks. Agricultural production is an important sector in a predominantly rural municipality and especially in Lianhua County in the south. Some of the manufacturing businesses can be considered as cottage industry, especially the fireworks production which contributes significantly to the economy in Shangli County and provides additional income to farmers.
4. Despite high gross domestic product growth rates and accelerated urban and rural development in recent years, Pingxiang’s development is lagging behind. The urbanization ratio is at 31.59%, significantly lower than the national average of 53.7% and rural poverty is significant at 18.58%.2 Lianhua county is a national poverty county, and within the municipality, there are 123 national/provincial (37/76) designated poverty villages3. Pingxiang more than 420,000 residents lack access to safe drinking water. Most domestic wastewater is untreated, and wastewater from mining and industry, and non-point source pollutants contribute to poor
1 Chang-Zhu-Tan stands for three cities in Hunan Province—Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Xiangtan. In December 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission approved the 8,448 square-kilometer city cluster as pilot area for regional integration of resource efficient and environmentally sustainable development. 2 All figures related to Pingxiang are sourced from the Pingxiang Statistical Yearbook, 2011. Poverty threshold is according to national standard of CNY2,300 per year. 3 In 2011, Pingxiang’s average urban income was CNY18,646 compared to the national average of CNY21,810.
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surface water quality. Increased frequency and severity of flooding in recent years, and illegal waste disposal pose serious risks to Pingxiang.4 The exposure to flood risk and lack of basic environmental services and missing rural-urban connectivity is becoming a burden for environmentally sustainable and inclusive development. In 2008, Pingxiang was among 12 cities in the PRC to be classified as a resource-depleted city, and is eligible for central government support for its economic and industrial transformation to promote sustainable development. In 2013, the Pingxiang Resource- Depleted Transitional Development Plan (2013–2020) was developed, outlining goals for promoting sustainable socioeconomic development and improving the urban-rural environmentally sustainable environment. The overall strategy for Pingxiang municipality is to develop a system of urban settlements that include sub-regional hubs in the county towns of Lianhua, Shangli, and Luxi. Towns around these hubs would be developed into satellites surrounding the core county town to lessen the movement of people from countryside to city areas. This requires infrastructure to raise living standards and a road network to facilitate daily commuting.
5. Flood risk reduction is a top priority for Pingxiang as flood frequency and severity significantly increased over the past years. A major flood affected Pingxiang on 25 May 2014 and caused severe damage to public safety, health, and massive loss of assets and income. Pingxiang rivers share similar challenges. Most existing riverbanks don’t provide flood protection that led to regular floods during rainy season and to severe floods during heavy storms. Accumulation of sediments raised riverbeds further reducing flood discharge capacities and sediments from old mining sites upstream in the mountains pollute the rivers and degrade river ecology. Concrete weirs constructed along the rivers for water abstraction to irrigate farmland as well as abandoned bridges, uncontrolled vegetative growth, and sewer manholes in the rivers all impede flows during flood events. The overall river environment and ecology has deteriorated in urban areas and near rural settlements as development encroached upon wetland areas and floodplains. Riverbank erosion and degradation is serious in some river sections. Illegal solid waste disposal in the riverine areas are common, particularly in rural areas without municipal solid waste collection systems.
6. Pingxiang is a headwater municipality with all of its six major rivers originating in its mountainous areas and flowing into two major river systems: the Gan River system that flows into Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province and the Xiang River system that flows into Dongting Lake in Hunan Province. The rivers are pristine and clean in most upper reaches but accumulate pollution as they pass human settlements, farmland that uses chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and mining and industrial zones that discharge significantly polluted wastewater affecting downstream jurisdictions both river systems and contributes to pollution of the Poyang Lake. Wastewater collection and treatment rates are still low and much wastewater is discharged untreated into the rivers. Many urban areas and rural towns and villages have no sewer systems and wastewater treatment facilities and currently use poorly managed septic tanks with effluent run-off to rivers and percolating into ground water. In several cities and townships combined sewer and drainage pipe and channel networks are incomplete and wastewater is discharged into nearby drainage ditches and rivers. As some of Pingxiang’s rivers are drinking water source for local communities, water pollution poses risks to public health.
4 Floods in 1998, 2001, 2002, 2010 and 2014 affected 496,000 people and caused the collapse of 2,682 houses and significant economic losses in the agricultural sector due to flooding of farmland.
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7. Pingxiang suffers from limited access to and from rural areas to markets, jobs, training, education, and services in towns and cities. This lack of roads and public transport is a major constraint to improving rural opportunities, incomes and livelihoods. Except for the main east-west and north-south corridors served by highways and national roads many existing roads in Pingxiang are narrow and lack maintenance, particularly in the many and extensive rural and mountainous areas.
B. Project Design
8. This project will have interventions to address the above problems in three counties (Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli) and one district (Xiangdong) within the municipality. Interventions will include (i) rehabilitation and flood risk management of eight rivers totaling approximately 79 km; (ii) installation of approximately 183 km of wastewater collection pipes and construction of two wastewater treatment plants (providing 5,000 m3/d treatment capacity in Xuanfeng Town and 2,500 m3/d treatment capacity in Tongmu Town); (iii) construction of a 44-km class II secondary trunk road in the northeastern mountainous area of the municipality; and (iv) capacity building in climate resilience, early flood risk warning, flood risk management, river environment and water pollution reduction, wastewater management system design (including rural wastewater and sanitation solutions and management); (v) rural-urban road and traffic safety, sustainable rural-urban transport and public transport management,
9. River rehabilitation and flood risk management will include river widening and deepening to increase flood water retention; repair and construction of embankments, revetment and toe protection; removal and reconstruction of weirs to improve water retention for irrigation and yet flood water flow during storm events; replacement or separation of in-stream sewer interceptors; and planting of aquatic plants and riparian vegetation to improve ecological habitat and biodiversity.
10. The wastewater treatment plants will treat effluent to Class 1B standard, significantly reducing the pollutant loadings entering the Lishui River (belonging to the Xiang River system) and the Yuan River (belonging to the Gan River system).
11. The class II road will connect Shangli County with Luxi County directly and fill in a missing link between the areas, serving an important role in the overall rural transport network and complementing the existing highway network consisting of an east-west and a north-south highway. It is aligned along valley, ridge and low-lying hillside to follow the landform, avoiding farmland and houses as much as possible. Road design will incorporate pedestrian lanes, bus stops and safety features, providing safe travel, all-weather access and public transportation services.
12. The impact will be socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable integrated urban-rural development in Pingxiang municipality. The outcome will be improved environment and integrated rural-urban infrastructure services and partnerships.
C. Project Benefits
13. The proposed project will contribute infrastructure and capacity building to address some of the pressing development challenges including flooding, degraded river environments, low wastewater treatment rate, and lack of rural-urban connectivity. The project will enhance environmental sustainability in urban and rural areas through improvements in wastewater
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collection and treatment and water safety. The infrastructure supported by the project will contribute to: (i) promote rural-urban integration and improve living conditions in the rural area to reduce rural-urban migration, (ii) improve safety for residents by reducing flood risk, (iii) reduce surface water and groundwater pollution and to improve water quality, and (iv) develop better connectivity for rural residents of townships and villages to access urban markets, jobs and services, and enable agri-tourism and nature-based tourism in the rural and mountainous areas. The structural interventions of the project are complemented by several non-structural initiatives to increase the sustainability of the investments and to enhance the local capacity for development.
14. Benefits of integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management. This project will provide flood protection (1/20 year for urban; 1/10 year for rural areas) for residents, property, farmland, and infrastructure within the flood plains of the project rivers. This will reduce risks of injury and death, losses of property and crop damage, and losses of income from the time spent to respond and recover from flood events. The economic analysis conducted during PPTA has estimated that the project will result in avoided annual average damage (AAD, at 2014 values) of CNY186.5 million per year. Re-vegetation of 90 ha of riparian buffers, including approximately 47 ha of wetlands, and the use of ecological revetments along some 60% the project rivers will improve the habitat conditions for flora and fauna and contribute to higher levels of biodiversity in the project area. Direct beneficiaries are the population of 308,800 residing in the 29-km2 inundation areas of the project rivers. Capacity building provided by this project will improve the flood warning system and flood risk management, provide training in agriculture non-point source pollution reduction and management, ecological river rehabilitation principles (managing stressors to river ecosystems such s pollution, development/urbanization and climate change), wetland design and maintenance, and biodiversity enhancement.
15. Benefits of wastewater collection and treatment. This project will expand the urban wastewater service area, resulting in increasing the wastewater collection and treatment rates in the project area. The amount of untreated wastewater directly discharged into the open environment and surface water bodies will be reduced. This will contribute to overall improvements in quality of life for residents, increased real estate values from improved environmental conditions, and reduced expenses and risks from water-borne diseases. Pollutant loading entering the Xiang River and Gan River systems, as a result of providing treatment, would be reduced by 657 t chemical oxygen demand, 402 t biochemical oxygen demand, 584 t suspended solids, 57 t ammonia nitrogen, 64 t total nitrogen, and 13 t total phosphorus each year. This would directly benefit a population of 175,000 residing now or in the future in the service areas.
16. Benefits of class II secondary trunk road. Existing roads in the project area are not well connected due to complex terrain or separation by major highways and railways. The proposed road will connect existing roads in the project area into a network and improve traffic capacity, thereby reducing transport costs for the local population and for materials and products. Besides savings in terms of fuel and travel time, the proposed road would also lead to improvements in overall travel conditions, comfort and safety. This will immediately benefit a population of over 106,000 residing in 48 ‘natural’ villages (concentrated settlements) within one kilometer of the proposed road. It may also be reasonable to assume that a population of 248,000 residing in the townships through which the road passes will also benefit.
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D. Baseline Environment
17. Pingxiang is at the headwaters of two major river systems: the Gan River system that flows into Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province, and the Xiang River system that flows into Dongting Lake in Hunan Province. The project rivers in Lianhua County (Lianjiang River and Baima River) and Luxi County (Yuan River, Xinhua River and Tankou River) are tributaries of the Gan River system. The project rivers in Shangli County (Lishui River and Jinshan River) and Xiangdong District (Pingshui River) are tributaries of the Xiang River system. The PRC classifies surface water quality into five categories, with Category I being the best and Category V being the worst. Categories I to III water bodies could be used for drinking water extraction. Baseline surface water quality monitoring undertaking during this study shows that most project rivers did not meet Category III standards at the monitoring locations due to exceedance in chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen indicative of water pollution from human activities. Sediment quality data also showed pollution from heavy metal cadmium in the rivers in Shangli County and the pesticide Lindane in the rivers in Lianhua County.
18. Ambient air quality monitoring data show compliance with PRC’s Class 2 air quality standards and the World Bank Group (WBG) environmental health and safety (EHS) interim target standards, except at a few locations in Luxi County and Shangli County where the data show exceedance in 24-hour total suspended particulates (TSP).
19. Baseline noise monitoring data show that most of the exceedance occurred during night time, with 49% of the noise levels exceeded the WBG’s EHS standard. Among the project areas, Lianhua County had the best and Xiangdong District had the worst acoustic environment. Several sensitive receptors along the proposed rural-urban road were already experiencing rather high noise levels.
20. A biodiversity and habitat survey was conducted by the PPTA consultant for the river rehabilitation and flood risk management component. Existing habitats along project rivers can be classified into 10 types: river, riparian forest, wetland/wet meadow, farmland, upland forest, orchard, urban greenery, fish pond, constructed area, and hard embankment. Overall, biodiversity in the project area is higher in Lianhua and Luxi Counties, and lower in Shangli County and Xiangdong District, where habitat types are more homogenous. Biodiversity is higher in areas with little human disturbance and habitat fragmentation, for example in riparian forests, wetlands, wet meadows and upland forests. Biodiversity is average in farmland with significant human disturbance, and low in constructed areas with low vegetation coverage and hard embankments.
21. Based on site surveys and literature review by the PPTA consultant, 227 floral species and 193 faunal species were recorded in the project area of influence. Of the 227 floral species, two species, the Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and the Asian Yew (Taxus chinensis), are listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list as Endangered. They are also under national Class I protection. Seven other species are under national Class II protection. They are: Happy Tree (Camptotheca acuminata), Camphor Tree (Cinnomomum camphora) Urn Orchid (Bletilla striata), Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon), Austral Ladies’ Tresses (Spiranthes sinensis), Chinese Lawn Grass (Zoysia sinica) and Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). All these species have been described by Catalogue of Life China 2014 Annual Checklist as having wide distribution in many provinces in the PRC. None of the IUCN and national protected floral species listed above is endemic to the project areas in Pingxiang
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Municipality. The Camphor Tree was sighted at at two locations along the Lianjiang River and one location along the Baima River in Lianhua County, and along the rural-urban road alignment at one location in Luxi County and one location in Shangli County; as well as the Happy Tree at one location along the rural-urban road alignment in Luxi County. Some of the Camphor Trees are also old trees that have been tagged.
22. The 193 faunal species were dominated by birds (75 species) followed by fish (39 species). Four species are on the IUCN red list as Vulnerable: the cyprinid fish Pseudohemiculter dispar, the Wild Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), the Sambar (Cervus unicolor), and the Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis). Four other species are under national Class II protection: the Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata), the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), the Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis), and the European Otter (Lutra lutra). All the above species have been described by Catalogue of Life China 2014 Annual Checklist as having widespread distribution in many provinces in the PRC. None of the above protected fauna is endemic to the project areas in Pingxiang Municipality.
23. The project area of influence traverses three legally protected sites: (i) National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm, (ii) Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm, and (iii) Provincial Shangli County Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area. The section of the Pingshui River in Xiangdong District proposed for rehabilitation and flood risk management is within the experimental sub-zone of the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm. The section of the Yuan River in Luxi County proposed for rehabilitation and flood risk management is within the experimental sub-zone of the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm. The proposed rural-urban road would also cross the experimental sub-zones of these two zones when it crosses the above rivers, as well as traversing through the Provincial Shangli County Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area. Two domestic topical reports were prepared for assessing potential project impacts on the two fish protection zones (PMSPAPT 20135, 20156), which have been approved by the provincial agricultural authorities. The Shangli County Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area Bureau and the Shangli County Government have also agreed to the proposed rural-urban road traversing through the scenic area in writing.
24. The National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm was established mainly for the protection of the David’s Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi). It is divided into two sub-zones: the core sub-zone where most of the spawning, nursery and wintering grounds and migration routes of this species occur, and the experimental sub-zone that is outside the major spawning, nursery and wintering grounds and migration routes of this species. The Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm was established to protect the Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis). It is also divided into two sub-zones: the core sub-zone where most of the spawning, nursery and wintering grounds and migration routes of this species occur, and the experimental sub-zone that is outside the major spawning, nursery and wintering grounds and migration routes of this species.
5 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2013. Topical report for the environmental impact assessment of Jiangxi Province five river rehabilitation and flood protection projects (Pingxiang Municipality urban flood protection project) on the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm. 86 pp. 6 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2015. Impact of Asian Development Bank project on the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm. 77 pp.
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E. Construction Impacts and Mitigation Measures
25. Deepening, widening and embankment and weir construction of the eight rivers for flood risk management would involve substantial earthwork and sediment dredging, potentially damaging in-channel habitats and aquatic fauna and impacting the two fish protection zones. Approximately 3.55 million m3 of earth material will be removed. Back fill materials would total approximately 1.44 million m3, consisting of re-using approximately 1.22 million m3 of earth cut materials and obtaining approximately 0.22 million m3 from borrow areas. The remaining 2.33 million m3 of earth cut material would require disposal. This mainly includes the 2.07 million m3 sediments to be dredged from river beds. Dredging works could result in elevated levels of sediments within and downstream of the dredge sites, and the release of pollutants in the channel sediments. Heavy metals (cadmium) and persistent organic pollutants (Lindane, or benzene hexachloride) have been identified in some river sediments, which will require adequate treatment and handling. Dredging, as well as the construction of extensive riverside embankments for flood control and bank remediation, will impact in-channel habitats and areas of modified habitat. For the in-channel habitats, long term impacts on aquatic fauna are anticipated to be minimal, with aquatic organisms and communities re-establishing soon after project completion.
26. The following mitigation measures defined in the EMP will be taken during construction to minimize impacts to water quality and in-channel habitats: (i) operating in short river sections to minimize the extent of disturbance at any one time; (ii) dredging will be conducted in the dry to minimize dispersion of suspended solids, which will be done by forming a coffer dam around the area to be dredged with river flow diversion, followed by pumping out the water inside the coffer dam then excavate sediment similar to earth moving works on land; (iii) compliance with quality of in-channel sediment with the PRC standard for re-use; and (iv) protection of drinking water intakes with silt curtains when river rehabilitation works occur within the drinking water protection zone. A range of embankment designs were reviewed during project preparation. Designs which maximize the re-establishment of native vegetation and rocks were selected. From the toe zone to the top of the embankments will be planted with grasses, shrubs and trees, as well as submerged, floating and emergent aquatic plants to enhance ecological and biodiversity values. A total of approximately 90 ha of riparian areas along the project rivers in Lianhua and Luxi Counties will be re-vegetated. Small wetlands will be established with a total area of 46 ha, fully offsetting the projected loss of approximately 21 ha of modified habitats along project rivers.
27. The two topical reports assessing potential impacts on the two fish protection zones indicated that construction impacts on the David’s Yellowfin on the Pingshui River and the Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp on the Yuan River would be minimal and temporary, since the sections of these rivers to be rehabilitated (as well as the rural-urban road bridges crossing these rivers) are located in the experimental sub-zone and away from the core sub-zone where the main spawning, nursery and wintering grounds as well as migration routes are located. Mitigation measures will include no river works from April to June (spawning season for the David’s Yellowfin) on the Pingshui River and from March to June (spawning season for the Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp) on the Yuan, Xinhua and Tankou Rivers, as well as compensatory fish stocking on these rivers after completion of construction.
28. To protect the Camphor Trees and Happy Trees identified at the six locations described above, attempts will be made first in the detailed design stage to avoid these locations. If
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avoidance is not practicable, the trees will be transplanted. Those remaining on site will be tagged and conspicuously marked before commencement of construction so that construction workers will be aware of their presence and will be able to avoid causing damage to these trees. To protect wildlife, construction workers are prohibited from capturing wildlife on construction sites.
29. The proposed rural-urban road will require significant cut (1.73 million m3) and fill (3.70 million m3) along the road corridor, which will likely induce soil erosion, construction noise and vibration, fugitive dust, and community and occupational health and safety risks. These impacts will be localized, short term, and can be effectively mitigated through the application of good construction and housekeeping practices and implementation of construction phase community and occupational health and safety plans. The road alignment accounted for landform, avoiding farmland and houses as much as possible. The Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area Management Committee confirmed that the road will not encroach on the special zone of the provincial-level Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area. Potential impact to the scenic area is mainly visual. Mitigation measures specified in the EMP include (i) no siting of spoil disposal pits, borrow areas and asphalt mixing and concrete batching plants within the scenic area; and (ii) erection of hoardings around the construction site to shield off construction machinery and activities visually from tourists.
30. The two wastewater treatment plants in Tongmu Town and Xuanfeng Town are sited with at least a 200 m buffer distance from the nearest households. The 183 km of sewage collection pipes in Lianhua, Luxi, Shangli and Xiangdong will be constructed along streets in the built-up areas. Dust and noise are the main concerns due to the proximity of residences. Mitigation measures and construction management prescriptions have been specified in the EMP to address this.
F. Operation Impacts and Mitigation Measures
31. Potential impacts from road operations mainly relate to traffic safety caused by over speed. Traffic noise during operation of the rural-urban road would exceed relevant standard mainly during night time and require noise mitigation measures by means of provision of double-glazed windows for the affected households. Pingxiang Transport Bureau committed to carry out a more detailed predictive analysis of sensitive receptor sites along the proposed Project road (to be conducted by the DI during preliminary design), and to allocate funds for noise mitigation at affected properties and sensitive sites, as needed, before construction commences. Air quality predictions indicated that they would have minimal impact, even in the long term. Emissions of carbon dioxide from traffic on the rural-urban road will not exceed ADB’s threshold of 100,000 t/a in the design horizon of year 2032. The proposed road would cross the headwaters of the Yuan River and the Pingshui River, which are Category II water bodies at the road bridge locations and road runoff into Category II water bodies are prohibited by law. Impervious collection /sedimentation tanks will be designed and constructed at the bridge crossings to collect road runoff during storm events.
32. The control of wastewater effluent quality and odor emissions from the two WWTPs; and poor maintenance of project facilities, including the river embankments are other potentially significant impacts during operation. Safe distances (200 m) from WWTP to residents under the PRC standard were established in the EITs. The Xuanfeng WWTP will have no impact, but the Tongmu WWTP required an amended plant layout and the resettlement of two households to
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comply. The WWTPs will treat wastewater to Class 1B standard of the PRC’s Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002) before discharging to the Yuan River (Xuanfeng WWTP) and the Lishui River (Tongmu WWTP). Effluent and surface water quality monitoring will be conducted regularly by the local EPBs. River works will be maintained by the river course management stations of the county/district water affairs bureaus (WAB).
33. Initial climate risk screening determined that the project is at medium risk from climate change effects. A detailed climate risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA) determined the nature and level of project risks. The CRVA allowed the review of design assumptions for the flood risk management components, confirming that design storms (determined based on the analog method) were credible. The CRVA confirmed that the security freeboard of 0.6 m to 0.7 m on river embankments can accommodate projected increases in precipitation resulting from climate change until at least 2050. The replacement of concrete weirs with hydraulic weirs, recommended by the CRVA, will enhance adaptation capabilities to short- to mid-term climate variation and change. Non-structural adaptation measures have been incorporated, including improvements to river maintenance procedures and to existing flood monitoring and early warning systems. A capacity development sub-module for climate-resilient urban-rural development planning and infrastructure development has been included to component 4 of the project. The sub-module will be coordinated and provided by an international and a national climate change adaptation specialist and an urban-rural planner. They will, amongst others, review preliminary and detailed design for river rehabilitation works and the urban-rural road and their auxiliary facilities (including bridges, culverts, drainage outfalls etc.), and support IAs and design institutes to incorporate climate-proofing measures into detailed engineering design.
G. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation
34. Information disclosure of project information and related environmental issues was conducted twice on the website of Pingxiang Municipal Government in July 2014 and February 2015 respectively. The first time was at the commencement of EIR and EIT preparation and the second time was when the draft EIRs and EITs were completed. No objection was received. Project information was also publicly posted in affected communities and local newspaper.
35. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli Counties and Xiangdong District. The results confirmed that most respondents strongly support the project and are willing to participate, because the project will benefit them and their family members directly. The majority deemed the project to be necessary or very necessary in view of their present dissatisfaction on flood control, water quality and lack of decent roads.
36. Four discussion forums were conducted in March 2015 in Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli Counties and Xiangdong District respectively, providing interactive discussions with stakeholders on project related issues. Concerns raised include protection of drinking water intakes during construction, impacts on the fish protection zones, and impact on irrigation water extraction during weir construction. All these concerns were adequately addressed by the proponent and the domestic EIA institute. The project team also participated in all the discussion forums and explained to the audience the environmental management plan (EMP) and the grievance redress mechanism (GRM).
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H. Grievance Redress Mechanism
37. People who are affected by the impacts of this project will have a channel to register their grievance. This report and the EMP describe a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) to document and resolve complaints from affected people. The GRM will be coordinated by the Pingxiang Project Management Office (PMO), who will set up a complaint center with hotline for receiving environmental and resettlement grievances, and will be accessible to diverse members of the community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth. Multiple points of entry and modes of access, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, or e-mail, will be available.
I. Key EMP Implementation Responsibilities
38. The Executing Agency (EA) is the Pingxiang Municipal Government (PMG), who is responsible for the implementation of the entire project. The EA has established a Project Leading Group (PLG) at the Pingxiang Municipality level in 2011 to take leadership, coordinate and supervise the implementation of this ADB funded project, and deal with project issues if and when needed. The EA has also established the Pingxiang Project Management Office (PMO) which is situated at the Pingxiang Urban Construction Investment and Development Corporation (PUCIDC). The PMO will appoint an environmental specialist on its staff to oversee the implementation of the EMP.
39. The Implementing Agencies (IA) are the county and district governments of Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli and Xiangdong. The IAs will establish Project Implementation Units (PIU) to undertake the implementation of sub-components in their respective counties and district. Each PIU will appoint one environmental specialist on its staff to ensure the implementation of EMP. The PIUs will also hire one or more environmental supervision engineers (depending on contracting arrangements) to review and audit the implementation of environmental protection measures on construction sites.
40. An External Environmental Monitor (EEM) will be funded under the ADB loan to assist the PMO and PIU’s in EMP implementation, environmental training and semi-annual environmental monitoring report preparation. The EEM will be responsible for appointing local Environmental Monitoring Stations (EMS) and specialists in conducting environmental impact monitoring of air quality, noise, water quality and ecology.
J. Risks and Key Assurances
41. The main project risks include the low institutional capacity and/or failure of the PMO, PIUs and O&M units to implement the EMP during construction and operational stages. These risks will be mitigated by (i) providing training in environmental management and monitoring; (ii) appointing qualified project implementation consultants, (iii) following appropriate project implementation monitoring and mitigation arrangements, and (iv) ADB conducting project reviews.
42. Key assurances cover ADB requirements in environmental safeguards during project implementation. The EMP also contains a section on environmental contract clauses listing all required mitigation measures that shall be undertaken by contractors during construction. These
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clauses will be included in all tender documents and works contracts and will therefore be legally binding.
K. Overall Conclusion
43. Impact assessment results show that potential impacts can be mitigated to acceptable levels. The EMP has specified what mitigation measures are to be implemented and by whom, and how the impacts are to be monitored during construction and operation. All mitigation measures will be included as environmental contract clauses in all tender documents and works contracts. The project will have positive benefits to Pingxiang Municipality, improving flood protection, water quality, riparian and wetland habitats, rural-urban transport, quality of life and socio-economic development.
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II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK AND STANDARDS
A. Policy Framework
44. The project is located in Pingxiang, a prefecture level municipality in the western part of Jiangxi Province bordering Hunan Province. The municipality is dominated by mountainous terrain (94% of land area) and rural setting (73% of total population)7. The project consists of three components: river rehabilitation and flood risk management, wastewater collection and treatment, and rural-urban road.
45. Flood risk management. Zhang et al. (2011)8 estimated that between 2000 and 2011, flooding in the PRC affected 128.3 million people and 10.6 million hectares of farmland per year on average, leading to direct losses of 98.9 billion CNY per year on average. As a result of the 1988 flooding of the Yangtze and Songhua-Liao river basins, the central government announced a policy that moves toward natural resource management as a long-term, holistic way of flood plain management, shifting from dependence on structural measures for reducing flood damage to a balanced approach using both structural and non-structural measures. In the first document issued by the State Council in 2011, the central government set forth policy directions for accelerating water reform in the following 5-10 years. Besides management of water use and water quality, the document also emphasizes the importance of flood control and emergency response. In particular, it promotes the rehabilitation of medium to small rivers to protect flood-prone areas with high population density, including reinforcing embankments and dredging. It also promotes capacity building for flood monitoring and early warning systems, as well as the establishment of flood control and drought relief service teams at county and village levels. These goals are also echoed in PRC’s 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP) for Water Resource Development.
46. Between 2000 and 2010, Jiangxi Province ranked 9th among the 27 provinces in areas affected by flooding, 7th in population affected, and 3rd in direct economic losses (Zhang et al. 2011). In line with the national plan, the Jiangxi Province 12th FYP for Water Resource Development promotes establishing development control along rivers and lakes to prevent urban development in flood-prone areas; and integrating flood control, storm water management, ecological protection, and urban landscaping. The plan sets the following goals for flood control for 2015:
(i) Achieving flood control standards for the major cities in the province: Nanchang (1/200 flood), Jingdezhen and the other 9 municipalities (1/50 year flood); (ii) Constructing embankments meeting 1/20 flood control standards for urban areas in key counties and county-level cities and for farmland protection areas larger than 50,000 mu; (iii) Achieving 1/10 – 1/20 flood control standards for medium to small rivers in key areas; (iv) Reduce flood losses as a percent of GDP to 1% or lower.
7 Pingxiang Municipality Statistical Yearbook 2013. 8 Zhang, H, H. Y. Xu, L. Zhang, H. R. Wang. 2011. Comprehensive analysis of flood damages in the PRC from 2000-2010. Journal of Economics of Water Resouces. 2011(5): 5-9.
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47. Targets for improving flood control standards in the urban areas of Pingxiang are set forth in the urban master plans and flood control plans for each county/district (Table II.1). The extent of riparian area to be included in the proposed river rehabilitation was determined based on green space or road boundaries delineated in the urban master plans.
Table II.1: Government Plans relevant to River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management
Administrative Target Flood Control Rivers Relevant Government Plans Unit Standard Lianhua Lian, Baima, and Qin Lianhua County-Town Flood Control and Storm Water 1/20 year for urban areas County Rivers Management Plan (2012) and 1/10 year for rural Lianhua County Urban Master Plan (2011-2030) areas Luxi County Yuan, Xinhua, and Luxi County Urban Master Plan (2007-2020) 1/20 year Tankou Rivers Luxi County Yuan River Upstream Scenic Belt Urban Design and Landscape Plan (2013) Luxi County Urban Flood Control Plan (2012) Shangli County Lishui and Jinshan see Note below - Rivers Xiangdong Pingshui River Pingxiang Municipality Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) 1/20 year District Pingxiang Municipality Urban Flood Control Plan (2011) Note: Jinshan and Lishui Rivers run primarily through rural areas of Shangli County, so have not been included in the county’s existing urban master plans or flood control plans. However, rehabilitation of small-medium rivers is now a top priority in the county due to the disastrous May 25, 2014 flood event, and the county government has requested support from the provincial government for flood control infrastructure.
48. Wastewater collection and treatment. Pingxiang is at the headwaters of six major rivers that belong to two major river systems: (i) the Xiang River system that includes the Lishui River, Pingshui River and Caoshui River; and (ii) the Gan River system that includes the Lian River, Yuan River and Lukou River. They are therefore pristine in their most upper reaches but accumulate pollution as they pass human settlements and industrial sites. One reason for this situation is the absence of wastewater collection and treatment system in most communities. The proposed wastewater collection and treatment component is needed to improve water quality and is in line with the local urban master plans.
49. According to the Lianhua County Urban Master Plan (2011-2030), the design capacity of 15,000 m3/d of the existing WWTP will be expanded to 30,000 m3/d by 2030 to accommodate population growth in the urban area. According to the Luxi County Urban Master Plan (2007-2020), the four key towns (including Xuanfeng Town) should built WWTPs, other towns should build simplified wastewater purification systems, and the wastewater treatment rate should reach 60% by 2020. According to the Shangli County Urban Master Plan (2007-2020), the existing 15,000 m3/d WWTP serving the Shangli County urban area will be expanded to 30,000 m3/d. Tongmu, a major town in Shangli County, plans to build a wastewater collection and treatment system according to the Shangli County Tongmu Town Infrastructure Plan (2002-2020). Based on the Xiangdong District Urban Master Plan (2000-2020), the Xiangdong District Zoning Plan dated 2013 set a wastewater collection and treatment rate target of 85% with the expansion of the existing Xiangdong WWTP from a design capacity of 10,000 m3/d to 70,000 m3/d.
50. Rural-urban transportation. The proposed rural-urban road connecting Luxi and Shangli Counties are in line with the Jiangxi Province 12th FYP for Highway and Waterway Transportation Development, which sets forth the following targets:
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(i) Reduce travel time from county-towns to highways to 30 minutes; (ii) Increase the ratio of Class II roads to 90% and increase the rate of “excellent roads” to 85%; (iii) Increase the ratio of Class III county roads to 50% and the ratio of Class IV village roads to 80%; (iv) Improve the rural passenger transport network, establish a bus system for 100% of townships and 92% of administrative villages; (v) Establish integrated rural road service stations with passenger terminals in 85% of townships, to support rural logistics. (vi) Rural road network length to reach 140,000 km (compared to 126,000 km in 2010).
B. Legal and Administrative Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment
51. The administrative framework for environmental impact assessment in the PRC consists of national, provincial and local (city and county) environmental protection authorities. The national authority is the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), who promulgates laws, regulations and technical guidelines on environmental impact assessment and pollution prevention and control. On the provincial level are the Departments of Environmental Protection (DEP), acting as the gate-keeper for environmental impact assessment and pollution prevention and control in the province. They are often delegated the authority by MEP to approve environmental impact assessment reports for development planning and construction projects in the provinces, except those with national interest and those that cross provincial boundaries that would need MEP approval. The local (city or county level) Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPB) enforce environmental laws and conduct environmental monitoring within city or county limits. Local EPBs could be delegated the authority to approve environmental impact assessments by the provincial DEPs. For this project, the Pingxiang Municipal EPB has approval authority for the domestic environmental impact assessment reports.
52. The release of the Environmental Impact Assessment Public Participation Interim Guideline in 2006 also requires that the public be involved in the EIA process. This was further clarified under Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: Public Participation (public comment version, January 2011). Since August 2012, all domestic environmental impact reports for construction projects submitted for approval must include an abstract for disclosure on the web-site of the approval authority (MEP Order No. [2012] 51).
C. Laws, Regulations, Guidelines and Standards
53. The following requirements of the PRC govern the way in which environmental protection and environmental impact assessment must be implemented. The suite of laws, regulations, guidelines and standards relevant to this project is shown in Table II.2, indicating the comprehensive coverage on PRC’s environmental safeguard. These requirements cover pollution prevention and control on air, noise, water, ecology and solid waste. These requirements also provide technical guidelines on assessing atmospheric, noise, water and ecological impacts.
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Table II.2: Relevant PRC Laws, Regulations, Guidelines and Standards
Laws and regulations 1 Environmental Protection Law, December 26, 1989 2 Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law, September 1, 2000 3 Noise Pollution Prevention and Control Law, March 1, 1997 4 Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law, June 1, 2008 5 Solid Waste Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Law, April 1, 2005 6 Water Law, October 1, 2002 7 Water and Soil Conservation Law, June 29, 1991, amended December 25, 2010 8 Promotion of Clean Production Law, January 1 2003 9 Environmental Impact Assessment Law, September 1, 2003 10 Energy Conservation Law, January 1, 1998 11 Wild Animal Protection Law, August, 2004 12 Water and Soil Conservation Law, March 1, 2011 13 Cultural Relics Protection Law, October 2002 14 Cultural Relics Protection Implementation Regulation, July 1, 2003 15 Construction Project Environmental Protection and Management Regulation, (State Department Order No. 253), November 29, 1998 Guidelines 1 Technical Guidelines for Plan Environmental Impact Assessment (on trial) (HJ/T 130-2003) 2 Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Area (HJ/T 131-2003) 3 Directory for the Management of Different Categories of Construction Project Environmental Impact Assessment, (MEP Order No. 2), October 1, 2008 4 Circular on Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction Projects Financed by International Financial Organizations, (MEP Announcement No. [1993]324) 5 Guidelines for Technical Review of Environmental Impact Assessment on Construction Projects (HJ 616-2011) 6 Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: General Program (HJ 2.1-2011) 7 Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: Atmospheric Environment (HJ 2.2-2008) 8 Technical Guidelines for Noise Impact Assessment (HJ 2.4-2009) 9 Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: Surface Water Environment (HJ/T 2.3-93) 10 Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: Ground Water Environment (HJ 610-2011) 11 Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment: Ecological Impact (HJ 19-2011) 12 Specifications for Road Construction Project Environmental Impact Assessment (JTG B03-2006) 13 Technical Guideline for Construction Project Environmental Risk Assessment (HJ/T 169-2004) 14 Technical Guideline on Environmental Monitoring Quality Management (HJ 630-2011) 15 Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: Public Participation (public comment version), (January 2011) 16 Environmental Impact Assessment Public Participation Interim Guideline, (MEP Announcement No. [2006]28) 17 National regulation for public disclosure of EIAs (NDRC, 2012) Requirements for Preparation of Abstract for Construction Project Environmental Impact Report (MEP Order No. [2012]51) 18 Environmental Supervision for Transport Projects (MOT and MEP Announcement No. [2004]314) 19 Environmental Supervision Method (MEP Order No. [2012] 21) Standards 1 Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-1996) and Amendment (MEP Announcement No. [2000]1) 2 Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012) [to replace GB 3095-1996 on January 1, 2016] 3 Air Pollutant Integrated Emission Standard (GB 16297-1996) 4 Emission Standard for Odor Pollutants (GB 14554-93) 5 Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB 3096-2008)
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6 Emission Standard for Community Noise (GB 22337-2008) 7 Emission Standard of Environmental Noise for Boundary of Construction Site (GB 12523-2011) 8 Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348-2008) 9 Technical Specifications to Determine the Suitable Areas for Environmental Noise of Urban Area, (GB/T 15190-94) 10 Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002) 11 Quality Standard for Ground Water (GB/T 14848-93) 12 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996) 13 Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002) 14 Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995) 15 Control Standard for Pollutants in Sludge for Agricultural Use (GB 4284-84) 16 List of Wild Plants under National Key Protection – First Batch 17 Amendment to the List of Wild Plants under National Key Protection – First Batch [2001] 18 List of Wild Animals under National Key Protection [1988] 19 List of Endangered and Rare Animals in the PRC [2010] 20 Terrestrial Wild Animals under National Protection for Beneficial, Important Economic and Scientific Research Values [2000]
54. The Directory for the Management of Different Categories of Construction Project Environmental Impact Assessment classifies environmental impact assessments for construction projects into 3 categories with different reporting requirements, based on the ‘significance’ of potential environmental impact due to the project and the environmental sensitivity of the project site as described in this Directory. An Environmental Impact Report (EIR) is required for construction projects with potential significant environmental impacts. An Environmental Impact Table (EIT) is required for construction projects with less significant environmental impacts. An Environmental Impact Registration Form (EIRF) is required for construction projects with the least significant environmental impacts. For the proposed project, the required domestic environmental documents consisting of five EIRs and six EITs, their approval authority s are shown in Table II.3. The Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Science Research Institute (JPEPSRI) has been commissioned to prepare these domestic environmental documents. The project sections of the Pingshui River and Yuan River are located within national and provincial fish germplasm protection zones respectively and two topical reports have been prepared and approved (see Table II.3). As of April 2015, all EIRs and EITs had been approved by the relevant authorities.
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Table II.3: Domestic Environmental Deliverables for the Project
Sub- Type of Approval Administrative Unit No. Description component No. Deliverable Authority Pingxiang Municipality 1 PX-RD Rural-urban transport EIR JEPD LH-RR1 Lian River and Baima River rehabilitation 2 EIR JEPD Lianhua County LH-RR2 and flood risk management 3 LH-WW1 Lianhua County wastewater collection piping EIT PEPB 4 LX-WW2 Yinhe Town and Xuanfeng Town WWTPs EIT PEPB 5 LX-WW2 Luxi County wastewater collection piping EIT PEPB Luxi County 6 LX-RR3 EIR JEPD Yuan River, Xinhua River and Tankou River LX-RR4 7 rehabilitation and flood risk management Topical report9 PMSPAPT LX-RR5 8 SL-WW3 Tongmu Town WWTP EIT PEPB 9 SL-WW3 Tongmu Town wastewater collection piping EIT PEPB Lishui River rehabilitation and flood risk Shangli County SL-RR6 management 10 EIR JEPD Jinshan River rehabilitation and flood risk SL-RR7 management Xiangdong District wastewater collection 11 XD-WW5 EIT PEPB piping Xiangdong District 12 Pingshui River rehabilitation and flood risk EIR JEPD XD-RR8 13 management Topical report10 PMSPAPT
55. ADB environmental safeguard requirements. This project is classified as Category A for environment on the basis of ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA), requiring the submission of a comprehensive environmental impact assessment (EIA) report. This project EIA has been prepared under the provisions of the ADB’s safeguard policy statement11 which requires a number of critical considerations, including: (i) a project-specific GRM; (ii) assessment of direct, indirect, induced and cumulative impacts; (iii) due diligence of project associated facilities; (iv) protection of physical cultural resources; (v) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (vi) occupational and community health and safety requirements (including emergency preparedness and response); (vii) impacts on livelihoods through environmental media; (viii) biodiversity conservation; and (ix) ensuring that the EMP includes an implementation schedule and measurable performance indicators, these requirements are usually weak in PRC EIAs.
56. Relevant international agreements. The PRC is a signatory to a number of international agreements relevant to environment protection. Those relevant to the project, along with the date of signing by the PRC, are listed in Table II.4.
9 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2015. Impact of Asian Development Bank project on the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm. 77 pp. 10 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2013. Topical report for the environmental impact assessment of Jiangxi Province five river rehabilitation and flood protection projects (Pingxiang Municipality urban flood protection project) on the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm. 86 pp. 11 ADB. 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila.
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Table II.4: International Agreements with the PRC as a Signatory
No. Name of Agreement PRC Signing Date Agreement Objective 1 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands December 21, 1975 To stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands of International Importance now and in the future, recognizing the wetlands’ ecological Especially as Waterfowl Habitat functions and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational values 2 Montreal Protocol on Substances January 1, 1989 To protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions of That Deplete the Ozone Layer substances that deplete it 3 Convention on Biological Diversity December 29, 1993 To develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity 4 United Nations Framework March 21, 1994 To achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in Convention on Climate Change the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system 5 United Nations Convention to December 26, 1996 To combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought Combat Desertification in Those through national action programs that incorporate long-term Countries Experiencing Serious strategies supported by international cooperation and Drought and/or Desertification partnership arrangements 6 Kyoto Protocol to the United February 23, 2005 To further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the Nations Framework Convention national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal on Climate Change and by establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries
D. Evaluation Standards
57. In PRC’s EIA requirements listed in Table II.2 above, ambient conditions of air, noise and water quality in the project area determine the appropriate category of emissions and effluent standards for the construction and operational phases of built infrastructure. However, the World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) guidelines12 (see below) are based on best practice construction and operational procedures. Both the PRC standards and EHS guidelines are used in the assessments and the PRC standards are used for compliance checking of potential impacts from this project.
58. Air quality. The PRC ranks air quality into three classes according to its Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-1996 and amendment in 2000), with Class I having the best air quality and Class III the worst air quality. The ambient air quality in the assessment area of this project has been assigned to meet GB 3095-1996 Class II standards. A new standard was issued in 2012 (GB 3095-2012), which will become effective on January 1, 2016, replacing GB 3095-1996. GB 3095-2012 combines Classes II and III and therefore will only have two air quality classes: Class I and Class II. It also introduces PM2.5 standards and makes more stringent the NO2 standards. The WBG adopted the WHO standards for its EHS standards for air quality.
59. On 10 September 2013, the State Council announced the Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan for the PRC (State Council [2013] No. 37). The action plan sets 2017 targets on reducing PM10 emissions in prefecture level cities by more than 10%; PM2.5 emissions by approximately 25%, 20% and 15% in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta 3 respectively; and controlling annual average PM2.5 levels in Beijing at around 60 μg/m . Among
12 World Bank Group. 2007. Environmental, health and safety guidelines - General EHS guidelines. Washington D.C.
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the 35 actions identified and described in the plan, the following are deemed to be applicable to the proposed project:
• Strengthen control on areal source pollution including controlling dust pollution during construction; • Strengthen control on point source pollution including traffic management and prioritizing public and non-motorized modes of transportation; • Strictly implement total emission pollution control, with compliance with such controls on sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), dust and volatile organics as a pre-requisite in approving construction project Environmental Impact Reports; • Strengthen laws, regulations and standards on controlling air pollution; • Strengthen capacities in environmental management and supervision system; • Increase environmental regulatory enforcement; • Implement environmental information disclosure; • Strictly enforce accountability; • Establish monitoring warning system; • Develop contingency plan; • Adopt timely contingency measures for public health protection during serious air pollution events.
60. The WHO sets up air quality guideline (AQG) standards for various air quality parameters for the protection of public health. Yet recognizing that progressive actions are needed to achieve these standards and the financial and technological limitations of some countries, cities or localities especially in developing countries, the WHO also established interim targets as intermediate milestones towards achieving the AQG.
61. Table II.5 compares the PRC’s GB 3095-1996 Class II standards with the GB 3095-2012 standards and the World Bank Group’s EHS standards. Comparing the PRC Class II standards with the WBG’s EHS standards:
(i) 24-hr SO2: both GB 3095-1996 and 3095-2012 standards for (150 μg/m3) are less stringent than WBG’s upper limit of the Interim Target (125 μg/m3); (ii) 24-hr PM10: both GB 3095-1996 and 3095-2012 standards (150 μg/m3) are the same as WBG’s upper limit of the Interim Target (125 μg/m3); (iii) 24-hr PM2.5: the GB 3095-2012 standard is twice the upper limit of WBG’s Interim Target (75 μg/m3); and (iv) (iv) 24-hr NO2: the GB 3095-1996 standard (240 μg/m3) is less stringent than, while the GB 3095-2012 standard (200 μg/m3) is the same as, the WBG’s AQG (200 μg/m3).
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Table II.5: Comparison of PRC and WBG Ambient Air Quality Standards
3 13 3 Air Quality PRC Class II (μg/m ) World Bank Group EHS (μg/m ) Averaging Period Parameter GB 3095-1996 GB 3095-2012 Interim Targets AQG 1-year 60 60 n/a n/a SO2 24-hour 150 150 50-125 20 1-hour 500 500 n/a n/a 1-year 200 200 n/a n/a TSP 24-hour 300 300 n/a n/a 1-year 100 100 30-70 20 PM10 24-hour 150 150 75-150 50 1-year n/a n/a 15-35 10 PM2.5 24-hr n/a 150 37.5-75 25 1-hour n/a 350 n/a n/a 1-year 80 40 n/a 40 NO2 24-hour 120 80 n/a n/a 1-hour 240 200 n/a 200 24-hour 4,000 4,000 n/a n/a CO 1-hour 10,000 10,000 n/a n/a Note: n/a = not available; CO = carbon monoxide; NO2 = nitrogen dioxide; PM2.5 = particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm; PM10 = particulate matter with diameter ≤10 μm; SO2 = sulfur dioxide; TSP = total suspended particulate
62. Longer averaging period such as 1-year as shown in Table II.5 is more applicable to assessing impacts from multiple as well as regional sources; while shorter averaging periods such as 24-hour and 1-hour are more applicable to assessing short term impacts from project related activities, such as from peak hour traffic or daily or peak construction activities.
63. Fugitive emission of particulate matter (such as dust from construction sites) is regulated under PRC’s Air Pollutant Integrated Emission Standard (GB 16297-1996), which sets 120 mg/m3 as the maximum allowable emission concentration and ≤ 1.0 mg/m3 as the concentration limit at the boundary of construction sites, with no specification on the particular matter’s particle diameter.
64. Noise. According to the Technical Specifications to Determine the Suitable Areas for Environmental Noise of Urban Area (GB/T 15190-94), the area within 200 m on both sides of road or road junction should comply with the corresponding provisions in Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB 3096-2008). GB 3096-2008 categorizes five functional areas based on their tolerance to noise pollution: from Category 0 to Category 4. Category 0 is for areas with convalescent facilities that are the least tolerant to noisy environment and therefore has the most stringent day and night time noise standards. Category 1 is for areas predominated by residential areas, hospitals and clinics, educational institutions and research centers. Category 2 is for areas with mixed residential and commercial functions. Category 3 is for areas with industrial production and storage and logistics functions. Category 4 is for regions adjacent to traffic noise sources such as major roads and highways, and is subdivided into 4a and 4b with the former applicable to major road and marine traffic noise and the latter applicable to rail noise. Standards
13 World Bank Group 2007, ibid.
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for various functional area categories are compared with the WBG’s EHS guidelines in Table II.6, showing that the EHS guidelines have lower noise limits for residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas but higher noise limits for industrial areas. The EHS guidelines do not have separate noise limits for trunk roads but apply the same noise limits based on whether the areas are for residential or industrial uses.
Table II.6: Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (equivalent sound level LAeq: dB)
Noise WBG EHS14 GB 3096-2008 Standards Functional Standards Applicable Area Area Day Night Day Night Category 06:00-22:00 22:00-06:00 07:00-22:00 22:00-07:00 Areas needing extreme quiet, such as 0 50 40 convalescence areas Areas mainly for residence, hospitals, cultural and 55 45 1 55 45 educational institutions, administration offices 2 Residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas 60 50 3 Industrial areas, warehouses and logistic parks 65 55 70 70 Area within 35 m from both sides of expressway, and 4a 70 55 55 45 Class 1 and Class 2 roads
65. PRC’s Emission Standard of Environmental Noise for Boundary of Construction Site (GB 12523-2011) regulates construction noise, limiting construction noise levels at the construction site boundary to 70 dB(A) in the day time (06:00 to 22:00) and 55 dB(A) at night (22:00 – 06:00). The WBG does not have standards for construction noise per se, but applies the same noise standards listed in Table II.6 above to the receptors during construction activities.
66. Operational noise from wastewater treatment plant is regulated by PRC’s Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB 12348-2008). Applicable noise limits for noise functional area category 2 are 60 dB(A) for day time and 50 dB(A) for night time.
67. Surface water quality. For water quality assessment, the determining standard is PRC’s Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002). It defines five water quality categories for different environmental functions. Category I is the best, suitable for head waters and National Nature Reserves. Category II is suitable for drinking water sources in Class I protection areas, habitats for rare aquatic organisms, breeding grounds for fish and crustaceans, and feeding grounds for fish fries. Category III is suitable for drinking water sources in Class II protection areas, wintering grounds for fish and crustaceans, migration routes, water bodies for aquaculture and capture fishery, and swimming activities. Category IV is suitable for general industrial use and non-contact recreational activities. Category V is the worst which is only suitable for agricultural and scenic water uses. These standards are set out in Table II.7. The WBG has guidelines on effluent quality standards but not ambient water quality, and recognizes the use of local ambient water quality criteria for EHS purpose.
14 World Bank Group 2007, lbid.
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Table II.7: Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water GB 3838-2002
Category Parameter I II III IV V pH 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 90% Dissolved oxygen (DO) [mg/L] saturation or ≥6 ≥5 ≥3 ≥2 ≥7.5 Permanganate index (IMn) [mg/L] ≤2 ≤4 ≤6 ≤10 ≤15 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) [mg/L] ≤15 ≤15 ≤20 ≤30 ≤40 5-day Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) [mg/L] ≤3 ≤3 ≤4 ≤6 ≤10 Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) [mg/L] ≤0.15 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 Total phosphorus (as P) [mg/L] ≤0.02 ≤0.1 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.4 Lakes & reservoirs ≤0.01 ≤0.025 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 ≤0.2 Total nitrogen (lakes, reservoirs, as N) [mg/L] ≤0.2 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 Copper (Cu) [mg/L] ≤0.01 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 Zinc (Zn) [mg/L] ≤0.05 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤2.0 ≤2.0 Fluoride (as F-) [mg/L] ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤1.5 Selenium (Se) [mg/L] ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.02 ≤0.02 Arsenic (As) [mg/L] ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 Mercury (Hg) [mg/L] ≤0.0005 ≤0.0005 ≤0.0001 ≤0.001 ≤0.001 Cadmium (Cd) [mg/L] ≤0.001 ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 Chromium (Cr, hexavalent) [mg/L] ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 Lead (Pb) [mg/L] ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 Cyanide (CN) [mg/L] ≤0.005 ≤0.05 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 Volatile phenol [mg/L] ≤0.002 ≤0.002 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.1 Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) [mg/L] ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 Anionic surfactant [mg/L] ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.3 Sulfide [mg/L] ≤0.05 ≤0.1 ≤0.2 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 Fecal coliform bacteria [number/L] ≤200 ≤2000 ≤10000 ≤20000 ≤40000
68. Discharge of wastewater from construction sites and supernatant water from dredged sediment disposal sites is regulated under PRC’s Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996). Class I standards apply to discharges into Category III water bodies under GB 3838-2002. Class II standards apply to discharges into Categories IV and V water bodies. Class III standards apply to discharges into municipal sewers going to municipal WWTPs with secondary treatment. Table II.8 shows these standards.
Table II.8: Wastewater discharge standards for construction sites and dredged sediment disposal sites according to GB 8978-1996
Class I Class II Class III (for discharging into Parameter (for discharging into (for discharging into Categories IV and V water Category III water body) municipal sewer) body) pH 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 SS mg/L 70 150 400 BOD5 mg/L 20 30 300 COD mg/L 100 150 500 TPH mg/L 5 10 20
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Class I Class II Class III (for discharging into Parameter (for discharging into (for discharging into Categories IV and V water Category III water body) municipal sewer) body) Volatile phenol mg/L 0.5 0.5 2.0 NH3-N mg/L 15 25 --- PO42- (as P) mg/L 0.5 1.0 --- LAS (= anionic surfactant) mg/L 5.0 10 20 Note: BOD5 = 5-day biochemical demand; COD = chemical oxygen demand; LAS = linear alkylbenzene sulfonate; NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen; PO42- = phosphate; SS = suspended solids; TPH = total petroleum hydrocarbon
69. Soil and river sediment quality. Soil quality in the PRC is divided into three classes according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995). Class 1 represents the best and Class 3 the worst. The PRC does not have quality standards for sediments in waterways such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the sea. It is acceptable for EIRs to adopt the Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludges from Agricultural Use (GB 4284-84) for assessing sediment quality. The rationale being that the physical nature of river sediment is similar to sludge. Table II.9 presents both GB 15618-1995 (soil) and GB 4284-84 (sludge for agricultural use) standards. The WBG does not have EHS standards for soil and sediment quality.
Table II.9: Comparison of environmental quality standards for soil and control standards for pollutants in sludge for agricultural use
Maximum Allowable Concentration (mg/kg dry weight) GB 15618-1995 (Soil) GB 4284-84 (Sludge for Parameter Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Agricultural Use) Back Soil pH <6.5 6.5~7.5 >7.5 >6.5 <6.5 ≥6.5 ground Cadmium (Cd) 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.60 1.0 5 20 Mercury (Hg) 0.15 0.30 0.50 1.0 1.5 5 15 Arsenic (As) Paddy 15 30 25 20 30 75 75 Dry land 15 40 30 25 40 Copper (Cu) Farm land 35 50 100 100 400 250 500 Orchard --- 150 200 200 400 Lead (Pb) 35 250 300 350 500 300 1000 Chromium (Cr) Paddy 90 250 300 350 400 600 1000 Dry land 90 150 200 250 300 Zinc (Zn) 100 200 250 300 500 500 1000 Nickel (Ni) 40 40 50 60 200 100 200 Boron (B, soluable) ------150 150 DDT 0.05 0.50 1.0 ------666 (Lindane) 0.05 0.50 1.0 ------Mineral oil ------3000 3000 Benzo(a)pyrene ------3 3
70. Assessment areas and evaluation standards for the project. The following assessment areas and PRC evaluation standards were adopted for this project in the domestic EIRs and EITs in accordance with the requirements set forth by the Pingxiang EPB (Table II.10). The assessment area is deemed to be representative of the project area of influence.
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Table II.10: Assessment Areas and PRC Evaluation Standards adopted for this Project
Assessment Area Type of Standard Environmental Media Applicable PRC Standard (= Project Area of Influence) Environmental quality Ambient air quality Class II standards in Ambient Air Quality Up to 200 m beyond the Standard (GB3095-1996) and its revision permanent and temporary for before 1 January 2016; and engineering land take areas GB3095-2012 for after 1 January 2016) Noise Environmental Quality Standard for Noise Up to 200 m beyond the (GB3096-2008) permanent and temporary engineering land take areas Up to 200 m beyond the rural-urban road red line Surface water quality Environmental Quality Standards for From 100 m upstream to 500 m Surface Water (GB3838-2002) Categories downstream of the project sections II and III standards of the following rivers: • Lianjiang River (including Qin River) • Baima River • Yuan River • Xinhua River • Tankou River • Lishui River • Jinshan River • Pingshui River Ecology No applicable standard “Footprint” of the permanent and temporary engineering land take areas Soil quality Environmental Quality Standard for Soils “Footprint” of the permanent and (GB15618-1995) Class 1 standards temporary engineering land take areas River sediment quality Environmental Quality Standard for Soils Dredged sediment from the rivers (GB15618-1995) Class 2 standards Physical cultural No applicable standard but controlled under “Footprint” of the permanent and resources PRC’s Cultural Relics Protection Law temporary engineering land take areas Occupational health and No applicable standard but controlled under Construction sites within the safety PRC’s Labor Law “footprint” of the permanent and temporary engineering land take areas Community health and No applicable standard Up to 200 m beyond the “footprint” safety of the permanent and temporary engineering land take areas Pollutant emission Air pollutant Air Pollutant Integrated Emission Standard • Construction sites within the (GB16297-1996), Class II and fugitive “footprint” of the permanent emission standards and temporary engineering land take areas • Up to 200 m from the boundaries of the wastewater treatment plants Noise Emission Standard of Environmental Noise Construction sites within the for Boundary of Construction Site “footprint” of the permanent and (GB12523-2011) temporary engineering land take
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Assessment Area Type of Standard Environmental Media Applicable PRC Standard (= Project Area of Influence) areas Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary At boundaries of the wastewater (GB 12348-2008) for noise functional area treatment plants category 2 Wastewater Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard Construction sites within the (GB8978-1996), Class I standard (for “footprint” of the permanent and discharging into Category III water bodies) temporary engineering land take areas Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Treated effluent from Xuanfeng Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Town WWTP and Tongmu Town (GB18918-2002), Class 1(B) standard WWTP Source: EIRs & EITs, PPTA consultant
E. Assessment Period
71. The assessment period covers both the construction and operational stages of the project components. Construction is assumed to take place over a four year period from Q2 2016 to Q1 2020 for all the components combined; commissioning and start-up completed during 2020 (see Table II.11).
72. The assessment period for the operational stage covers the first year of operation for Component 1 (integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management) and Component 2 (wastewater collection and treatment). For Component 3 (rural-urban transport) the assessment period for the operational stage covers the design horizon of the proposed road, which is 15 years from road commissioning, which is year 2032 according to the FSR.
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Table II.11: Pingxiang Project Implementation Schedule
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 (Quarters) (Quarters) (Quarters) (Quarters) (Quarters) (Quarters) Overall Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 Project implementation Project management support and capacity development, training and study tours Detailed engineering design Bidding documents and tendering Civil works construction and equipment installation, commissioninga Project completion report Detailed activities Output 1: Improved and integrated flood risk management and river rehabilitation 1.1 Detailed design and bidding documents 1.2 Contracts awarded 1.3 Land acquisition and resettlement plan implementation completed 1.4 Civil works including river dredging; sewer pipe relocation, where applicable; interceptor pipe installation, where applicable; toe zone protection; embankment and pathway construction; and landscaping and planting of riparian; and completion of wetlands vegetation Output 2: Improved wastewater collection and treatment 2.1 Detailed design and bidding documents 2.2 Contracts awarded 2.3 Land acquisition and resettlement plan implementation completed 2.4 Civil works for sewer pipe installation 2.5 Civil works and equipment installation commissioning of wastewater treatment plants Output 3. Improved rural-urban linkages 3.1 Detailed design completed, resettlement plan finalized, contract awarded, commencement of construction for Anyuan Section of government financed road 3.2 Detailed design and bidding documents 3.3 Contracts awarded 3.4 Land acquisition and resettlement plan implementation completed 3.5 Civil works for road construction Output 4. Project management support and capacity development 4.1 Recruitment of project implementation consultant 4.2 Recruitment of external resettlement and environment monitoring consultants 4.3 Project performance management system established, project management support and monitoring and evaluation, and quarterly progress reporting 4.4 Support to implementation of land acquisition and resettlement plan and submit semiannual reports 4.5 Support to implementation of environmental management plan and submit semiannual monitoring reports 4.6 Carry out training programs, policy dialogue, study tours, and awareness raising campaigns 4.7 Submit project completion report by Q2 2020
Source: Project Administration Manual, April 2015.
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III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
A. Project Rationale
73. This project is located in Pingxiang, a prefecture level city in western Guangxi Province bordering Hunan Province. Pingxiang Municipality administers over two districts (Anyuan and Xiangdong) and three counties (Luxi, Shangli and Lianhua). The components of this project are located in Xiangdong District, Luxi County, Shangli County and Lianhua County.
74. Pingxiang administers over a territory of 3,860 km2, accounting for 2.3% of the size of Jiangxi Province. At the end of 2012, it had a resident population of 1.874 million, accounting for 4.2% of the population of Jiangxi Province. It is a major coal and iron production base in Jiangxi Province. Heavy industry dominates the city's industrial sector and includes coal mining and dressing, construction materials, ceramics, metallurgy, machinery, pharmaceuticals and agricultural products processing.
75. Development constraint. Jiangxi’s development strategy, outlined in the provincial 12th FYP, designates Pingxiang as a “new-type” of industrialized city; an important tourism, commercial, and cultural city; and a central city connecting Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. Yet, Pingxiang faces the following development problems: lack of access of basic services including clean water supply, sanitation, roads, and flood protection to support balanced urban-rural development.
76. Townships in the project area are currently rural but becoming more urbanized. New houses are constructed; rural roads are more heavily trafficked; quantities of wastewater and solid wastes are increasing. The environmental impact of increased population and inadequate infrastructure in the project area is magnified because it is the headwaters for rivers that are the water supply for downstream inhabitants. The inadequate infrastructure further increases the gap in public services between countryside and city residents.
77. Pingxiang Municipality’s urbanization approach is to make satellite cities of the towns surrounding the core city which may have the effect of lessening the movement of people from countryside to city areas. This project supports this by funding environmental services that will enhance living in the rural areas. Improving public services in the townships and access to urban centers is an inducement for people to continue to live in rural areas.
78. Flooding. The project rivers in Pingxiang share similar problems. Most of the rivers do not have engineered embankments and existing riverbanks in most river sections only protect against 1/2-1/5 year floods. Accumulation of sediment in the rivers over time has raised riverbed elevations, further reducing flood discharge capacities. Sedimentation is especially severe behind the many concrete weirs constructed along the rivers for water abstraction. These weirs, as well as abandoned bridges, uncontrolled vegetative growth, and sewer manholes in the rivers also impede flows during flood events. Figure III.1 shows the flood risk maps for the three counties and one district where the project rivers are located. Flooding affects farmland as well as human settlements in both urban and rural areas.
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Qin River
Baima River
Lianjiang River
Lianhua County Shangli County
Pingshui River
Tankou River
Luxi County Xiangdong District Figure III.1: Flood Risk Maps for the Project Areas
Source: FSRs
79. Table II.1 presents records of large historical floods in Lianhua and Shangli Counties. The largest flood in Lianhua County occurred in 1995, resulting in 2 fatalities and direct financial loss of 200 million CNY. The most serious flood damage in Shangli County occurred in May 2014, affecting a population of 263,000, damaging substantial water infrastructure and causing a direct financial loss of 175 million CNY. Figure III.2 shows photographs from the May 2014 flood in Shangli County. Historical records of flooding in Luxi County are limited to the Yuan River, which experienced flooding every 5 years on average before construction of the Shankouyan Reservoir. Flooding of the Xinhua and Tankou rivers affects urban areas in the county-town as well as farmland in the upstream areas. This project will improve flood control for the project rivers, thus improving the protection of human lives and properties.
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Table III.1: Historical Flood Records for Lianhua and Shangli Counties
Affected Affected Area Direct Financial Loss Year Damaged Infrastructure Population (ha) (million CNY) Lianhua County 203 buildings 1961 --- 1,520 32 water infrastructure --- 78 bridges 286 buildings 1962 --- 3,533 58 water infrastructure --- 109 bridges 180 buildings 1972 5,000 340,000 30 water infrastructure 10 5 bridges 6 fatalities 577 buildings 1982 6,500 15 8 injuries 464 water infrastructure 1995 2 fatalities 10,000 --- 200 605 buildings 2010 ------52 176 water infrastructure Shangli County 1989 41 households 340 --- 5.6 1998 --- 240 2 roads 10.2 2004 3,000 --- 1.2 roads 14.3 2008 ------6 weirs, 6.5 km of channels and embankment 4 2010 3.600 67 4 km of channel 32.6 31 km of channels 505 ponds 2014 263,000 --- 35 sluice gates 175 44 pump stations 73.5 km embankment Source: FSRs
Flood level on wall
Source: 525 Flood Report Source: PPTA consultants Figure III.2: Flooding of the Lishui River in Shangli County on May 25, 2014
80. Water quality. As described earlier, Pingxiang is at the headwaters of six major rivers that flow into two major river systems: the Xiang River system and the Gan River system. They are
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therefore pristine and unpolluted in their most upper reaches but accumulate pollution as they pass human settlements and industrial sites and therefore discharge significantly polluted waters to downstream jurisdictions in Hunan Province or other Jiangxi Municipalities. One main reason for water quality deterioration is the lack of wastewater collection and treatment in the communities. Wastewater collection rates are still low in Pingxiang, which means that wastewater is often discharged untreated into the rivers. Where sewer systems do exist, interceptor mains are buried directly in the river, posing further risks to water quality (Figure III.3).
Xinhua River Tankou River Yuan River Figure III.3: Photographs showing Sewer Interceptor Mains in the Rivers
Source: PPTA consultants
81. Rural-urban transport. To realize Pingxiang Municipality’s urbanization approach in making satellite cities of the towns surrounding the core city, it is important that these satellite cities are connected to the core city with adequate transportation network, so that the residents could access commercial activities and public services in the core city. The proposed rural-urban road not only connects Shangli and Luxi Counties, it also connects with two national highways (G319 and G320) and three provincial highways (S229, S313 and S314). The proposed road will therefore become an important intra-city link in Pingxiang as well as inter-city link to other municipalities in Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces.
82. Project goal. This project tackles the above development problems with the main overarching goal being the promotion of environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive, integrated rural and urban development in Pingxiang Municipality through the improvements of urban and rural infrastructure and their sustainable operation and maintenance. The improved infrastructure services include integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management; wastewater collection and treatment; a rural-urban transport infrastructure; and capacity development. Project components and sub-components are summarized in Table III.2 and their locations shown in Figure III.4. This infrastructure promotes rural-urban integration by:
(i) improving safety by reducing flood hazards while preserving as much as possible the natural surroundings; (ii) constructing wastewater infrastructure to reduce surface water pollution; and (iii) developing better road access for local villagers to urban markets for their farm produce and may encourage tourism in the rural areas.
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Table III.2: Summary of Project Components
Subcomponent and Location Component Lianhua County Luxi County Shangli County Xiangdong District 1. Integrated river LH-RR1: Lianjiang River LX-RR3: Yuan River SL-RR6: Lishui River XD-RR8: Pingshui River rehabilitation and LH-RR2: Baima River LX-RR4: Tankou River SL-RR7: Jinshan River flood risk LX-RR5: Xinhua River management 1/20 year (urban) and 1/10 year flood 1/20 year flood 1/10 year (rural) flood 1/20 year flood protection protection and integrated protection and integrated protection and integrated and integrated river river rehabilitation river rehabilitation river rehabilitation rehabilitation 2. Wastewater LH-WW1: Lianhua LX-WW2: Xuanfeng Town SL-WW3: Tongmu Town XD-WW5: Xiangdong collection and County- Town and Yinhe Town Town treatment Wastewater collection Wastewater collection Wastewater collection and treatment Wastewater collection piping and treatment piping serving the urban area 3. Rural-urban PX-RD: Luxi and Shangli Counties transport 44 km rural-urban Class II road connecting Luxi and Shangli Counties 4. Capacity development and institutional strengthening Note: refer to Figure III.3 for the locations of the subcomponents
Figure III.4: Locations of Project Components and Subcomponents
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B. Component 1: Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management
83. This component consists of integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management of 8 rivers in three counties and one district, with river works totaling approximately 79 km. The objectives of this component include:
(i) Improvement of flood discharge capacities and flood protection standards (see Table III.2); (ii) Restoration of riparian buffers and vegetation; (iii) Protection against riverbed/bank scouring and erosion; (iv) Improvement of the overall water environment and ecological values.
84. Engineering measures include:
(i) River widening and dredging; (ii) Repair/construction of embankment, revetment, and toe protection; (iii) Planting of aquatic plants and riparian vegetation (in Lianhua and Luxi Counties); (iv) Removal and reconstruction of weirs; (v) Replacement or separation of in-stream sewer interceptors; (vi) Other ancillary work such as embankment roads, riverside walkways, and bridge construction.
85. Table III.3 summarizes relevant information for this component and Figure III.5 shows the locations of these proposed rivers.
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Table III.3: Summary of Component 1 – Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management
Xiangdong Administrative Unit Lianhua County Luxi County Shangli County District LH-RR1 LH-RR2 LX-RR3 LX-RR4 LX-RR5 SL-RR6 SL-RR7 XD-RR8 Lianjiang Total Subcomponent River Baima Xinhua Tankou Lishui Jinshan Pingshui Yuan River (including River River River River River River Qin River) Length of river works (km) 16.79 7.72 7.60 3.15 3.27 10.10 19.69 5.75 74.07 Existing river width (m) 33 - 160 15 - 80 45 - 100 5 – 32 5 - 20 12 - 30 1 - 20 70 - 150 Pingshui Pingshui Flows into Gan River Lian River Gan River Yuan River Yuan River Xiang River River River Estimated earthworks for river 2,180,000 450,000 160,000 240,000 110,000 450,000 220,000 210,000 4,020,000 widening (m3) Estimated dredging volume (m3) 503,700 365,287 94,115 58,600 222,200 183,000 750,800 2,077,570 New embankment/revetment (km) 28.4 6.4 15.2 6.2 6.5 20.2 33.4 11.5 127.8 Toe zone protection (km) 28.4 7.7 15.2 6.2 6.5 20.2 33.4 11.5 129.1 Re-vegetation (ha) 35.3 43 4.2 3.4 2.7 1.7 1.2 91.5 Wetland protection/creation (ha) 36.6 7.6 0.6 0.6 - 45.4 Number of existing weirs 4 2 7 3 5 2 19 2 44 Number of weirs removed (and 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 not replaced) Number of weirs reconstructed or 2 0 4 3 5 2 19 0 35 constructed Number of new bridges 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 4 Sewer piping 0 0 0.8 2.5 1.2 0 0 5.5 10.0 relocation/separation (km) Source: FSRs
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Qin River
Xinhua River
Baima River
Lianjiang River
Tankou Reservoir
Shankouyan Weir
Lianhua County Luxi County
Pingshui River
Shangli County Xiangdong District Figure III.5: Locations of the Proposed Rivers for Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management
Source: FSRs
86. To facilitate an eco-friendly design of this component, the PPTA river specialists gained a deeper understanding of the project rivers through surveys of existing river biodiversity and habitats, major pollution sources, and river bank conditions. Based on these surveys, ideas and suggestions on embankment design and habitat optimization were conveyed to the local design
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institute (LDI) through workshops for incorporation into the FSRs. The design approach of this component is therefore in line with international best practice in promoting a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment by:
(i) Preserving natural flood plains where possible to reduce flood vulnerability and protect wetland ecosystems; (ii) Restoring riparian buffers and vegetation to protect river water quality and enhance biodiversity; (iii) Applying ecological methods to embankment and revetment design to reduce overall flood risk and mimic natural riverine environments; (iv) Minimizing modification of river hydro-morphology, such as channelization and dredging.
87. Design of river cross-sections. Cross-sectional design of rivers is based on estimates of flood discharges and water levels at the target recurrence period (i.e. 1/10 or 1/20 year flood). To protect surrounding land from overbank flooding, floodwater needs to be contained within the river channel by increasing the cross-sectional area of the river through either (i) extending the boundaries of the river by building embankments in the flood plain, or (ii) excavating the riverbed and river banks to deepen and widen the main river channel.
88. In this component, the first approach is preferred in the design of river cross-sections in areas where there are ecological assets worthy of protection (such as riverbank vegetation) and where there is adequate room to extend river boundaries, as it preserves the natural form of the river and existing vegetation by building embankments away from the existing river bank. In areas where river banks are already eroded or degraded, widening would be an acceptable option. Where widening is not feasible in areas with existing infrastructure and development along the river banks, deepening would be the remaining option.
89. Flood plain preservation. From a regional or watershed perspective, the most effective method of flood risk management is to (i) maximize flood retention over the entire watershed by allowing rivers to flood naturally, and (ii) keep human infrastructure and development away from natural flood plains. Figure III.6 shows two areas along the Jinshan River in Shangli County that would be allowed to inundate during flooding. Based on discussions with locals, flood water typically recedes within a few hours and does little damage to rice crops. Allowing these upstream stretches to flood naturally would reduce or delay flooding downstream to some degree. Three other areas in Lianhua County, the 17.2 ha Tangdu Natural Wetland Park, the 19 ha Tangxia Scenic Park and the planned 30 ha Lianjiang Natural Wetland Park would be preserved as inundation areas.
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Figure III.6: Inundation Areas along the Jinshan River in Shangli County
Source: PPTA consultants
90. Embankment, revetment and toe protection. With the exception of the larger rivers (Yuan River, Pingshui River, and short sections of the Lianjiang River), which already have engineered embankments, new embankments are required for most of the project rivers to meet targeted flood control standards and protect against soil and bank erosion. The embankment length for the eight project rivers would total 127 km. Embankment designs for the project rivers can generally be categorized into the following three types (Figure III.7):
i Retaining walls (rectangular cross-section): used where there is (a) existing development very close to the river bank and there is no space to widen the river (usually on river sections through towns and villages); and (b) more risk of soil erosion or scouring (e.g. at river bends where flow velocities are high). These walls are hard and vertical or near vertical. ii Sloped embankments (trapezoidal cross-section): used where there is adequate room to widen the river and create a sloped river bank. These slopes are usually vegetated or covered with biological revetment. iii Combinations of retaining walls and/or sloped embankments (compound river cross-section): typically allows riverside walkways to be build close to the ordinary water level.
91. In addition, some river sections where banks are already secure and well-vegetated, new embankments would be constructed behind existing vegetation to raise flood protection standards.
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1. Hard Retaining Wall 2. Sloped Embankment 3. Compound Cross-section
Toe Protection
Figure III.7: Types of River Cross-Sections
92. Hard revetment, soft revetment and a combination of hard and soft revetment have been proposed for the project rivers. Hard revetment refers to masonry gravity/block wall, concrete flood wall, interlocking block and stone stepped revetment. Soft revetment refers to gabion, grass, dry boulder riprap and vegetation, earth embankment, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers. The design approach is to maximize “ecological” benefits by incorporating more natural materials and bio-techniques in the design, without compromising the flood control function. Table III.4 summarizes the revetment types for the project rivers and Figure III.8 shows cross-sections of revetment types. A more detailed description of the river cross section design is presented in Appendix 4. Toe protection will also be added along all project rivers to protect against riverbed scouring and degradation. Materials proposed include dry boulder riprap, gabion, and gravel. Table III.4: Summary of Revetment Types
Hard and Soft Total Length of Hard Revetment Soft Revetment Administrative Revetment River Embankment Unit (km) Length Length Length % of Total % of Total % of Total (km) (km) (km) Lianjiang River (and 28.4 7.1 25% 9.9 35% 11.4 40% Lianhua County Qin River) Baima River 6.44 0.5 7% 3.5 54% 2.5 39% Yuan River 15.2 5.6 37% 9.6 63% 0.0 0% Xinhua 6.2 0.9 14% 3.5 57% 1.8 29% Luxi County River Tankou 6.5 0.5 8% 3.8 58% 2.3 35% River Lishui River 20.2 4.2 21% 16.0 79% 0.0 0% Shangli County Jinshan 33.4 2.0 6% 31.4 94% 0.0 0% River Pingshui Xiangdong District 11.5 6.4 56% 5.1 44% 0.0 0% River Total: 127.84 28.1 22% 74.1 58% 24.3 19%
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Baima River
Yuan River
Tankou River
Tankou River
Lishui River
Figure III.8: Typical river cross-sections
Source: PPTA DFR (April 2015)
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93. Dredging. Dredging will be undertaken on most sections of the project rivers to (i) remove sediments that have accumulated on the river bed throughout the years, especially behind the weirs; and (ii) engineer a more linear river gradient. The quantity of dredged sediment from the eight project rivers would total over 2 million m3 (see Table III.3 above). Dredging approach and dredged sediment treatment method are defined in Table III.5.
Table III.5: Dredging and Dredged Sediment Treatment Methods for the Project Rivers
Administrative Transport of Treatment of Proposed Use of River Dredging Method Unit Dredged Sediment Dredged Sediment Final Product Lianhua County Lianjiang River Air dried at 6 disposal Re-use as back fill Biama River sites material Luxi County Yuan River Construct coffer dam Air dried at 3 disposal Used for Xinhua River and divert river. Pump sites landscaping along Transport by truck Tankou River out water inside coffer the Yuan River to drying site Shangli County Lishui River dam and excavate in Air dried at 12 Re-use as back fill Jinshan River the dry. disposal sites material Xiangdong District Pingshui River Air dried at 1 Re-use as back fill temporary storage site material Source: FSRs
94. The approach to dredging described in the FSR follows the technical guidelines described in Palermo et al. (2008)15. Site condition was first evaluated by means of geophysical surveys to establish the thickness and distribution of the unconsolidated sediment. This was followed by the characterization of sediment, to determine pollutant levels for devising the sediment treatment approach. For this component, the primary objective of dredging is to improve flood control, with the water quality improvement objective being secondary.
95. Dredging on all project rivers will be done in the dry. This is done by constructing coffer dams around the areas to be dredged and diverting the river flow around the coffer dams. Water within the coffer dams will then be pumped out, followed by removing the sediment using an excavator, similar to earth excavation on land. The sediment will then be transported by trucks to the disposal/storage sites. After the sediment is removed, the coffer dams will then be removed to return the river to its natural flow path.
96. Dewatering of all dredged sediment will be by air drying at 22 disposal sites (6 in Lianhua County, 3 in Luxi County, 12 in Shangli County and 1 temporary site in Xiangdong District). According to the EIRs, these disposal sites consist of trenches, paddy fields, uncultivated land and shrubbery areas of low ecological value. Sediment quality monitoring data showed exceedance of cadmium and Lindane in some samples. As a result, all dredged sediment disposal or storage sites will be lined with double layers of impervious liners as a precautionary measure to prevent seepage of pore water into the ground water. Further, if there is a need to discharge supernatant water from these dredged sediment disposal sites, the supernatant water will be treated to PRC’s Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996), Class I standard for discharging into Category III water bodies. No supernatant water will be allowed to discharge into Category II water bodies. If the dewatered/dried dredged sediment is to be
15 Palermo, M. R., P. R. Schroeder, T. J. Estes and N. R. Francingues. 2008. Technical guidelines for environmental dredging of contaminated sediments. US Army Corps of Engineers. ERDC/EL TR-08-29. Xii + 288 pp.
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re-used for backfill or landscaping purposes, leaching test will first be conducted on the sediment to determine whether it is safe for re-use.
97. Earthwork. Earthwork will be carried out during river rehabilitation to widen the river and to construct the weirs, bridges and embankments. Table III.6 shows that approximately 3.55 million m3 of soil would be excavated during rehabilitation of the eight project rivers. Back fill materials would total approximately 1.44 million m3, consisting of re-using approximately 1.22 million m3 of earth cut materials and obtaining approximately 0.22 million m3 from borrow areas. The remaining 2.33 million m3 of earth cut material would require disposal.
Table III.6: Earth Cut and Fill Quantities for the Eight Project Rivers
Administrative Earth Fill (m3) River Earth Cut (m3) Disposal (m3) Unit Re-use Earth Cut From Borrow Area Lianjiang River 1,473,607 329,025 --- 1,144,582 Lianhua County Baima River 243,589 206,770 87,763 36,819 Yuan River 165,922 115,978 --- 49,944 Luxi County Xinhua River 135,350 33,055 --- 102,295 Tankou River 87,714 32,955 --- 54,759 Lishui River 525,994 171,340 --- 354,654 Shangli County Jinshan River 719,885 151,309 --- 568,576 Xiangdong District Pingshui River 198,150 178,814 129,488 19,336 Total: 3,550,211 1,219,246 217,251 2,330,965 Source: FSRs
98. Weir removal and re-construction. A number of concrete weirs have been constructed in the project rivers (Figure III.9, Table III.3). These weirs are used to hold back water primarily to facilitate extraction for irrigation, and also for industrial, drinking water and other water uses. Since these weirs have no mechanism for releasing water downstream, they create a flow impediment to flood water during storm events. They also lead to sediment deposition within the rivers resulting in an increase in riverbed elevations.
Weir on Lianjiang River in Lianhua County Weir on Xinhua River in Luxi County Figure III.9: Photographs showing Selected Existing Weirs
Source: PPTA consultants
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99. In response to the recommendation of the Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA, see Appendix 3), the project sub-component proposes to remove some existing weirs or to replace them with hydraulic tilting weirs to allow control of water levels. With exception of dams along the Yuan River, the proposed hydraulic elevator dams will be operated manually. Figure III.9 illustrates examples of hydraulic elevator weir and overflow weir.
Hydraulic Tilting Weir Overflow Weir Figure III.10: Examples of Hydraulic Tilting Weir and Overflow Weir
Source: FSRs
100. Sewer pipe relocation / separation. Sewer interceptors have been installed within the riverbed in the urban river sections in Luxi County and Xiangdong District due to lack of space along river banks and to minimize construction costs. These sewers intercept combined wastewater and storm water from urban drainage pipes and convey them to the local wastewater treatment plants. In larger rivers such as the Yuan River in Luxi County, there are interceptors on both river banks. In smaller rivers such as the Xinhua River and Tankou River in Luxi County, the interceptors are buried in the center of the river.
101. The presence of sewer pipes and manholes in the river not only impacts flood discharge, but also poses risks of exfiltration and infiltration. The former would affect river water quality while the latter would potentially send clean water to the WWTP, overloading the treatment capacity and lowering the treatment effectiveness. Manholes in the river channel also create visual impact affecting the aesthetics of the river environment (see Figure III.2 above).
102. As part of this component, existing sewer interceptors and manholes in the project river sections in Luxi County and Xiangdong District will be relocated/replaced and concrete-encased to physically separate them from the river channel so as to reduce their flood control and water quality impacts. In Luxi County, the top of the concrete encased sewer interceptors will be used as riverside walkways. Table III.7 summarizes the sewer interceptor relocation / replacement works.
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Table III.7: Summary of Sewer Interceptor Relocation / Replacement Works
Administrative Length of Sewer Number of River Type of Work Pipe Material Unit Sewer (km) Diameter (mm) Manholes Yuan River 0.8 replace/relocate DN 1000 concrete-encased HDPE 20 Luxi County Xinhua River 2.5 replace/relocate DN 600 concrete-encased HDPE 50 Tankou River 1.21 replace/relocate DN 600 concrete-encased HDPE 35 Xiangdong District Pingshui River 5.5 separate from river DN 800-1200 Reinforced concrete pipe unknown Source: FSRs
103. For Pingshui River in Xiangdong District, the proposed approach is to separate the existing reinforced concrete pipes from the river by building a concrete retaining wall and then backfilling the remaining area with cohesive soil. A schematic of this is shown in Figure III.11. The Pingshui River is relatively wide (70 – 150 m, see Table III.3 above), so the proposed approach of sewer separation should have little impact on flood control.
Figure III.11: Schematic of Sewer Separation in the Pingshui River
Source: FSR
104. Riparian re-vegetation. Re-vegetation of riparian areas will be carried out for the rivers in Lianhua and Luxi Counties. From the toe zone to the top of the embankments will be planted with grasses, shrubs and trees, as well as submerged, floating and emergent aquatic plants to enhance ecological and biodiversity values. A total of approximately 90 ha of riparian areas along the project rivers will be re-vegetated (Table III.3). Figure III.12 shows the riparian re-vegetation areas in Lianhua County and along the Yuan River in Luxi County.
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Lianjiang & Baima Rivers in Lianhua County Yuan River in Luxi County Figure III.12: Riparian Re-vegetation Areas along the Liangjiang, Baima and Yuan Rivers
Source: FSRs
105. The PPTA consultants have reviewed the planting proposal and have emphasized that invasive and non-native species should be avoided, and compiled a list of species deemed suitable for re-vegetation of the riparian areas (Table III.8). For Xiangdong District and Shangli County, no riparian re-vegetation is included except for grass revetments. Compensatory planting will be included to replace vegetation damaged during construction.
Table III.8: Recommended Plant Species for Riparian Re-vegetation of the Project Rivers
Category Sub-category Common Name Latin Name Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Coix Coix lacryma-jobi Indian Water Chestnut Trapa bispinosa Productive Aquatic Vegetation Chinese Water Chestnut Eleocharis dulcis Manchurian Wild Rice Zizania latifolia Foxnut Euryale ferox Taro Colocasia esculenta Water Thyme Hydrilla verticillata Eel Grass Vallisneria natans Bamboo-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton malaianus Submerged Plant Curly-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton crispus Aquatic Vegetation Whorlleaf Watermilfoil Myriophyllum verticillatum Coons Tail Ceratophyllum demersum Floating Fern Salvinia natans Floating Plants Water Snowflake Nymphoides indica
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Category Sub-category Common Name Latin Name Mosquito Fern Azolla imbricata Common Reed Phragmites australis Heartleaf False Pickerelweed Monochoria korsakowii Beewort Acorus calamus Emerged Plant Sedge Cyperaceae spp. Carex tristachya Carex tristachya Broadleaf Cumbungi Typha orientalis Chinese Wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Buttonbush Cephalanthus tetrandrus Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Happy Tree Camptotheca acuminata Tree Sweetgum Liquidambar formosana Chinese Tallow Tree Sapium sebiferum Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides Chinaberry Tree Melia azedarach Chinese Buttonbush Adina rubella Riparian Vegetation Confederate Rose Hibiscus mutabilis Shrub Chinese Alangium Alangium chinense Elder Sambucus williamsii Lindley's Butterflybush Buddleja lindleyana Knotweed Polygonum orientale Cogongrass Imperata cylindrica Asiatic Dayflower Commelina communis Grass Japanese Lawngrass Zoysia japonica Rain Lily Zephyranthes candida Branched Horsetail Equisetum ramosissimum Cinnamon Cinnamomum bodinieri Oriental Holly Ilex chinensis Japanese Blueberry Elaeocarpus decipiens Scholar Tree Sophora japonica Tree Chinese Flame Tree Koelreuteria bipinnata Chinese Parasol Tree Firmiana platanifolia Chinese Cork Oak Quercus variabilis Terrestrial Vegetation Japanese Hackberry Celtis sinensis Princess Tree Paulownia spp. Sweet Osmanthus Osmanthus fragrans Chinese Wax-leaved Privet Ligustrum lucidum Shrub Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Chinese Fringe Loropetalum chinense Grass Mugwort Leaf Artemisia lavandulaefolia
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Category Sub-category Common Name Latin Name Blood Grass Imperata koenigii Red Spider Lily Lycoris radiata Chinese Plantain Plantago asiatica Common Wireweed Sida acuta Skunk Vine Paederia scandens Nepal Ivy Hedera nepalensis Vine Star Jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides Creeping Fig Ficus pumila Chinese Trumpet Creeper Campsis grandiflora Source: PPTA consultants
C. Component 2: Wastewater Collection and Treatment
106. This component consists of constructing the following (Table III.9):
i approximately 183 km of sewage collection pipes in Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli Counties and Xiangdong District; ii a 5,000 m3/d capacity sewage pumping station and a 5,000 m3/d treatment capacity wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Xuanfeng Town in Luxi County to service Xuanfeng Town and Yinhe Town; and iii a 2,500 m3/d treatment capacity WWTP in Tongmu Town in Shangli County.
Table III.9: Summary of Component 2 – Wastewater Collection and Treatment
Lianhua Luxi Shangli County Xiangdong Administrative Unit County County District LH-WW1: LX-WW2: SL-WW3: XD-WW5: Total Subcomponent Lianhua County- Xuanfeng Town Tongmu Town Xiangdong Town Town and Yinhe Town urban area Estimated population in 2020 110,000 25,000 16,000 150,000 325,000 Total length of collection pipes (km) 84.14 25.76 19.63 53.35 182.9 Pumping station capacity (m3/d) --- 5,000 2,000 --- 7,000 WWTP capacity (m3/d) --- 5,000 2,500 --- 7,500 Discharge to Lianjiang River Yuan River Lishui River Pingshui River Source: FSRs
107. Wastewater treatment. Two new WWTPs are proposed. One is in Xuangfeng Town in Luxi County with 5,000 m3/d design capacity for servicing a population of approximately 25,000 in Xuanfeng Town and Yinhe Town. The other one is in Tongmu Town in Shangli County with 2,500 m3/d design capacity for servicing the town population of approximately 16,000. The locations and layouts of the Xuangfeng WWTP and the Tongmu WWTP are shown in Figure III.13 and Figure III.14 respectively.
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Yuan River
Yinhe Town Xuanfeng Xuanfeng Town WWTP
Location of Xuangeng WWTP
1. Coarse grid & influent pump house 2. Fine grid and vortex grit removal chamber 3. Anaerobic tank 7 4. Oxidation ditch 9 5. Secondary settling tank supply wells & sludge 6 8 5 pumping station 6. Secondary settling tank 11 7. UV disinfection chamber 8. Equalization tank 4 9. Sludge thickening and dewatering room 10. Chemical dosing room 3 1 11. Power supply room 2 12. Administrative building 13. Reception office 10
12
13
Layout of Xuanfeng WWTP Figure III.13: Location and Layout of the Xuanfeng Wastewater Treatment Plant Source: EIT
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Shangli County Tongmu WWTP
Location of Tongmu WWTP
1. Coarse grid and influent pump house 2. Fine grid and vortex grit removal chamber 3. Anaerobic tank 4. Oxidation ditch 5. Secondary settling tank supply wells & sludge pumping station 6. Secondary settling tank 7. UV disinfection chamber 8. Equalization tank 9. Sludge thickening and dewatering room 10. Chemical dosing room 11. Rain water pump house 12. Power supply room 13. Administrative building 14. Reception office
Layout of Tongmu WWTP Figure III.14: Location and Layout of Tongmu Wastewater Treatment Plant
Source: EIT
108. Both the WWTPs in Xuanfeng Town (Luxi County) and Tongmu Town (Shangli County) will adopt the Carrousel oxidation ditch technology in wastewater treatment. Oxidation ditch is an activated sludge secondary treatment process well established and commonly used in the PRC for wastewater treatment. The Carrousel oxidation ditch features an efficient oxidation system in
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oxygen transfer and mixing, and partitioned anoxic zones within the Carrousel basin. This process enables solid suspension to be maintained, and with easily adjustable dissolved oxygen levels by varying oxygen input, making the system adaptable to nutrient removal. Removal of phosphorus will also be enhanced by dosing of an aluminum salt at the secondary settling tank. Figure III.15 shows the process flow of the oxidation ditch technology for this component. Disinfection will be by ultra-violet (UV) radiation and odor removal will be by fixed bed bio-membrane reactor. Sludge dewatering will be by centrifugation and the dewatered sludge (estimated to be 4.9 m3/d from Xuanfeng WWTP and 1.5 m3/d from Tongmu WWTP) will be disposed of at the local sanitary landfills.
Figure III.15: Oxidation Ditch Wastewater Treatment Process Flow Diagram
Source: FSR
109. Table III.10 presents the influent and effluent water qualities for the two WWTPs. Wastewater will be treated to meet Class 1B standards listed in PRC’s Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002) prior to discharge into the Yuan River from the Xuanfeng WWTP and the Pingshui River from the Tongmu WWTP. Industrial wastewater discharging into public sewers going to the Xuanfeng Town WWTP shall meet PRC’s Class III standard in Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996), which will be monitored and enforced by the local EPB.
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Table III.10: Influent and Effluent Standards for the Wastewater Treatment Plants
Concentration Level of Parameter pH COD BOD5 SS NH3-N TN TP (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Xuanfeng WWTP (domestic & industrial 6-9 ≤350 ≤175 ≤275 ≤33 ≤50 ≤6.5 Influent WW) Tongmu WWTP (domestic WW) 6-9 ≤200 ≤150 ≤150 ≤20 ≤30 ≤4.5 Effluent GB18918-2002 Class 1B standards 6-9 ≤60 ≤20 ≤20 ≤8(15) ≤20 ≤1 Note: BOD5 = 5-day biochemical oxygen demand; COD = chemical oxygen demand; NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen; pH = acidity/alkalinity; SS = suspended solids; TN = total nitrogen; TP = total phosphorus. WW = wastewater; WWTP = wastewater treatment plant. GB18918-2002: Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant For NH3-N, standard not bracketed is for water temperature <12oC and standard bracketed is for water temperature ≤12oC. Source: FSR
110. The Tongmu WWTP will only treat the domestic wastewater from Tongmu Town. The Xuanfeng WWTP, however, will treat both industrial and domestic wastewater from Xuanfeng and Yinhe Towns. Industrial wastewater quantity was projected to be approximately 1,300 m3/d, constituting less than 30% of the wastewater entering the Xuanfeng WWTP. Industries include shoe manufacturing, food processing, pharmaceutical (Chinese medicinal products) company and biotechnology firms.
111. Wastewater collection. This sub-component consists of construction of approximately 183 km of wastewater collection pipelines in Lianhua County, Luxi County, Shangli County and Xiangdong District. Table III.11 summarizes the proposed piping materials, sizes, quantities and service areas. The proposed pipelines serve the central urban areas in Lianhua County and Xiangdong District, and the towns of Xuanfeng and Yinhe in Luxi County and Tongmu in Shangli Couonty. Figure III.16 shows the layouts of the wastewater collection pipeline networks in these areas.
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Table III.11: Summary of Wastewater Collection Piping Materials, Sizes and Quantities
Total Quantity Administrative Unit Pipe Material & Size Quantity (m) Service Area (km) Reinforced concrete pipe DN300 7,130 Reinforced concrete pipe DN400 21,010 Reinforced concrete pipe DN500 8,141 12 km2 of central Lianhua County Reinforced concrete pipe DN600 11,799 84.164 urban area in Reinforced concrete pipe DN800 3,984 Lianhua County Q235a anti-corrosive steel pipe DN530x10 100 UPVC pipe de160 32,000 Reinforced concrete pipe DN300 9,381 Xuanfeng Town Reinforced concrete pipe DN400 2,103 Luxi County 25.764 (170 ha) and Yinhe Reinforced concrete pipe DN500 13,780 Town (100 ha) Q235a anti-corrosive steel pipe DN325x8 500 Reinforced concrete pipe DN300 12,690 Reinforced concrete pipe DN400 5,060 Tongmu Town (377 Shangli County Reinforced concrete pipe DN500 880 19.63 ha) Reinforced concrete pipe DN600 550 Q235a anti-corrosive steel pipe DN219x6 450 Reinforced concrete pipe DN300 45,650 15 km2 of Xiangdong District Reinforced concrete pipe DN400 4,200 53.35 Xiangdong urban Reinforced concrete pipe DN600 3,500 area Source: FSRs
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Yinhe Town
Lianhua County Xuanfeng Town
Sewage Pumping Station
WWTP Tongmu Town Xiangdong District Figure III.16: Layouts of Wastewater Collection Pipeline Networks
Source: FSRs
112. Pipeline installation will mainly involve open cut. The earth cut material will be used for backfilling the pipeline trenches. Based on the pipe sizes and lengths, it is estimated that approximately 22,000 m3 of spoil would require disposal. The pipelines will cross rivers, trunk roads and railroads. Rivers crossed would include the Liangjiang River (once) and Baima River
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(once) in Lianhua County, Yiyuan River (once) and Yuan River (once) in Luxi County, Yaxi River (three times) in Shangli County, and Pingshui River (once) in Xiangdong District. Coffer dams would be constructed along the pipeline routes crossing these rivers to divert the river flow away followed by open cut, pipe installation and back filling. The pipes will be buried at least 1 m below the river bottom. Horizontal directional drill (HDD), also known as pipe-jacking, will be the construction method used for pipeline installation crossing trunk roads and railroads. Major roads crossed include G320 (once) in Luxi County and S312 (six times) in Shangli County. The pipelines also cross railroads once in Luxi County and twice in Xiangdong District.
113. Two sewage pumping stations will be constructed, one in Xuanfeng Town in Luxi County with 5,000 m3/d capacity and the other one in Tongmu Town in Shangli County with 2,000 m3/d capacity. The one in Xuanfeng Town is located to the northwest of the junction of Yinxuan Road and Tiedong Road, with a footprint of approximately 0.15 ha, for raising the wastewater into the main sewer on Binhe West Road, followed by gravity flow to the Xuanfeng WWTP. The location of the sewage pumping station in Tongmu Town is shown in Figure III.18 above, with a footprint of approximately 550 m2 for raising the wastewater into the trunk sewer along the river, then by gravity flow into the Tongmu Town WWTP.
D. Component 3: Rural Urban Transport
114. The proposed road is a class II secondary highway located in the northeast mountainous area of Pingxiang. It is aligned in a northwest to southeast direction, cutting through rolling hills, mostly on new alignment (Figure III.17). The road would start from Jiguanshan in Shangli County in the northwest, end at Xuanfeng Town in Luxi County in the southeast. It will connect Shangli County with Luxi County directly and fill in a missing link between the areas, serving an important role in the overall rural transport network and complementing the existing highway network consisting of an east-west and a north-south highway.
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Jiguanshan
Xuanfeng Town
Figure III.17: Proposed Road in Component 3: Urban-Rural Transport
Source: FSR
115. The proposed alignment starts from highway G319 near Jiguanshan Village and Donyuan Village in Shangli County, runs a ridge line in the middle of Dongyuan County and valley line in Chishan Town. It then runs parallel to Hu-Kun Expressway in Gaokeng Town, entering Yuannan Village following a valley line. The road crosses the Yuan River, entering Xuanfeng Town and ends at highway G320. It is aligned along valley, ridge and low-lying hillside to follow the landform, avoiding farmland and houses as much as possible. Total road length is approximately 44 km, consisting of 23 km valley line, 1 km ridge line, 16 km hillside line and 4 km over passing ridge line. Table III.12 summarizes the estimated work quantities.
Table III.12: Estimated Work Quantities for the Proposed Road
Item Unit Quantity / Description Highway class Class II Sub-grade width m 10 Length km 43.95 Weak ground treatment km 13.1 Subgrade earth work Earth cut m3 1,73 million Earth fill m3 3.70 million Subgrade protection km 43.003 Pavement km2 361.729
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Item Unit Quantity / Description Bridge and culvert number 2 Large bridge m (total) 816.72 number. 4 Medium and small bridge m (total) 136.44 Culvert number 135 number 1 Tunnel m 482 At-grade intersection number 6 Source: FSR
116. Traffic demand forecast. Traffic demand forecast by the LDI was based on an “indirect forecast method”, also called “growth rate method”, using assumptions of future traffic growth together with average gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Table III.13 presents the traffic demand forecast up till year 2032, based on a design horizon of 15 years from road commissioning in year 2017.
Table III.13: Traffic Demand Forecast (pcu/d)
Year Road Section 2017 2020 2025 2032 Guanxia -Xiaojian 6479 6735 7436 8542 Xiaojian – Dongyuan 5582 5804 6407 7360 Dongyuan – Chishan X121 8742 9089 10035 11527 Chishan X121 – Chishan X123 7969 8285 9147 10523 Chishan X123 – Gaokeng X155 6713 6979 7706 9493 Gaokeng X155 – Tongxing Road 9199 9563 9995 11161 Tongxing Road – Yinhe X160 5406 5620 5647 6171 Yinhe X160 – Xuanfeng G320 2849 2962 3276 3783 Source: FSR
117. Road cross section. Cross section is designed with class II highway features, with dual one-lane and a total width of 10 m. The carriageway width is 2 x 3.5 m; hard shoulder width 2 x 0.75 m; earth shoulder width 2 x 0.75 m. Side ditches will be provided for drainage. The configuration is considered adequate for this type of highway. Figure III.18 presents views of the cross sections.
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Typical Cross Section
Cross Section at Bridge Figure III.18: Cross Sectional Views of the Proposed Road
Source: FSR
118. Pavement. Asphalt concrete surface, which is widely used in the PRC, is adopted for pavement design because it is relatively easy to apply and repair and has lower level of traffic noise compared with rigid cement concrete. Table III.14 presents the proposed pavement for the carriageway.
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Table III.14: Proposed Pavement for the Carriageway
Layer (Top to Bottom) Thickness (cm) Fine-graded asphalt concrete (AC-13) 4 Medium-graded asphalt concrete (AC-16 6 Cement stabilized gravel 36 Cement and lime stabilized sand and gravel 20 Total: 66 Source: FSR
119. Bridges. There will be six bridges (two large and four small/medium) over passing rivers/streams and expressway. Table III.15 summarizes relevant information on the lengths and structural aspects. All bridges will be 10 m wide.
Table III.15: Bridge Construction for the Proposed Road
Bridge structure Center Name of Body Length Area No. Sub-structure Chainage Crossed (m) (m2) Super structure Pier Abutment Foundation 1 11480 Jiyou Stream 18.86 188.6 Fabricated concrete slab girder column Ribbed slab Bore pile 2 18235 Jiyou Stream 45.86 458.6 Fabricated pre-stressed concrete slab girder column Ribbed slab Bore pile 3 21760 Jiyou Stream 25.86 258.6 Fabricated pre-stressed concrete slab girder column Ribbed slab Bore pile 4 22900 Jiyou Stream 125.86 1,258.6 Fabricated pre-stressed concrete slab girder column Ribbed slab Bore pile Hu-Kun 5 25030 45.86 458.6 Fabricated pre-stressed concrete slab girder column Ribbed slab Bore pile Expressway 6 43264.5 Yuan River 690.86 6,908.6 Fabricated pre-stressed concrete box girder column Ribbed slab Bore pile Total: 953.16 9,531.6 Source: FSR
120. Tunnel. A tunnel (the Taohua Tunnel) will be constructed at chainage K1+091 – K1+753. It will be a 482-m long single cavity tunnel 10 m wide and 5 m high with lighting, utilizing natural ventilation.
121. Drainage. Roadside open ditches are proposed as gravitational flow and discharged into nearby water bodies. In designing the drainage system, a number of factors including hydrological and geological conditions, sub-grade height, underground water table and cost, are considered. Open earth ditches would apply for most sections of the road for its low cost and easy to build and maintain. While the road goes through towns and villages where in build-up area pedestrian activity is intense, concrete slab covered ditch is proposed to ensure less space taken and pedestrian safety. This is compatible with the features of class II road and local conditions.
122. Road safety design. Road safety design features for vehicles will include road signs and warning signs, road side and lane markers, and protective guard rails. The capacity building component of the project will include a subcomponent on traffic safety, including public awareness raising.
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E. Component 4: Capacity Development
123. This component consists of non-engineering measures to provide project management support to the executing agency, implementing agencies and the Project Management Office (PMO) to ensure that project implementation complies with ADB requirements. This output will provide (i) project implementation support for smooth and timely implementation of the project in line with ADB procedures and guidelines; (ii) consulting services for initial project implementation support; (iii) consulting services for external resettlement, social and environmental monitoring; and (iv) institutional capacity development and policy dialogue services.
124. The institutional capacity development and policy dialogue services consists of several modules that will be prepared and provided by the project management consultant team and through short term technical assistance from specialists. The capacity development modules (CDM) include:
CDM 2: Urban-rural flood risk management partnership capacity development, including flood risk reduction through integrated land use planning, structural and non-structural measures, climate resilience, flood early warning and disaster preparedness, flood resilient farming;
CDM 3: Urban-rural river environment and water pollution reduction partnership capacity development, including community environment supervision and roads safety education, solid waste management and awareness raising, managing and reducing pollution from mining and industries, mining and industrial wastewater pre-treatment, agriculture non-point source pollution reduction and management, river ecology, wetland design and maintenance, biodiversity enhancement;
CDM 4: Wastewater management capacity development, including system design, construction, management, operation, services and tariff reform, rural wastewater, sanitation and septage management solutions and management;
CDM 5: Rural-urban road and traffic management and safety capacity development, including on road and traffic safety, sustainable rural-urban transport management, rural urban public and semi-public transport, intelligent transport management and ICT rural-urban transport application.
F. Institutional Arrangement for Construction and Operation
125. The Executing Agency (EA) is the Pingxiang Municipal Government (PMG), who is responsible for the implementation of the entire project. The EA has established a Project Leading Group (PLG) at the Pingxiang Municipality level in 2011 to take leadership, coordinate and supervise the implementation of this ADB funded project, and deal with project issues if and when needed. The EA has also established the Pingxiang ADB Project Management Office (PMO) which is situated at the Pingxiang Urban Construction Investment and Development Corporation (PUCIDC). Responsibilities of PMO will include:
(i) Implementing day-to-day activities of the project and provide coordination support for preparation and implementation of project components;
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(ii) Reporting the project implementation progress and compliance monitoring to ADB; (iii) Submitting annual audit reports and financial statements of PMG, and IA to ADB; (iv) Procuring project management consulting services; (v) Engaging external environment, and resettlement and social monitoring agencies; (vi) Submitting withdrawal applications to ADB; (vii) Submitting bid documents, bid evaluation reports and other necessary documentation to ADB for necessary approval; and (viii) Implementing the capacity development component of the project.
126. The Implementing Agencies (IA) will be the county and district governments of Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli and Xiangdong. The IAs will establish Project Implementation Units (PIU) to undertake the implementation of sub-components in their respective counties and district. Table III.16 shows the PIU arrangement.
Table III.16: Details of the Project Implementation Units
Administrative Unit Sub-component Leading Agencies of PIU Lianjiang and Baima Rivers integrated river rehabilitation and Lianhua County flood risk management Lianhua Water Affairs Bureau Wastewater collection piping Yuan, Xinhua and Tankou Rivers integrated river Luxi Water Affairs Bureau rehabilitation and flood risk management Luxi County Luxi Housing, Urban & Rural WWTP, wastewater collection piping, pumping station Development Bureau Lishui and Jinshan Rivers integrated river rehabilitation and Shangli County flood risk management Shangli Water Affairs Bureau WWTP, wastewater collection piping, pumping station Pingshui River integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk Pingxiang Changsheng Urban Investment Xiangdong District management Co. Ltd Wastewater collection piping Luxi Transport Bureau Pingxiang Municipality Rural-urban transport Shangli Transport Bureau
G. Associated and/or Linked Facilities
127. SPS (2009) defines associated facilities as “facilities that are not funded as part of a project but whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the project, or whose goods or services are essential for successful operation of the project.” In this context, this project does not have any associated facility. However, the existing WWTPs in Lianhua County and Xiangdong District which will receive wastewater from the collection pipelines constructed in this project classify as linked facilities since they will provide treatment to the wastewater collected.
128. Lianhua County has two existing wastewater treatment facilities. The Lianhua County Urban Center WWTP located next to the industrial park has a treatment capacity of 15,000 m3/d for domestic wastewater. According to the Lianhua County Urban Master Plan (2011-2030), the design capacity of this WWTP will be expanded to 30,000 m3/d by 2030 to accommodate population growth in the urban area. Next to it is another WWTP for treating the industrial wastewater from the industrial park, with an existing treatment capacity of 5,000 m3/d, with planned expansion to 20,000 m3/d. Site reconnaissance of this facility was conducted by the PPTA consultant and ADB mission in June 2014.
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129. Xiangdong District has an existing WWTP with a treatment capacity of 10,000 m3/d. However, it is only treating approximately 2,000 – 6,000 m3/d due to lack of sufficient wastewater collection pipelines. This project will improve its wastewater intake for treatment. Based on the Xiangdong District Urban Master Plan (2000-2020), the Xiangdong District Zoning Plan dated 2013 set a wastewater collection and treatment rate target of 85% with the expansion of the existing Xiangdong WWTP from a design capacity of 10,000 m3/d to 73,300 m3/d. Site reconnaissance of this facility was conducted by the PPTA consultant and ADB mission in June 2014.
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IV. BASELINE ENVIRONMENT
A. Sub-regional Environmental Setting
130. Geographical location. Pingxiang is a prefecture level municipality of Jiangxi Province that is located in the western part of Jiangxi at the boundary with Hunan Province at longitudes 113o 35’ E to 114o17’ E and latitudes 27o 20’ N to 28o 00’ N. It has a land area of 3,860 km2, approximately 2.3% of the size of Jiangxi Province. It is predominantly rural. This project will have components located in three counties (Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli) and one district (Xiangdong) within the municipality. Lianhua County is situated at longitude 113o 57’ E to and latitudes 27o 8’ N, with a land area of 1,062 km2. Luxi County is situated at longitude 114o 2’ E and latitude 27o 38’ N, with a land area of 963 km2. Shangli County is situated at longitude 113o 48’ E and latitude 27o 53’ N, with a land area of 712 km2. Xiangdong District is situated at longitude 113o 44’E and latitude 27o 18’ N, with a land area of 853 km2 (see map in Figure IV.3).
131. Geology and topography. Pingxiang’s topography could be characterized as mountainous, with 65% mountains and hills and 35% lowlands. The terrain is high in the north and southwest, and low in the center sloping downward towards the east and west, similar to the shape of a saddle. The average elevation is 214.6 m above mean sea level, ranging from 65.4 m to 1,918.6 m.
132. Geological folds in the region are dominated by northeasterly reversed syncline, sloping to the southeast. The basic structural framework of faults lies in a northeasterly direction, with a portion of the north-northeasterly faults partially developed into arc-shaped faults. The soil parent material mainly consists of sandstone, mudstone and Quaternary red clay, plus substantial alluvial deposits from rivers and lakes. Soil types mainly consist of red earth that is mostly distributed in hilly areas below 400 m elevation, and paddy soil that is mostly distributed in valleys and alluvial plains. In general, the soil type of the area is either Acrisols or Alisols, with low water infiltration (Figure IV.1, Figure IV.2).
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Figure IV.1: Soil of Pingxiang. Source: Figure IV.2: Land use and land cover data of ISRIC-World Soil Pingxiang. Source: ISRIC-World Soil Information.
Legend: 2-needleleaved evergreen forest; 3- broadleaved evergreen forest; 5- bush; 6- sparse woods; 14- river; 15- lake; 21- farmland.
133. Seismicity. Pingxiang lies in an earthquake relatively stable area. According to data from the seismic monitoring departments, the region has not had an earthquake more than 4 magnitude in nearly two thousand years. The largest earthquake in recent history was 3.0 magnitude in 1910. The characteristics of the base rock layer in this area are weak and highly plastic, lacking the conditions that cause earthquake. High plasticity, weak deformation of fracture could easily release energy, which hardly develops a big earthquake. Judging from the geological conditions, neo-tectonic movement and the earthquake history, the region is not prone to earthquake. Seismic activity would be in low frequency and low intensity.
134. Climate. Pingxiang is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with subtropical humid monsoon climate weather, typified by having distinct seasons and abundant precipitation and sunshine. Its average annual mean temperature is 17.3°C and the recorded extreme high and low temperature are 41.0°C and -9.3°C respectively. Table IV.1 summarizes the climate characteristics of Pingxiang Municipality. Approximately 43% of the annual average precipitation occurs from April through June. Additional information on Pingxiang’s climate, including
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temperature and precipitation distribution, are documented in the Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report (CRVA) in Appendix 3.
Table IV.1: Pingxiang’s Climate Characteristics
Annual average temperature 17.4 oC Lowest temperature -12.5 oC Highest temperature 41.0 oC Annual average precipitation 1,591 mm Relative humidity 82% Annual average frost free days 274 Average wind speed 1.50 m/s Highest wind speed 20 m/s Dominant wind direction from northeast Source: EIRs
135. Precipitation. Spatially, rainfall increases along with the altitude. The annual average rainfall during the flood season (Apr.-Oct.) is around 1000 mm in most areas, but can reach 1500 mm in the high altitude middle area and at mountains in the east border. In addition, there is strong inter-annual variability in rainfall. E.g., the annual average rainfall of flood season of Lianhua is 1050 mm with a coefficient of variation (Cv) of 0.23. The maximum was 1533 mm recorded in 1994, while the minimum was 516 mm of 2010, which is only about one third of the maximum value. Other than large inter-annual variability in annual rainfall, the distinctive feature of the rainfall is the seasonality. For Lianhua, the average rainfall of the rainy season from March to June (4 month) is 871 mm, which accounts more than half of the annual total. The amount of rainfall in the flood season of April to October (7 months) is 1093 mm, which accounts for about 70% of annual rainfall.
Table IV.2: Key characteristics of participating Counties and District
Administrative Unit Key characteristics Lianhua County Lianhua County is located to the south of Pingxiang Municipality, at north latitude of 26° 57 ' and east longitude of 113° 46'. The scale of the county is about 58 km from north to south, 38 km from east to west with total area of 1,072 square kilometers, including 223,000 mu of farmland and 1.12 million mu of mountain area. The terrain of the county is hilly and mountainous. The elevation is high in north, east and west; and low in middle and south. The county jurisdiction includes 13 towns, 1 farm, 157 administrative villages, the population in 2012 was 238,298 of which 84% are rural. The climate in Lianhua County is a subtropical monsoon humid climate with adequate light, abundant rainfall, four distinct seasons, mild climate. The county has an average annual temperature of 17.5°C; average frost-free period of 284 days, average rainfall of 1600-1700 mm, and annual average sunshine 1697.4 hours. Lianhua County is rich in mineral resources. It is one of the 100 coal production counties in China. It is also the production base of oil-tea, ducks, and geese in Jiangxi. Luxi County Located in the eastern part of Pingxiang Municipality. It is at the upstream of the Yuan River catchment, covering an area of 968 km2. The southeast of the county is the Wugong mountain area while the county’s northwest area is flat. The county has a forest coverage rate of 67% and a forest area of 516,000 mu. Yuan River is the major river in Luxi. It originates from Wugong Mountain, running through 5 townships and 4 towns within Luxi County and then flowing east to Yichun, Xinyu, Zhangshu and finally flowing into Gan River. In 2014 Shankouyan Reservoir became the main water source in Luxi. There are five towns and four townships in the County including Luxi, Shangbu, Xuanfeng, Nankeng, Yinhe, Changfeng, Xinquan, Zhangjiafang and Yuannan. Total population in year
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2012 was 260,307 of which 84% were rural. Luxi County is located in the North Temperate Zone and has a subtropical, humid monsoon climate with distinct seasons, sufficient sunlight and abundant rainfall. Annual average temperature is 17.2 . Average annual rainfall is 1665.4 mm. Luxi County has more than 30 kinds of mineral resources including China clay deposit of more than 1 billion℃ tons. Industries include electric porcelain, coal, building materials, fireworks, food, hydropower, chemical, shoes, clothing, textile, energy, photovoltaic materials, machinery manufacturing and other leading industries. Shangli County Shangli County is located at northern part of Pingxiang Municipality, and has an area of area of 721 km2. The county is adjacent to Hunan province to the north and west, Yichun Municipality to the east, Xiangdong District, Anyuan District and Luxi County to the south. The terrain of the county is dominated by hills and low mountains comprising about 70% of the total area. The mountains are located at north-east part of the county. Yangqi Mountain is the highest with peak elevation of 947.4m. Pingshui River and Lishui River are the two major rivers in Shangli County, originating from east and north sides of Yangqishan Mountain, flowing from north to south and east to west, receiving water from 16 tributaries in Shangli County and finally flowing into Xiangjiang River in Hunan Province. The rivers serve as irrigation water and drinking water source of the local people. Shangli County area belongs to the subtropical moist monsoon climate; the average temperature is 17.0 to 18.0 ; the 1 in 10 year peak precipitation within 24 hours is 205.2mm. Soil types include mainly red soil and paddy soil. The vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest℃ with green cover rate of 60%. The green coverage rate in urban constructed area is 35.8%. Soil erosion type is mainly hydraulic and allowable soil loss is 500 t/km2. Shangli County is designated as key area for soil erosion prevention and water conservation. Shangli has rich mineral resources. It has been proven that there are more than 150 deposits including coal, lead, iron, gold, copper, sulphur, phosphorus, China clay. The coal deposit is over 80 million tons, and lead deposit is more than 15 million tons. Shangli is a comprehensive agricultural economy demonstration area. Agricultural products include tea-oil, vegetables, melons, ginger, Chinese chestnut, dogs, sheep, mountain jujube cake, etc. Shangli industrial development includes fireworks, coal, building materials, ceramics, food, machinery, chemical industry, and clothing. Xiangdong District Xiangdong District is located in the western part of Pingxiang Municipality. It has an area of 853 km2 with 15% agricultural land and 64% forests. The total rainfall level ranges from 1100 to 1980 mm. The Pingshui River flows though the District from east to west and into the Xiangjiang River. Year 2012 population was 361,233 of which 73% were classified rural. Xiangdong is called the "West Gate" of Jiangxi Province because several major transportation lines pass through it including the Shanghai-Kunming railway, National Roads 319 (north-south) and 320 (east-west), the Shanghai-Kunming motor vehicle expressway, and the Ping Lian Expressway (north-south). Source: PPTA DFR, March 2015.
136. Rivers. Pingxiang is at the headwaters of two major river systems: the Gan River system that flows into Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province, and the Xiang River system that flows into Dongting Lake in Hunan Province. The project rivers in Lianhua County (Lianjiang River and Baima River) and Luxi County (Yuan River, Xinhua River and Tankou River) are tributaries of the Gan River system. The project rivers in Shangli County (Lishui River and Jinshan River) and Xiangdong District (Pingshui River) are tributaries of the Xiang River system. Figure IV.3 shows the river system in Pingxiang and the locations of the project rivers (except the Tankou River which is too small to be shown). A comprehensive assessment and survey was conducted for all project rivers in the framework of the PPTA and this EIA, including embankment type and condition, a biodiversity and habitat survey, a river pollution sources investigation. The methodology and findings of the surveys are summarized in the following sections, and presented in Appendix 4.
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Jinshan River
Lishui River Shangli County Gan River
Xiangdong Luxi District County
Xinhua River Yuan River Pingshui River
Lianjiang River Lianhua Baima County River Gan River
Source: PMO Figure IV.3: The River System in Pingxiang and Locations of the Project Rivers
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137. Lianjiang River in Lianhua County originates from the southern foothills of Wugong Mountain in Lianhua County, flowing from a north to south then south-east direction into the Gan River with a catchment area of approximately 9,100 km2 and a total length of 256 km. This project proposes to rehabilitate approximately 16.8 km of the Lianjiang River (including its tributary the Qin River) for improving flood control, which is approximately 6.6% of the total river length. River widths average approximately 60 m in the upstream section, 120 m in the mid-stream section and 200 m in the downstream section. The proposed river section for rehabilitation has four weirs for retaining irrigation water.
138. Baima River is a primary tributary of Lianjiang River. It originates from Hetang Village in Lianhua County, flowing in a west to east direction into Lianjiang River approximately 1.5 km downstream of the Lianhua County central urban area. It is approximately 30 km long with a catchment area of 163 km2. This project proposes to rehabilitate approximately 7.7 km of the river for flood control, which is approximately 26% of its total length. The proposed river section for rehabilitation has two weirs for retaining irrigation water.
139. A few sections of embankments have already been built along the more developed sections of the Lianjiang River, while other sections are still well-vegetated. The upper stretches of the Baima and Qin are surrounded by farmland and rural villages. Representative photographs of the Liangjiang, Baima and Qin Rivers are shown in Figure IV.3. More detailed descriptions of the river sections included in project are presented in Appendix 4.
Embankment
Liangjiang River at Tangdu Bridge Lianjiang River downstream of Tangdu Bridge Liangjiang River after heavy rain in June 2014
Confluence with Lianjiang River
Embankment
Baima River near confluence with Liangjiang Baima River upstream near Fu Village Qin River Figure IV.4: Representatives of Project Rivers in Lianhua County Source: PPTA consultant
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140. Yuan River in Luxi County is one of the major tributaries of the Gan River, originating from the northern foothill of Wugong Mountain in Luxi County with a total length of 273 km and a catchment area of 6,486 km2. The proposed rehabilitation section of 7.6 km for flood control is approximately 2.8% of its total length, with seven weirs for retaining irrigation water. The section of Yuan River within Luxi County is 52 km long with a catchment area of 698 km2.
141. Xinhua River is a primary tributary of the Yuan River originating from Wangjiayuan in Luxi County. It is approximately 17 km long with a catchment area of 57 km2. The proposed section rehabilitation section of 7.8 km for flood control is approximately 46% of its total length, with eight weirs for retaining irrigation water. It flows into the Yuan River from the left bank in the Luxi County central urban area.
142. Tankou River is a primary tributary of the Yuan River flowing into the Yuan River in the Luxi County central urban area. It originates from Shuiwei in Luxi Town, with a total length of approximately 13 km and a catchment area of 21 km2. The proposed rehabilitation section of 3.27 km for flood control is approximately 25% of its total length, with five weirs for retaining irrigation water.
143. The Luxi County central urban area is located at the confluence of the three rivers. Near the urban area section, high embankments have already been constructed along the Yuan River. For the smaller Xinhua and Tankou rivers, buildings are built directly adjacent to the river in urban sections and water quality is poor. The upstream sections of the rivers are surrounded by farmland and scattered rural villages. Representative photographs of the Yuan, Xinhua and Tankou Rivers are shown in Figure IV.4.
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Tankou River
Yuan River upstream of Xinhua River confluence Yuan River and Tankou River confluence Yuan River upstream
Yuan River
Xinhua River
Xinhua River confluence with Yuan River Xinhua River mid-stream Xinhua River upstream
House and drainage outfall next to Tankou Tankou River downstream of urban built up Tankou River through urban arera River area Figure IV.5: Representative Photographs of Project Rivers in Luxi County
144. Lishui River in Shangli County is a secondary tributary of the Xiang River system. It originates in Baisuichong Village in Yichun Municipality in Jiangxi Province, flows through Shangli County then into Chengtan River, a primary tributary of the Xiang River, in Hunan Province. Its length in Jiangxi Province is 42 km with a catchment area of 421 km2. The proposed rehabilitation section of 10 km for flood control is approximately 24% of its length in Jiangxi Province, with two weirs for retaining irrigation water.
145. Jishan River is a primary tributary of the Lishui River. It originates from Tongmu Town in Shangli County, flowing in a northeast to southwest direction joining the Lishui River from its right bank at Jinshan Town in Shangli County. Its total length is 28 km with a catchment area of 112 km2. The proposed rehabilitation section of 19.7 km for flood control is approximately 70% of its total length. The river is highly regulated, with 19 weirs for retaining irrigation water. Both Lishui and Jinshan Rivers are mostly surrounded by farmland and villages. Representative photographs of these two rivers are shown in Figure IV.6.
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Embankment works on Lishui River in Tongmu Lishui River mid-stream Lishui River at Tongmu Town Town
Jinshan River at Longfeng Town Jinshan River showing garbage on river bank House next to Jinshan River Figure IV.6: Representative Photographs of Project Rivers in Shangli County
146. Pingshui River in Xiangdong District is a primary tributary in the downstream section of the Xiang River. It originates from the southern foothill of the Qianla Mountain in Pingxiang Municipality and flows into the Xiang River in Hunan Province. Its total length is 166 km with 84 km located in Jiangxi Province. It has a catchment area of 5,675 km2, with 1,380m km2 within Jiangxi Province. The proposed rehabilitated section of 5.75 km is approximately 3.5% of its total length, and is located in the outskirt of the main urban area in Xiangdong District, with natural banks along most portions and stone masonry retaining walls along some populated areas, both are inadequate for protection against 1-in-20 year floods. The river bed width ranges from 75 – 130 m. Representative photographs of the Pingshui River are shown in Figure IV.7.
Stone masonry retaining wall with drainage Upstream view from Shanzhou Bridge Village houses on left bank outfall Figure IV.7: Representative Photographs of Pingshui River in Xiangdong District
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B. Physical Environment
147. Ambient air quality. The PRC ranks air quality into three classes according to its Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-1996), with Class I being the best air quality and Class III the worst air quality (see Table II.5). From 1 January 2016 onwards, GB 3095-1996 will be replaced by GB 3095-2012, reducing the number of air quality classes to two, with Class 1 being better than Class 2.
148. Typically, ambient air quality baseline monitoring for environmental impact assessment in the PRC consists of measuring the daily average concentration levels of total suspended particulates (TSP) and/or PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on seven consecutive days in the project area. The data therefore only represents a snapshot in time and space within the project area. It is also acceptable to use monitoring data from local EPB’s routine ambient air quality monitoring locations, which could provide a longer term perspective on the ambient air quality of the area.
149. Baseline ambient air quality monitoring was undertaken for this project in 2014. Parameters monitored included 24-h average TSP, PM10, SO2 and NO2; 1-hr average SO2 and NO2; and for the wastewater treatment plants, 1-hr and 24-hr H2S. Monitoring results are presented in Table IV.3, indicating that the concentrations of the parameters measured on the days and at the locations shown in the table complied with Class II air quality standards and WBG’s EHS interim targets, except at three locations with exceedance of Class II standard for 24-h average TSP.
Table IV.3: Baseline Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Data collected in 2014 Air Quality Parameter and Concentration Levels (mg/m3) Adminis- Monitoring Location Monitoring TSP PM10 SO2 NO2 H2S trative Dates in 24-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h Unit No. Name 2014 Component Component Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Sidongwu 0.042 - 0.021 - A1 ------四栋屋 0.052 0.028 17-24 OCT Shengfang Town 0.062 - 0.032 - A2 ------升坊镇 0.085 0.034 Lianhua Lianhua Village 0.215 - 0.094 - 0.059 - 0.051 - A3 ------County 莲花村 0.243 0.115 0.064 0.057 Industry Park 0.186 - 0.082 - 0.052 - 0.043 - A4 8-14 JUL ------工 园管委会 0.217 0.102 0.059 0.052 Shengfang Village 0.181 - 0.079 - 0.045 - 0.039 - A5 ------升坊村郭家屋 0.193 0.089 0.055 0.048 Luxing Village 0.237 - 0.103 - 0.019 - 0.023 - A1 ------Luxi 路行村 0.262 0.113 0.021 0.061 River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management Management Risk Flood and Rehabilitation River 15-21 DEC County Shanxia Village 0.145 - 0.088 - 0.015 - 0.020 - A2 ------山 村 0.164 0.104 0.016 0.023 Doutian Village 0.064 - 0.038 - 0.048 - 0.003 - 0.004 - A1 0.69 - 0.82 ------ 田村 0.09 0.086 0.065 0.014 0.013 Shangli Chengzhong Village 0.099 - 0.106 - 0.005 - 0.006 - A2 20-26 DEC 0.19 - 0.25 0.02 - 0.07 ------County 城中村 0.124 0.115 0.018 0.017 Baihe Village 0.029 - 0.033 - 0.0049 - 0.005 - A3 0.05 - 0.14 0.074 - 0.1 ------白鹤村 0.061 0.053 0.0096 0.009 Xiangdong Dajiangbian Primary 0.11 - 0.068 - 0.071 - 0.05 - 0.07 - 0.048 - A1 9-15 DEC ------District School 大 边小学 0.122 0.079 0.082 0.058 0.073 0.05
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Air Quality Parameter and Concentration Levels (mg/m3) Adminis- Monitoring Location Monitoring TSP PM10 SO2 NO2 H2S trative Dates in 24-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h Unit No. Name 2014 Component Component Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Xiangdong Bridge 0.094 - 0.054 - 0.064 - 0.046 - 0.061 - 0.04 - A2 ------湘 新桥西侧 0.104 0.063 0.076 0.052 0.066 0.043 Sidongwu 0.042 - 0.021 - A1 ------Lianhua 四栋屋 0.052 0.028 17-24 OCT County Shengfang Town 0.062 - 0.032 - A2 ------升坊镇 0.085 0.034 Jiangtianli 0.004 - A1 ------0.005 田里 0.006 Luxi Tangmeishan 0.005 - 0.005 - A2 12-18 NOV ------County 塘枚山 0.007 0.006 Liyuan Village 0.005 - A3 ------0.006 Wastewater Wastewater Collection and Treatment 栗源村 0.007 Shangli Yaxi Village at 200 m County north of WWTP site 0.02 - 0.022 - 0.004 - 0.005 - 0.003 - 0.004 - A1 boundary 20-26 DEC 0.18 - 0.29 0.10 - 0.99 0.028 0.025 0.007 0.007 0.01 0.008 溪村 水处理厂 厂界 北侧 200 米 Aoshang Village 0.004 - A1 0.14 - 0.20 ------垇 村 0.007 Luxi and Xinwu Village 0.007 ------
Transport Transport Shangli A2 20-26 DEC 0.44 - 0.52 新屋村 0.013
Rural-Urban Rural-Urban Counties Pailou Village 0.004 - A3 0.34 - 0.92 ------排楼村 0.008 Class II standards GB 3095-1996 0.3 0.15 0.5 0.15 0.24 0.12 n/a n/a GB 3095-2012 0.3 0.15 0.5 0.15 0.2 0.08 n/a n/a WBG EHS standards 0.075 – 0.050 – Interim targets n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.150 0.125 AQG n/a 0.05 n/a 0.02 0.2 n/a n/a n/a
Notes: --- = no measurement taken; AQG = air quality guideline; EHS = environmental health & safety; H2S = hydrogen sulfide; n/a = not available; NO2 = nitrogen dioxide; PM10 = particulate matter with diameter ≥ 10 μm; TSP = total suspended particulate exceed Class II standard
Source: EIRs and EITs
150. Acoustic environment. Noise standards in the PRC are prescribed in Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB 3096-2008), which categorizes 5 functional areas based on their tolerance to noise pollution (see Table II.6). The project areas have been designated functional area Category 2. Typically, baseline noise monitoring for environmental impact assessment in the PRC consists of noise level measurements at sensitive receptors once in the day time and once in the night time each day for two consecutive days.
151. Table IV.4 shows baseline noise monitoring in 2014 at 86 sensitive receptor locations for the three components. On the days of monitoring, 49 of the 86 locations (57%) showed exceedance of either the EHS standards or both EHS and Category 2 standards during either day time or night time or both. Of the 172 noise data recorded during the day time, 42 (24%) exceeded the EHS standard of which 19 also exceeded the less stringent Category 2 standard. Of the 172 noise data recorded during the night time, 84 (49%) exceeded the EHS standard of
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which 14 also exceeded the less stringent Category 2 standard. This indicates that noise exceedance was predominantly during the night time. Among the project areas, Lianhua County had the best and Xiangdong District had the worst acoustic environment. Several sensitive receptors along the proposed road were already experiencing rather high noise levels.
Table IV.4: Baseline Noise Monitoring Data collected in 2014 Monitoring Location Noise Level [dB(A)] Adminis- Monitoring Component Day Time Night Time trative Unit No. Name Dates Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2 Lianhua N1 Mashi Village 麻石村 2014.10.17 – 46.1 49.5 43.4 39.7 County N2 Huatang Village 花塘村 2014.10.18 49.1 43.7 39.9 39.0 N3 Sanguandian 官殿 51.2 46.1 43.5 43.9 N4 Huangshazhou 黄沙州 42.7 45.5 41.6 42.1 N5 Luzhoushang 炉州 46.8 41.9 42.4 39.8 N6 Yuanxia Village 院 村 42.3 43.6 42.1 42.4 N7 Wanfang Village 万坊村 45.8 47.3 45.5 41.5 N8 Dashuxia 大树 45.4 45.5 39.1 42.3 Luxi County Supeng Village 蔗棚村 at confluence of 2014.12.15-2 N1 55.9 55.2 47.3 46.9 Yuan, Xinhua and Tankou Rivers 014.12.16 N2 Tianxin Village 田心村 54.8 54.3 49.5 48.3 N3 Shanxia Village 山 村 48.2 49.2 40.9 45.1 N4 Wushi Village 乌 Shi Village 石村 48.0 50.2 41.8 45.3 N5 Gucheng Village 城村 53.7 53.4 47.0 45.7 N6 Xiaojiang Village 小 村 52.9 52.9 46.3 45.9 N7 Xinhua Village 新华村 47.9 51.3 42.8 46.9 1 Integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk river flood management and rehabilitation Integrated 1 Shangli N1 Lanjia’an 蓝家岸 2014.12.22 - 52.0 48.6 49.4 46.2 County N2 Chenjiawan 陈家湾 2014.12.23 59.6 56.8 47.1 48.7 N3 Hongdong Village 洪 村 51.4 57.5 45.4 47.7 N4 Xianzhou Village 洲村 60.7 67.5 49.0 51.6 N5 Tunli 屯里 54.2 53.6 45.2 47.4 N6 Baihe Middle School 白鹤中学 56.6 54.5 45.4 48.9 N7 Shetouwan 蛇头湾 51.5 56.3 46.0 46.5 Xiangdong 1 Dajiangbian Primary School 大 边小学 2014.12.9-20 78.2 70.1 60.3 58.3 District 2 Xincun Primary School 新村小学 14.12.10 69.8 71.1 57.0 60.7 3 Xiashankou Police Station 峡山 派出 69.3 74.9 66.3 61.9 Residential community on west bank of the 4 Xiangdong New Bridge 湘 新桥西岸居 69.9 71.3 57.6 65.2 民点 5 Xiangdong Middle School 湘 中学 62.7 66.4 47.1 61.2 6 Baiguoshuxia 白 树 66.9 60.5 45.1 43.3 Lianhua N1 Shengfang Middle School 升坊中学 2014.10.17 – 45.9 44.8 44.1 41.8 County Shengfang Town Government Building 升坊 2014.10.18 N2 44.3 54.9 40.5 42.2 镇政府 N3 Shengfang Health Clinic 升坊卫生院 53.9 49.5 42.0 44.7 N4 Tianliwu 田里屋 47.9 49.3 44.2 39.3 N5 Mashi Village 麻石村 46.1 49.5 39.7 43.4 N6 Laohu’ao 老虎坳 44.9 47.8 43.8 41.1 N7 Huatian Village 花田村 47.5 45.4 42.2 41.0 N8 Huatang Village 花塘村 49.1 43.7 39.0 39.9 N9 Shazhouwu 沙洲屋 50.7 48.1 41.8 41.7 N10 Yang Village 杨村 48.9 49.4 41.7 45.4
2 2 Wastewater collection and treatment N11 Huanglu Village 荒路村 47.9 45.1 44.3 40.7 N12 Dongquan 洞泉 49.9 47.0 44.6 41.8
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N13 Poxia 陂 46.0 45.5 42.5 45.8 N14 Longjiawu 龙家屋 54.0 51.6 42.3 40.2 N15 Sanguandian 官殿 51.2 46.1 43.9 43.5 N16 Lingshangwu 岭 屋 43.9 52.7 37.3 42.9 N17 Huangshazhou Village 黄沙洲村 42.7 45.5 42.1 41.6 N18 Luzhoushang 炉洲 46.8 41.9 39.8 42.4 N19 Yuanxia Village 院 村 42.3 43.6 42.4 42.1 N20 Wanfang Village 万坊村 45.8 47.3 41.5 45.5 N21 Dashuxia 大树 45.4 45.5 39.1 42.3 N22 Panke Village 攀科村 45.4 45.2 41.1 42.3 N23 Huangtianlong 黄天龙 46.1 46.0 41.8 38.8 N24 Sidongwu 四栋屋 50.8 47.6 40.9 39.1 Lianhua County Land & Resources Bureau N25 45.5 46.0 40.0 37.6 莲花县国土局 Luxi County N1 Jiangtianli 田里 2014.11.10 – 54.0 53.4 48.2 48.5 N2 Jiangqiao Village 桥村 2014.11.11 50.2 50.9 44.3 46.9 N3 Chaheng Village 垣村 53.8 53.0 47.5 47.7 N4 Zhoushang Village 洲 村 48.1 50.1 42.9 44.6 N5 Miaoxia Village 庙 村 47.6 49.4 41.4 43.9 N6 Shihutan 石虎潭 48.7 47.5 43.9 42.5 N7 Tong Village 村 51.4 51.4 45.9 45.5 1 m east of WWTP site boundary 厂界 N8 48.7 48.2 44.0 43.1 侧外 1 米处 1 m south of WWTP site boundary 厂界南 N9 51.9 52.9 46.2 47.4 侧外 1 米处 1 m west of WWTP site boundary 厂界西 N10 50.6 53.6 45.8 49.3 侧外 1 米处 1 m north of WWTP site boundary 厂界北 N11 54.2 53.3 48.3 48.4 侧外 1 米处 Shangli N1 Tongmu Village 木村 2014.12.20-2 54.5 55.9 49.4 48.7 County Tongmu Community 151 县道 木镇社区 014.12.21 N2 59.3 57.2 48.4 49.2 处 N3 Tongmu Hotel 木宾馆 59.9 59.0 49.8 47.7 N4 Tongmu Grand Hotel 木大酒店 57.2 59.9 48.7 48.2 Tongmu Central Hospital 312 省道 木中 N5 58.1 56.6 49.9 48.8 心卫生院 Zhanggong Mountain at 200m northwest of N6 WWTP site boundary 处理厂厂界西北侧 48.7 51.3 47.4 51.8 200 米张 山 1 m east of WWTP site boundary 厂界 N7 52.9 48.6 49.3 47.7 侧外 1 米处 N8 1 m south of WWTP site boundary 厂界南 45.6 58.3 43.1 47.3 侧外 1 米处 N9 1 m west of WWTP site boundary 厂界西 52.4 54.4 46.5 47.9 侧外 1 米处 N10 1 m north of WWTP site boundary 厂界北 49.9 46.7 46.2 54.3 侧外 1 米处 Luxi and N1 Aoshang Village 垇 村 2014.12.25– 54.8 55.9 49.7 48.3 Shangli 2014.12.26
nsport Counties N2 Shiyuan 石源 47.6 52.2 40.3 43.8 N3 Changshangbu 长山埠 50.1 56.7 47.1 49.0 N4 Malinghuangjia 马龄黄家 55.7 56.7 44.1 49.0 N5 Doujialing 斗家龄 49.3 52.3 42.3 44.2 3 Rural urban tra N6 Changmuling 长睦岭 70.1 73.6 57.6 68.3
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N7 Cheshang Village 车 村 49.9 53.5 44.6 43.7 N8 Yuannan School 源南学校 51.2 53.0 43.1 49.8 N9 Zhangjiapo 章家陂 64.8 63.6 47.3 60.7 N10 Hejiazhen 何家圳 54.8 57.0 43.5 42.7 N11 Pailou Village 排楼村 58.3 60.9 53.6 49.9 GB3096-2008 Category2 standard 60 50 WBG EHS standard 55 45
Exceed both Category 2 & EHS standards exceed EHS standard only
Source: EIRs & EITs
152. Water quality. The PRC’s Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002) defines five water quality Categories for different environmental functions (see Table II.7). Category I represents the best water quality and Category V the worst water quality. Only Category I to Category III water quality could be used for potable purpose. Existing and targeted water quality for the eight project rivers (as defined in the Pingxiang Municipality Water Function Zone Plan) are presented in Table IV.5. Water quality monitoring was also conducted in the framework of the domestic environment impact assessments for the river rehabilitation and the urban-rural road components.
Table IV.5: Existing and targeted water quality class in project rivers
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153. Table IV.5 shows that in general, water quality meets Class III standard for all rivers except the rivers in Luxi. Table IV.6 shows the baseline water quality monitored by the EIA institute at selected locations from the water bodies in the project area. Monitoring results showed exceedance of Category III standards for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) at eight monitoring locations on the days of monitoring. Reasons for low water quality in some project rivers include: (i) the absence of wastewater collection and treatment system for residential, commercial, or industrial buildings in most communities, (ii) the presence of some wastewater collection mains in the river bed or along the river banks in larger urban communities (Pingxiang, Xiangdong, Luxi) that allow domestic wastewater to infiltrate into the river waters especially at the house connection level, (iii) improper rural solid waste dumping sites along many river banks especially near bridges, (iv) non-point sources agricultural pollution from fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural lands located along the river, (v) decentralized livestock and poultry farming in rural areas whose pollution wash into the river by rainfall.
154. Sediment quality. The PRC does not have standard for sediments in waterways such as streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the sea. It is common practice in the PRC to use Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995) to assess sediment quality (see Table II.9) since most sediment would be disposed on land and mostly likely for future agricultural or planting uses. Some EIRs in the PRC have also used Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludges from Agricultural Use (GB 4284-84) for assessing sediment quality. The rationale being that the physical nature of river sediment is similar to sludge. GB 15618-1995 standards are more stringent than GB 4284-84. Since the dredged sediment in this project might be disposed on land (thus have the potential to affect soil quality), dredged sediment quality was assessed against GB 15618-1995 Class 2 standards. Table IV.7 shows the baseline sediment quality monitoring results at selected location in the project area. Exceedance of GB 15618-1995 Class 2 standards for Cd was detected in the rivers in Shangli County and for Lindane in Baima River and Lian River in Lianhua County. The sediment in the rivers in Shangli County was also found to be acidic comparatively, a condition which would facilitate the leaching of heavy metals from the sediment and soil particles.
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Table IV.6: Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Data collected in 2014 Monitoring Location Concentration Component Monitoring Admin. Unit T pH DO BOD5 COD SS NH3-N TP TN TPH No. Name Dates oC mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
Lianhua Lianjiang River 500 m upstream of planned industrial County SW1 wastewater treatment plant site 工业污水处理厂尾水排 7.92 6.6 2.1 10.2 18 0.33 0.05 0.41 0.04 ≤ 入莲江上游 500m Liangjiang River at the planned industrial wastewater SW2 7.90 6.9 2.0 ≤10 41 0.25 0.08 0.29
management ≤ ≤0.04 treatment plant site 工业污水处理厂尾水排入莲江处 Lianjiang River 500 m downstream of planned industrial SW3 wastewater treatment plant site 工业污水处理厂尾水排 8.11 6.4 ≤2.0 ≤10 21 0.17 0.05 0.20 ≤0.04 入莲江 游 500m 2014.07.08 Lianjiang River 1000 m downstream of planned industrial – 2014.07.10 SW4 wastewater treatment plant site 工业污水处理厂尾水排 8.20 6.5 2.9 12.3 15 0.11 0.02 0.17 ≤0.04 入莲江 游 1000m Lianjiang River 3000 m downstream of planned industrial SW5 wastewater treatment plant site 工业污水处理厂尾水排 8.27 6.5 ≤2.0 10.3 16 ≤0.05 0.03 0.06 ≤0.04 入 江 游 1Integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk 莲 3000m Lianjiang River 5000 m downstream of planned industrial SW6 wastewater treatment plant site 工业污水处理厂尾水排 8.24 6.7 2.5 11.1 5 ≤0.05 0.02 0.06 ≤0.04 入莲江 游 5000m Luxi County Gaolou Village at G320 crossing Tankou River 高楼村 SW1 2104.12.29 6.83 9.3 15.6 8.4 0.33 0.07 1.18 ≤0.01 G320 跨潭 河处 – 2014.12.31 SW2 Xiaojiang Village 小 村 6.76 8.3 18.7 7.2 0.30 0.06 4.39 0.01 ≤ Shangli SW1 Upstream of weir at Chongde Village 崇德村水破 游处 7.33 7.37 1.44 21.20 4 0.21 0.01 0.47 0.01 ≤ ≤ County SW2 Upstream of Hengxia Bridge 横 桥 游处 2014.12.20 7.81 8.68 2.21 6.37 4 0.34 0.04 1.26 0.01 – ≤ SW3 Qingshan Reservoir 青山水库 2014.12.23 7.48 9.88 2.71 10.23 4 0.14 0.03 0.54 0.01 ≤ ≤ SW4 Shetouwan 蛇头湾 7.63 9.74 1.83 6.23 4 0.08 0.04 1.21 0.01 ≤ ≤ Xiangdong 200 m downstream of Xiangdong WTP intake 湘 水厂 SW1 11.33 1.66 3.60 0.03 District 取水 游 200 米 Upstream of Pingxiang Hydropower Station dam 萍电大 2014.12.29 SW2 – 12.67 1.66 3.59 0.02 坝 游位置 2014.12.31 500 m downstream of Zhangli River confluence 樟里河汇 SW3 12.33 1.61 3.58 0.02 入 游 500 米 Lianhua Fushui River (200 m upstream of pipeline crossing)凫水 SW1 7.85 12.00 ≤4 0.23 ≤0.01 County 河、管网跨越区 游 200 米 2014.10.17 – Lianjiang River (200 m upstream of pipeline crossing)莲 2014.10.18
treatment SW2 7.64 6.50 ≤4 0.27 ≤0.01 河、管网跨越区 游 200 米
2 Wastewater collection and Luxi County Yuan River 500 m upstream of ieffluent outfall location 排 SW1 2014.11.12 7.45 8.5 3.2 20.0 8 0.17 ≤0.01 入袁河处 游 500 米 – 2014.11.14 SW2 Yuan River 500 m downstream of effluent outfall location 7.40 8.7 2.5 20.0 7 0.15 0.01 ≤ - 84 -
Monitoring Location Concentration Component Monitoring Admin. Unit T pH DO BOD5 COD SS NH3-N TP TN TPH No. Name Dates oC mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
排 入袁河处 游 500 米 Yuan River 2000 m downstream of effluent outfall SW3 7.32 7.4 3.1 21.9 8 0.19 ≤0.01 location 排 入袁河处 游 2000 米 Shangli 500 m upstream of Yaxi River and Lishui River 2014.12.20 SW1 – 7.41 9.6 2.4 7.6 4 1.48 0.07 0.01 County confluence 雅溪河与栗水河交汇处上游 500m 2014.12.22
3 Luxi and SW1 Pingshui River Bridge 萍水河大桥 7.93 6.93 ≤4 0.03 0.01
an Shangli SW2 Yuanbei River Bridge 院背河大桥 2014.12.20- 8.09 13.40 ≤4 0.06 ≤0.01 Counties 2014.12.26 transport
Rural-urb 袁河大桥 SW3 Yuan River Bridge 7.71 7.20 4 0.15 0.01 ≤ ≤ GB 3838-2002 Category III standards 6-9 ≥5 ≤4 ≤20 ≤1 ≤2 ≤1 ≤0.05
Exceed Category III standard
Source: EIRs and EITs
Table IV.7: Baseline Sediment Quality Monitoring Data collected in 2014 Sediment Quality Parameters and Concentration Levels (in mg/kg except pH) Administrative Unit Monitoring Date Monitoring Location pH Ni Cd Cu Pb Zn As Hg Cr Lindane DDT Upstream of Xianzhou Bridge K0+000 洲桥 游处 6.11 24 0.41 16.9 26.8 49.82 1.52 0.002 60.6 0.06 ≤0.007 Shangli Qingshan Reservior 青山水库(项目起点) 4.61 16 0.04 16.9 29.1 51 0.32 0.002 51.8 0.0027 0.02 Zhonghe Village 中鹤村 4.5 49 0.39 28.8 88.3 157.62 0.72 0.002 95.3 0.0034 ≤0.007 200m downstream of Xiangdong WTP intake 湘 水厂取 7.63 7 0.18 18.9 29.4 94 2.76 0.002 0.0074 ≤0.007 Xiangdong 水 游 200m
Upstream of Pingdian Weir 萍电坝 游位置 7.69 16 0.29 18.9 41.4 134.06 0.78 0.002L - -
Zhepeng Village 蔗棚村 G1 7.54 32 0.42 24.9 37.5 109.32 1.62 0.003 63.8 - - Luxi Gaolou Village 高楼村 G2 7.76 8 0.15 18.9 31.3 51.59 1.28 0.005 37.9 0.03 ≤0.007 山 岩村 G3 7.88 14 0.1 14.9 17 38.63 0.76 0.003 29.3 0.04 ≤0.007 Xietian Village along Baima River 白马河斜田村附近 1# 6.35 20 0.24 15.9 44.9 119.33 1.2 0.002 39.7 0.78 ≤0.007 Lianhua Dutou Village along Lian River 莲 渡头村附近 2# 7.68 5 0.27 12.9 17.1 73.97 3.32 0.002 30.8 0.94 0.04 pH<6.5 40 0.3 50 250 200 30(40) 0.3 250(150) 0.5 0.5
GB15618-1995 Class 2 standards pH 6.5-7.5 50 0.3 100 300 250 25(30) 0.5 300(200) 0.5 0.5
pH>7.5 60 0.6 100 350 300 20(25) 1.0 350(250) 0.5 0.5 Note: For As and Cr, standards within brackets are for dry land, standards outside brackets are for paddy field
Exceed Class 2 standards
Source: EIRs and EITs
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C. Biological Resources
155. Biodiversity and habitat survey. A biodiversity and habitat survey was conducted by the PPTA consultant for the river rehabilitation and flood risk management component. A literature review was first conducted to understand the natural conditions in Pingxiang and the possible flora and fauna in the project area. The survey scope and line was then determined based on available literature, satellite imagery, and information provided by the EA. Key sampling points for the biodiversity and habitat survey were decided according to the actual conditions on site. The sample line method was used primarily for the site survey, using hand-held GPS monitor (GARMIN 629sc) to record the sampling route and the coordinates of sampling points. Digital cameras were used to photograph species and habitats. Communications with local residents were also recorded. At the same time, habitat conditions and species identified were recorded during the site survey. The site survey was conducted between 09:00-12:00 hours and 13:00-17:00 hours on August 25 through August 29, 2014. Survey results were then organized, analyzed, and presented in the form of tables and figures. Key findings of the survey are presented below.
156. Habitat survey results. Existing habitats along project rivers can be classified into 10 types, as illustrated in Figure IV.8. Overall, biodiversity in the project area is higher in Lianhua and Luxi, and lower in Shangli and Xiangdong, where habitat types are more homogenous. Biodiversity is high in areas with minimal human disturbance and habitat fragmentation, for example in riparian forests, wetlands and wet meadows and upland forests. Biodiversity is average in farmland with some human disturbance, and low in constructed areas with low vegetation coverage and hard embankments. Habitat types and level of biodiversity for all project rivers, as identified during the ecological survey, are summarized below and presented in more details in Appendix 4.
Figure IV.8: Typical habitats along project rivers
(a) Lianhua County (Baima River, Lianjiang River): the main habitat types in the Lianhua County survey area are farmland followed by constructed area. There is lush riparian
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vegetation along Shangfang River with farmland beyond the riparian belt. Both the rate of vegetation coverage and biodiversity levels are relatively high. The Baima River, a tributary of the Lian River, runs through rural areas in the upper and middle stretches, passing through mostly farmland and villages. Biodiversity levels are high along some river sections where there is riparian forest and upland forest, but in downstream built-up areas, the biodiversity levels are low. Upstream along the Lian River, biodiversity is average near the rural villages, but is higher at sampling points in the riparian belt and upland forest nearby. Biodiversity levels are low in urban constructed areas in the middle reaches, but improve downstream as the river passes through mostly farmland habitat. In these downstream stretches, wetlands and wet meadows are found within the shorelines and overall biodiversity levels are high.
(b) Luxi County (Yuan River, Tankou River, Xinhua River): The survey areas in Luxi County have diverse habitat types. Generally, the upstream, midstream, and downstream habitat types are dominated by upland forest, farmland, and constructed area, respectively, with orchards, fish ponds, and wetlands distributed throughout the area. Biodiversity levels are low in sampling points in constructed areas and high in highland and riparian forest areas. Biodiversity in farmland sampling points varies from average (e.g. middle stretches of the Yuan River) to high (e.g. middle stretches of the Tankou River) depending on the degree of human disturbance.
(c) Shangli County (Lishui River, Jianshan River): the habitat types in the Shangli County survey area are homogenous and dominated by farmland. Overall biodiversity levels in the survey area are average. In Jianshan River, biodiversity levels are low in upstream reaches lined with hard embankments, but are higher in the lower and middle reaches where there is riparian or upland forest. Similarly, biodiversity levels in Lishui River are higher in forested areas and low in constructed areas.
(d) Xiandong District (Pingshui River): The habitat types in the Xiangdong District survey area are predominantly constructed area and farmland. There are a few urban greenery belts in the constructed areas and a few areas of wet meadow downstream of the Pingxiang Power Station dam. Overall biodiversity levels are average, and are only high in upstream farmland and riparian belts. Biodiversity in constructed areas in the downstream and midstream stretches are low.
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Luxi County Shangli County
Lianhua County Xiangdong District Figure IV.9: Habitat types along project rivers
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157. Protection status of species. Those plant and animal species that have international, national and/or provincial protection status were also identified. International protection status is based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list, which classifies species into six categories (other than Extinct) in descending order of protection importance: Extinct in the Wild (EW), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT) and Least Concern (LC). Those that are EW, CR, EN and VU are deemed to warrant protection and are identified in the survey results if present.
158. The national protection status is divided into Class I and Class II, under PRC’s (i) List of Wild Flora under Nationally Emphasized Protection – First Batch and its revision for plants, (ii) List of Wildlife under Nationally Emphasized Protection for terrestrial animals, and (iii) List of Aquatic Wildlife under Nationally Emphasized Protection for aquatic animals. In addition, PRC also has a list of terrestrial wildlife that are deemed to possess beneficial or important economic and/or scientific research values warranting national protection (List of Nationally Protected Terrestrial Wildlife that have Beneficial or Important Economic and/or Scientific Research Values), consisting of 88 species of mammals, 707 species of birds, 291 species of amphibians, 395 species of reptiles, 110 species of insects, and another 120 genera of insects that includes all species within these 120 genera.
159. Those species that are under provincial protection are based on List of Wild Flora under Jiangxi Province Emphasized Protection for plants and List of Wildlife under Jiangxi Province Emphasized Protection for animals.
160. Flora. Table IV.8 lists the plant species recorded in the survey areas for the project rivers. The following observations were made:
i Of the 227 species in the list, 164 species (72%) were observed during site survey and the other 63 species (28%) were recorded in literature. ii Two tree species, the Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and the Asian Yew (Taxus chinensis), are listed in the IUCN red list as Endangered. They are also under national Class I protection. iii Seven other species are under national Class II protection. They are: Happy Tree (Camptotheca acuminata), Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora), Urn Orchid (Bletilla striata), Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon), Austral Ladies’ Tresses (Spiranthes sinensis), Chinese Lawn Grass (Zoysia sinica) and Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). iv Five species are under provincial protection. They are: Japanese Blueberry Tree (Elaeocarpus decipiens), Hardy Rubber Tree (Eucommia ulmoides), Kusamaki (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), and Sweet Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans). v Seven species were identified as invasive species. They are the herbaceous species: Alligator Weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Beggar’s Tick (Bidens pilosa), Canadian Fleabane (Conyza canadensis), Common Fleabane (Erigeron annuus), Little Bell (Ipomoea triloba); and the aquatic species Common Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). vi 28 species (12.3%) are farmed as crops in the survey area. vii Two are noxious species: the Hop (Humulus scandens) and Japanese Arrowroot (Pueraria lobata).
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Table IV.8: List of Plant Species Recorded in the Survey Areas for Project Rivers
Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN Tree 1 Broussonetia papyrifera Paper Mulberry 构树 √ ------2 Camptotheca acuminata Happy Tree 喜树 √ --- N(II) --- 3 Castanopsis fargesii Chinkapin 栲 --- √ ------4 Castanopsis sclerophylla Saninten 苦槠 --- √ ------5 Celtis sinensis Chinese Hackberry 朴树 √ ------6 Cinnamomum camphora Camphor 香樟 √ --- (N(II) 7 Citrus reticulata Tangerine 柑橘 --- √ ------Crop 8 Cunninghamia lanceolata Chinese Fir 杉木 √ ------9 Cupressus funebris Chinese Weeping Cypress 木 √ ------10 Diospyros kaki Persimmon 柿 √ ------11 Elaeocarpus decipiens Japanese Blueberry Tree 杜英 --- √ P 12 Eriobotrya japonica Loquat 枇杷 √ ------Crop 13 Eucommia ulmoides Hardy Rubber Tree 杜仲 √ --- P --- 14 Firmiana platanifolia Parasol Tree 梧 √ ------15 Hovenia acerba Oriental Raisin Tree,枳椇 √ ------16 Ilex chinensis Holly 冬青 √ ------17 Koelreuteria bipinnata Chinese Flame Tree 黄山栾树 √ ------18 Liquidambar formosana Formosa Sweetgum 枫香 √ ------19 Melia azedarach Chinaberry 苦楝 √ ------Metasequoia 20 Dawn Redwood 水杉 --- N(I) EN glyptostroboides √ 21 Paulownia spp. Empress Trees 泡 属 √ ------22 Platanus orientalis Oriental Plane 悬铃木 √ ------23 Podocarpus macrophyllus Kusamaki 罗汉松 √ --- P --- 24 Populus spp. Poplar trees 杨属 √ ------25 Pterocarya stenoptera Chinese Wingnut 枫杨 √ ------26 Quercus variabilis Chinese Cork Oak 栓皮栎 --- √ ------27 Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust 刺槐 √ ------28 Sabina chinensis Savin Juniper 龙 √ ------29 Salix babylonica Weeping Willow 垂柳 √ ------30 Salix matsudana Corkscrew Willow 旱柳 √ ------31 Sapium sebiferum Chinese Tallow 乌桕 √ ------32 Sophora japonica Japanese Pagoda 国槐 √ ------33 Symplocos sumuntia Sweet-leaf 山矾 --- √ ------34 Taxodium ascendens Pond Cypress 杉 √ ------35 Taxus chinensis Asian Yew 红 杉 √ --- N(I) EN 36 Toona sinensis Chinese Mahogany 香椿 √ ------37 Trachycarpus fortunei Chusan Palm 棕榈 √ ------38 Zanthoxylum armatum Bamboo-leaf Prickly Ash 竹叶花椒 --- √ ------Crop Tree or 39 Alangium chinense Chinese Alangium 角枫 ------shrub √ 40 Camellia fraterna Camellia 毛柄连 --- √ ------41 Cephalanthus tetrandrus Buttonbush 风箱树 √ ------42 Citrus medica Citron 香橼 √ ------43 Hibiscus mutabilis Confederate Rose 木芙蓉 √ ------44 Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle 紫薇 √ --- P --- 45 Ligustrum lucidum Glossy Privet 女贞 √ ------
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Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN 46 Morus alba White Mulberry 树 √ ------47 Osmanthus fragrans Sweet Osmanthus 花 √ --- P --- 48 Rhus chinensis Chinese Sumac 盐肤木 √ ------49 Sambucus williamsii Elderberry 接骨木 √ ------50 Viburnum odoratissimum Sweet Viburnum 珊瑚树 √ ------51 Vitex negundo Five-leaved Chaste 牡荆 √ ------52 Ziziphus jujube Chinese Date 枣树 √ ------Crop Shrub 53 Abutilon striatum Bell Flower 金铃花 √ ------54 Adina rubella Chinese Buttonbush 细叶水团花 √ ------55 Ardisia crenata Christmas berry 朱砂根 √ ------56 Boehmeria nivea False Nettle 麻 √ ------57 Buddleja lindleyana Buddleja 醉鱼草 √ ------58 Callicarpa bodinieri Bodinier's Beautyberry 紫珠 --- √ ------59 Caragana sinica Caragana 锦 儿 --- √ ------60 Cassia occidentalis Coffee Senna 望 南 --- √ ------61 Ficus pandurata Fiddle-leaf Fig 琴叶榕 √ ------62 Ficus pumila Creeping Fig 薜荔 √ ------63 Glochidion puberum Abacus Plant 算盘子 √ ------64 Hedera nepalensis Nepal Ivy 常春藤 --- √ ------65 Lespedeza virgata Wand Bushclover 细梗胡 子 --- √ ------66 Loropetalum chinense Chinese Fringe Flower 檵木 --- √ ------67 Lycium chinense Chinese Boxhorn 枸杞 √ ------68 Maesa japonica Japanese Maesa 杜茎山 --- √ ------69 Millettia dielsiana Diel’s Millettia 香花崖 藤 √ ------70 Nerium indicum Orleander 夹竹 √ ------71 Rosa multiflora Baby Rose 野蔷薇 √ ------72 Rubus alceaefolius Wild Raspberry 粗叶悬钩子 √ ------73 Smilax china China Root √ ------Herb 74 Abelmoschus esculentus Okra 秋葵 √ ------Crop 75 Acalypha australis Asian Copperleaf 铁苋 √ ------76 Acorus calamus Sweet Flag 白菖蒲 --- √ ------77 Ageratum conyzoides Chick Weed 藿香蓟 --- √ ------78 Agrostis canina Bentgrass 台湾剪股颖 --- √ ------79 Alopecurus aequalis Shortawn Foxtail 看麦娘 √ ------80 Alpinia japonica Ginger 山姜 --- √ ------81 Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator Weed 空心莲子草 √ ------Invasive plant 82 Amaranthus tricolor Chinese Spinach 苋 √ ------Crop 83 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed 豚草 √ ------Invasive plant 84 Artemisia capillaris Chinese Wormwood 陈蒿 √ ------85 Artemisia lavandulaefolia Mugwort 艾蒿 √ ------86 Arthraxon hispidus Small Carpgrass 荩草 --- √ ------87 Bidens pilosa Beggar’s Tick 叶鬼针草 √ ------Invasive plant 88 Bletilla striata Urn Orchid 白及 --- √ N(II) --- 89 Canna indica Indian Shot 美人 √ ------90 Capsicum annuum Ornamental Pepper 辣椒 √ ------Crop 91 Carex spp. Sedges 薹草属 √ ------92 Carex tristachya Three-spike Sedge 穗薹草 √ ------93 Carpesium abrotanoides Pig’s Head 天名精 --- √ ------94 Cassia tora Sickle Pod 明 √ ------95 Chenopodium album Lamb’s Quarters 藜 √ ------
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Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN 96 Chenopodium serotinum Fig-leaved Goosefoot 小藜 √ ------97 Coix lacryma-jobi Job’s Tears 薏苡 √ ------Crop 98 Colocasia esculenta Wild Taro 芋 √ ------Crop 99 Commelina communis Asiatic Dayflower 鸭跖草 √ ------100 Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabane 小飞蓬 √ ------Invasive plant 101 Cucurbita moschata Crookneck Squash 南瓜 √ ------Crop 102 Cuscuta chinensis Dodder 菟 子 √ ------Parasitic plant 103 Cynodon dactylon Bermuda Grass 狗牙根 --- √ ------104 Cyperaceae spp. Sedge 莎草科 √ ------105 Cyperus rotundus Nut-grass 香附子 √ ------106 Daucus carota Wild Carrot 野胡萝卜 √ ------107 Dendranthema indicum Wild Chrysanthemum 野菊 --- √ ------108 Dichondra repens Kidney Weed 马蹄金 --- √ ------109 Dicranopteris spp. Forked Fern 芒萁蕨 √ ------110 Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy Crabgrass 马唐 --- √ ------111 Drynaria roosii Basket Fern 槲蕨 √ ------Epiphyte 112 Duchesnea indica Indian Strawberry 蛇莓 --- √ ------113 Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass 稗 √ ------114 Eleocharis dulcis Chinese Water Chestnut 荠 --- √ ------115 Eleusine indica Indian Goosegrass 牛筋草 √ ------116 Eleocharis yokoscensis Spikesedge 牛毛毡 --- √ ------117 Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb 柳叶 --- √ ------118 Equisetum ramosissimum Branched Horsetail 节节草 √ ------119 Erigeron annuus Common Fleabane 年蓬 √ ------Invasive plant 120 Euphorbia humifusa Creeping Spurge 地锦 √ ------121 Galinsoga parviflora Gallant Soldier 牛膝菊 --- √ ------122 Geranium carolinianum Carolina Geranium 野老鹤草 √ ------123 Glycine max Soybean 大 √ ------Crop 124 Gynura bicolor Okinawan Spinach 红凤 √ ------Crop 125 Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem Artichoke 菊芋 √ ------Crop 126 Hemistepta lyrata Hemistepta 泥胡 --- √ ------127 Houttuynia cordata Chameleon Plant 鱼腥草 √ ------128 Humulus scandens Hop 葎草 √ ------Noxious plant 129 Imperata cylindrica Cogon Grass 白茅 √ ------130 Imperata koenigii Blady Grass 茅 √ ------131 Indocalamus tessellatus Big-leaved Bamboo 箬竹 √ ------Crop 132 Ipomoea batatas Sweet Potato 红薯 √ ------Crop 133 Ipomoea triloba Little Bell 裂叶薯 √ ------Invasive plant 134 Iris tectorum Wall Iris 尾 --- √ ------135 Ixeris polycephala Dandelian 苦荬 --- √ ------136 Kochia scoparia Summer Cypress 地肤 √ ------137 Kummerowia striata Japanese Clover 眼草 √ ------138 Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Deadnettle 盖草 √ ------139 Leersia japonica Japanese Cutgrass 假稻 √ ------140 Leonurus artemisia Motherwort 益母草 √ ------141 Lobelia chinensis Chinese Lobelia 半边莲 √ ------142 Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass 黑麦草 --- √ ------143 Lophatherum gracile Bamboo Leaf 淡竹叶 √ ------144 Ludwigia prostrata Climbing Seedbox 香蓼 √ ------145 Lycoris radiata Red Spider Lily 石蒜 √ ------
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Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN 146 Lygodium japonicum Japanese Climbing Fern 海金沙 √ ------147 Mazus japonicus Japanese Mazus 通泉草 √ ------148 Mirabilis jalapa Marvel of Peru 紫茉莉 √ ------149 Miscanthus sinensis Chinese Silver Grass 芒 √ ------150 Musa basjoo Japanese Banana 芭 √ ------151 Oplismenus undulatifolius Wavyleaf Basketgrass 求米草 --- √ ------152 Oryza rufipogon Wild Rice 野生稻 --- √ N(II) --- 153 Oryza sativa Rice 水稻 √ ------Crop 154 Oxalis corniculata Creeping Woodsorrel 酢浆草 √ ------155 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Yellow Patrinia 败酱 --- √ ------156 Perilla frutescens Basil 紫 √ ------Crop 157 Pharbitis nil Morning Glory 牵牛花 √ ------158 Phyllostachys heteroclada Water Bamboo 水竹 --- √ ------159 Phyllostachys heterocycla Moso bamboo 毛竹 √ ------160 Physalis angulata var. villosa Pygmy Groundcherry 毛苦蘵 √ ------161 Phytolacca acinosa Indian Poke 商陆 √ ------162 Pilea notata Pilea 冷水花 --- √ ------163 Plantago asiatica Plantain 车前草 √ ------164 Polygonum chinense Chinese Knotweed 火炭母 --- √ ------165 Polygonum hydropiper Marshpepper Knotweed 水蓼 --- √ ------166 Polygonum lapathifolium Nodding Smartweed 酸模叶 --- √ ------167 Polygonum orientale Smartweed 红蓼 √ ------Crop 168 Polygonum posumbu Arbuscular Polygonum 蓼 --- √ ------169 Portulaca oleracea Purslane 马齿苋 √ ------170 Potentilla chinensis Chinese Cinquefoil 委陵 --- √ ------171 Phragmites australis Common Reed 芦苇 √ ------172 Pratia nummularia Roundleaf Star Creeper 铜锤玉带草 --- √ ------173 Prunella vulgaris Common Crete 夏枯草 √ ------174 Pterocypsela indica Indian Lettuce 翅 菊 √ ------175 Ranunculus japonicus Japan Buttercup 毛茛 √ ------176 Rumex crispus Curly Dock 皱叶酸模 √ ------177 Senecio scandens Groundsel 千里光 --- √ ------178 Sesamum indicum Sesame 芝麻 √ ------Crop 179 Sesbania cannabina Sesbania Pea 田菁 √ ------180 Setaria viridis Green Foxtail 狗尾草 √ ------181 Sida acuta Wireweed 黄花稔 √ ------182 Sinosenecio oldhamianus Chrysanthemum 蒲儿根 √ ------183 Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade 龙葵 √ ------184 Spiranthes sinensis Austral Ladies' Tresses 绶草 --- √ N(II) --- 185 Talinum paniculatum Fame Flower 土人参 --- √ ------Crop 186 Taraxacum mongolicum Dandelion 蒲 英 √ ------187 Torilis scabra Hedge Parsleys 窃衣 --- √ ------188 Triarrhena sacchariflora Reed 荻 √ ------189 Typha angustifolia Common Bulrush 水烛 --- √ ------190 Typha orientalis Bulrush 香蒲 √ ------191 Vicia sepium Bush Vetch 野豌 √ ------192 Woodwardia spp. Chain Fern 狗脊 --- √ ------193 Xanthium sibiricum Siberian Cocklebur 耳 √ ------194 Zea mays Maize 玉米 √ ------Crop 195 Zephyranthes candida Peruvian Swamp Lily 葱莲 √ ------
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Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN 196 Zizania latifolia Manchurian Wild Rice √ ------197 Zoysia japonica Zoysia Grass 结缕草 √ ------198 Zoysia sinica Chinese Lawn Grass 中华结缕草 --- √ N(II) --- Vine 199 Campsis grandiflora Chinese Trumpet Vine 凌霄 √ ------200 Cayratia japonica Bushkiller 乌蔹莓 √ ------201 Citrullus lanatus Watermelon 西瓜 √ ------Crop 202 Dioscorea opposita Chinese yam 薯蓣 √ ------Crop 203 Lablab purpureus Hyacinth Bean √ ------Crop 204 Luffa cylindrica Luffa 瓜 √ ------Crop 205 Paederia scandens Skunkvine 矢藤 √ ------206 Pueraria lobata Japanese Arrowroot √ ------Noxious plant Trachelospermum 207 Jasmine 络石 ------jasminoides √ 208 Vigna unguiculata Cowpeas √ ------Crop 209 Vitis heyneana Grape 叶葡萄 √ ------210 Vitis vinifera Wine Grape 葡萄 √ ------Crop Aquatic 211 Azolla imbricata Mosquito Fern 满 红 ------plant √ 212 Ceratophyllum demersum Rigid Hornwort 金鱼藻 --- √ ------213 Eichhornia crassipes Common Water Hyacinth 水葫芦 √ ------Invasive plant 214 Euryale ferox Fox Nut 芡 --- √ ------215 Hydrilla verticillata Indian Stargrass 黑藻 √ ------216 Marsilea quadrifolia Four Leaf Clover 田字萍 √ ------217 Monochoria korsakowii Heartleaf False Pickerel Weed 雨久花 --- √ ------218 Myriophyllum verticillatum Whorled Water Milfoil 狐尾藻 --- √ ------219 Najas minor Brittle Naiad 小茨藻 --- √ ------220 Nelumbo nucifera Lotus 莲 √ --- N(II) --- 221 Nymphoides indica Water Snowflake 金银莲花 --- √ ------222 Potamogeton crispus Curled Pondweed 菹草 √ ------Bamboo-leaved Pondweed 马来眼子 223 Potamogeton malaianus √ ------ 224 Salvinia natans Floating Fern 槐叶苹 --- √ ------225 Spirodela polyrrhiza Greater Duckweed 紫萍 --- √ ------226 Trapa bispinosa Water chestnut --- √ ------Crop 227 Vallisneria natans Tape Grass 苦草 √ ------Notes: EN = endangered; IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Nature; N(I) = class I national protection; N(II) = class II national protection, P = provincial protection; PRC = People’s Republic of China Source: PPTA consultant
161. Fauna. Table IV.9 lists 193 animal species recorded in the survey areas for the project rivers. Of these, 37 species (19%) were observed during site surveys and the other 156 species (81%) were based on literature review. The low percentage of species observed is not surprising, since the animals are mobile, and site surveys of short duration undertaken for this project were unlikely to detect most of them, unless multiple trapping or camera stations were set up to catch or photograph their presence. The species list with supplemental information from literature is comprehensive and since the rivers run through all project counties, it is deemed representative of faunal species occurring in the project counties covering the components of wastewater collection and treatment and the rural-urban road. The following observations were made:
(i) The species composition was dominated by birds (75 species) accounting for 39% of
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the species recorded. This is followed by 39 fish species (20%). All the fish species except the Wild Asian Carp Cyprinus carpio were based on literature data. These two groups accounted for 60% of animal species recorded. (ii) Aquatic animals totaled 49 species (25%). Besides the 39 fish species, 3 crustaceans and 7 mollusks were recorded. Of these the crustacean Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) and the mollusk Neled Applesnail (Pomacea canaliculata) were deemed to be invasive species. (iii) Other animal species included 26 mammals, 20 terrestrial arthropods (mostly butterflies), 13 amphibians (frogs and toads) and 10 reptiles (snakes and skinks). (iv) Four species are on the IUCN red list as Vulnerable: the cyprinid fish Pseudohemiculter dispar, the Wild Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), the Sambar (Cervus unicolor), and the Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis). (v) Four species are under national Class II protection: the Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata), the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), the Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis), and the European Otter (Lutra lutra). (vi) Twenty eight species are under provincial protection. These include one crustacean, six fishes, one amphibian, two reptiles, fifteen birds and three mammals. (vii) Another 74 species are on the List of Nationally Protected Terrestrial Wildlife that have Beneficial or Important Economic and/or Scientific Research Values that are deemed to have beneficial, important economic and scientific research values worthy of national protection.
Table IV.9: List of Animal Species Recorded in the Survey Areas for Project Rivers
Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN Aquatic animal Crustacean 1 Caridina nilotica gracilipes Arrow Shrimp 细足米虾 √ ------2 Eriocheir sinensis Chinese Mitten Crab 中华绒螯蟹 √ P --- Invasive 3 Macrobrachium nipponense River Prawn 日本沼虾 √ ------Mollusk 4 Cipangopaludina cathayensis Mudsnail 中国圆田螺 √ ------5 Corbicula fluminea Clam 河蚬 √ ------6 Cristaria plicata Cockscomb Pearl Mussel 皱纹冠蚌 √ ------7 Hyriopsis cumingii Triangle Sail Mussel 三角帆蚌 √ ------8 Lymnaeidae spp. Big-ear Radix 椎实螺科 √ ------9 Parafossarulus striatulus Freshwater Snail 纹沼螺 √ ------10 Pomacea canaliculata Neled Applesnail 福寿螺 √ ------Invasive Fish 11 Acrossocheilus parallens 侧条光唇鱼 √ ------12 Carassius auratus Gold Crucian Carp/Goldfish 鲫鱼 √ ------Carassius auratus Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian 13 ------var.pingxiangnensis Carp 肉红鲫/萍乡红鲫 √ 14 Channa asiatica Small Snakehead 月鳢 √ P --- 15 Channa maculata Blotched Snakehead 斑鳢 √ P --- 16 Cobitis sinensis Siberian Spiny Loach 中华花鳅 √ ------17 Coilia macrognathos Longjaw Grenadier Anchovy 长颌鲚 √ ------18 Ctenopharyngodon idellus Grass Carp 草鱼 √ ------19 Cyprinus carpio Wild Common Carp 鱼 √ --- VU 20 Distoechodon tumirostris Round Snout 圆吻鲴 √ ------21 Erythroculter ilishaeformis White Fish 翘嘴红鲌 √ ------22 Hemibarbus maculatus Spotted Steed 花䱻 √ ------23 Hemiculter bleekeri Minnow 油餐条 √ ------
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Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN 24 Hemiculter leuciclus Sharp Belly 鱼 √ ------25 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver Carp 鲢鱼 √ ------26 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Big Head Carp 鳙鱼 √ ------27 Leiocassis longirostris Chinese Longsnout Catfish 长吻鮠 √ P --- 28 Megalobrama amblycephala Blunt Snout Bream 团头 √ ------29 Magalobrame tarminalis Black Amur Bream 三角 √ ------30 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Pond Loach 泥鳅 √ ------31 Onychostoma barbatulum Taiwan Shoveljaw Carp 台湾白甲鱼 √ ------32 Opsariichthys bidens Chinese Hook Snout Carp 马口鱼 √ ------33 Parabramis pekinensis White Bream 鳊鱼 √ ------34 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Yellow Catfish 黄颡鱼 √ ------35 Pseudohemiculter dispar Cyprinid fish 南方拟餐 √ --- VU 36 Pseudolaubuca sinensis Cyprinid fish 银飘 √ ------37 Pseudorasbora parva Topmouth Gudgeon 麦穗鱼 √ ------38 Rhinogobius duospilus White Creek Goby 溪吻虾虎鱼 √ ------39 Rhinogobius giurinus Barcheek Goby 栉鰕虎鱼 √ P --- 40 Silurus asotus Amur Catfish 鲶鱼 √ ------41 Siniperca chuatsi Chinese perch 鳜 √ ------42 Squaliobarbus curriculus Barbel Chub 赤眼 √ ------43 Takifugu obscurus Obscure Pufferfish 暗色 方 √ P 44 Tenualosa reevesii Reeve’s Shad 鱼 √ P --- 45 Vanmanenia pingchowensis River Loach 平舟原缨口鳅 √ ------46 Xenocypris argentea Yellowfin 银鲴 √ ------47 Xenocypris davidi David’s Yellowfin 黄尾密鲴 √ --- -- 48 Xenocypris microlepis Smallscale Yellowfin 细 斜颌鲴 √ --- -- 49 Zacco platypus Freshwater Minnow 平颌鱲 √ --- -- Terrestrial 50 Acrididae grasshoppers 蝗科 --- -- Arthropod √ 51 Athyma selenophora Staff Sergeant Butterfly 新月带蛱蝶 √ --- -- 52 Attacus atlas Atlas Moth 乌桕大蚕蛾 √ N(BES) -- 53 Byasa spp. Windmill butterflies 麝凤蝶属 √ --- -- 54 Charaxes bernardus Tawny Rajah Butterfly 白带螯蛱蝶 √ --- -- 55 Coccinellidae Lady beetles 细蟌科 √ --- -- 56 Coenagrionidae Narrow-winged demselflies 细蟌科 √ --- -- 57 Cryptotympana spp. cicadas 熊蝉属 √ --- -- 58 Eurema spp. Grass Yellow butterflies 黄粉蝶属 √ ------59 Formicidae ants 蚁科 √ --- -- Common Bluebottle Butterfly 青带凤 60 Graphium sarpedon √ --- -- 蝶 61 Libellulidae skimmer dragonflies 蜻蜓科 √ --- -- Common Sailor Butterfly 琉球三线 62 Neptis hylas lulculenta √ --- -- 蝶 63 Papilio bianor Chinese Peacock Butterfly 碧凤蝶 √ --- -- 64 Papilio polytes Common Mormon Butterfly 玉带凤蝶 √ --- -- 65 Papilio xuthus Asian Swallowtail Butterfly 橘凤蝶 √ --- -- 66 Pieris spp. Garden White butterflies 白粉蝶属 √ --- -- 67 Sympetrum spp. Darters dragonflies 赤蜻属 √ --- -- Timelaea albescens 68 Brush-footed Butterfly 豹纹蛱蝶 --- -- formosana √ 69 Vanessa indica Indian Red Admiral Butterfly 大红蛱 √ --- --
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Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN 蝶 Amphibian 70 Bufo gargarizans Zhoushan Toad 中华蟾蜍 √ N(BES) --- 71 Duttaphrynus melanostictus Asian common toad 黑眶蟾蜍 √ N(BES) --- 72 Fejervarya multistriata Rice Frog 泽陆蛙 √ ------73 Hyla chinensis Chinese Tree Frog 中国雨蛙 √ N(BES) --- 74 Microhyla ornate Ornamented Pygmy Frog 饰纹姬蛙 √ N(BES) --- 75 Paa spinosa Chinese spiny frog 棘胸蛙 √ P --- 76 Rana adenopleura European grass frog 弹琴水蛙 √ N(BES) --- 77 Rana guentheri Guenther’s frog 沼水蛙 √ N(BES) --- 78 Rana latouchii Kuatun Forg 阔褶蛙 √ N(BES) --- 79 Rana limnocharis Indian cricket frog 泽蛙 √ N(BES) --- 80 Rana nigromaculata Blacked-spotted Pond Frog 黑斑蛙 √ N(BES) --- 81 Rana plancyi Eastern Golden Frog 金线侧褶蛙 √ N(BES) --- 82 Rana tigrina East Asian Bullfrog 虎纹蛙 √ N(II) --- Reptile 83 Cyclophiops major green snakes 青蛇 √ N(BES) --- 84 Dinodon rufozonatum Red-banded Snake 赤链蛇 √ N(BES) --- 85 Elaphe carinata King Ratsnake 王 蛇 √ P --- 86 Enhydris chinensis Chinese water snake 中国水蛇 √ N(BES) --- 87 Eumeces chinensis Chinese skink 中国石龙子 √ N(BES) --- Five-striped Blue-tailed Skink 蓝尾石 88 Eumeces elegans N(BES) --- 龙子 √ 89 Gekko japonicus Japanese Gecko 多疣壁虎 √ N(BES) --- Eastern Water Snake 90 Sinonatrix percarinata √ N(BES) --- 华游蛇 91 Sphenomorphus indicus Indian Forest Skink 铜蜓蜥 √ N(BES) --- 92 Zoacys dhumnades Black-striped Snake 乌梢蛇 √ P --- Bird 93 Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna 八哥 √ N(BES) --- 94 Acrocephalus bistrigiceps Black-browed reed warbler 黑眉苇莺 √ N(BES) --- 95 Aix galericulata Mandarin duck √ N(II) --- 96 Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark 小云雀 √ N(BES) --- 97 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher √ P --- 98 Amaurornis akool Brown Crake 红脚苦恶 √ N(BES) --- White-breasted Waterhen 白胸苦恶 99 Amaurornis phoenicurus √ N(BES) --- 100 Anas crecca Common Teal 绿翅 √ P --- 101 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 绿头 √ P --- 102 Anas platyrhynchos domestica duck 家 √ ------103 Anas poecilorhyncha Spot-billed Duck 斑嘴 √ N(BES) --- 104 Anser cygnoides orientalis goose 家鹅 √ ------105 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 苍 √ P --- 106 Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron 池 √ P --- 107 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret 牛背 √ P --- 108 Butorides striatus Mangrove Heron 绿 √ P --- 109 Ceryle lugubris Greater Pied Kingfisher 冠鱼狗 √ P --- 110 Ceryle rudis Pied kingfisher 斑鱼狗 √ ------Brownish-flanked Bush-warbler 强脚 111 Cettia fortipes ------树莺 √ 112 Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover 金眶鸻 √ N(BES) ---
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Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN 113 Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie-robin 鹊 √ N(BES) --- 114 Coturnix japonica Quail 鹌鹑 √ N(BES) 115 Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo 灰卷尾 √ N(BES) --- 116 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo 黑卷尾 √ N(BES) --- 117 Egretta alba Eastern Great Egret 大白 √ P --- 118 Egretta garzetta Little Egret 小白 √ N(BES) --- 119 Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret 中白 √ N(BES) --- 120 Emberiza chrysophrys Yellow-browed Bunting 黄眉鹀 √ N(BES) --- 121 Emberiza spodocephala Black-faced Bunting 灰头鹀 √ N(BES) --- 122 Emberiza tristrami Tristram's bunting 白眉鹀 √ N(BES) -- 123 Eophona migratoria Yellow-billed Grosbeak 黑尾蜡嘴雀 √ N(BES) --- 124 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon 游隼 √ N(II) --- 125 Gallicrex cinerea Watercock 董 √ N(BES) --- 126 Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe 扇尾沙 √ N(BES) --- 127 Gallinula chloropus Swamp chicken 黑水 红骨顶 √ N(BES) -- 128 Gallus gallus domesticus Chicken 家 √ ------129 Garrulax perspicillatus Masked Laughingthrush 黑脸噪 √ N(BES) --- 130 Halcyon pileata Black-capped kingfisher 蓝 √ P --- 131 Halcyon smyrnensis white-throated kingfisher 白胸 √ P --- 132 Hirundo daurica Red-rumped Swallow 金腰燕 √ N(BES) --- 133 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 家燕 √ N(BES) --- 134 Ixobrychus flavicollis Black bittern 黑苇鳽 √ N(BES) --- 135 Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow bittern 黄(斑)苇鳽 √ N(BES) --- 136 Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike 红尾伯劳 √ N(BES) --- 137 Lanius schach Rufous-backed Shrike 棕背伯劳 √ N(BES) --- 138 Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia 白腰文 √ ------139 Motacilla alba White Wagtail 白鹡 √ N(BES) --- 140 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail 灰鹡 √ N(BES) --- 141 Nycticorax nycticorax Night Heron 夜 √ N(BES) --- 142 Paradoxornis webbianus vinous-throated parrotbill 棕头鸦雀 √ N(BES) --- 143 Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow 树麻雀 √ N(BES) --- 144 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant 普通 √ P --- 145 Phoenicurus auroreus Daurian Redstart 北红尾 √ N(BES) --- 146 Phylloscopus inornatus yellow-browed warbler 黄眉柳莺 √ N(BES) --- 147 Phylloscopus proregulus Pallas's leaf warbler 黄腰柳莺 √ N(BES) --- 148 Pica pica Black-billed Magpie 喜鹊 √ P --- 149 Podiceps cristatus Great-crested Grebe 凤头 √ N(BES) --- 150 Pycnonotus sinensis Chinese Bulbul 白头鹎 √ N(BES) --- 151 Rallus aquaticus Water Rail 秧 √ N(BES) --- 152 Rhyacornis fuliginosus plumbeous water redstart 红尾水 √ ------153 Saxicola torquata African stonechat 黑喉石䳭 √ N(BES) --- 154 Sitta europaea Eurasian nuthatch 普通 √ ------155 Streptopelia chinensis Spot-necked Dove 珠颈斑 √ N(BES) --- 156 Sturnus cineraceus White-cheeked Starling 灰椋 √ N(BES) --- 157 Sturnus sericeus red-billed starling 光椋 √ N(BES) --- 158 Tachybapus ruficollis Little Grebe 小 √ N(BES) --- 159 Terpsiphone paradise Asian Paradise-flycatcher 寿带 √ N(BES) --- 160 Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper 矶 √ N(BES) --- 161 Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper 白腰草 √ N(BES) ---
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Protection Observed Type No. Latin Name Common Name Level Remark Yes No PRC IUCN 162 Turdus naumanni Dusky Thrush 红尾 √ N(BES) --- 163 Upupa epops Eurasian Hoopoe 戴胜 √ P --- 164 Urocissa erythrorhyncha Red-billed blue magpie 红嘴蓝鹊 √ P -- 165 Vanellus cinereus Grey-headed Lapwing 灰头麦 √ N(BES) --- 166 Zoothera dauma Scaly Thrush 虎斑地 √ N(BES) --- 167 Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye 暗绿绣眼 √ N(BES) --- Mammal 168 Arctonyx collaris Hog Badger 獾 √ N(BES) --- 169 Bos taurus domesticus Cow 黄牛 √ ------Farmed 170 Bubalus bubalis Water Buffalo 水牛 √ ------Farmed 171 Canis lupus familiaris Domestic Dog 中华田园犬 √ ------Farmed 172 Capra aegagrus hircus Domestic Goat 山羊 √ ------Farmed 173 Cervus unicolor Sambar 水鹿 √ --- VU 174 Equus ferus caballus Horse 马 √ ------Farmed 175 Erinaceus europaeus Hedgehog 刺 √ N(BES) --- 176 Felis catus Domestic Cat 家 √ --- -- Farmed 177 Hydropotes inermis Water Deer 河麂 √ N(II) VU 178 Lepus sinensis Chinese Hare 华 兔 √ N(BES) --- 179 Lutra lutra European Otter 欧亚水獭 √ N(II) --- 180 Meles meles Eurasian Badger 狗獾 √ N(BES) --- 181 Melogale moschata Chinese Hare 鼬獾 √ P -- 182 Muntiacus reevesi Reeve’s Muntjac 小麂 √ P -- 183 Mus musculus House Mouse 小家鼠 √ ------184 Mustela sibirica Siberian Weasel 黄鼬 √ P --- 185 Niviventer fulvescens Chestnut White-bellied Rat 针毛鼠 √ ------186 Pipistrellus abramus Japanese Pipistre 普通伏翼蝠 √ --- -- 187 Rattus flavipectus Oriental House Rate 黄胸鼠 √ ------188 Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat 褐家鼠 √ ------189 Rhinolophidae rouxi Rufous Horseshoe Bat 氏菊头蝠 √ --- -- 190 Rhizomys sinensis Chinese Bamboo Rat 中华竹鼠 √ N(BES) -- 191 Suncus murinus Asian House Shrew 臭鼩 √ -- 192 Sus domesticus Domestic Pig 家 √ --- -- Farmed 193 Vespertilio superans Asian Parti-colored Bat 亚蝙蝠 √ --- -- Notes: EN = endangered; IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Nature; N(II) = class II national protection, N(BES) = List of Nationally Protected Terrestrial Wildlife that have Beneficial or Important Economic and/or Scientific Research Values ; P = provincial protection; PRC = People’s Republic of China Source: PPTA consultant
162. Legally protected sites. Protected sites within and in the vicinity of the project areas are shown in Table IV.10. The section of the Pingshui River in Xiangdong District proposed for rehabilitation and flood risk management is within the experimental sub-zone of the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm. The section of the Yuan River in Luxi County proposed for rehabilitation and flood risk management is within the experimental sub-zone of the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm. The proposed rural-urban road would also cross the experimental sub-zones of these two zones when it crosses the above rivers, as well as traversing through the provincial Shangli County Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area. The proposed rural-urban road would not traverse through the Anyuan National Forest Park. The nearest distance from the alignment to the boundary of the park would be approximately 400 m.
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Table IV.10: Protected Areas in or near the Project Sites
Protected Area National Provincial Shangli County Yangqi Anyuan Protection Zone Protection Zone for Mountain Scenic Area National Forest for Pingshui Pingxiang Red Park River Special Transparent Project Site Administrative Unit Fish Species Crucian Carp Germplasm Germplasm
Experimental Experimental Class 2 Class 3 Sub-zone Sub-zone Protection Protection Zone Zone Pingshui River Xiangdong District √ Yuan River Luxi County √ Rural-urban road chainage K0+000 Shangli County 400 m from K0+000~K1+100 Shangli County √ Forest Park boundary K1+100~K1+530 Shangli County √ K1+530~K2+000 Shangli County √ K18+200~K19+000 Shangli County √ K21+000~K22+200 Shangli County √ K43+100~K43+500 Luxi County √ Protection Level National Provincial Provincial National Source: EIRs
163. The National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm was established in December 2009. It has an area of 8,500 ha covering the Pingshui River and its tributaries, consisting of a core sub-zone of 3,300 ha and an experimental sub-zone of 5,200 ha (Figure IV.10). Its main protection target is the David’s Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi). Other species also worthy of protection include the Yellowfin (Xenocypris argentea), the Smallscale Yellowfin (Xenocypris microlepis), and the Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). The special protection period is from 20 March to 30 June every year. The core sub-zone was set up to protect the spawning, nursery and wintering grounds of the David’s Yellowfin, as well its migration routes. No activity that would adversely or significantly affect the protection function of this species is allowed without the approval of the Ministry of Forestry or provincial fisheries administrative department. The experimental sub-zone refers to all areas outside the core sub-zone and activities related to river rehabilitation, aquatic ecology, scientific research and moderate developments could be undertaken with the approval and guidance of the Ministry of Forestry or provincial fisheries administrative department.
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Rural-urban road alignment
Experimental Sub-zone
Pingshui River project site
Core Sub-zone
Figure IV.10: The National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm
Source: EIR
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164. The Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm, located along the Yuan River and its river shoals and tributaries in Luxi County, was established in August 2009 (Figure IV.11). It has a total area of 2,800 ha, consisting of a core sub-zone of 1,200 ha extending some 30 km and an experimental sub-zone of 1,600 ha extending some 40 km. Its main protection target is the Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis). The functions and activities allowed in the core and experimental sub-zones are similar to the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm described above, with the provincial fisheries administrative departments being the authority.
Rural-urban road alignment
Experimental Sub-zone
Project river sites
Core Sub-zone
Figure IV.11: The Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm
Source: EIR
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165. The proposed rural-urban road alignment would traverse through the provincial Shangli County Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area. Approximately 430 m (K1+100 to K1+530) of the alignment would go through the Class 2 Protection Zone in form of a road tunnel and is approximately 80 m outside the Special Protection Zone. Another 1,570 m of the alignment would go through the Class 3 Protection Zone (K0+000 to K1+100 and K1+530 to K2+000) in form of a surface road. Figure IV.12 shows the proposed alignment through the scenic area.
Special Protection Zone
Class 3 Protection Zone
Class 2 Protection Zone
Figure IV.12: Proposed Rural-urban Road Alignment through the Shangli County Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area Source: EIR
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166. Physical cultural resources. The project EIRs and EITs have reviewed the status of cultural heritage within the project area of influence and concluded that no physical cultural resource existed within the project area of influence. This was also confirmed by the Pingxiang Cultural Bureau. Should buried artifacts of archaeological significance be uncovered during the construction stage within the project areas, construction will be stopped and immediately reported to the Pingxiang Cultural Bureau in accordance with the PRC’s Cultural Relics Protection Law (2002).
D. Socio-economic Environment
167. Population and structure. Pingxiang Municipality has a land area of 3,823.99 km2 (221.7 km2 for Anyuan District, 858.76 km2 for Xiangdong District, 959.5 km2 for Luxi County, 720.91 km2 for Shangli County and 1,063.11 km2 for Lianhua County) and governs 28 towns, 19 villages, 7 sub-district offices, 124 community committees and 639 village committees.
168. At the end of 2012, Pingxiang Municipality had a resident population of 1.874 million (including non-local population residing in the municipality) and a registered population of 1.925 million (including those locally registered but working or studying outside the municipality), accounting for approximately 4% of the population of Jiangxi Province. Female population accounted for 48.80% of the population on average. Non-agricultural population accounted for 31.13% of the population, slightly higher than the provincial average of 26.96%. Among the districts/counties, this percentage ranged from 74.13% in Anyuan District to 12.07% in Shangli County.
169. Economic condition. Table IV.11 shows the economic indicators of Pingxiang Municipality. At the end of 2012, Pingxiang’s gross domestic product (GDP) was 73.306 billion yuan, accounting for 5.66% of the GDP of Jiangxi Province, while Pingxiang’s population accounted for 4% of the population of Jiangxi Province, indicating that the overall economic level of Pingxiang was higher than the provincial average. Among the districts/counties of Pingxiang, Anyuan District had the highest GDP of 20.84 billion yuan, followed by Xiangdong District, Shangli County, Luix County, the development zone and Lianhua County. The GDPs of the districts/counties largely reflect their economic and industry structure. For example, Anyuan District has the steel and coal industries, Xiangdong District has the steel coal, thermal power and cement industries, Luxi County has the ceramic, coal, fireworks and firecrackers, and gardening industries; Shangli County has the fireworks and firecrackers, coal, limestone, cement and ceramic industries; the development zone has all kinds of industrial enterprises; Lianhua County is a state-level poor county and an old revolutionary area, and has no industry cluster.
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Table IV.11: Economic Indicators of Pingxiang Municipality in 2012
GDP (100 million Primary Secondary Tertiary Per capita GDP
yuan) industries industries industries (yuan) Qty. 12948.88 1520.23 6942.59 4486.06 Jiangxi Province 28,800 Percent 100.00% 11.74% 53.62% 34.64% Qty. 733.06 53.12 445.68 234.26 Pingxiang City 39,186 Percent 100.00% 7.20% 60.80% 32.00% Qty. 208.40 3.80 113.20 91.50 Anyuan District 54,473 Percent 100.00% 1.82% 54.32% 43.91% Qty. 151.10 14.70 98.80 37.60 Xiangdong District 37,028 Percent 100.00% 9.73% 65.39% 24.88% Qty. 102.80 13.10 61.70 28.00 Luxi County 34,755 Percent 100.00% 12.74% 60.02% 27.24% Qty. 139.50 13.10 89.20 37.00 Shangli County 31,423 Percent 100.00% 9.39% 63.94% 26.52% Qty. 40.00 7.10 16.90 15.50 Lianhua County 14,835 Percent 100.00% 17.75% 42.25% 38.75% Qty. 100.40 1.10 74.60 24.70 Development zone 134,406 Percent 100.00% 1.10% 74.30% 24.60% Source: Pingxiang Statistical Yearbook 2013
170. The GDP from primary industries accounted for 7.2%, lower than the provincial average, that from secondary industries was slightly higher than the provincial average, and that from tertiary industries was almost the same as the provincial average. Among the project districts/counties, the percentage of primary industries was the lowest in the development zone and Anyuan District, and the highest in Lianhua County (17.75%, 247% of the city’s average). Accordingly, the percentage of secondary industries was the highest in the development zone and the lowest in Lianhua County; the percentage of tertiary industries was the highest in Anyuan District, and the lowest in the development zone and Xiangdong District. This again demonstrates that Pingxiang’s economic resources are located in the central and northern parts mainly, while Lianhua County in the south is economically backward.
171. At the end of 2012, provincial average per capita GDP was 28,800 yuan, while that of Pingxiang was 39,186 yuan, being 136% of the provincial average. Among the districts/counties, per capita GDP ranged from the development zone (134,406 yuan) to Lianhua County (14,835 yuan).
172. Although the percentage of primary industries is low in the project area, they are very important. Statistics show that in 2012, Pingxiang had an employed population of 1.1112 million, including 244,200 in primary industries, accounting for 22%, much higher than the percentage of primary industries to the city’s GDP of 7.2%. Social survey undertaken for this project shows that although the percentage of agricultural employed population is high, it is composed of middle-aged and old laborers mainly, and only few young adult laborers deal concurrently with agriculture. Young adult laborers mostly deal with secondary and tertiary industries, including local and outside employment.
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173. In 2012, the per capita net income of rural residents of Pingxiang was 9,999.5 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents 21,257 yuan, while the figures of Jiangxi Province and PRC were 7,827.82 yuan and 19,860.36 yuan, and 7,917 yuan and 24,565 yuan respectively. Pingxiang’s overall income of urban and rural residents was higher than the provincial average and slightly higher than the national average, but Pingxiang’s per capita disposable income of urban residents was much lower than the national average.
174. Jiangxi Province New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020). In June 2014, Jiangxi Province issued its New-Type Urbanization Plan in line with the national plan, and (amongst others) confirming the development priority zones in Jiangxi Province. The zoning plan categorizes the province’s 100 counties/cities into three different types of function zones based on their development priority: (i) urbanization/industrialization; (ii) agricultural production; or (iii) provision of ecological services. The latter two are considered restricted development zones, where industrial activity is allowed only in an amount that does affect agriculture or ecological services. A fourth function zone is designated for protected areas such as nature reserves, where development is prohibited. Table IV.12 summarizes the number of counties and cities for each functional zone for the Jiangxi Province. National level means that particular function zone is significant at the national level. Luxi and Lianhua counties are designated as provincial level ecological function zones, Shangli is a national level key agricultural production zone, and Xiangdong District is a provincial level key development zone.
Table IV.12: Jiangxi Province Development Priority Zone Plan
Function Zone Type Description Number of % of Total Counties/Cities Provincial National Provincial Land Area Level level Key Development Zone Priority area for urbanization and industrialization, due to high development potential and environmental/resource 18 17 20.4% carrying capacity. Key Ecological Function Priority area for increasing the provision of ecological Zone (Restricted services, with sensitive or valuable ecosystems and low Development Zone) environmental/resource carrying capacity. Large-scale, 9 23 35.9% high intensity urbanization and industrialization should be restricted in these areas. Key Agricultural Priority area for increased agricultural production, with Production Zone large areas of arable land and good conditions for (Restricted agricultural development. Large-scale, high intensity 33 0 43.7% Development Zone) urbanization and industrialization should be restricted in these areas. No-Development Zone Important ecological function zones where Scattered points industrialization and urbanization are prohibited, including nature reserves, scenic areas, forest parks, heritage sites, geological parks, flood detention areas, source waters. Source: PPTA DFR, March 2015.
175. Pingxiang’s economic transformation and transitional development strategy. Pingxiang’s economy is resource-based and has five traditional pillar industries: coal, porcelain, fireworks, building materials, and metallurgy. With coal distributed throughout 40% of the land area in Pingxiang, it is one of the oldest industrial mining cities in the country, providing 280
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million tons of raw coal between 1950 and 2007. However, these coal reserves have been continuously dwindling. Of the 119 million tons of coal reserves remaining under the Pingxiang Mining Group, only 35% are recoverable, and it is estimated that most of the coal mines in Pingxiang will be shut down by 201816.
176. In 2008, Pingxiang was among the first 12 cities in the country to be listed as a resource-depleted city, and has consequently received financial support from the central government to transition its economy and promote sustainable development. In 2008, Pingxiang developed its Resource-Depleted City Economic Transition Plan (2008-2015), listing approximately 150 projects related to industry, urban infrastructure, energy, agriculture, tourism, and public services, including county-town wastewater treatment and Pingshui River flood control projects. In, 2013, the Pingxiang Resource-Depleted Transitional Development Plan (2013-2020) was developed, outlining goals for promoting sustainable socio-economic development and improving the urban ecological environment.
177. The Pingxiang 12th FYP and the Transitional Development Plan have aligned objectives. They both promote development of five emerging industries: new energy, new materials, bio-medicine, advanced equipment manufacturing, and modern service industry. As part of the process of transforming and upgrading its economy, Pingxiang also promotes (a) resource conservation and environmental protection in both industrialization and agricultural production; and (b) integrated urban-rural development to raise the living standards of its residents. At the same time, Pingxiang also plans to develop into a well-known tourist destination by developing “red” (revolutionary), nature-based, and cultural tourist attractions. Several development goals relevant to this Project are provided in Table IV.13.
Table IV.13: Selected Goals from Pingxiang 12th FYP and the Pingxiang Resource-Depleted Transitional Development Plan
Targets Category Parameters 2010 2012 2015 2020 Economic Total GDP 733.1 above 1,000 15,000 Development (100 million CNY) Total GDP per Capita (CNY) 39,100 50,000 75,000 Socio-economic Ratio of Primary: Secondary: Tertiary 8.1:62.5:29.4 4:63:33 Structure and Sectors Development Added Value of Tertiary Sector 234 335 550 Urbanization Rate (%) 57% >60% Population (104) 189.9 197 Urban Annual Net Income per Capita 21257 24070 37000 (CNY) Rural Annual Net Income Per Capita 9999.5 12520 19000 (CNY)
16 Pingxiang Resource-Depleted City Economic Transition Plan (2008-2015)
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Category Parameters 2010 2012 Targets Environmental Forest Coverage Rate (%) 63.5 63.51 63.51 65 Resources Urban Domestic Garbage Treatment 81.6 90 95 Rate (%)
Urban Sewage Treatment Rate (%) 75.8 85 90
General Industrial Solid Waste 96.5 99 99.5 Comprehensive Utilization (%) COD and Ammonia Nitrogen - According to provincial Discharge top-down targets
Source: Pingxiang Resource-Depleted Transitional Development Plan (2013-2020). CNY = Chinese Yuan; COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand; GDP = Gross Development Product
178. Municipal and lower level urban master plans. The overall strategy for the Pingxiang Municipality is to develop a five-tiered system of urban settlement comprised of (a) a ‘core metropolitan area’ anchored on the existing city, (b) sub-regional hubs in the county-towns of Lianhua, Shangli, and Luxi counties, (c) nine key towns; (d) ten ”ordinary” town, and (e) a series of townships. The overall strategy for the Pingxiang Municipality is to develop a system of urban settlements that include sub-regional hubs in the county-towns of Lianhua, Shangli, and Luxi counties. Urban master plans have been developed for the urban area (main and secondary), the three county-towns, as well as key towns and townships. These plans outline strategies and goals related to land-use and spatial planning, as well as infrastructure such as water supply, wastewater treatment, flood control, solid waste management. Overall development strategies for the county-towns and districts are outlined in Table IV.14.
Table IV.14: County- and District-Level Development Strategies
County/ District Positioning Development Goals 2020 Target Urban Population Xiangdong Secondary urban Chemical, ceramics, metallurgy, building materials, modern 170,000 District area logistics and warehousing industries; Integrate with and absorb development pressures in Anyuan District (primary urban area) Shangli County Comprehensive Fireworks, food, and building materials industries 120,000 city, frontier border town (with Hunan) Luxi County Ecological and Power generation, industrial porcelain, photovoltaics, green food 100,000 tourism “garden” processing, new materials industries; Tourism, including city revolutionary, cultural, and ecological attractions. Lianhua County Ecological city; Building materials, energy, mining, green agriculture, trade and 100,000 Trade and commerce industries; Tourism, including revolutionary, cultural, industrial town and ecological attractions.
Source: Pingxiang Municipality 12th FYP and Pingxiang Urban Master Plan.
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179. Poverty status. According to the Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020), there are 14 contiguous destitute regions in the PRC, involving 680 counties. The Luoxiao Mountain range is one of 14 contiguous destitute regions of the PRC, and includes 23 counties (county-level cities) in Jiangxi (Lianhua County of Pingxiang is one of them) and Hunan Provinces (including 16 state-level key counties for development-oriented poverty reduction). Lianhua County in Pingxiang City is also one of the 592 state-level key counties for development-oriented poverty reduction of PRC.
180. Jiangxi Province had a rural poor population of 3.85 million (per capita net income below 2,300 yuan) in 2012 and 3.28 million in 2013. In 2012, Jiangxi’s rural poverty incidence was 14.19%, urban poverty incidence 4.41%, and overall poverty incidence 9.41%, all higher than the national averages, but much lower than the averages of Pingxiang Municipality. At the end of 2013, Pingxiang had rural poor population of 196,000 and an urban minimum living standard population of 65,200, and the city’s poverty incidence was 13.88%.
181. There are 19 province-level key townships for development-oriented poverty reduction in Pingxiang Municipality, including 9 in Lianhua County, 5 in Luxi County, 4 in Shangli County and one in Xiangdong District. These townships are located in mountain areas mainly, in which only Dongyuan and Yangqi Villages, Shangli County are located in the project area. In addition, there are 123 province-level key villages for development-oriented poverty reduction in Pingxiang Municipality, including 76 in Lianhua County, 19 in Shangli County, 14 in Luxi County and 6 in Xiangdong District. These villages include state-level key villages for development-oriented poverty reduction, all in Lianhua County.
182. Ethnic minorities. The project is classified as category C for indigenous peoples. Jiangxi Province is not a central habitat of minority population in the PRC, and its main ethnic minority is She. According to the data of the 6th national census in 2010, PRC had a She population of 708,651, distributed mainly in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Guangdong Provinces. In 2012, Jiangxi Province had a minority population of 152,411, distributed mainly in 7 townships. According to the data of the 6th national census in 2010, ethnic minorities comprise 0.34% of the total population of Pingxiang. No specific communities of ethnic minorities or groups are living separately and no adverse impacts are expected.
183. Gender. The project has been designated as effective gender mainstreaming. Women strongly support the project across all subcomponents and they perceive that the project will improve the environment and their quality of life and create employment and income opportunities. A gender action plan was prepared, including specific targets for women in employment, participation and decision-making.17The plan will help to ensure (i) increased opportunities for female employment (at least 30%), (ii) participation and gender sensitive awareness campaigns and education programs on disaster preparedness system and public road safety with up to 50% female participation; (iii) participation in decision-making and capacity building activities through the establishment of CERT (30% female members) and community-based groups (50% female members); (iv) sex disaggregated data collection; and (v) implementation and monitoring of the gender action plan indicators.
17 Gender Action Plan (accessible from the list of linked documents in Appendix 2).
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V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
184. This section identifies and assesses the potential for environmental benefits as well as adverse environmental and environment-related social impacts that may occur during the project construction and/or operational phases, and the mitigation measures to be implemented. The duration of impacts assessed in this EIA covers the construction and operational phases of the project. Construction works are expected to start in 2016 until 2020.
A. Positive Impacts and Environmental Benefits
185. Benefits of integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management. Direct beneficiaries of the project component are the population living in the inundation areas of the project rivers in Lianhua, Luxi and Shangli Counties and Xiangdong District. The FSR estimated that there are approximately 308,800 people residing in a total inundation area of 29.3 km2 (Table V.1). Indirect beneficiaries could include the entire population of approximately 1.57 million residing in the project counties/district, who can enjoy the aesthetics, scenic landscape and recreational opportunities provided by the rivers. By increasing the flood discharge capacities of the project rivers, this component will provide flood protection (1/20 year for urban; 1/10 to 1/5 year for rural areas) for residents, property, farmland, and infrastructure within the flood plains of the project rivers. This will reduce risks of injury and death, losses of property and crop damage, and losses of income from the time spent to respond and recover from flood events. The economic analysis conducted during PPTA has estimated that the project will result in avoided annual average damage (AAD, at 2014 values) of CNY186.5 million per year (Table V.2).
Table V.1: Estimates of Direct Beneficiaries of the River Component
Population Within Flood Administrative Flood Inundation River Design Flood (years) Inundation Area (10,000 Unit Area (km2) people) Lianhua Lian and 1/20 for urban areas; 1/10 for Qin rural areas1/5 for farmland area 13.8 11.58 Baima Luxi Yuan and 1/20 for urban areas; 1/10 for 2.1 Tankou rural areas 4.8 Xinhua 1/20 for urban areas; 2.6 Shangli Lishui 1/10 for rural areas; 2.1 1.8 Jinshan 1/5 for farmland area 5.4 5.6 Xiangdong Pingshui 1/20 for all areas 2.6 7.1 TOTAL 29.3 30.88
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Table V.2: Average Annual Damages (AAD) from Flooding
Sub-component AAD, 2014 CNYm
Lianhua 18.8
Xiangdong 45.0
Shangli - Lishui 31.8
Shangli - Jinshan 20.4
Luxi 70.5
Source: PPTA calculations 186. New revetments and toe protection will reduce riverbank erosion and sedimentation in the project rivers, contributing to both improved water quality and flood discharge capacities. 10 km of existing sewer interceptors and manholes in the river sections will be relocated or concrete-encased to reduce their flood control and water quality impacts. In addition, vegetated embankments and riparian re-vegetation will reduce non-point source pollution to some extent (e.g. from agricultural and urban runoff). These cumulative improvements to the river environment will also likely cause behavioral changes towards the river, increasing people’s tendency to protect rather than to pollute it. Re-vegetation of 90ha of riparian buffers and 46ha of wetlands, and the use of ecological revetments along some 60% of the project rivers will improve the habitat conditions for flora and fauna and contribute to higher levels of biodiversity in the project area. For the urban sections of the Yuan, Xinhua, and Tankou Rivers where there are existing buildings directly next to the rivers, retaining walls will be built to avoid resettlement.
187. Benefits of wastewater collection and treatment. The service area of urban wastewater services will be expanded, resulting in increasing the wastewater collection and treatment rates in the project area. Direct beneficiaries of wastewater collection and treatment are estimated to total 175,000 people based on the planned service population in the project counties/district (Table V.3). The amount of untreated wastewater directly discharged into the open environment and surface water bodies will be significantly reduced. This will contribute to overall improvements in quality of life for residents, increased real estate values from improved environmental conditions, and reduced expenses and risks from water-borne diseases.
Table V.3: Estimates of Direct Beneficiaries of the Wastewater Component
Sub-Project Location of Wastewater Services Estimated Service Population
Lianhua Lianhua County-Town 30,000
Luxi Xuanfeng and Yinhe Towns 25,000
Shangli Tongmu Town 40,000
Xiangdong Xiangdong District 80,000 Source: PPTA Consultants
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188. Estimates of pollution reduction as a result of improved wastewater collection and treatment systems are shown in Table V.4. This will improve local and downstream river water quality, benefiting domestic, industrial, agricultural, and recreational water users, as well as river ecology and aesthetics.
Table V.4: Estimated Pollution Reduction from the Wastewater Treatment Estimated Pollution Reduction After Project (t/a) Pollutant Luxi Xuangfeng WWTP Shangli Tongmu WWTP (Yuan River) (Jinshan River) Chemical oxygen demand 529 128 5-day biochemical oxygen demand 283 119 Suspended solids 465 119 Ammonia nitrogen 46 11 Total nitrogen 55 9 Total phosphorus 10 3 Source: PPTA consultant
189. Benefits of rural-urban transport. Existing roads in the project area are not well connected due to complex terrain or separation by major highways and railways. The proposed rural-urban road will connect existing roads in the project area into a network and improve traffic capacity, thereby reducing transport costs for the local population and for materials and products. Besides savings in terms of fuel and travel time, the proposed road would also lead to improvements in overall travel conditions, comfort and safety.
190. The immediate beneficiary area would be a corridor of 48 ‘natural’ villages (concentrated settlements) within one kilometer of the proposed road (Figure V.1). The total population of the corridor is estimated by County officials to be 106,295. These residents along the road corridor are expected to directly benefit from improved accessibility to markets, employment, schools, and healthcare facilities in Anyuan District, Shangli Town, and Luxi Town. Most will be within a 30-minute drive time to center of Anyuan District or to Luxi and Shangli Towns. Road safety would also be improved as a result of the proposed road. Since the proposed road will be part of a wider transportation network, there may be direct beneficiaries beyond nearby villages and towns. It may also be reasonable to assume that everyone in the townships through which the road passes will benefit from it. Using this method, the number of beneficiaries of the proposed road is estimated to be on the order of 248,000.
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Figure V.1: Towns and Townships within 1-km of the Proposed Rural-urban Road
Source: “Pingxiang Phase 1 Consultant Final Report: Pingxiang Road Component”, Edward Leman of Chreod Ltd., 26 February 2015
191. Improving the accessibility and mobility of the project area will provide better access for local medical treatment, employment, and education etc. For example, currently there are many primary and secondary schools scattered in this area (Figure V.2). Due to difficult terrain and substandard roads, however, parents and children have difficulties reaching these schools, especially during the rainy season. The proposed road will improve the conditions and provide all-weather access to schools and other public facilities.
Figure V.2: Existing schools (blue) and proposed public bus stations along the urban-rural road
Source: Draft FSR, April 2015.
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192. The proposed road will also improve accessibility to Shangli’s Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area, a National Class 4A scenic area, which is currently underdeveloped due to traffic restrictions and unsound infrastructure. The road will enable integration of Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area with other complementary tourism resources in the area, including the Wugong Mountain Scenic Area in Luxi, and the Mingyue Mountain Scenic Area in Yichun, forming a regional network of tourism resources.
193. The road will also improve the capacity of regional disaster response and relief. The complex geological conditions in the project area have made it prone to natural disasters such as landslides, mudslides, and ground subsidence. Currently, the project area lacks adequate emergency access. Large vehicles cannot reach disaster stricken areas. The proposed road will improve rescue and emergency response times to the area thus reducing the risks to loss of human life and property.
B. Screening of Environmental Impacts Related to Project Implementation and Operation
194. The potential environmental impacts of the project were screened at concept paper and PPTA inception stages to (i) identify the relative significance of potential impacts from the activities of the proposed project components; (ii) establish the scope of the assessment which assists in focusing on major, critical, and specific impacts; and (iii) enable flexibility in regard to consideration of new issues, such as those that reflect the requirements by ADB’s SPS (2009).
195. Potential impacts during construction. The screening process showed that during the construction phase, potential impacts mainly relate to earthwork involving excavation and backfilling, spoil disposal, river sediment dredging and disposal, embankment construction, road subgrade and pavement works, and bridge and tunnel construction. The project may have soil erosion, air quality, noise, water quality, ecology, solid waste and occupational health and safety impacts during construction. Potential air quality impact could occur due to fugitive dust generated on the construction sites from stockpiles of uncovered earth materials, vehicles travelling on unpaved haul roads, odor from the temporary storage and disposal of dredged sediment, and fumes from asphalt mixing and road paving. The use of powered mechanical equipment (PME) will generate construction noise. Construction activities will generate process wastewater and construction workers will produce domestic wastewater. Dredging will stir up and re-suspend river sediment, affecting river water quality and aquatic biota, particularly water quality near drinking water intakes and ecological impacts on the David’s Yellowfin in the Pingshui River and the Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp in the Yuan River. Earth work and site formation will remove vegetation, affecting natural and modified habitats, causing disruption and disturbance to nearby biota. Construction works will produce construction and demolition (C&D) wastes, including excavated earth materials and dredged sediment. Workers will face occupational health and safety issues working on construction sites.
196. Potential impacts during operation. The project will mainly generate positive environmental impacts during operation (see benefits described above), such as reduction in pollutant loadings into the rivers through the discharge of treated effluent by the proposed wastewater treatment plants compared to discharging of untreated wastewater. However, operation of the wastewater treatment plants will potentially generate odor and noise impacts. Motor vehicles travelling on the rural-urban road will emit exhaust affecting air quality and
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producing carbon emissions, and traffic noise affecting the acoustic environment of nearby residents. The integrated flood risk management component will significantly increase health and safety. However, river channelization may result in higher water velocities and/or volumes moving downstream, posing risks to communities and lands downstream of the project area, as well as changes in channel morphology.
197. Potential induced and cumulative impacts. The provision of wastewater collection would require the construction of new wastewater treatment plants under this project or expansion of existing wastewater treatment plants not funded by this project. The cumulative impact is that the total quantities of treated effluent discharging into the rivers will be increased, but with reduced water quality impact compared to the discharge of untreated wastewater into these rivers.
198. Provision of the rural-urban road could induce new developments along the carriageway and socio-economic developments in existing villages along the carriageway. This could lead to more motor vehicles travelling on the road carrying passengers and goods. Such growth has been taken into consideration in the master plans and the traffic demand forecast.
199. The integrated flood risk management component comprises structural and non-structural measures and a multi-disciplinary approach involving many government agencies and activities with pilot communities. Through improved government management capacity, training, the project infrastructure, and public awareness for flood risk and solid waste management, the project alone is improving integrated water resources management in the project counties and district. Cumulatively, through its scope, it seems likely the project will directly and indirectly influence many other water resource planning activities in the project area.
C. Measures during Detailed Design and Pre-construction Stages
200. Measures during detailed design. The following environmental measures will permanently become part of the infrastructure and need to be included in the detailed design of facilities by the design institutes:
(i) Technical design of the rural-urban road drainage system shall be adequate to prevent the road from being flooded, and shall take into consideration potential extreme weather events due to climate change, such as more frequent and intense torrential rains. (ii) Technical design of road bridges crossing the Pingshui River and Yuanbei River that are Category II water bodies shall include sedimentation tanks sized adequately to retain all road runoff during storm events. (iii) Technical design of the alignments of the Baima River, Lianjiang River and the rural-urban road shall avoid the protected Camphor Trees and Happy Trees at locations shown in the EIRs and Chapter IV (Baseline) of this EIA. (iv) Technical design of the flood control function of the river channels shall take into consideration extreme storm events due to climate change, as documented in the climate risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA) conducted for the project (Appendix 3). (v) Technical design of embankments shall be adequate and stable enough to withstand the strong force of heavy storm water flow but at the same time maximize the adoption of eco-friendly embankment designs (see discussion on river embankment design below and in Appendix 4).
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(vi) Location as well as technical design of the dredged sediment disposal sites shall be confirmed by local EPBs, and include double lining with impervious liner on the bottom of each disposal cell, and perimeter drainage ditches to intercept and divert runoff from the site during storm events. (vii) Technical design of the wastewater treatment plants shall include an environmental buffer distance of 200 m from the boundary of the wastewater treatment plant to the nearest environmental protection target for potential odor impact. The nearest environmental protection target for the Tongmu Town WWTP in Shangli County is Xiashan Village which is only 108 m from the WWTP site boundary. Resettlement of 2 households in Xiashan Village is required. (viii) Technical design of the WWTPs shall achieve the desired treatment to meet Class 1B discharge standard and safety of plant operation, with dual power supply to avoid interruption to plant operation due to power failure. (ix) Technical design of the WWTPs shall (1) contain the operational noises from pumps, blowers and other noisy equipment with proper acoustic design of these facilities; (2) remove odor generated during plant operation, and (3) include temporary sludge drying beds to produce sludge with water content of lower than 60% (x) The design and construction of the wastewater collection pipelines must be adequate to prevent pipe burst.
201. A special concern during detailed design is the embankment design for project rivers. To meet flood control standards, the cross-sectional area for most sections of the rivers must be increased by either (a) embankment construction next to existing riverbanks; and/or (b) widening and dredging of the existing river channels. The first approach preserves the natural form of the river and existing vegetation by building embankments away from the existing riverbank, but creates an artificial barrier between the river and its flood plain during large flood events. Without resettlement, this approach is not feasible in areas where there is development on or near the riverbank. Additionally, the new embankment may take up valuable land that may be needed for other uses such as agriculture. The height of such embankments may also be constrained by stormwater drainage considerations and aesthetics. The second approach in effect artificially channelizes the river through widening and/or dredging. This takes up less land, but may lead to increased flow velocities and erosive forces both within the channelized section and further downstream. Existing vegetation and other aquatic ecosystems are also destroyed in the process. In this Project, the first approach is preferred in areas where there are habitats worthy of protection and where there is adequate room to extend river boundaries. In areas where riverbanks are already eroded or degraded, widening is considered an acceptable option. A more detailed discussion is included in Appendix 4.
202. Measures during pre-construction. A number of environmental management measures will be implemented in the pre-construction phase to ensure project’s environment management readiness. These include:
(i) Finalization of detailed site plans for project construction (detailed design and construction drawings). The LDIs will be supported by the loan implementation consultant (LIC) to ensure that aspects described above are incorporated. Key plans, including the detailed construction drawings for the river rehabilitation works, will be shared with ADB for appraisal prior to contract awarding (flagged as loan assurance). (ii) Institutional strengthening, including (a) appointment of one qualified environment specialist within the PMO, who is the executing agency (EA); (b) appointment of one environment specialist within each Project Implementation Unit (PIU), under the
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implementing agencies (IA); (c) hiring of a loan implementation consultant (LIC) by the PMO; with expertise in environment management, wetland design and operation, river rehabilitation and flood control, climate change adaptation, nonpoint source pollution control, WWTP O&M, traffic safety; (d) hiring of an independent environment firm by the PMO, as external environment monitor (EEM); (e) hiring of Environmental Supervision Engineers (ESE) by the PIUs; and (f) contracting by the EEM of licensed environment monitoring entities to conduct environment quality monitoring. (iii) Updating EMP: Mitigation measures defined in this EMP will be updated based on final technical design. This will be the responsibility of the PMO, using the local design institute and the LIC. The EEM will provide guidance and oversight. (iv) Land-take confirmation: The Resettlement Plan will be updated with final inventory. This will be the responsibility of the IAs, using the local design institute. (v) Environmental protection training: The LIC and the EEM will provide training on implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to contractors, the PMO and PIUs. (vi) Contract documents: Issues can potentially arise if the bidding documents are prepared without access to or use of this project EIA and particularly the EMP. As such, no bid documents will be prepared without the authors having incorporated a Chinese copy of the EMP, which shall be included in the safeguard clauses of the Technical Specifications in the contracts. This will be the responsibility of the PMO with the support of the tender agent. Environmental contract clauses for inclusion into the bidding documents are presented in the EMP (Appendix 2).
D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures during the Construction Stage
1. Physical Impacts and Mitigation – Air Quality
203. Main air pollutants during the construction stage in this project include (i) fugitive emission of dust during earth works, (ii) fumes from asphalt mixing during road paving and exhaust from movements of construction vehicles and machinery, and (iii) odor during dredging, transport and disposal of river sediment. Air pollution is known to cause a variety of health risks to both the workers and the public in general. Emissions from crushers, borrow areas and asphalt mixing stations can cause health impacts ranging from coughing, influenza, respiratory ailments, to irritation in eyes and reduction in visibility. Children are at particular risk for such negative impacts which, however, are most of the time temporary and localized.
204. Dust and gaseous air pollution. The EIRs and EITs predicted that the impact distance of fugitive dust, also called total suspended particulates (TSP) from earth works and uncovered stockpiles of earth material would be up 150 m downwind of the source. TSP levels would comply with GB 3095-2012 Class II standard of 0.3 mg/m2 for 24-hr average at 150 m and beyond downwind of the source. For river embankment works and river dredging, the impact distance is likely to be within 100 m due to the moist nature of the material. Dust impact from haul roads was estimated to be within 50 m, while potential odor impact from dredged sediment was estimated to be confined within a distance of 30 m. Table V.5 shows the number of air and noise sensitive receptors consisting of villages, schools and medical clinics in the vicinities of the project sites, indicating that the majority would be within 150 m of the construction activities. Some are 5 m or less from the construction activities especially for wastewater pipeline construction where some pipeline routes go through villages and very close to households. Most of the sensitive receptors would be impacted by fugitive dust emissions during construction if no mitigation measure is adopted.
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Table V.5: Air and Noise Sensitive Receptors
No. of Air & Noise Administrative Unit Construction Activity Distances to Construction Site Sensitive Receptors Lianhua County Baima River rehabilitation 13 5-30 m Lianjiang River rehabilitation 34 5-80 m Wastewater collection 25 5-20 m Luxi County Yuan River rehabilitation 10 5-180 m, mostly within 70 m Xinhua River rehabilitation 8 10-180 m, mostly within 100 m Tankou River rehabilitation 5 15-50 m, mostly within 20 m Wastewater collection 12 0-5 m Wastewater treatment 0 Shangli County Lishui River 20 <5 – 75 m, 75% within 30 m Jinshan River 43 <5 – 80 m, 50% within 30 m Wastewater collection 24 10-30 m Wastewater treatment 2 108 m Xiangdong District Pingshui River rehabilitation 18 0-150 m Wastewater collection 42 10-126 m, mostly within 20 m Luxi & Shangli 6-150 m, with 41 receptors within 60 Rural-urban road 55 Counties m Source: EIRs and EITs
205. Asphalt paving will produce fumes containing small quantities of toxic and hazardous chemicals such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The EIRs predicted that fumes and exhaust generated during asphalt cement paving and by construction vehicles and machinery would impact an area within 18 m downwind of the source. Fumes and dust from asphalt mixing stations would impact a much larger area and it is necessary to provide a buffer distance of at least 300 m downwind of the nearest sensitive receptor.
206. Mitigation measures. The Contractor shall include all necessary measures to reduce air pollution and dust development that would impact public health, by implementing the following air quality control measures. Some of these measures are generic measures that are applicable to all construction sites and construction activities as good practice. Yet these are effective measures and are also described in the World Bank Group’s EHS guidelines.
(i) Provide dust masks to construction workers, especially those involved in the Taohua Tunnel construction. (ii) Build access and hauling roads at sufficient distances from residential areas, particular, from local schools and hospitals. (iii) Assign haulage routes and schedules to avoid transport occurring in the central areas, traffic intensive areas or residential areas. For the areas with high-demand on environmental quality, transport should be arranged at night. (iv) Spray water regularly on unpaved haul roads and access roads (at least once a day) to suppress dust; and erect hoarding around dusty activities. (v) Cover material stockpiles with dust shrouds or tarpaulin. For the earthwork management for backfill, measures will include surface press and periodical spraying and covering. The extra earth or dreg should be cleared from the project site in time to avoid long term stockpiling. (vi) Minimize the storage time of construction and demolition wastes on site by regularly
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removing them off site. (vii) Site asphalt mixing and concrete batching stations at least 300 m downwind of the nearest air quality protection target. (viii) Equip asphalt, hot mix and batching plants with fabric filters and/or wet scrubbers to reduce the level of dust emissions. (ix) Install wheel washing equipment or conduct wheel washing manually at each exit of the works area to prevent trucks from carrying muddy or dusty substance onto public roads. (x) Keep construction vehicles and machinery in good working order, regularly service and turn off engines when not in use. (xi) Vehicles with an open load-carrying case, which transport potentially dust-producing materials, shall have proper fitting sides and tail boards. Dust-prone materials shall not be loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards, and shall always be covered with a strong tarpaulin. (xii) In periods of high wind, dust-generating operations shall not be permitted within 200 m of residential areas. Special precautions need to be applied in the vicinity of sensitive receptors such as schools, kindergartens and hospitals. (xiii) Site all dredged sediment storage or disposal facilities at least 50 m from the nearest air quality protection target. (xiv) To avoid odor impacts caused by sediment dredging, transport dredged sediment in closed tank wagons to contain odor and prevent scattering along the way. (xv) Unauthorized burning of construction and demolition waste material and refuse shall be subject to penalties for the Contractor, and withholding of payment.
207. These measures are defined in the EMP. Contractors will be required to ensure compliance with relevant PRC emission standards. These will be supervised by the ESE (present onsite) and verified by the EEM (at least semi-annually during construction period). Air quality monitoring will be carried out by contractors (internal) and a licensed environmental monitoring entity (external, contracted by the EEM) during the construction period. With these measures in place and implemented, air quality impacts during construction would comply with applicable standards.
2. Physical Impacts and Mitigation – Noise and Vibration
208. Noise is emitted by powered mechanical equipment (PME) used during construction works. Applicable noise standards at construction site boundary are 70 dB(A) for day time and 55 dB(A) for night time according to GB 12523-2011. The World Bank Group does not have standards for construction noise per se, applying the noise standards listed in Table II.6 to the receptors as environmental noise (55 dB(A) for day time and 45 dB(A) for night time).
209. Based on the types of PME used and their cumulative sound power levels, the EIRs and EITs predicted that the impact distances, based on compliance with the PRC standards, for dredging, embankment construction and wastewater pipeline installation would be approximately 10 m in the day time and 50 m in the night time; and for road construction 60 m in the day time and 200 m in the night time. As indicated in Table V.5, the majority of the sensitive receptors are within 50 m of the project sites and that 41 or the 55 sensitive receptors along the proposed road are within 60 m from the alignment. Construction of the wastewater treatment plants is unlikely to have noise impact on sensitive receptors if no night time works is allowed since the nearest sensitive receptors are more than 100 m from the Tongmu Town WWTP in Shangli County and more than 300 m from the Xuanfeng WWTP in Luxi County. Night time (22:00 to 06:00 hour)
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construction therefore will not be allowed, and mitigation is needed to reduce day time construction noise impact.
210. A 482-m long road tunnel, the Taohua Tunnel, will be constructed at chainage K1+091 to K1+573 on the proposed rural-urban road. Tunnel construction will adopt the New Austrian Tunneling Method and drill and blast technique using explosives.18 The use of explosives would generate noise and vibration during blasting. Boreholes will be drilled for placing the charges for each blast. Blasting is an intermittent pulsating noise. The sound power level for each blast depends on the size of explosive used but generally ranges from 110-120 dB(A) for road tunnel construction. Based on noise monitoring during blasting for the construction of the Liangshan Tunnel on Baohan Expressway in Shaanxi Province, noise levels at 60 m and 120 m distances from the blast site were 91.5 dB and 86.8 dB respectively. Noise impact from blasting would therefore be confined to within 200 m of the blast site. The energy from blasting attenuates quickly and the noise impact would be of short duration.
211. Vibration. The energy released from blasting also causes ground vibration that could be transmitted to nearby structures. According to PRC’s Blasting Safety Code (GB 6722-2011), the allowable vibration velocity for road tunnel constructing by blasting is 10-20 cm/s. Based on monitoring data collected during blasting for construction of the Dongyan Tunnel on the Hurong Highway in Hubei Province, the vibration velocity was found to decrease to 0.5 cm/s at a distance of 30 m from the blast, to 0.24 cm/s at a distance of 48 m, and to 0.15 cm/s at a distance of 68 m. The allowable standard for ordinary residential buildings prescribed in GB 6722-2011 is 1.5-3.0 cm/s, and for stone or rubble houses 0.15-1.5 cm/s. Using the average of 0.15 m/s, vibration from blasting could affect buildings within 68 m from the blast site. According to the EIR there is no sensitive receptor within 68 m of the tunnel opening. The nearest one is Yanzhutang at approximately 90 m away. No adverse impact to sensitive receptors during blasting for tunnel construction is anticipated.
212. Mitigation of construction noise impact. Contractors will be required to implement the following mitigation measures for construction activities to meet PRC construction site and WBG recommended environmental noise standards and to protect sensitive receptors. Some measures are generic and are applicable to all construction sites and activities. Yet they represent good practice and are effective measures, and are also in line with WBG’s EHS guidelines.
(i) During daytime construction, the contractor will ensure that: (1) noise levels from equipment and machinery conform to the PRC standard for Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-2011) and the WBG EHS Standards, and properly maintain machinery to minimize noise; (2) equipment with high noise and high
18 The New Austrian Tunneling Method can be described as a "design as you monitor" approach, based on observed convergence and divergence in the lining and mapping of prevailing rock conditions. The procedure involves continual measurements and monitoring of rock conditions, relying on the inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass being conserved as the main component of tunnel support, and using thin shotcrete protection to minimize loosening and excessive rock deformation. If needed, fiber or welded-wire fabric reinforcement, steel arches (usually lattice girders), and sometimes ground reinforcement (e.g. soil nails) will be installed. The tunnel is therefore sequentially excavated and supported, and the excavation sequences can be varied to efficiently address the specific rock conditions being encountered.
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vibration are not used near village or township areas and only low noise machinery or the equipment with sound insulation is employed; (3) sites for concrete-mixing plants and similar activities will be located at least 300 m away from the nearest noise protection target; and (4) temporary noise barriers or hoardings will be installed around the equipment to shield residences when there are residences within 20 m of the noise source. (ii) No construction is allowed between the night time hours of 22:00 to 06:00. (iii) Regularly monitor noise levels at construction site boundaries. If noise standards are exceeded by more than 3 dB, equipment and construction conditions shall be checked, and mitigation measures shall be implemented to rectify the situation. (iv) Provide the construction workers with suitable hearing protection (ear muffs) according to the worker health protection law of the PRC. (v) Control the speed of bulldozer, excavator, crusher and other transport vehicles travelling on site, adopt noise reduction measures on equipment, step up equipment repair and maintenance to keep them in good working condition. (vi) Limit the speed of vehicles travelling on site (less than 8 km/h), forbid the use of horns unless absolutely necessary, minimize the use of whistles. (vii) Maintain continual communication with the villages and communities near the construction sites, and avoid noisy construction activities during school examination periods.
213. River dredging, embankment construction, wastewater pipeline installation and road construction are all linear activities. When construction is completed at a location, the activities move on and away. Construction noise impact is therefore short term. The above measures are defined in the EMP. These will be supervised by the ESE, and verified by the EEM. Contractors will be required to ensure compliance with relevant PRC noise standards. Noise monitoring will be carried out by contractors (internal) and a licensed environmental monitoring entity (external, contracted by the EEM) during the construction period. With these measures in place and implemented, noise impacts during construction would comply with applicable standards.
3. Physical Impacts and Mitigation – Surface Water Quality
214. Uncontrolled wastewater and muddy runoff from construction sites and work camps could potentially pollute nearby water bodies. The discharge of supernatant water from the dredged sediment storage or disposal sites could potentially affect the water quality of the receiving water bodies. All wastewater, muddy runoff and supernatant water must be treated to Class 1 standard prescribed in GB 8978-1996 (see Table II.8) before they could be discharged (see below on no discharge into Category II water bodies).
215. River dredging, bridge construction and river crossing of wastewater collection pipelines would disturb the bottom sediment and increase suspended solid (SS) concentration in the water column. Pipeline crossings include the Lianjing River and Baima River in Lianhua County, the Yuan River and Yiyuan River in Luxi County, Lishui River and Yaxi River in Shangli County, and Pingshui River and Dacheng River in Xiangdong District.
216. Dredging methods would include dredging in the dry by constructing a coffer dam around the dredging area then pumping the water within the coffer dam out, followed by excavation of the bottom sediment. Elevated SS levels could adversely affect water quality during constructing of the coffer dam, and pumping out the water from inside the coffer dam.
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217. The process to control potential impact from elevated SS levels during dredging, pipeline river crossing and bridge construction is to first monitor the water quality during bridge construction, construction of the coffer dam and water pumping from coffer dam using a “real time baseline” approach. Two monitoring stations will be set up at the bridge/ coffer dam location. One will be set up 50 m upstream of the location, which will function as the control station representing the real time baseline level of SS. The other monitoring station is set up 100 m downstream of the location and functions as the impact station, with the purpose of confining the impact zone to within 100 m downstream. If the SS level at the downstream impact station is ≥130% of the SS level at the control station, a silt curtain would need to be deployed at 100 m downstream to contain the impact to within the allowable impact zone. The EIR estimated that the SS levels downstream of the dredger would range from 80-160 mg/L. With silt curtain deployment, SS levels could reduce to 30-40 mg/L. Figure V.3 shows the structure of the silt curtain and how it is deployed for trapping SS.
Structure of silt curtain
Silt curtain deployment Figure V.3: Silt Curtain Source: EIR
218. Protection of Category II water bodies and drinking water intakes. The proposed rural-urban road crosses the Pingshui River and its tributary the Yuanbei River, both are
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Category II water bodies at the crossing locations because they are the headwater for the Xiang River. There are also drinking water intakes that their Class 1 protection zones (designated as the area from 1,000 m upstream of the intake to 100 m downstream of the intake, a distance of 1.1 km) are given Category II status. These include the Lianhua County Water Treatment Plant (WTP) intake on the Baima River, the Luxi County WTP intake on the Yuan River, and the Lengtanwan WTP on the Pingshui River in Xiangdong District. According to PRC regulation, no wastewater (including supernatant water from dredged sediment storage or disposal sites), even treated to GB 8978-1996 Class I standard, could be discharged to Category II water bodies. The treated wastewater must be diverted to outside Category II water bodies for discharge. Further, during dredging works within the Class 1 protection zones for these water intakes, a silt curtain would be required to be positioned in front of each intake for protection of the quality of water entering the intake.
219. Mitigation measures to prevent water pollution. The contractors will implement the following measures to prevent water pollution:
(i) Portable toilets and small package wastewater treatment plants will be provided on construction sites and construction camps for the workers and canteens. If there are nearby public sewers, interim storage tanks and pipelines will be installed to convey wastewater to those sewers. (ii) Sedimentation tanks will be installed on construction sites to treat process water (e.g. concrete batching for bridge construction) and muddy runoff with high concentrations of suspended solids. If necessary, flocculants such as polyacryl amide (PAM) will be used to facilitate sedimentation. (iii) Construction machinery will be repaired and washed at special repairing shops. No onsite machine repair and washing shall be allowed. (iv) Storage facilities for fuels, oil, and other hazardous materials will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, and provided with bunds and cleanup kits. (v) The contractors’ fuel suppliers must be properly licensed, follow proper protocol for transferring fuel, and must be in compliance with Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods (JT 3145-88). (vi) Material stockpiles will be protected against wind and runoff waters which might transport them to surface waters. (vii) Any spills are to be cleaned up according to PRC norms and codes within 24 hours of the occurrence, with contaminated soils and water treated according to PRC norms and codes. Records must be handed over without delay to the PMO and Pingxiang EPB. (viii) Mitigation of water quality impact during bridge construction, dredging, cofferdam construction and water pumping out of the cofferdam will be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach will follow the description above. (ix) During dredging works within the Class 1 protection zones for the drinking water intakes (from 1,000 m upstream of the intake to 100 m downstream of the intake) of the Lianhua County Water Treatment Plant (WTP) intake on the Baima River, the Luxi County WTP intake on the Yuan River, and the Lengtanwan WTP on the Pingshui River in Xiangdong District, a silt curtain shall be deployed in front of these intakes for protection of intake water quality. (x) All process wastewater and muddy runoff from construction sites and supernatant water from dredged sediment storage or disposal sites shall be treated to GB 8978-1996 Class I standard before discharging.
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(xi) No treated wastewater from construction sites shall be discharged to Category II water bodies, which include the Class 1 drinking water protection zones listed above and at the road bridges crossing the Pingshui River and Yuanbei River.
220. The above measures are defined in the EMP. Contractors will be required to ensure compliance with relevant PRC water quality and wastewater discharge standards. Water quality monitoring will be carried out by a licensed environmental monitoring entity (external, hired by the EEM) during the construction period. With these measures in place and implemented, water quality impacts during construction would comply with applicable standards.
4. Physical Impacts and Mitigation – Solid Waste, Earth Work, Soil Erosion
221. Solid waste and waste management. Solid waste generated during construction will include construction and demolition (C&D) waste, excavated spoil during earth works (for construction of road, embankment, wastewater collection pipelines, wastewater treatment plants and river channel widening) and dredged sediment from the rivers, and refuse generated by construction workers on construction sites. If not properly disposed, such wastes will create community health and sanitation problems.
222. Refuse. To minimize adverse impacts from the refuse generated by the workers, refuse will be stored in closed containers and regularly transported off-site for disposal at landfills (see also Occupational Health and Safety Section). Since the C&D waste is common solid waste without toxic or harmful content, it can be used for filling and foundations of other construction works specified by the municipal and planning departments. Generally, C&D waste including disposal is not anticipated to have adverse impacts on the environment. The contractors will implement the following measures to avoid negative impacts from solid waste:
(i) Establish enclosed waste collection points on site, with separation of domestic waste and C&D waste. (ii) Set up centralized domestic waste collection point and transport offsite for disposal regularly by sanitation department.
223. Dredged sediment. Rehabilitation of the project rivers would generate a total of approximately 2.1 million m3 of dredged sediment (see Table III.3). Dredged sediment will be transported to 22 temporary storage sites (6 in Lianhua County, 3 in Luxi County, 12 in Shangli County and 1 in Xiangdong District) for natural drying. The PPTA reviewed and confirmed that the disposal sites for the dredged sediments will be adequate for temporary storage or permanent disposal of dredged material. The sites are defined in the soil and water conservation reports (SWCR) for each component, and will be reconfirmed during detailed design. According to the EIRs and SWRCs, these disposal sites consist of trenches, paddy fields, uncultivated land and shrubbery areas of low ecological value. The sites for those sediments that cannot be re-used will become the final sites for disposal. All sites will be levelled, restored and vegetated. The final sites for dredged sediment disposal will also be capped with at least 1 m of clean soil on top in view of the potential presence of cadmium or Lindane in the dredged sediment.
224. According to the sediment quality baseline data (see Table IV.7), exceedance of Class 2 soil quality standards prescribed in GB15618-1995 was detected in the sediment from Shangli County (exceedance in Cd levels) and in Lianhua County (exceedance in Lindane (=BHC, benzene hexachloride) levels). Due to the low number of sediment samples collected for testing,
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a precautionary measure assuming the potential of exceedance of pollutant levels will be adopted, requiring the double lining of the soil surface of all (temporary) disposal sites to prevent contaminating the soil and groundwater, treatment and testing of heavy metals and pesticides of the supernatant water prior to discharge, and conducting soil quality testing and leaching test on the dried dredged sediment prior to re-use for landscaping or agricultural purposes. Dredged sediment failing the leaching test will not be re-used. Upon completion of construction, all (temporary) dredged sediment disposal sites will be capped with clean soil on top with a thickness of at least 1 m and the site restored with planting of vegetation.
225. Earth work. Earth cut and fill balances for river rehabilitation is shown in Table V.6, indicating that approximately 3.55 million m3 of earthen material to be excavated, with 1.22 million m3 to be re-used as backfill for the project, and disposing 2.33 million m3. In addition, approximately 0.22 million m3 of earth fill would be obtained from 7 borrow areas (6 for Lianhua County and 1 in Xiangdong District). The sites have been defined in the soil and water conservation reports (SWCR) and approved by the relevant water resources bureaus. Sewer pipeline installation will mainly involve open cut. The earth cut material will be used for backfilling the pipeline trenches. Based on the pipe sizes and lengths, it is estimated that approximately 22,000 m3 of spoil would require disposal. The rural-urban road would generate approximately 1.7 million m3 of earth cut but needing 3.7 million m3 of earth fill (see Table III.12) from three borrow areas that are defined in the FSR and the SWCR prepared for the urban-rural road component, and that will be reconfirmed at detailed design stage (Figure V.4).
Table V.6: Earth Cut and Fill Quantities for the Eight Project Rivers
Administrative Earth Fill (m3) River Earth Cut (m3) Disposal (m3) Unit Re-use Earth Cut From Borrow Area Lianjiang River 1,473,607 329,025 --- 1,144,582 Lianhua County Baima River 243,589 206,770 87,763 36,819 Yuan River 165,922 115,978 --- 49,944 Luxi County Xinhua River 135,350 33,055 --- 102,295 Tankou River 87,714 32,955 --- 54,759 Lishui River 525,994 171,340 --- 354,654 Shangli County Jinshan River 719,885 151,309 --- 568,576 Xiangdong District Pingshui River 198,150 178,814 129,488 19,336 Total: 3,550,211 1,219,246 217,251 2,330,965 Source: FSRs
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Figure V.4: Borrow and spoil disposal sites along urban-rural road
Source: FSR, February 2015.
226. Soil erosion. Five soil and water conservation reports (SWCR) have been prepared by the local design institutes: four for each of the counties/district on the project rivers and one for the rural-urban road. Soil erosion due to construction projects is regulated by the provincial Water Resources Department, with strict requirements and enforcement on implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring during the construction stage. Mitigation measures defined in the SWCR for this project could be categorized into three types: (1) engineering measures such as provision of drainage ditches, barrier berm and sedimentation pond; (2) planting measures such as vegetation restoration, side slope planting, grass planting; and (3) temporary measures such as hoardings, thatch cover, and temporary drainage ditches and sedimentation ponds.
227. Mitigation measures. The contractors will implement the following measures related to earthwork management:
i Confirm location of the borrow pit and temporary spoil storage and final disposal sites. ii Maximize the reuse of earth cut materials for filling and foundations of other construction works specified by the municipal and planning departments, or transport in enclosed containers to designated disposal site. iii Develop borrow pit and spoil disposal site management and restoration plan, to be approved by responsible authority; obtain permit for the clearance of excavated earthworks. iv Construct intercepting ditches and drains to prevent runoff entering construction sites, and diverting runoff from sites to existing drainage. v Construct hoardings and sedimentation ponds to contain soil loss and runoff from
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the construction sites. vi Limit construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds. vii Stabilize all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on. viii Stockpiles shall be short-termed, placed in sheltered and guarded areas near the actual construction sites, covered with clean tarpaulins, and sprayed with water during dry and windy weather conditions. ix All earthwork disturbance areas shall be stabilized with thatch cover within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites. x Immediately restore, level and plant landscape on temporary occupied land upon completion of construction works. xi Implement all soil erosion protection measures as defined in the soil and water conservation reports.
228. The above measures are defined in the EMP and the soil and water conservation reports (SWCR). Contractors will be required to ensure compliance with relevant PRC solid waste management and soil erosion requirements. Compliance with the SWRCs will be monitored and verified by the municipal and county water resources bureaus. With these measures in place and implemented, solid waste and soil erosion impacts during construction would be minimal.
5. Impacts and Mitigation on Biological Resources, Ecology and Biodiversity
229. Impact on biodiversity and habitats. Based on surveys undertaken and observations made during the surveys by the PPTA consultants, the project areas for river rehabilitation show higher biodiversity in Lianhua and Luxi Counties, and lower in Shangli County and Xiangdong District where habitat types are more homogeneous (see Baseline Chapter and Appendix 4 for detailed description of habitat types and quality along project rivers). Biodiversity is relatively high in areas with low human disturbance and habitat fragmentation such as in riparian forests, wetlands and wet meadows, upland forests, etc. Biodiversity is average in farmland with some human disturbance, and low in constructed areas with low vegetation coverage and hard embankments. Most habitats in the project are modified and degraded habitats, and flora and fauna communities are largely characteristic of disturbed landscapes in central PRC.
230. The loss of agricultural land assets, with or without resettlement, is covered in the project resettlement plans. The loss of modified habitats including riparian forests, wetlands and wet meadows will be low, totaling approximately 21ha (15.7 ha in Lianhua County, 4.7 ha in Luxi County and 0.8 ha in Xiangdong District). Such loss will be fully offset by re-vegetating approximately 90 ha of riparian areas and approximately 46 ha of wetland meadows (in Lianhua and Luxi Counties mainly). There will be no net loss of critical or natural habitats from the project.
231. The conversion of natural and modified habitats will therefore be fully offset. Re-vegetation of riparian areas along the rivers in Lianhua and Luxi Counties, which already show higher biodiversity levels than Shangli County and Xiangdong District, will have positive impacts in enhancing the biodiversity levels along these rivers in these counties. Embankment designs will include use of a range of flora and some riverine habitats, including rocks, logs, riprap and vegetated ecological revetment. 60% of river embankments will utilize soft revetment; and 19% will use a combination of hard and soft embankments. A more comprehensive discussion on habitats and biodiversity along project rivers is included in Appendix 4. A river
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rehabilitation specialist will be hired under the loan implementation consultant services to support the LDI in detailed design, to ensure that the application of option 1 for project river embankment is maximized.
232. Impact on aquatic biota. Dredging of river sediment would kill all the benthic organisms within the dredging areas. Benthic communities are mostly dominated by polychaete and oligochaete worms, aquatic insect larvae such as chironomids, and small crustaceans and mollusks. These organisms are ubiquitous and generally recolonize rapidly when disturbance ceases. Dredging would stir up bottom sediment increasing water turbidity. This could reduce light intensity in the water column affecting photosynthesis by phytoplankton possibly reducing primary productivity, which in turn would affect zooplankton that feeds on the phytoplankton. Planktonic organisms are also ubiquitous and reproduce rapidly. Potential impact is therefore short term and the planktonic population would recover rapidly when disturbance ceases. Increased turbidity could clog up the gills of fish causing fish mortality. However, fishes are mobile and would exhibit avoidance behavior, unless turbidity increase is massive and sudden, which is unlikely with the implementation of mitigation measures (e.g., through water quality monitoring and deployment of silt curtain described above).
233. Impact on Protected flora. Two tree species, the Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and the Chinese Yew (Taxus chinensis), are listed in the IUCN red list as Endangered. They are also under national Class I protection. Seven other species are under national Class II protection. They are: Happy Tree (Camptotheca acuminata), Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) Urn Orchid (Bletilla striata), Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon), Austral Ladies’ Tresses (Spiranthes sinensis), Chinese Lawn Grass (Zoysia sinica) and Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).
234. The Dawn Redwood is a fast growing deciduous tree. It is the sole living species of the genus Metasequoia and is one of three species of conifers known as redwoods. According to IUCN it is endemic to central PRC: Chongqing (Shizhu), Hubei (Lichuan, Zhonglu), and Hunan (Longshan, Sangzhi). Other than being native to Chongqing, Hubei and Henan, Catalogue of Life China 2014 Annual Checklist describes that its distribution includes cultivation in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
235. The Chinese Yew is slow growing with generation lengths of at least 40 years. The IUCN indicates that this species has been recorded from Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, southern Gansu, northern Guangxi, Guizhou, western Hubei, northeastern Hunan, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan, eastern Yunnan and Zhejiang in the PRC; as well as in northern Vietnam. The species is experiencing rapid population decline in spite of its widespread distribution due to exploitation for using its wood in construction, furniture making and wood carving. Extracts of many parts of the plant have been used for Chinese medicine and more recently in the production of anti-cancer drugs.
236. The seven species under national Class II protection have been described by Catalogue of Life China 2014 Annual Checklist as having wide distribution in many provinces in the PRC. None of the IUCN and national protected floral species listed above is endemic to the project areas in Pingxiang Municipality.
237. Vegetation surveys undertaken during EIR preparation show the presence of Camphor Tree clusters at two locations along the Lianjiang River and one location along the Baima River in
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Lianhua County, and along the rural-urban road alignment at one location in Luxi County and one location in Shangli County; as well as the Happy Tree at one location along the rural-urban road alignment in Luxi County. Both trees are under national Class II protection. Some of the Camphor Trees are also old trees that have been tagged. Their locations and descriptions are shown in Table V.7. Top priority is to preserve these trees by avoidance in the detailed design of the river channels and road alignments. They should also be marked and tagged to prevent damage by workers during construction.
Table V.7: Locations of Protected Tree Species
Tree Species Location Description Camphor Tree On Baima River. At the Fucun Bridge in Shangtian 2 trees, good condition, untagged (Cinnamomum Village camphora) Lianjiang River. At Lianjiang Bridge in Lianhua Village. 1 tree, Class 1 old tree, good condition, tagged Lianjiang River. At Jinjia Village 11 trees. 5 are Class 1 and 6 are Class 2 old trees, good condition, all tagged. Tongzishuxia in Yinhe Town, Luxi County at chainage Cluster of Camphor Trees covering an area of K39+850-K39+900 of proposed road 1,200 m2 with canopy density of 0.8 Longtanpo in Dongyuan Village, Shangli County, to the Mixed stands of Camphor Trees and Chinese right of chainage K15+120 of the proposed road Fir with canopy cover of 0.7 Happy Tree Yuanxi Village in Yuannan Village, Luxi County, to the 13 trees, good condition, tree trunk diameter (Camptotheca left of chainage K32+350 of the proposed road 20 cm acuminate) Source: EIRs
238. Impact on Protected fauna. Four species are on the IUCN red list as Vulnerable: the cyprinid fish Pseudohemiculter dispar, the Wild Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), the Sambar (Cervus unicolor), and the Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis). Four species are under national Class II protection: the Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata), the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), the Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis), and the European Otter (Lutra lutra).
239. Pseudohemiculter dispar has been assessed by IUCN as Vulnerable due to an inferred population decline of more than 30% in the past ten years. This is as a result of high levels of pollution and major hydrological changes and habitat degradation from the construction of dams and other water management projects within the range of this species, in particular in the Mekong and Yangtze river basins. Catalogue of Life China 2014 Annual Checklist describes its distribution in the PRC to include Yunnan, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hong Kong and Guangxi.
240. The Wild Common Carp Cyprinus carpio is deemed Vulnerable by IUCN because of slow but continuous decline in its native populations in the Black, Caspian and Aral Sea basins due to river regulation. Hybridization with domesticated introduced stocks, East Asian congeners and their hybrids, is also a serious long term threat for the species. Although the wild populations are considered Vulnerable, the species has been domesticated and introduced into environments worldwide in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia. The fish is also commonly cultured in the PRC, constituting one of four importance freshwater fish species for human consumption.
241. Sambar is listed by IUCN as Vulnerable through sustained declines across its range in mainland South-east Asia (Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia),
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Bangladesh, and possibly Borneo. IUCN describes that in the PRC, the species is distributed in Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
242. The Water Deer has been assessed by IUCN as Vulnerable because of serious decline in its population due to poaching and habitat destruction. This species is native to the PRC, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and Republic of Korea. Catalogue of Life China 2014 Annual Checklist describes its distribution in the PRC to include Jiangsu, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hubei and Guangxi.
243. The four species under national Class II protection have also been described by Catalogue of Life China 2014 Annual Checklist as having widespread distribution in many provinces in the PRC. None of the above listed protected fauna is endemic to the project areas in Pingxiang Municipality. To protect these species and other wildlife, construction workers will be prohibited from capturing wildlife during construction.
244. Impact on legally protected areas. There are three protected areas within the project area of influence (see Table IV.8). These are: (1) National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm, (2) Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm, and (3) Provincial Shangli County Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area.
245. The National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm (see Figure IV.10) was established mainly for the protection of the spawning and nursery grounds and migration routes of David’s Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi). David’s Yellowfin is a cyprinid fish. It is a demersal fish inhabiting the middle and bottom water layers in rivers and lakes, generally preferring areas with aquatic vegetation and soft sediment riverbed. It seldom swims up to the upper water layer except during low dissolved oxygen when it might come up to the upper water layer for air. It has been found to survive in water temperatures ranging from 5 oC to 38 oC, but most suitably in 16 oC to 30 oC. David’s Yellowfin usually clusters in deeper waters during the winter then spread out in lower water layers in the spring when water temperature goes up. During its spawning season from April to June (with peak spawning activities in May), it migrates upstream to shallow river shoals with moving water to spawn. The eggs would sink and attach to pebbles and gravels for hatching. Water temperature suitable for spawning is from 20 oC to 28 oC. The David’s Yellowfin is an omnivorous fish but prefers aquatic vegetation especially aquatic plants and algae. In the wild its size averages 30 cm and weights 250 – 300 gm, but could reach 40 cm and 400 – 500 gm.
246. The Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotion of Aquatic Product Technology (PMSPAPT) in 2013 conducted an assessment of potential impacts on this species from flood protection projects in the urban area of Pingxiang Municipality, which is one of the flood protection projects for five rivers in Jiangxi Province19. The section of Pingshui River to be rehabilitated was 13 km in the urban area of Pingxiang Municipality and 5.5 km in the urban area of Xiangdong District. The section is located within the experimental sub-zone of the protection zone. This project proposed to rehabilitate 5.75 km of the Pingshui River in the Xiangdong
19 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2013. Topical report for the environmental impact assessment of Jiangxi Province five river rehabilitation and flood protection projects (Pingxiang Municipality urban flood protection project) on the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm. 86 pp.
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District urban area, plus the rural-urban road crossing the Pingshui River, also located in the experimental sub-zone of the protection zone. It is therefore deemed appropriate to adopt the findings from the above report for this project.
247. Based on PMSPAPT (2013), the David’s Yellowfin is distributed in the five major river systems in Pingxiang Municipality but predominantly in the rivers, lakes, reservoirs and streams in the Pingshui River watershed. Sixteen spawning grounds have been recorded in the Pingshui River watershed, usually in areas with elevation difference creating speedy water flow, with pebbles and gravels and attached aquatic vegetation. Because of cascade developments on the river for hydropower generation, the species have not been observed to return to some of these spawning grounds to spawn, resulting in a decreasing trend in its population. The core sub-zone of the protection zone was established to protect the remaining spawning and nursery grounds, migration routes and wintering grounds of this species. The report indicated that rehabilitation of the Pingshui River in the experimental sub-zone would pose minimal and temporary impact to the David’s Yellowfin during the construction stage since its major habitats for spawning, nursery, wintering and migration are in the core-sub-zone.
248. The size of project area within the experimental sub-zone is approximately 65 ha, which accounts for only 1.3% of the total area of the experimental sub-zone of 5,200 ha. The aquatic ecosystem in Pingshui River would gradually recover after completion of construction. The EMP has adopted two mitigation measures proposed in the report: (1) no construction works on the Pingshui River from April to June each year, and (2) compensatory stocking of 1 million fish [including the David’s Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi), Smallscale Yellowfin (Xenocypris microlepis), and the Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)] per year for 5 years after completion of construction. The report also requires monitoring of fish species once per season during construction, and twice each year for three consecutive years after completion of construction. These monitoring requirements have also been adopted for this project, and are flagged as project assurance.
249. The Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm (Figure IV.11) was established to protect the germplasm of the Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis). A topical report has been prepared by the PMSPAPT20 in 2015 for this project, to assess potential impacts on this species from rehabilitation of the Yuan River, Xinhua River and Tankou River, as well as the rural-urban road crossing the Yuan River.
250. The Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp is also a cyprinid fish distributed in the river systems in Pingxiang Municipality but predominantly in the Yuan River water shed. It is also a locally cultured species. It has strong adaption ability, is fast growing, breeds easily and able to survive in turbid water and wide temperature ranges. It is a demersal species generally feeding on benthic organisms and aquatic insects in shallow waters rich in aquatic vegetation. It can also prey on plankton through filter feeding. Mature adults weight approximately 140 gm (male) to 165 gm (female) on average. Its spawning season is from March to July, with multiple spawning each year. Water temperature suitable for spawning is 17 oC to 30 oC, most ideally from 20 oC to 22 oC. The eggs are adhesive attaching to aquatic vegetation and hard surfaces. More than 10 spawning grounds have been recorded in the Yuan River watershed, usually in areas with
20 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2015. Impact of Asian Development Bank project on the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm. 77 pp.
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elevation difference creating speedy water flow, with pebbles and gravels and attached aquatic vegetation.
251. The project sites for rehabilitation of the Yuan, Xinhua and Tankou Rivers and the rural-urban road crossing the Yuan River are all located in the experimental sub-zone of the protection zone. PMSPAPT (2015) indicated that potential impact on the Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp would be minimal and temporary during the construction stage since its major habitats for spawning, nursery, wintering and migration are in the core-sub-zone. The total size of the project sites is less than 100 ha, which is less than 6% of the size of the experimental sub-zone (1,600 ha). The EMP has adopted two mitigation measures defined in the PMSPAPT (2015) report: (1) no construction works from March to June each year, and (2) compensatory stocking of 800,000 fish [including Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis), David’s Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi), Smallscale Yellowfin (Xenocypris microlepis), and the Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)] per year for five years. The EMP has also adopted the fish monitoring proposal of twice per year for 5 years after completion of construction.
252. The Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area in Shangli County is a provincial protected area for aesthetic purpose. The proposed rural-urban road would cross its Class 2 and Class 3 protection zones but would not intrude into the special protection zone. Most of the alignment through the Class 2 protection zone would be via tunnel. Shangli County Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area Bureau and the Shangli County Government approved the road alignment. Potential impact during construction is mainly visual, with machinery and material stockpiles etc. on the construction sites. Strict enforcement of good construction site practice as described in the EMP would minimize potential visual impact during construction.
253. Mitigation measures. The contractors will implement the following measures to prevent ecological impact during construction:
(i) Preserve existing vegetation where no construction activity is planned. (ii) Protect existing trees and grassland during construction; where a tree has to be removed or an area of grassland disturbed, replant trees and re-vegetate the area after construction. (iii) Remove trees or shrubs only as the last resort if they impinge directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary works. (iv) Prior to commencement of construction, tag and conspicuously mark all the identified protected Camphor Trees along the Baima River, the Lianjiang River and the rural-urban road, and the Happy Trees along the rural-urban road as identified in the EIRs and Table V.3 of this EIA, to prevent damage to these trees by construction workers. (v) Construction workers are prohibited from capturing any wildlife in the project areas. (vi) There will be no construction works on the Yuan River, Xinhua River and Tankou River (including the rural-urban road section crossing the Yuen River) from March to June each year. (vii) There will be no construction works on the Pingshui River (including the rural-urban road section crossing the Pingshui River) from April to June each year. (viii) Compensatory fish stocking will be carried out on the Yuan River and the Pingshui River upon completion of construction in accordance with the EMP and the Fishery Resources Reports. (ix) During construction of the road section through the Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area in
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Luxi County: (1) no asphalt mixing or concrete batching station is allowed within the scenic area; (2) no material stockpile is allowed within the scenic area; (3) no borrow area and spoil disposal site is allowed within the scenic area; (4) water unpaved areas within the scenic area every two hours during dry weather to suppress dust and to reduce visual impact; (5) erect hoardings around the construction area within the scenic area to shield off noise and visual impact from construction machinery.
254. The above measures are defined in the EMP, and partly defined in the project agreement as assurances. Contractors will be required to ensure compliance with these requirements. With these measures in place and implemented, ecological impacts during construction would be minimal.
6. Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation – Land Acquisition and Resettlement
255. The project is classified as Category A for involuntary resettlement. The project will acquire 185 ha of land in total (Table V.8). A total of 123 ha of land will be occupied temporarily. The project will demolish 84,400 square meters of housing and 3900 square meters of small business shops. A total of 21914 persons will be affected by the project, out of which 1597 persons will lose more than 10% of their productive assets and/or will be physically displaced. A draft resettlement plan in line with the Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), and in accordance with related local and national laws and regulations has been prepared. PMG has endorsed the resettlement plan and disclosed the relevant information to the affected persons. Land acquisition and resettlement costs of CNY 169 million will be financed by the concerned counties/districts governments.
Table V.8: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Impacts
Subproject Unit Xiangdong Luxi Lianhua Shangli Road Total Affected County /District Numbers 1 1 1 1 321 5 Affected Town/ Street Numbers 2 3 3 3 7 18 Affected Village/ community Numbers 6 10 15 18 26. 75 Affected Group Numbers 23 29 37 158 153 400 Permanent Collective land mu 386.2 777.2 134.4 727.2 742.5 2767.6 Collective including: cultivated land mu 219.8 436.5 102 603.1 260.8 1622.2 land acquisition Temporary land occupation mu 157 257 232 690.1 502.6 1838.7 Demolition of residential house m2 7651 8744 43764 11310 12952 84421 Demolition of non-residential house m2 497 2160 300 942 3899 Household 501 403 798 695 1855 4252 Directly affected by LA only Person 2076 1593 3162 2780 7419 17030 affected Household 41 68 387 78 36 610 persons affected by HD only Person 181 311 1378 282 165 2317
21 Include Luxi ,Shangli and Anyuan.
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Affected by Non-dwelling house Person 30 15 0 0 25 70 demolition Affected by temporary Household 75 18 17 228 274 612 land occupation Person 321 60 58 960 1098 2497 Household 617 489 1202 1001 2201 5510 Total Person 2608 1979 4598 4022 8707 21914 Notes: (1) LA=Land Acquisition; HD=House Demolition; m = meter; mu = mu (land area = 1/15 of a hectare (2) Affected Person is the same as Displaced Person. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) trigger for involuntary resettlement changed the terminology of “affected person” to “displaced person”, which is defined as a person who is physically or economically displaced as a result of involuntary acquisition of land or involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. In the PRC, the resettlement plans maintain the original terminology of “affected person” and the definition is equivalent to ADB’s definition of “displaced person”. Since this Project is in the PRC, this Report uses the term Affected Person. Source: Draft LARP, April 2014.
7. Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation – Health and Safety
256. Occupational health and safety. Due to its nature the construction industry is considered to be one of the most hazardous industries where a number of potentially hazardous operations are carried out. The civil works contractors will implement adequate precautions to protect the health and safety of construction workers. Contractors will manage occupational health and safety risks by applying the following measures:
(i) Construction site sanitation: (1) Each contractor shall provide adequate and functional systems for sanitary conditions, toilet facilities, waste management, labor dormitories and cooking facilities. Effectively clean and disinfect the site. During site formation, spray with phenolated water for disinfection. Disinfect toilets and refuse piles and timely remove solid waste; (2) Exterminate rodents on site at least once every 3 months, and exterminate mosquitoes and flies at least twice each year; (3) Provide public toilets in accordance with the requirements of labor management and sanitation departments in the living areas on construction site, and appoint designated staff responsible for cleaning and disinfection; (4) Work camp wastewater shall be discharged into the municipal sewer system or treated on-site with portable system. (ii) Occupational safety: (1) Provide safety hats and safety shoes to all construction workers; (2) Provide safety goggles and respiratory masks to workers doing asphalt road paving and tunnel blasting; (3) Provide ear plugs to workers working near noisy PME. (iii) Food safety: Inspect and supervise food hygiene in canteen on site regularly. Canteen workers must have valid health permits. Once food poisoning is discovered, implement effective control measures immediately to prevent it from spreading. (iv) Disease prevention, health services: (1) All contracted labor shall undergo a medical examination which should form the basis of an (obligatory) health/accident insurance and welfare provisions to be included in the work contracts. The contractors shall maintain records of health and welfare conditions for each person contractually engaged; (2) Establish health clinic at location where workers are concentrated, which should be equipped with common medical supplies and medication for simple treatment and emergency treatment for accidents; (3)
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Specify (by the PIUs and contractors) the person(s) responsible for health and epidemic prevention responsible for the education and propaganda on food hygiene and disease prevention to raise the awareness of workers. (v) Social conflict prevention: No major social risks and/or vulnerabilities are anticipated as a result of the project. The project construction workers will be engaged locally. Civil works contracts will stipulate priorities to (1) employ local people for works, (2) ensure equal opportunities for women and men, (3) pay equal wages for work of equal value, and to pay women’s wages directly to them; and (4) not employ child or forced labor.
257. Community health and safety. Temporary traffic diversions, continual generation of noise and dust on hauling routes, and general hindrance to local accesses and services are common impacts associated with construction works within or nearby local settlements.The project may also contribute to road accidents through the use of heavy machinery on existing roads, temporarily blocking pavements for pedestrians etc. The potential impacts on community health and safety will be mitigated through a number of activities defined in the EMP. The contractors will implement the following measures:
(i) Temporary Traffic management: A traffic control and operation plan will be prepared together with the local traffic police prior to any construction. The plan shall include provisions for diverting or scheduling construction traffic to avoid morning and afternoon peak traffic hours, regulating traffic at road crossings with an emphasis on ensuring public safety through clear signs, controls and planning in advance. (ii) Information disclosure: Residents and businesses will be informed in advance through media of the construction activities, given the dates and duration of expected traffic disruption. (iii) Construction sites: Clear signs will be placed at construction sites in view of the public, warning people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, excavations etc. and raising awareness on safety issues. Heavy machinery will not be used after day light and all such equipment will be returned to its overnight storage area/position before night. All sites will be made secure, discouraging access by members of the public through appropriate fencing whenever appropriate.
258. Utilities provision interruption. Construction may require relocation of municipal utilities such as power, water, wastewater, communication cables. Temporary suspension of services (planned or accidental) can affect the economy, industries, businesses and residents’ daily life. Mitigation of impacts on utilities provision will be through a number of activities defined in the EMP, to be incorporated in the tender documents and construction contracts:
(i) Contractors will assess construction locations in advance for potential disruption to services and identify risks before starting construction. Any damage or hindrance/disadvantage to local businesses caused by the premature removal or insufficient replacement of public utilities is subject to full compensation, all at the full liability of the contractor who caused the problem. (ii) If temporary disruption is unavoidable the contractor will, in collaboration with relevant local authorities such as power company, water supply company and communication company, develop a plan to minimize the disruption and communicate the dates and duration in advance to all affected people.
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(iii) Construction billboards, which include construction contents, schedule, responsible person and complaint phone number, will be erected at each construction site near its entrance.
E. Impacts and Mitigation Measures during the Operation Stage
1. Impacts related to the Operation of the River Rehabilitation and Flood Protection Works
259. The operation of the river components is not expected to generate major impacts. The mitigation measures for environmental impact during operation includes properly maintaining all river embankment vegetation, emergent aquatic plants and other vegetation; and inspecting all river embankment for stability issues. If signs of failure are discovered, a repair program will be implemented immediately. The rivers will also require periodic maintenance to remove garbage or excessive plant growth. Non-structural measures will be implemented to complete the flood risk management system of the project counties and district.
260. Periodic river channel maintenance. The flood flow capacity of the project rivers may be severely impaired as a result of accumulations of sediments, garbage, uncontrolled plant growth and the construction of weirs built to provide either irrigation water. The local WRBs will be responsible for the maintenance of the rehabilitated rivers. They will appoint sufficient personnel to regularly maintain the river, including removal of garbage and vegetation which may impair flood flow capacity.
261. Hydrological impacts from river embankments. River embankments may result in higher water velocities and/or volumes moving downstream, posing risks to communities and lands downstream of the project area, as well as changes in channel morphology. The FSR estimated that the project will result in only small increases (0.1-0.2 meters per second) to mean annual flood velocities in the project rivers. The average channel gradient of project rivers will not be changed – dredging will maintain the existing gradient. Of the seven embankment designs to be employed, all except one (i.e. reinforced concrete retaining wall) are designed to absorb changing water levels and flow velocities through the maximum use of vegetation, graded revetments, and rough and porous textures; for the single exception, this will only be used in short river sections subject to the most severe bank erosion. Hydraulic dams will enable to regulate downstream flows. On the basis of this information, it is concluded the project does not present significant risks to downstream residents, lands, or channel morphology. Embankment heights were identified based on: (i) the maximum flood height of 1:20 year floods and 1:10 year floods; (ii) a safety margin of +60-70 cm (comprising 20 cm “wave action” and 40-50 cm safety margin), identified from modeling flood velocities and levels. These results were summed together to calculate the embankment heights for the project river sections. They confirm that design calculations for flood risk make ample provision for potential increases in rainfall and flood levels.
262. Flood monitoring and early warning. The flood monitoring and early warning systems of all counties and district will be reviewed and upgraded in the framework of the capacity building component of the project to cover the existing and proposed urban development areas so that, when an over-standard flood is forecast, people at risk or with property at risk could be warned, take appropriate precautions to limit flood damage and be evacuated from the areas at
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risk of inundation if necessary. The plans will consider safety of evacuation routes and locations of safe temporary refuge, among other matters. Even for floods below the design flood protection standard, the flood monitoring and forecasting systems should be used to warn the community of approximate flood peak levels expected so that activities undertaken near the river banks can be suspended. Details on the scope of the flood monitoring and early warning system subcomponents will be defined during project implementation with the support of the LIC. Essentially, the project will establish the following in the project counties and district: (i) additional water/rainfall monitoring stations; (ii) establishment of real-time video monitoring systems; and (iii) establishment of wireless flood warning broadcasting system (voice, cell phone, FM signals, etc).
2. Impacts related to the Operation of the Wastewater Treatment Plants
263. Effluent discharge, water quality. Potential water quality impact would result from the discharge of treated effluent (to Class 1B standard) from the Xuanfeng Town WWTP (into the Lishui River) and the Tongmu Town WWTP (into the Yuan River). Through treatment to Class 1B standard, substantial amount of pollutants will be removed every year (see Table V.1) benefiting the water quality of these rivers. The effluent discharge locations of these two WWTPs are not located in protection zone or Category II water bodies. The performance of the WWTPs and compliance with the 1B discharge standard will be monitored weekly by the WWTP operators. The EEM will conduct quarterly effluent and surface water quality monitoring until the PCR is issued.
264. Odor. Operation of the Xuanfeng Town and Tongmu Town WWTPs would emit odor. Potential odor sources in the WWTPs include the intake screen, influent pump room, fine screen, sludge dewatering pump house, sludge storage tank and temporary sludge drying beds. Emissions of odorous chemicals such as NH3 and H2S from WWTPs are regulated by PRC’s Discharge Standard of Pollutants from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002). The WWTPs will have to comply with Class II standard, with the maximum allowable 3 3 concentrations of NH3 and H2S at the plant boundary being 1.5 mg/m and 0.06 mg/m respectively.
265. Based on odor predictions, the EITs recommended a buffer distance of 200 m downwind of the WWTPs to mitigate potential odor impact. The sensitive receptor nearest to the Xuanfeng Town WWTP is approximately 340 m from the plant boundary. No odor impact is anticipated. However, the nearest sensitive receptor, Xiashan Village, to the Tongmu Town WWTP is only 108 m from the plant boundary. Resettlement of 2 households in this village is needed. These two households are covered under the resettlement plan for the project component. The next nearest sensitive receptor to the Tongmu Town WWTP is more than 200 m away.
266. Noise. Operational noise impact could potentially come from the WWTPs. Noise levels from equipment range from 75-110 dB(A) according to estimates provided in the EIT. To mitigate potential noise impacts, the WWTPs will use low noise equipment and building walls with sufficient thickness and acoustic measures such as barriers or sound absorbing materials. The WWTP O&M unit will also diligently maintain such equipment to keep them in good working conditions. With the above mitigation measures in place, noise levels from equipment could be reduced to 70-95 dB(A). Noise levels at the WWTP boundaries would meet Grade II noise requirements of 60 dB(A) during day time and 50 dB(A) at night under PRC’s Noise Standards at the Boundary of Industries and Enterprises (GB 12348-2008). This will verified by the EEM until the PCR is issued.
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267. Solid Waste. General refuse generated at the WWTPs will be collected regularly for disposal at landfills. Spent UV lamps from the WWTPs for disinfection contain mercury (Hg) and are therefore classified as hazardous waste. The UV lamp suppliers will take back spent lamps for recycling or proper disposal in hazardous waste treatment facility.
268. Sludge. Approximately 6,722 t/a dewatered sludge (75-80% water content) will be generated from the WWTPs (Xuanfeng Town WWTP 4,481 t/a and Tongmu Town WWTP 2,241 t/a) during operation. For disposal at sanitary landfill, the moisture content of the sludge should not be more than 60% according to PRC’s Disposal of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant – Quality of Sludge for Co-landfilling (GB/T 23485-2009). Sludge drying beds will be constructed on the WWTP sites for air drying the sludge to <60% moisture content so that it complies with the moisture content requirement for landfill disposal.
269. Health and safety. Wastewater treatment plant O&M staff are exposed to occupational risks of falls on wet floors or into treatment ponds, pits, clarifiers or vats, splashes of hazardous liquids, or cuts and contusions from equipment, etc. They are exposed to hazards related to work in confined spaces. The following measures will be implemented to safeguard the safety and health of WWTP operators: (i) compulsory use of safety shoes or boots with non-slip soles, protective equipment, and chemical resistant clothing and safety goggles to avoid exposure of skin or eyes to corrosive and/or polluted solids, liquids, gases or vapors; (ii) posting of safety instructions in each workshop regarding the storage, transport, handling or pouring of chemicals; (iii) check electrical equipment for safety before use; verify that all electric cables are properly insulated; take faulty or suspect electrical equipment to a qualified electricity technician for testing and repair; and (iv) adherence to safety instructions concerning entry into confined spaces. All workers will undergo periodic examinations by occupational physician to reveal early symptoms of possible chronic effects or allergies. Finally, health and safety will be incorporated into the regular staff training programs.
3. Impacts related to the Operation of the Rural-urban Road
270. Air Quality. Motor vehicles travelling on the rural-urban road will emit air pollutants via exhaust. These pollutants include NO2, CO, HC and PM. Of these, the critical air pollutant is NO2, meaning that if NO2 complies with the applicable standard, other pollutants such as CO, HC and PM should also comply with their respective standards. Predictions based on numerical modelling in the EIR indicate that the concentrations of NO2 from peak hour traffic emissions 3 would comply with the one-hour Class II NO2 standard of 0.2 mg/m in PRC’s Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012) at the road shoulder in year 2020, but would only achieve compliance at a distance of 20 m from the road shoulder in year 2030. New developments along the road will need to have a minimum buffer distance of 20 m from the road shoulder.
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Table V.9: Air Quality Modelling Results for 1-hour NO2 Concentrations
1-hour NO2 Concentrations (mg/m3) at Distances from Road Shoulder Year 5 m 10 m 35 m 50 m 100 m 2020 0.07-0.13 0.06 – 0.12 0.03 – 0.06 0.02 – 0.04 0.01 – 0.02 2032 0.17 – 0.36 0.16 – 0.31 0.03 – 0.15 0.01 – 0.11 <0.01 – 0.06 GB 3095-2012 0.2 Class II standard Notes: Air quality modelling based on Class D atmospheric stability22. The range represents concentrations for different wind directions Source: EIR
271. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The EIR calculated carbon emissions for 2018 (commissioning of the rural-urban road), 2020 (near term) and 2032 (long term) using the methodology described in IPCC (2006),23 based on fuel consumption from traveling distances of various vehicle types and numbers on the road. Assumptions and conversion factors shown in Table V.10 were used in calculating CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) emissions. Prediction results show that CO2eq emissions in 2018, 2020 and 2032 would be 4,511 t/a, 8,895 t/a and 18,978 t/a respectively. All do not exceed the ADB threshold of 100,000 t/a.
Table V.10: Assumptions and Factors used in Carbon Emission Calculations
Fuel Type Factors & Assumptions Gasoline (#93) Diesel (#0) Fuel consumption (L/100 km) Motor cycle 3.0 --- Small vehicle 11.5 10.5 Mid-size vehicle 22.0 14.0 Large vehicle --- 24.0 Fuel density (kg/m3) 725 835 CO2 emission factor (g/kg) 3070.0 3186.3 Source: EIR
272. Noise. Motor vehicles travelling on the rural-urban road will generate traffic noise. Traffic noise predictions provided by the EIR for the rural-urban road are shown in Table V.11 below. The sensitive receptors listed in the table are rural in nature enjoying rather good acoustic environment with noise levels complying with Category 2 noise standards prescribed in GB 3096-2008 (60 dB(A) day time and 50 dB(A) night time). However, after the rural-urban road is built, the noise standard for those receptors within 35 m from the road will be changed to Category 4a, with noise standards increased to 70 dB(A) for day time and 55 dB(A) for night time. If the future noise level at a sensitive receptor is 69 dB(A) which could be 9 dB(A) or more higher than the existing noise level, future noise level at this sensitive receptor will still be deemed to be
22 Atmospheric stability is divided into 6 classes from A to F, with A representing most unstable to F representing most stable. Class D represents median stability, such as during overcast and windy conditions. 23 IPCC. 2006. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. This is based on the current PRC fuel standards, more stringent standards in the future or more advanced fuel technologies may reduce GHG emissions further. This represents the worst case.
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in compliance and no mitigation will be provided. This is considered unfair to the residents with regard to the acoustic environment for exposing them to a new road and then increasing the standard as a result with no mitigation, despite the fact that they would benefit from improved travel conditions.
273. This project therefore adopts the rationale of WBG’s EHS guideline together with PRC’s noise standard, that if the increase in future noise level due to operation of a new road is more than 3 dB(A) compared to the existing noise level and at the same time exceeds the present applicable day time or night time noise standard, the mitigation measure of providing double-glazed windows for these households will be implemented. Table V.11 shows that ventilated double glazed windows will be provided to 145 households totaling 1,450 m2 at a cost of CNY600 per m2, ordinary double glazed windows will be provided to 85 households totaling 850 m2 at a cost of CNY400 per m2, and follow up noise monitoring will be carried out at those locations that were predicted to experience noise exceedance in the long term with 400 m2 of ordinary double glazed windows budgeted for. Table V.11 also shows a few sensitive receptors are already experiencing noise levels higher than the existing applicable standard, and this project provides the opportunity to install double-glazed windows for these receptors as well. Noise mitigation would incur a total cost of CNY1,370,000 (approximately $224,000), which includes a reserve budget of CNY160,000 for potential future exceedance. Pingxiang Transport Bureau is committed to carry out a more detailed predictive analysis of sensitive receptor sites along the proposed Project road (to be conducted by the DI during preliminary design), and to allocate funds for noise mitigation at affected properties and sensitive sites, as needed, before construction commences.
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Table V.11: Predicted Traffic Noise for the Rural-urban Road and Noise Mitigation
Day Time Noise [dB(A)] Night Time Noise [dB(A) No. Sensitive Receptor Chainage Mitigation Measure Existing 2018 2020 2032 Existing 2018 2020 2032 Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 1 Aoshang 垇 K0+000~K0+180 54.8 63.2 65.0 68.4 49.7 59.3 62.2 65.5 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 5 2 Yanzhutang 烟猪塘 K1+000 54.8 60.9 62.7 65.8 49.7 56.9 58.8 61.9 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY30,000) Still in compliance with existing noise category with <3dB(A) increase until night time in 2032. 3 Fenshuiao 分水垇 K1+700 55.9 56.4 56.8 57.7 48.3 49.8 50.6 52.4 Follow up monitoring and reserve budget for installing 50 m2 ordinary double glazed windows (CNY20,000) 4 Taohuachong 花 K2+100 55.9 56.1 56.3 56.7 48.3 49.0 49.4 50.4 Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 5 5 Biqiling 碧起岭 K4+400 55.9 59.4 61.0 63.9 49.7 56.0 57.8 60.9 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY30,000) Follow up monitoring and reserve budget for 6 Shiyuan 石源 K5+800 52.2 54.8 55.9 58.2 43.8 49.8 51.5 54.6 installing 50 m2 ordinary double glazed windows (CNY20,000) 7 Zhangjiawan 张家湾 K7+500 47.6 47.7 47.8 48.1 40.3 40.7 40.9 41.6 Quantangchong 泉塘 Follow up monitoring since still in compliance with 8 K7+800 47.6 51.1 52.5 55.1 40.3 46.2 47.9 51.0 existing noise category until night time in 2032 Changshangbu 长山 Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 9 K8+500 52.2 56.4 57.9 60.8 43.8 51.5 53.4 56.6 埠 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 5 10 Shizishi 狮子石 K9+300 52.2 58.0 59.7 62.8 43.8 54.3 56.4 59.7 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY30,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 11 Fujiachong 家 K10+500 52.2 56.6 58.1 61.0 43.8 51.7 53.7 56.8 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Huanglishuixia 黄栗 Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 5 12 K11+000 52.2 59.7 61.4 64.7 43.8 55.3 57.5 60.8 树 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY30,000) Follow up monitoring since still in compliance with 13 Jingouwan 金钩湾 K11+000 47.6 52.1 53.6 56.6 40.3 46.6 48.4 51.5 existing noise category until night time in 2032 Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 5 14 Baishuxia 树 K11+800 56.7 59.4 60.5 62.9 49.0 54.7 56.4 59.4 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY30,000) Dongyuanxiang 源 Follow up monitoring since still in compliance with 15 K11+900 50.1 52.3 53.2 55.4 47.1 48.4 49.0 50.6 乡 镇 existing noise category until night time in 2032 Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 16 Hekouqian 河 前 K12+500 56.7 59.3 60.4 62.7 49.0 53.8 55.4 58.2 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000)
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Day Time Noise [dB(A)] Night Time Noise [dB(A) No. Sensitive Receptor Chainage Mitigation Measure Existing 2018 2020 2032 Existing 2018 2020 2032 Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 17 Nanjiachong 南家 K13+100 56.7 58.6 59.5 61.5 49.0 52.4 53.8 56.4 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 18 Shimapi 石马陂 K13+300 56.7 63.3 65.1 68.3 49.0 59.9 61.9 65.3 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) Malinghuangjia 马岭 Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 19 K14+100 56.7 58.9 59.9 62.1 49.0 53.9 55.5 58.4 黄家 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 20 Daguo 大窝 K15+300 52.3 56.6 58.1 60.9 44.2 52.6 54.5 57.8 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) 21 Zhimuchong 桎木 K15+900 49.3 50.6 51.3 50.6 42.3 44.7 45.8 48.0 22 Leigongping 雷 坪 K16+200 49.3 50.6 51.3 53.1 42.3 44.8 45.9 48.2 Follow up monitoring and reserve budget for Gengtang Village 耿 23 K17+100 52.3 55.0 56.1 58.6 44.2 49.1 50.8 53.6 installing 50 m2 ordinary double glazed windows 塘村 (CNY20,000) 24 Dayuan 大院 K18+300 49.3 50.6 51.2 52.9 42.3 44.7 46.0 48.0 Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 25 Shapixia 沙陂 K18+500 52.3 56.1 57.5 60.2 44.2 51.7 53.7 56.8 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Huangpishang 黄陂 Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 26 K20+000 52.3 59.2 61.0 64.2 44.2 54.9 56.9 60.3 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 27 Doujialing 斗家岭 K20+800 52.3 58.9 60.6 63.8 44.2 54.4 56.6 59.8 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) 28 Muchong 幕 K21+200 49.3 51.3 52.2 54.3 42.3 45.3 46.5 49.0 Follow up monitoring since still in compliance with 29 Huangnikeng 黄泥坑 K22+500 49.3 51.5 52.5 54.7 42.3 46.4 47.8 50.6 existing noise category until night time in 2032 Already exceed existing noise standard. Install 30 Changmuling 长睦岭 K24+600 70.1 70.1 70.1 70.2 57.6 57.7 57.8 58.0 ventilated double-glazed windows at 20 households totaling 200 m2 (CNY120,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 31 Jianshan 鉴山 K25+600 49.3 55.5 57.2 60.4 42.3 51.5 53.5 56.9 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 32 Nianxing 年形 K26+100 49.3 56.0 57.8 60.9 42.3 52.2 54.2 57.5 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 33 Miaoxia 庙 K27+100 49.3 55.4 57.2 60.3 42.3 51.5 53.5 56.9 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Follow up monitoring and reserve budget for 34 Zhujingtang 竹井塘 K27+100 49.3 53.6 55.0 57.9 42.3 48.9 50.7 50.7 installing 50 m2 ordinary double glazed windows (CNY20,000) 35 Zhangtianguo 张天窝 K27+300 49.3 51.4 52.4 54.5 42.3 46.0 47.4 50.0
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Day Time Noise [dB(A)] Night Time Noise [dB(A) No. Sensitive Receptor Chainage Mitigation Measure Existing 2018 2020 2032 Existing 2018 2020 2032 Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 36 Xinwuchang 新屋场 K27+600 49.3 58.3 60.3 63.6 42.3 54.8 56.9 60.2 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) 37 Shiqiaoxia 石桥 K28+700 49.3 50.5 51.1 52.7 42.3 44.5 45.5 47.7 38 Hejiashan 家山 K28+900 49.3 50.3 50.8 52.2 42.3 44.1 45.1 47.0 Shangtongmukeng Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 39 K30+200 49.3 54.8 56.4 59.4 42.3 50.3 52.2 55.4 木坑 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Follow up monitoring and reserve budget for Xiatongmukeng 40 K30+800 49.3 52.8 54.1 56.8 42.3 47.5 49.2 52.2 installing 50 m2 ordinary double glazed windows 木坑 (CNY20,000) Follow up monitoring and reserve budget for 41 Maoeng 麻棚 K31+200 55.9 56.5 56.9 57.7 48.3 50.0 50.9 52.4 installing 50 m2 ordinary double glazed windows (CNY20,000) Follow up monitoring and reserve budget for 42 Yuanxi Village 源溪村 K32+500 55.9 56.7 57.3 58.3 48.3 49.8 50.7 52.1 installing 50 m2 ordinary double glazed windows (CNY20,000) Yuannan School 源南 43 K32+850 51.2 51.9 52.4 53.3 43.1 45.3 46.3 48.0 学校 Follow up monitoring and reserve budget for 44 Punjiatang 潘家塘 K33+000 55.9 56.3 56.7 57.3 48.3 49.6 50.4 51.7 installing 50 m2 ordinary double glazed windows (CNY20,000) Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 45 Zhangjiapi 章家陂 K35+800 64.8 65.3 65.7 66.4 47.3 54.5 56.4 58.9 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 46 Hengtang 横塘 K36+600 52.2 57.8 60.0 62.4 43.8 53.7 55.7 58.4 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 5 47 Hetangxia 河塘 K37+300 52.2 56.4 58.3 60.6 43.8 52.7 54.7 57.3 households totaling 50 m2 (CNY20,000) Follow up monitoring since still in compliance with 48 Maixi Village 墨溪村 K38+000 47.6 52.5 54.6 56.9 40.3 47.5 49.5 52.0 existing noise category until night time in 2032 Tongzishuxia 子树 49 K39+700 51.2 51.9 52.4 53.3 43.1 44.9 45.9 47.4 Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 50 Yanjialing 言家岭 K40+900 56.7 59.2 60.7 62.6 49.0 54.8 56.6 59.1 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 10 51 Hejiazhen 何家圳 K41+300 57.0 58.5 59.5 60.9 43.5 50.6 52.6 55.2 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY40,000) Install ordinary double-glazed windows at 10 52 Congshanli 山里 K41+900 56.7 58.4 59.5 61.0 49.0 52.4 53.7 55.7 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY40,000)
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Day Time Noise [dB(A)] Night Time Noise [dB(A) No. Sensitive Receptor Chainage Mitigation Measure Existing 2018 2020 2032 Existing 2018 2020 2032 Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 53 Shixingli 狮形里 K42+400 56.7 59.9 61.5 63.6 49.0 55.8 57.7 60.2 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) Install ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 54 Shilunshang 石论 K43+000 56.7 60.2 61.9 64.1 49.0 56.3 58.2 60.7 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) Already exceed existing noise standard. Install 55 Pailou Village 排楼村 K43+900 58.3 59.9 61.0 62.5 53.6 55.5 56.5 58.0 ventilated double-glazed windows at 10 households totaling 100 m2 (CNY60,000) GB 3096-2008 Category 2 standard 60 50 Note:
Existing noise level already exceeds standard Predicted noise level exceeds existing level by more than 3 dB(A) and also exceeds the present noise standard Source: EIR
Source: EIR
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F. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Considerations
274. A climate change specialist has undertaken a climate change impact assessment for the proposed project (see Appendix 3)24. Based on the IPCC AR5 GCM outputs and historical observation, quantitative climate scenario projections and their associated uncertainty for the key climate variables that affect the PIURID were generated. From such quantitative and other relevant information, it is then possible to identify adaptation options that could enhance the sustainability of the project to climate change impact by “climate proofing” the risk sensitive components at the design and construction stages.
275. Climate projections. Climate projections were undertaken for years 2050 and 2100 with three emission scenarios of low, median and high, which would have climate sensitivity of low, mild and high respectively. Temperature and rainfall were the two key parameters examined.
Temperature. The project area is likely to become warmer in the future, which on the one hand is beneficial to the transport system because of the reduced risk of frost and snowfall and the damage of extreme low temperature to the road pavement and sub-grade. On the other hand, an increased temperature implies that heat waves may become more severe and longer lasting. Recorded extreme high temperature in the project area is 41oC. With 6oC increase by 2100 as projected by the high scenario, the extreme high temperature would be around 47oC. Assessment results indicate that temperature change may potentially cause damage to road surface on the rural-urban road.
Precipitation. Climate change impact on rainfall would have direct consequences for project planning and design, as storm and triggered flood were found to be the main risk faced by this project. The median scenario change projection indicates that the annual rainfall will likely have small increase between 3% to 4% by 2050 and 6 to 7% by 2100. The monthly rainfall change from the median scenario projection is also small for the dry season, but becomes noticeable for the rainy season. Rainfall increase is projected for all months except November and December, which were projected to decrease slightly. The rainfall increase in the rainy season is relative large, and generally has large uncertainty range, and the uncertainty range is skewed to a large rainfall increase from the mid-climate change projection.
Storm intensity, Lianhua. Floods in Pingxiang are caused by heavy rainfall events, particularly during the rainy season. Storms are characterized by high intensity and short duration, reflecting good correlation with heavy rainfall in short duration (with 6-hour rainfall having the strongest statistical significance). Due to the lack of long term historical data on hourly rainfall, daily rainfall in Lianhua County was analyzed for assessing the climate change impact. Table V.12 shows the annual maximum daily rainfall projections by Ye (2014). The current 1-in-20 year event of annual maximum daily rainfall in Lianhua County is 180.29 mm. Under the median scenario, rainfall intensity was predicted to increase by 6.7% in 2050 and 13.9% by 2100. Under the high scenario, such increases would be 13.2% by 2050 and 32% by 2100. The change in heavy rainfall would be significant, implying an increased flood risk in the future.
24
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Table V.12: Annual Maximum One-day Rainfall and its Future Projections
2050 Scenario 2100 Scenario Return period Baseline Low Median High Low Median High (year) Annual Maximum Daily Rainfall Projections (mm) 2 91.21 95.53 97.07 102.97 97.02 102.40 117.52 5 125.61 130.80 132.70 140.19 132.64 139.46 158.87 10 151.96 158.59 161.05 170.73 160.97 169.78 194.96 20 180.29 189.16 192.44 205.40 192.34 204.13 237.99 50 222.00 235.33 240.25 259.68 240.10 257.76 309.22 100 257.46 275.58 282.26 308.68 282.05 306.06 377.07 Change (%)
2 -- 4.7 6.4 12.9 6.4 12.3 28.8 5 -- 4.1 5.6 11.6 5.6 11.0 26.5 10 -- 4.4 6.0 12.4 5.9 11.7 28.3 20 -- 4.9 6.7 13.9 6.7 13.2 32.0 50 -- 6.0 8.2 17.0 8.2 16.1 39.3 100 -- 7.0 9.6 19.9 9.6 18.9 46.5 Source: Ye (2014)
276. Review of design storm and flood methodology. Given the lack of sufficient meteorological/ hydrological data to support more sophisticated hydrological model development and design calculations; the DI adopted for the FSR the Handbook and Analog methods for design storm and design flood calculation. In the framework of the CRVA, the adequacy of the Handbook and the Analog methods where assessed. Both methods are considered appropriate for the calculation of the design flood. The Handbook slightly overestimates floods, and is thus on the safe side:
The Handbook method was analyzed against the historical observation at Lianhua and Pinshui River. It was found that the design storm derived from Handbook is very conservative. Consequently, design based on the Handbook will result in a higher flood protection standard in comparison with observations.
The adequacy of the Analog method was tested against TR-55 hydrological model results. The TR-55 model simulates a flood event based on the catchment’s topographic and geographic features and has been widely used in the US for un-gaged catchment flood calculation. A TR-55 model was developed for the Lianjiang River which has annual maximum river discharge for model calibration/validation. The required topo-geographic features of DEM, land cover and soil data was used to define the model parameters. The analysis demonstrated no systematic error or bias from the comparison of the two methods. In spite of its simplicity, the analogue method is capable of generating a comparable flood event similar to TR-55 simulations.
277. Impact of climate change on stage heights and implications for project design. Short-term and high-intensity rainfall is the main driving factor of the flood in the PIURID area.
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Taking the full uncertainty range into consideration, the intensity of 1-in-20 year annual maximum daily rainfall will likely increase between 5% to 14% by 2050 and 6.7% to 32% by 2100. A reasonable assessment of climate change impact on stage heights is to examine the adequacy of design flood under a similar range change in storm intensity. The impact consequences will be different depending on the channel morphology such as area and slope. Nevertheless, on average, it was found from analyzing the discharge-stage heights of the Lianjiang River at different locations that a 5, 10, and 20% discharge increase will lead to a 0.12, 0.24 and 0.46m increase in stage heights. These estimates are in line with water level estimates that were derived from discharge projection from annual maximum daily rainfall based on historical annual maximum flow discharge and water level data at Qianfang hydrometric station on the river. Table V.13 shows that water levels are projected to increase over the baseline of 191.68 m above sea level by 0.17 m by 2050 and 0.28 m by 2100 under the median scenario, and by 0.28 m by 2050 and 0.53 m by 2100 under the high scenario.
Table V.13: Climate Change Impact on Annual Maximum Water Level at Qianfang Hydrometric Station on Lianjiang River
2050 Scenario 2100 Scenario Modelled baseline Low Median High Low Median High Mean (masl) 191.68 191.82 191.85 191.96 191.85 191.96 192.21 Change (m) ---- 0.14 0.17 0.28 0.17 0.28 0.53 Note: masl = meter above sea level Source: Ye (2014)
278. Climate risk mitigation strategies. Overall, the project is not significantly at risk from climate change, and has incorporated a series of measures to reduce the project counties’ vulnerability to current climate variability that will also contribute to climate change adaptation. E.g., the freeboard height of 50-70cm currently proposed in the design of flood control works will be able to accommodate projected stage-height increases resulting from climate change, at least until 2050. However, the CRVA recommended a series of additional climate risk mitigation measures that have been, or should be considered at detailed design or later stages of project implementation and operation. These are presented in the CRVA (Section 5), and summarized here:
During detailed design (i) consider taking a 6% increase of design storm and 0.2 m increase of design flood in general design process (where the analogue method is used); (ii) for key infrastructures, such as the dykes in urban area, bridges and culverts in road development, consider using the high scenario projections as reference, i.e., 20% increase of design storm and 0.3 m increase of design flood; (iii) consider applying asphalt concreate (AC) with special additive for road surfacing (to cope with increased temperatures).
Remove existing dams and/or change their structure, such as to hydraulic tilting weirs, to enhance response capabilities to climate variability and change.
Solid waste management in the project counties and district should be improved, and public awareness of adequate solid waste handling increased. The regular removal of accumulated solid waste in the river beds, as well as periodic dredging of the river channels can substantially reduce the risk of floods.
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Prohibiting cultivation along the steep land and planting deep rooted vegetation in erosion prone areas can effectively prevent soil erosion from occurring. Ecological restoration of project rivers will significantly benefit the PIURID (the project itself will protect some 66ha of natural floodplains, and re-vegetate some 90ha of riparian areas along the project rivers).
Together with a state-of-the-art flood monitoring and warning system, hydraulic infrastructure along the river systems have great potential to reduce the flood damage. An investment in flood warning system and its cooperation with the hydraulic projects in the river network should be considered, as it can have great potential to enhance the resilience of the local community against flood risk.
Improved hydro-meteorological information, including new stations and data collection, would be essential for adaptive management protocols.
279. Table V.14 lists in detail the recommendations discussed above, and shows how these are, or might be, incorporated into project design. Discussions were conducted with the EA, IAs and the design team and it was agreed that the climate change impact information and the above recommendations would be considered in the final project design with additional adaptation costs calculated to support the cost-benefit analysis. A capacity development sub-module for climate-resilient urban-rural development planning and infrastructure development has been included to component 4 of the project. The sub-module will be coordinated by an international and a national climate change adaptation specialist and an urban-rural planner. They will, amongst others, review preliminary and detailed design for river rehabilitation works and the urban-rural road and their auxiliary facilities (including bridges, culverts, drainage outfalls etc.), and support IAs and design institutes to incorporate climate-proofing measures into detailed engineering design.
Table V.14: Recommended climate risk mitigation and adaptation measures
Adaptation measure Implementation Implementation Estimated Cost Notes priority schedule Selection of appropriate AC High Project’s detailed design Low to Moderate AC with additive to sustain materials in road surface phase high temperature construction Adjustment of 6% increase in Moderate Project’s detailed design Low to Moderate For general design design storm; adjustment of phase purpose, to be considered 0.2 m increase in design during detailed design flood Adjustment of 20% increase Moderate Project’s detailed design Moderate to For key project in design storm; adjustment phase High infrastructures (bridges of 0.4 m increase in design and culverts) flood Enlarge the storm water High Project’s detailed design Moderate To accommodate the outlet size according to 10% phase increase in urban storm increase of design storm water
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Remove or change structure High Detailed design phase (for High (6.1 million Project plans to replace 31 of dams blocking flood water dams within project river USD included in concrete weirs by sections); mid to long term project scope) hydraulic weirs. (for other sections) Complete a functional solid Moderate Project implementation Low to Moderate To be initiated through waste collection system phase (Capacity Building Project’s capacity building Component) component; based on sector development plans of counties and district Ecological restoration of the High Detailed design stage, N/A Other restoration to be project area long term guided by sector development plans of counties and district. Strengthen existing flood Moderate Project implementation Low To be initiated through monitoring and warning phase (Capacity Building Project’s capacity building systems Component) component Institutional capacity building Moderate Project implementation Low (0.25 To be initiated through for climate change impact phase (Capacity Building million USD Project’s capacity building adaptation planning Component) included in component project scope) Source: Adapted from Wei (2015), see Appendix 4.
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VI. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
A. No Project Alternative
280. Without the project the local governments will not be able to proceed with this type of infrastructure due to lack of funding. The outcome of “doing nothing” would be: (i) continued and increased outflow of wastewater into rivers which are water sources to downstream users; (ii) continued river flooding causing loss of lives and properties; (ii) riverbank scouring and erosion; and (d) limited economic development affecting rural-urban integration.
B. Alternatives Considered
281. Removal of river sediment. Two methods were evaluated for the removal of sediment from the project rivers. The first method is to excavate the river sediment in the dry. This is accomplished by building a coffer dam around the area for sediment removal, thus diverting the river flow around the coffer dam. The water within the coffer dam would be pumped out. A mechanical excavator would then be deployed inside the coffer dam to excavate the sediment, similar to earth excavation on land. The second method is to deploy a mechanical dredger to dredge the river sediment under water. The first method is applicable to small rivers, or rivers with water depths too shallow for deploying a dredger. The dispersion of suspended solids is contained within the coffer dam in the first method, while the second method would stir up the river sediment during dredging, resulting in the dispersion of suspended solids to downstream areas if no mitigation is applied. The dry method will be adopted for all project rivers because the sections are close to urban developments with space constraint for dredger deployment.
282. Dredged sediment treatment. Three methods for treating the dredged sediment were evaluated. The first method is solidification on site. This applies to the dry sediment removal method where a solidifying chemical is added to the sediment inside the coffer dam after the water has been pumped out. The sediment is stirred to mix the chemicals and to allow the moisture and pore water to evaporate. The solidified sediment is then transported off site for disposal or re-use as fill material. The second method is to fill the dredged sediment into tube-shaped geotextile bags in a sediment storage area, with the addition of a flocculent such as poly acrylamide. The water pressure inside the geotextile bag would squeeze the water out of the geo-textile bag. The geotextile bags with dewatered sediment inside would then be transported to the disposal site. The third method is flocculation and dewatering, with the addition of a solidifying agent. Figure III.8 shows the solidification on site method and the geotextile bag dewatering method. Table VI.1 summarizes the comparison of the three methods.
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Spray solidifying chemical Final product Mixing
Solidification On Site Bag filling Dewatering Final product
Geotextile Bag Dewatering Figure VI.1: Dredged Sediment Treatment by Solidification On Site and Geotextile Bag Dewatering
Source: FSRs Table VI.1: Comparison of Dredged Sediment Treatment Methods
Treatment Method Parameter Solidification On Site Geotextile Bag Dewatering Flocculation and Dewatering Environmental Air quality Application of chemical powder for Less odor from the slurry Less odor from the slurry solidification could create dust impact. The dried sediment could emit unpleasant odor. Water quality Small quantity of wastewater. Less Comparatively large quantity of Comparatively large quantity of impact to receiving water body wastewater. Needs treatment prior wastewater. Needs treatment prior to discharge to protect water quality to discharge to protect water quality of receiving water body of receiving water body Noise Less construction noise Less construction noise Higher construction noise Solid waste Final product moisture content Final product moisture content Final product moisture content ≤ 50-60% therefore limited re-use 40-50%. 40%. opportunity Engineering Treatment site No need to set up a treatment site Needs to set up a treatment site with Needs to set up a treatment site with relatively large footprint. relatively large footprint. Construction Takes long time to dry the sediment Takes long time to dewater through Takes shorter duration, thus less duration the geotextile bags. impact on the overall project
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Treatment Method Parameter Solidification On Site Geotextile Bag Dewatering Flocculation and Dewatering program. External Operation affected by weather Operation less affected by weather Operation least affected by weather influence conditions conditions conditions Degree of Difficult to control the sediment Needs wastewater treatment to high Needs wastewater treatment to high difficulty treatment depth discharge standards discharge standards Effectiveness Unable to guarantee even mixing Final product has less moisture Final product has the least moisture with chemical. The product has high content content and is more stable. moisture content and unstable. Economics CNY 120.73/t CNY 124.00/t CNY 140.00/t Source: FSRs
283. The project will adopt natural dewatering and drying of dredged sediment at the disposal sites identified in Chapter V. Where needed because of poor natural dewatering conditions, solidification on site will be applied. If discharge of supernatant water is needed at any of these sites, the supernatant water must not be discharged into Category II water bodies and must be treated to meet Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996), Class I standard for discharging into Category III water bodies.
284. Revetment. Revetment types for the project rivers include retaining walls and sloped and vegetated embankments. Different materials for the retaining walls were evaluated (Table VI.2) and both concrete and stone masonry has been chosen for different sections of the project rivers for reason of durability. Different sloped embankment types were also compared (Table VI.3) and permeable interlocking concrete, gabion, dry boulder riprap and vegetated revetments were selected for various sections of the project rivers, allowing vegetation growth on these sloped embankments.
Table VI.2: Comparison of Retaining Wall Construction Materials
Evaluation Criteria Concrete Stone Masonry Interlocking Blocks Dry Stone Durability Good Good Good Low Ease of Construction Difficult Difficult Easy Easy Allows Vegetative Growth No No Some Some Requirements for Foundation Bearing High High Low Low Capacity Cost (CNY per m) 1,100 – 3,900 900 – 1,400 1,200 - Source: FSRs
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Table VI.3: Comparison of Sloped Embankment Types
Permeable Interlocking Dry Boulder Evaluation Criteria Interlocking Gabion Grass Blocks Riprap Concrete Protection against erosion Good Good Good Good Mediocre Allows vegetation growth Some Yes Yes Yes Yes Ease of construction Easy Easy Easy Easy Easy Ease of maintenance Easy Easy Easy Easy Medium Cost (CNY per m) - 1,100 – 1,500 1,200 - 1,700 - - Source: FSRs
285. Weirs. Four types of weir, other than the overflow weir, were compared (Table VI.4). The hydraulic elevator weir was selected for the project rivers for reasons of low cost, best flood discharge effectiveness, high reliability and high degree of automation.
Table VI.4: Comparison of Weir Types
Flood Degree of Type Cost Lifespan Discharge Reliability Automation Effectiveness Regular sluice gate Most expensive 30-50 years Good Very Reliable None Rubber weir Very high 5-15 years Best Very Poor None Shutter weir Lowest 5-20 years Worst Worst Yes but unreliable Hydraulic elevator weir Low 30-50 years Best Most Reliable Highest Source: FSRs
286. Wastewater treatment plant. Two sites were considered for the Xuangeng Town WWTP (Figure VI.2). The Option 1 location is in accordance with the Xuanfeng Town Master Plan. The Option 2 site is located near Zhuyuan Village, and is at a lower elevation than the drainage catchment area for receiving wastewater by gravity flow. The site is also downwind and far from its service area, and requires no resettlement. The Option 2 location was selected.
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(selected)
Figure VI.2: Locations of Alternative Sites considered for the Xuanfeng Town Wastewater Treatment Plant
Source: FSR
287. Wastewater treatment process. For wastewater treatment process, the aerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) and oxidation ditch technologies were compared (Table VI.5). Both are activated sludge secondary treatment processes. Both technologies are in fact very similar and are also widely used in the PRC. The A2/O treatment process might require more structures than the oxidation ditch process. The Carrousel oxidation ditch treatment process, which is a modified oxidation ditch technology, was selected for both Xuanfeng and Tongmu WWTPs for reasons of lower engineering and operational costs, resilience to influent water quality fluctuations and familiarity with its operation and management locally, as the existing WWTP in Xuanfeng Town is using the same technology.
Table VI.5: Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Processes
Wastewater Treatment Process Parameter A2/O Process Oxidation Ditch Process Nitrogen removal Good Good Phosphorus removal Good Good Operational reliability Good Good Process reliability Good Better Ability to endure overloading Good Better Operation management Convenient Convenient Number of equipment Average Average Footprint of structures Smaller Larger Infrastructure investment Average Higher Operational cost Average Higher
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Wastewater Treatment Process Parameter A2/O Process Oxidation Ditch Process Requirement for automation Average Less Engineering experience More Many Size applicability Small, medium and large Small and medium Overall assessment Good Good Xuanfeng WWTP 2.75 2.75 Land take (ha) Tongmu WWTP 1,61 1.61 Xuanfeng WWTP 0.27 0.30 Power consumption (Kwh/m3 wastewater) Tongmu WWTP 0.25 0.28 Xuanfeng WWTP 45.3 million 42.8 million Engineering cost (CNY) Tongmu WWTP 37.4 million 34.5 million Unit production cost (CNY/m3 Xuanfeng WWTP 3.35 3.26 wastewater) Tongmu WWTP 2.96 2.85 Xuanfeng WWTP 1.78 1.76 Unit operation cost (CNY/m3 wastewater) Tongmu WWTP 1.47 1.45 Source: FSRs
288. Sludge dewatering. Four types of sludge dewatering equipment for the WWTPs were compared (Table VI.6). The LDI adopted centrifugation for sludge dewatering for both WWTPs based on requirement for solids content in the dewatered sludge. However, dewatered sludge with moisture content higher than 60% cannot be disposed of at sanitary landfills according to PRC regulation. As such, the small amount of dewatered sludge after centrifugation will be further air dried on site to reduce the moisture content before it is transported for landfill disposal.
Table VI.6: Comparison of Sludge Dewatering Equipment
Types of Sludge Dewatering Equipment Parameter Frame Press Centrifugation Folding Screw Press Belt Press Optimal sludge solids 4% ～ 6% 0.8% ～ 3% 7% ～ 11% 1% ～ 3% content Sludge solids content 30% ～ 45%, best 20% ～ 25%, good 30 ～ 40%, better About 20% , moderate after dewatering Land take footprint Largest Moderate Moderate Large Operation environment Intermittent operation Moderate Moderate Intermittent operation Site environmental Open area, poor Enclosed, good Enclosed, good Open area, poor condition environment environment environment environment Noise Low High Lower Lower Rinse water quantity Large Small Small Large Consumables Filter cloth None Screw shaft Filter cloth Operation and Regularly clean and Require spare parts, less Simple maintenance Need to change the filter maintenance difficulties replace filter cloth, cleaning, and less cloth and worn parts, and sometimes need manual maintenance costs to rinse pumps and air cleaning, intensive labor compressor , complex needs maintenance Degree of automation Moderate Good Good Moderate Cost Higher equipment prices, Higher equipment prices, Higher equipment prices, Lower equipment prices, more domestic fewer domestic fewer domestic more domestic manufacturers manufacturers manufacturers manufacturers
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Types of Sludge Dewatering Equipment Parameter Frame Press Centrifugation Folding Screw Press Belt Press Power consumption Higher High Low Higher Chemical consumption More Less Less More Total operating costs High High Low Low Source: FSRs
289. Odor removal. Various odor removal systems for the WWTPs were considered. These include chemical absorber, ionization and biological absorber. Biological absorber was selected for odor removal at the Xuanfeng and Tongmu WWTPs. It is a fixed bed bio-membrane reactor that breaks down odorous chemicals into water and carbon dioxide, and takes up smaller footprint with lower operating cost than the other alternatives.
290. Disinfection. For disinfection of treated wastewater prior to discharge, both chlorination and UV radiation were considered. Both the Xuanfeng WWTP and the Tongmu Town WWTP will adopt UV radiation which has environmental merit over chlorination because UV radiation, unlike chlorination, will not form potentially carcinogenic chlorination-by-products during the disinfection process.
291. Wastewater collection pipeline. For wastewater collection, alternative analyses were conducted for the collection pipeline networks and the piping materials. Two alternatives were considered for the collection pipeline network in Lianhua County (Figure VI.3). Option 1 maximizes using the existing sewer and pumping stations and construct new sewers along trunk road G319. Option 2 proposes to build new trunk and branch sewers to separate wastewater and storm water collection. Option 2 is considerably more difficult and takes longer to construct, requiring breaking and restoring the road pavement on G319 causing substantial interruption to traffic on G319, and costs approximately CNY 24 million more than Option 1. As such, Option 1 was selected.
292. Luxi County considered two options for the wastewater collection pipeline networks in Yinhe Town and Xuanfeng Town. Option 1 is the proposed option. Option 2 basically follows Option1 pipeline routes but looked into not constructing a sewage pumping station. The analysis indicated that Option 2 would need an extra 7 km of deep buried pipeline, costing approximately CNY 6 million more than Option 1 and would be more difficult to construct than Option 1. Option 1, the option with a sewage pumping station, was selected.
293. Shangli County originally had two options for wastewater collection pipeline networks in Tongmu Town, based on two location options for the Tongmu Town WWTP. However, one of the WWTP locations was found by the PPTA consultant to be on basic farmland requiring lengthy procedures for land use change, and is also near residential communities and would require substantial resettlement to meet the 200 m buffer distance requirement for WWTP. Upon the suggestion of the PPTA consultant this option was eliminated and only the proposed option described in Chapter III remained.
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Option 1 (selected) Option 2
Figure VI.3: Comparison of Wastewater Collection Pipeline Network in Lianhua County
Source: FSR
294. Wastewater collection pipe material. For wastewater collection pipeline, five types of pipe materials were compared (Table VI.7). All chose the pre-stressed concrete pipe (PCP) as the material for the wastewater collection pipeline because of lower cost and longer life time compared to the others.
Table VI.7: Comparison of Wastewater Collection Pipe Materials
Pipe Material Pre-stressed Un-plasticized High Density Reinforced Plastic Parameter Concrete Pipe Steel Pipe Polyvinyl Chloride Polyethylene Mortar Pipe (PCP) (UPVC) Pipe (HDPE) Pipe (RPMP) Life time Longer Shorter Long Long Long Impermeability Weak Stronger Strong Strong Strong Anti-corrosion Stronger Weak Strong Strong Strong Can be buried deep; Can be buried deep; Poor in enduring Poor in enduring Poor in enduring Endure external able to withstand Able to withstand external pressure; external pressure; external pressure; pressure greater external greater external deform easily deform easily deform easily pressure pressure Ease of construction Difficult Expedient Expedient Expedient Expedient Construction Open cut; pipe Open cut; pipe Open cut; pipe Open cut Open cut methods jacking jacking jacking Socket type; rubber On-site welding; Socket type; rubber Casing; rubber ring Interface Hot-melt adhesive ring seal steel interface ring seal seal Roughness n 0.013 － 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.010 Value) Larger head loss Larger head loss Less head loss Less head loss Less head loss Head loss
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Pipe Material Pre-stressed Un-plasticized High Density Reinforced Plastic Parameter Concrete Pipe Steel Pipe Polyvinyl Chloride Polyethylene Mortar Pipe (PCP) (UPVC) Pipe (HDPE) Pipe (RPMP) Weight of Heavy; more trouble Heavy; on-site Less weight; easy to Less weight; easy to Less weight; easy to pipe transportation for transport production transport transport transport Pipe cost Cheapest More expensive Most expensive Most expensive Cheap Requirements for High Low Low Low Low foundation Source: FSRs
295. Rural-urban transport. Two routes for rural-urban transport were considered as shown in Figure VI.4. South route in blue and North route in red. South route was selected for the reasons that (i) it connects the more developed Gaokeng Town in Anyuan District, and Luxi Town with less developed counties; (ii) it is well-positioned in the highway network; and (iii) local employment and market activities can be better facilitated.
Figure VI.4: Comparison of Alternative Routes for Rural-Urban Transport
Source: FSR
296. Alignment alternative. Alignments on three sections of the selected route were compared regarding the aspects of planning, engineering works, costs, land acquisition and resettlement, and environmental impact. The first one is the section overpassing the HU-Kun Expressway at chainage K22+097~K30+682. Two alternatives were considered (Table VI.8 and
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Figure VI.5). Alternative A was selected because it is shorter, cheaper to construct, much less earth cut and benefits more towns and villages.
Table VI.8: Comparison of Alignment Alternatives for Road Section K22+097 – K30+682
Alignment Alternative Parameter A (selected) B Connect through Chishan Town and Yuannan Aligned on hillside, deep valley. Poor Alignment routing Village and its industrial Zone. Alignment is alignment. smooth. Aligned along town and villages, better access Cannot be better integrated into local road Planning perspective for locals. Also provide access for Chishan network. and Yuannan industrial parks. Some farmland need to be acquired, number Less resettlement. But much higher Land acquisition and resettlement of buildings need to be removed. engineering cost. Extensive cuts and fills on hillside, highest to Less earthworks, less disruption to natural Environmental impact 45m. Severe disruption to mountain and environment. vegetation. Beneficiary Routed through towns and villages, Much less beneficiaries Total length (km) 8.585 8.873 Land acquisition (ha) 34.62 43.08 Housing demolition (m2) 3,655 856 Earth cut (m3) 1,035,000 1,935,000 Earth fill (m3) 739,000 578,000 Pavement (m2) 71,600 75,400 Bridge (number) 2 1 Culvert (number) 25 19 Intersection (number) 16 20 Cost estimate (CNY) 107.59 million 158.26 million Source: FSR
Figure VI.5: Alignment Alternatives for Road Section K22+097~K30+682
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297. The second one is the road section bisecting the Hu-Kun Expressway collector road at chainage K30+830. Comparison was made between Scheme A (at-grade intersection) and Scheme B (grade-separated interchange over passing the collector road) (Table VI.9 and Figure VI.6). The collector road is the only access for Luxi County to Hu-Kun Expressway which is the major artery for long-distance passenger and freight transport. Both schemes would satisfy immediate traffic demand. In consideration of increasing traffic flow both on the collector road and the proposed road and safety issues, Scheme B with the grade-separated interchange was selected despite its more land take and earthwork, and higher engineering cost.
Table VI.9: Comparison of Work Quantities and Cost Estimate for Intersection Alternatives at Road Section K30+830
Intersection Alternative Parameter Scheme A: at grade Scheme B: grade-separated (selected) Total length (km) 0.562 --- Land acquisition (ha) 1.87 9.65 Housing demolition (m2) ------Earth cut (m3) 28,000 67,000 Earth fill (m3) 14,000 52,000 Bridge (number) --- 1 Culvert (number) 3 1 Cost estimate (CNY) 14.7 million 24.2 million Source: FSR
Scheme A: at grade intersection Scheme B: grade separated interchange Figure VI.6: Schematics of Intersection Alternatives at Road Section K30+830
Source: FSR
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298. The third one is the section near the end point at Yinhe Town and Xuanfeng Town. Two alignment alternatives were considered (Table III.5 and Figure VI.7). Route A would use existing roads running through Yinhe and Xuanfeng Town. Route B is aligned along hillside and valley, providing a bypass for through traffic for the two towns. Route A has the advantage that locals can easily access the road, less intrusion to natural environment and low cost. There would be more locals benefiting from the road. However it may cause some housing resettlement and the technical standards of road alignment may be on the low side. Route B would have fewer beneficiaries, take more farmland, require more earthwork cut and fill and result in higher engineering cost. Route A was therefore selected.
Table VI.10: Comparison of Alignment Alternatives for the Road ending section at Yinhe Town and Xuanfeng Town
Alignment Alternative Parameter A (selected) B Using some section of existing road. Difficult Alignment routing New route, higher standard of alignment. to improve existing poor alignment. Land acquisition and resettlement Number of buildings need to be removed. More farm lands taken. Routed through town centers, which are New route can complement the old road. Traffic demand populated. May not be able to cope with Better meet future traffic demand. increasing traffic flow. The alignment formed a sharp angle with the Structure over passing Yuan river, lead to poor alignment at the end of Smooth alignment at the bridge. River bridge. Total length (km) 5.574 5.434 Land acquisition (ha) 14.2 16.4 Housing demolition (m2) 42.7 548 Earth cut (m3) 179,000 387,000 Earth fill (m3) 84,800 130,000 Bridge (number) 1 1 Culvert (number) 15 12 Intersection (number) 5 8 Cost estimate (CNY) 47 million 43 million Source: FSR
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Figure VI.7: Alignment Alternatives for the ending section at Yinhe Town and Xuanfeng Town Source: FSR
299. Road pavement. For pavement surface, comparison was made among stone mastic asphalt, asphalt concrete, and Superpave25. Asphalt concrete was selected because it is relatively easy to apply and repair, has lower level of traffic noise compared with rigid cement concrete, and cost is relatively low.
300. Comparison was also made for the sub-course of the pavement between cement stabilized gravel and lime fly-ash gravel. Cement stabilized gravel was selected because its early strength and water-resistance ability are relatively high. However, it has disadvantages of relatively high cost and low capacity to resist cracking. In consideration of anticipated truck traffic load, adequate thickness and strength of sub-course material has been considered for pavement design.
301. Road drainage. Four types of drainage structures were considered (Table VI.11). Open earth ditch was selected for most sections of the road for its low cost and easy to build and maintain. Concrete slab covered ditch was selected for road sections going through towns and villages where in built-up areas pedestrian activity is intense, ensuring less space is taken and pedestrian safety. This is compatible with the features of class II roads and local conditions.
25 Superpave stands for Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements. It includes a performance-based asphalt binder specification and a mix design analysis system tailored to the unique performance requirements dictated by the traffic, environment (climate), and structural section at a pavement site. It enhances pavement performance through the selection and combination of the most suitable asphalt binder and aggregate.
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Table VI.11: Comparison of Types of Road Drainage Structure
Drainage Structure Type Parameter Mortar Rubble Stone Pre-cast Concrete Concrete Slab Cover Earth Ditch Trapezoid Ditch Trapezoid Ditch Rectangular ditch Storm water relief Weak Strong Strong Relatively strong capacity 0.4x0.4m slope 1:1 0.4x0.4m slope 1:1 Dimension 0.4x0.4m plane-shape 0.4x0.4m rectangular trapezoid trapezoid Cost (CNY/km) 22,900 183,400 113,800 383,000 Natural, easy to build, Roughness factor is Roughness factor is low, Roughness factor is low, Advantage low cost low easy and fast to fabricate. can resist traffic load. Roughness factor is Need pre-cast site, Need pre-cast site, high Disadvantage High cost high, impede water flow relatively high cost cost Suitable for town and Suitability Suitable for typical embankment section village area Selected Alternative Alternative Selected Source: FSR
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VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
A. Legislative Framework
302. Meaningful participation and consultation in the evaluation of project planning, feasibility study, design and implementation is an important environment safeguards requirement. It can directly reflect the public’s perceptions of environmental quality in the project’s area of influence.
303. Relevant provisions in the Environmental Protection Law of PRC and the Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection (Order of the State Council, No. 253) require that the “Environmental Impact Report formulated by the construction unit shall be in accordance with relevant laws to solicit the opinions of units concerned and inhabitants of project construction site". In January 2011, the MEP circulated the draft Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: Public Participation for public commenting, which specifies the requirements of information disclosure and stakeholder opinion survey. Since 2012, MEP also requires that abstracts of EIRs should be posted on the web-sites of local EPBs during the approval process (MEP Order No. [2012]51).
304. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement requires meaningful participation, consultation and information disclosure. The consultation processes for this project follow both the PRC and ADB requirements.
305. Information disclosure and public consultation have been conducted during preparation of the domestic EIRs and EITs, and this EIA. Information disclosure and consultation included: disclosure on the internet, community posting, questionnaire surveys in the framework of the poverty and social assessment (PSA) and the domestic EIAs, and discussion forums attended by affected people and other concerned stakeholders.
B. Information Disclosure
306. Information disclosure of project information and related environmental issues was conducted twice on the website of Pingxiang Municipal Government in July 2014 and February 2015 respectively. The first time was at the commencement of EIR and EIT preparation and the second time was when the draft EIRs and EITs were completed. The duration of each web-site disclosure was ten working days. No objection to the project was received. Figure VII.1 shows examples of web-posting. Project information was also publicly posted in affected communities (Figure VII.2) and in local newspapers.
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First posting July 2014 Second Posting February 2015
Figure VII.1: Information Disclosure by Posting on Pingxiang Municipal Government Website
Source: EIRs and EITs
Lianhua County Luxi County
Shangli County Xiangdong District Figure VII.2: Information Disclosure via Community Posting
Source: EIRs & EITs
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C. Socio-economic survey
307. In the framework of the poverty and social assessment (PSA) conducted by the PPTA, a questionnaire survey was conducted during August 16-31, 2014, with 730 copies distributed and 705 valid copies recovered, accounting for 96.58%. The questionnaire was developed in consultation with the environment specialist of the project team. There were 193 valid copies in Shangli County, 183 in Luxi County, 176 in Lianhua County and 153 in Xiangdong District.
308. 52.7% of the respondents were females and 47.5% males. The respondents ranged from 18 years to 75 years, averaging 44 years. 26.1% had received primary school education, 40.9% had received junior high school education, 21% had received senior high school or secondary technical school education. Only one respondent was a minority resident, while the others were Han residents. The project area is a typical area inhabited centrally by Han people and has no indigenous ethnic minority. The very small minority population has migrated by means of marriage, employment, etc. Only 3.7% of the respondents were non-local, while 96.3% were locals. This is because the project area is a labor output area other than an input one.
309. The results of the questionnaire survey confirmed that most respondents strongly support the Project and are willing to participate, because the Project will benefit them and their family members directly (Table VII.1).
Table VII.1: Attitudes to the Need for the Project
Shangli County Luxi County Lianhua County Xiangdong District Total Very necessary 30.20% 16.60% 17.60% 34.60% 24.50% Necessary 56.30% 65.70% 47.20% 51.00% 55.30% Don’t care 6.30% 10.50% 20.50% 7.20% 11.10% Unnecessary 5.70% 4.40% 10.80% 3.90% 6.30% Totally unnecessary 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.70% 0.10% Don’t know 1.60% 2.80% 4.00% 2.60% 2.70% Source: PPTA DFR, PSA (April 2015)
310. General satisfaction with overall water environment. 55.9% of the respondents were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the local water environment, while only 15.7% were satisfied or very satisfied (Table VII.2). 65.1% of the respondents thought that the Project rivers were smelly, especially after long absences of rainfall, 78.3% thought that there was pest infestation around the rivers, and 47.3% thought that the excessive development of areas around the rivers also affected the water environment directly. Among the four project districts/counties, the level of satisfaction with the overall water environment was the highest in Shangli County and Xiangdong District, and the lowest in Lianhua County. In addition, 52.11% of the urban respondents and 58.1% of the rural respondents were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the overall water environment.
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Table VII.2: Satisfaction with the Overall Water Environment
Shangli County Luxi County Lianhua County Xiangdong District Total Very satisfied 0 0.00% 2 1.40% 1 0.60% 1 0.70% 4 0.70% Satisfied 14 12.20% 17 12.00% 40 22.70% 17 11.10% 88 15.00% Neither, nor 26 22.60% 38 26.80% 61 34.70% 38 24.80% 163 27.80% Dissatisfied 61 53.00% 73 51.40% 68 38.60% 76 49.70% 278 47.40% Very dissatisfied 14 12.20% 10 7.00% 6 3.40% 20 13.10% 50 8.50% Don’t know 0 0.00% 2 1.40% 0 0.00% 1 0.70% 3 0.50% Total 115 100.00% 142 100.00% 176 100.00% 153 100.00% 586 100.00% Source: PPTA DFR, PSA (April 2015)
311. Need for river rehabilitation and flood control. 36.7% of the respondents thought that floods were frequent or very frequent in the project area, and would occur once there was a heavy rain (Table VII.3, Table VII.4). Most respondents thought that long duration of rainfall or intensive rainfall in a short period were the two main causes of floods. Other causes included river damage and silting, and water logging in low-lying land. 92.8% of the male respondents and 90.2% of the females thought that the Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management component was necessary or very necessary (Table VII.5)
Table VII.3: Flood Frequency
Shangli County Luxi County Lianhua County Xiangdong District Total Very frequent 6 5.20% 4 2.90% 1 0.60% 9 5.90% 20 3.40% Frequent 64 55.70% 25 17.90% 60 34.10% 45 29.60% 194 33.30% Infrequent 30 26.10% 57 40.70% 50 28.40% 56 36.80% 193 33.10% Rare 14 12.20% 48 34.30% 58 33.00% 39 25.70% 159 27.30% Never 1 0.90% 5 3.60% 6 3.40% 3 2.00% 15 2.60% Don’t know 0 0.00% 1 0.70% 1 0.60% 0 0.00% 2 0.30% Total 115 100.00% 140 100.00% 176 100.00% 152 100.00% 583 100.00% Source: PPTA DFR, PSA (April 2015)
Table VII.4: Causes of Frequent Floods
Shangli Lianhua Xiangdong Luxi County Total County County District Long duration of rainfall 48 66.70% 17 53.10% 42 66.70% 44 69.80% 151 65.70% Intensive rainfall in a short period 41 56.90% 17 53.10% 32 50.80% 29 46.00% 119 51.70% Water logging in low-lying land 12 16.70% 7 21.90% 17 27.00% 11 17.50% 47 20.40% River damage and silting 23 31.90% 9 28.10% 12 19.00% 28 44.40% 72 31.30% Damage of water resources facilities 2 2.80% 3 9.40% 5 7.90% 3 4.80% 13 5.70% Other 2 2.80% 3 9.40% 2 3.20% 1 1.60% 8 3.50% Total 72 177.80% 32 175.00% 63 174.60% 63 184.10% 230 178.30% Source: PPTA DFR, PSA (April 2015)
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Table VII.5: Attitudes to the Need for the Integrated Flood Management Component
Very necessary Necessary Don’t care Unnecessary Totally unnecessary Don’t know
Male 39.60% 53.20% 3.20% 2.50% 0.40% 1.10% Female 28.20% 62.00% 4.30% 3.60% 0.00% 2.00% Total 33.60% 57.80% 3.80% 3.10% 0.20% 1.50% Source: PPTA DFR, PSA (April 2015)
312. Need for wastewater collection and treatment. Only 15.8% of the respondents were satisfied with local wastewater collection and treatment, while 64% were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied (Table VII.6). 27.4% of the respondents were dissatisfied with local wastewater collection and treatment due to poor effects. Other reasons include no sewer network (53.6%), unregulated discharge of domestic wastewater (8.1%), unregulated discharge of industrial wastewater (4.2%), and unregulated dumping of MSW (5.1%, Table VII.7).
Table VII.6: Satisfaction with Local Wastewater Collection and Treatment
Urban area Suburb Towns Rural areas Other Total Satisfied 9 16.1% 2 22.2% 23 17.4% 70 15.1% 1 20.0% 105 15.8% Don’t care 10 17.9% 0 0.0% 9 6.8% 81 17.5% 0 0.0% 100 15.0% Dissatisfied 29 51.8% 5 55.6% 81 61.4% 253 54.6% 4 80.0% 372 55.9% Very dissatisfied 2 3.6% 2 22.2% 12 9.1% 38 8.2% 0 0.0% 54 8.1% Don’t know 6 10.7% 0 0.0% 7 5.3% 21 4.5% 0 0.0% 34 5.1% Total 56 100% 9 100% 132 100% 463 100% 5 100% 665 100%
Table VII.7: Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Local Wastewater Collection and Treatment
Ineffective Unregulated Unregulated Unregulated wastewater No wastewater discharge of discharge of dumping of Other Total collection and collection system domestic industrial MSW treatment wastewater wastewater 15 12 3 1 0 0 31 Urban area 48.40% 38.70% 9.70% 3.20% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 1 3 0 0 1 2 7 Suburb 14.30% 42.90% 0.00% 0.00% 14.30% 28.60% 100.00% 40 41 6 3 4 1 95 Towns 42.10% 43.20% 6.30% 3.20% 4.20% 1.10% 100.00% 62 171 26 14 17 4 294 Rural areas 21.10% 58.20% 8.80% 4.80% 5.80% 1.40% 100.00% 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 Other 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 118 231 35 18 22 7 431 Total 27.40% 53.60% 8.10% 4.20% 5.10% 1.60% 100.00%
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313. Need for urban-rural road component. 12.8% and 3.7% of the respondents in the project area thought it inconvenient or very inconvenient to go to the urban area of Pingxiang City, totaling 16.5%; 16.5% and 5.3% thought it inconvenient or very inconvenient to go to the county town, totaling 21.8%; 9.2% and 3.9% thought it inconvenient or very inconvenient to go to local townships, totaling 13.1% (Table VII.8). 75.2% of the male respondents and 63.1% of the females thought that the Rural-Urban Transport component was necessary or very necessary (Table VII.9).
Table VII.8: Public Perception on Traffic Convenience on Existing Local Roads
Urban area County town Local township Very convenient 44 18.10% 49 23.80% 45 29.60% Convenient 125 51.40% 90 43.70% 65 42.80% Neither, nor 34 14.00% 22 10.70% 22 14.50% Inconvenient 31 12.80% 34 16.50% 14 9.20% Very inconvenient 9 3.70% 11 5.30% 6 3.90% Total 243 100.00% 206 100.00% 152 100.00%
Table VII.9: Public Perception on Need for the Rural-Urban Transport Component
Very necessary Necessary Don’t care Unnecessary Don’t know
Male 29.50% 45.70% 9.50% 11.40% 3.80% Female 19.50% 43.60% 10.50% 16.50% 9.80% Total 23.90% 44.50% 10.10% 14.30% 7.10%
D. Questionnaire Survey for domestic environment impact assessments
314. In the framework of the domestic environment impact assessments and in compliance with PRC EIA requirements, JPEPSRI, the EIA institute, conducted additional questionnaire surveys in all project areas. These surveys were independent from the socio-economic survey, but confirmed main perceptions and priorities of project beneficiaries and potentially affected people.
315. The questionnaire survey in Lianhua County was conducted in July 2014 by JPEPSRI. Fifty questionnaires were issued and 46 were returned. Participants consisted of 59% males and 41% females, with the majority between ages of 30-50 (54%) with at least high school or higher education (80%), and with 48% blue-collar workers and 15% farmers. All participants (100%) agreed to have the project and deemed the current drainage conditions unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory. The main local environmental problems identified were noise and river environment, and 67% were not satisfied with the current water quality. The majority (89%) viewed the project would be beneficial to local environmental protection and all (100%) regarded construction impact to be acceptable.
316. The questionnaire survey in Luxi County was conducted in July 2014 by JPEPSRI. Fifty questionnaires were issued and 48 were returned. Participants consisted of 79% males and 21%
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females, the majority (73%) was under the age of 30 with only junior high school education (73%), with farmers making up 40% of the participants. All (100%) agreed to have the project with 88% and 94% unsatisfied or very unsatisfied with the current drainage condition and river environment respectively, with the major local environmental problems being noise and water quality. All (100%) viewed the project would be beneficial to local environmental protection and 83% regarded construction to have no impact on them.
317. The questionnaire survey in Shangli County was conducted in February 2015 by JPEPSRI. Forty two questionnaires were issued and all were returned. Participants were dominated by males (98%), with ages ranging from 40-60 (64%) and only up to junior high school education (67%). Farmers accounted for 71% of the participants. All (100%) agreed to have the project with 68% viewed the project to improve local flood protection (another 21% deemed the improvement to be inconspicuous). Most (74%) were unsatisfied with the current environmental condition. All (100%) viewed the project to be beneficial to local environmental protection. The majority (94%) regarded construction to have no impact or acceptable impact on them, and that 90% deemed residual impact after mitigation to be acceptable, with the remaining 10% having no opinion.
318. The questionnaire survey in Xiangdong District was conducted in February 2015 by JPEPSRI. Forty seven questionnaires were issued and all were returned with males accounting for 77% of the participants dominated by the 40-60 age-group (74%). Close to half (47%) received only up to junior high school education and 85% of the participants were farmers. All (100%) agreed to have the project and deemed the project to be beneficial to local environmental protection. The majority (68%) viewed the project to improve local flood protection. The majority (94%) regarded construction to have no impact or acceptable impact on them.
319. The questionnaire survey in Luxi and Shangli Counties for the rural-urban road was conducted in February 2015 by JPEPSRI. Fifty two questionnaires were issued and all were returned. The participants were dominated by males (88%, 40-59 age-group (67%) and farmers (79%). Approximately one-third (35%) received up to high school education. All (100%) were aware of the project, supported the project, and deemed the project would facilitate economic development in the surrounding area. Approximately 39% were satisfied with the current traffic condition but the other 61% were unsatisfied. The participants viewed potential construction impacts to include air quality, noise, water quality and soil erosion.
E. Discussion Forum on draft domestic EIRs, EITs and project EIA
320. Discussion forums with 74 local stakeholders from relevant government departments, village representatives, project proponent, EIA institute and PPTA team were conducted in Lianhua County, Luxi County, Shangli County and Xiangdong District in March 2015 (Figure VII.3). Representatives from JPEPSRI explained the project scope, findings from the domestic EIRs and EITs on potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures. The project team also participated, and explained the EMP and project-specific GRM.
321. Shangli County queried whether the project would affect drinking water intakes. The consultants confirmed that there is no centralized drinking water intake within the project area in Shangli County. Another concern was related to the removal and installation of weirs on the rivers, whether weir removal would affect the provision of irrigation water and that the new weirs,
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built some time ago for provision of irrigation water, should be installed at the same location to avoid arguments from upstream and downstream users. It was explained that weirs would be installed right after removal and the construction duration would be short and unlikely to affect its use for irrigation.
322. In Xiangdong District, the Agricultural Bureau queried potential impact on aquatic products and expressed that construction on the Pingshui River should avoid the spawning season and that fish stocking should be undertaken to replenish the fish population. The consultants explained that the project section would be located in the experimental sub-zone of the protection zone and away from key fish spawning, nursery, wintering grounds and migration routes that are located in the core sub-zone. With mitigation measures, potential impact should be minimal and short term as explained in the EIA. Fish stocking would be carried out. It was also queried whether the coffer dams would adversely affect irrigation water provision. The consultants explained that coffer dams would be constructed sequentially in different sections of the river with flow diversion, so that potential impact would be small. The consultants also confirmed that the weir belonging to the power company has not been included in this project. It was raised by the participants that the Lengtanwan drinking water intake should be protected and water quality regularly monitored during construction. Mitigation measures to protect this drinking water intake were addressed in the EIA and explained to the participants.
323. No specific comment or concern was raised by the forum participants in Lianhua County and Luxi County. All participants fully supported the project.
Lianhua County Luxi County
Shangli County Xiangdong District Figure VII.3: Discussion Forums in March 2015
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F. Future Plans for Public Consultation
324. Meaningful consultation to safeguard the environment and local residents will continue throughout construction and operation phases. The PMO and the PIUs will be responsible for organizing the public consultations, with the support of the EEM. The contractors will be required to communicate and consult with the communities in the project area of influence, especially those near the project areas. Eye-catching public notice boards will be set at each work site to provide information on the purpose of the project activity, the duration of disturbance, the responsible entities on-site (contractor, ESE, PIU), and the project level Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). Contact information of all GRM entry points and the project complaint center hotline will be disclosed on the construction site information boards. Consultation will focus on public complaints about public nuisances from construction and operation activities, such as water quality, noise, asphalt fume nuisance, dust, odor, traffic disturbance, as well as public concerns about the environment and resettlement.
Table VII.10: Environment Consultation and Communication Plan
Organizer Format Frequency Subject Attendees Construction Stage PMO, PIUs, Public 4 times: once before Adjusting of mitigation measures, Residents in DPA EEM consultation & site construction commences if necessary; construction visits and once each year during impact; comments and construction suggestions PMO, EEM Expert workshop As needed, based on public Comments and suggestions on Experts of various sectors, consultation mitigation measures, public county/ district EPBs opinion EEM, PMO Public opinion Once at MTR stage Public satisfaction with EMP Residents in DPA survey implementation Operational Stage PMO, PIUs Public Once in the first year Effectiveness of mitigation Residents in DPA EEM consultation and measures, impacts of operation, site visits comments and suggestions EEM, PMO Public satisfaction Once at PCR stage Public satisfaction with EMP Residents in DPA survey implementation Comments and suggestions EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau, PMO = Pingxiang project management office, PIU = project implementation unit, DPA = direct project area, EEM = external environment monitor; MTR = midterm review; PCR = project completion review.
325. Information disclosure relating to environment safeguards will continue throughout project implementation. The project’s environmental information will be disclosed as follows: (i) Domestic EIRs and EITs (in Chinese) were disclosed on the local governments’ websites before approval by relevant municipal/county/district environmental protection authorities; (ii) Copies of the domestic EIRs and EITs (in Chinese) are available on request in the PMO. (iii) The draft EIA is disclosed on the project website at www.adb.org. (iv) All semiannual environmental monitoring reports during project implementation will be available at www.adb.org.
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VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
326. Public participation, consultation and information disclosure undertaken as part of the local EIR process, assessment and development of resettlement plans, and consultations undertaken by the project consultants have discussed and addressed major community concerns. Continued public participation and consultation have been emphasized as a key component of successful project implementation. As a result of this public participation and safeguard assessment during the initial stages of the project, major issues of grievance are not expected. However, unforeseen issues may occur. To settle such issues effectively, a transparent grievance redress mechanism (GRM) for lodging complaints and grievances has been defined for environment related issues.
327. The GRM has been designed to help achieve the following objectives: (i) open channel for effective communication, including the identification of new environmental issues of concern arising from the project; (ii) prevent and mitigate any adverse environmental impacts on communities caused by project construction and operations; (iii) improve mutual trust and respect and promote productive relationships with local communities; and (iv) build community acceptance of the project.
328. Within 60 days after the loan becomes effective, the PPMO will establish a complaint center with hotline for receiving both environmental and resettlement grievances. The details of the GRM are described in the EMP (Appendix 1), and were also explained during public consultation with the participants of the public forum. The GRM will be operational prior to commencement of construction works.
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
329. An environmental management plan (EMP) has been prepared for the project. It is an essential document to ensure the implementation of mitigation measures. The full EMP is presented in Appendix 1. It will also be attached to the Project Administration Manual (PAM) of the Project. The EMP defines mitigation measures and describes the involved institutions and mechanisms to monitor and ensure compliance with environmental regulations and implementation of the mitigation measures. Such institutions and mechanisms will seek to ensure continuous improvement of environmental protection activities during preconstruction, construction, and operation of the project in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse impacts.
330. The EMP draws on the domestic project EIRs and EITs, this project EIA and its appendixes, and on the PPTA discussions and agreements with the relevant government agencies. It contains a list of environmental contract clauses that will be incorporated into the tender documents (Appendix 2), so that the contractors will be contractually bound to implement the environmental measures and will budget accordingly in their bids for implementing such measures.
331. The EMP will be reviewed and updated at the end of the detailed design in order to be consistent with the final detailed design. The updated EMP will be disclosed on ADB’s project website.
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X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Environment Safeguard Categorization and Due Diligence
332. This project environmental impact assessment (EIA) including environmental management plan (EMP) was prepared in compliance with ADB’s policies and requirements including ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009).26 It consolidates findings of five environmental impact reports (EIR) and six environmental impact tables (EIT) for all project components by a licensed institute27, and five soil and water conservation reports (SWCR) prepared for the river rehabilitation and rural-urban road components by five licensed institutes.28 The PPTA consultants also undertook site reconnaissance of the project components and ecological and biodiversity investigations of the river channels. The domestic safeguards documents were prepared in compliance with the PRC Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (2003), the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2-93) and other relevant PRC regulations and guidelines. All domestic EIRs, EITs and SWCRs have been approved by relevant environment protection and water resources management authorities. The EIA also incorporated findings of special studies prepared for the project, including (i) a climate risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA) supported by ADB;29 (ii) a fishery resource impact assessment for Pingshui River30 (national-level aquatic products germplasm protection zone), approved by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2013; and (iii) a fishery resource impact assessment for Yuan River and its tributaries (provincial-level protection zone for the germplasm of Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp, approved in April2015 by Jiangxi Province Agriculture Department.
B. Expected Project Benefits
333. Flood risk mitigation: The project will construct and rehabilitate 166-km of unstable river embankments, significantly improving the ability for flood control and protection in urban and rural areas. Consequently, damages of floods to houses, facilities and goods, as well as farm lands and crops, will be prevented and/or mitigated. The most direct benefit of the project will be that the flooding in the present inundation area of 29-km2 area would be avoided for 1-in-10-year flood in rural areas and 1-in-20-year flood in urban areas.
334. Point source pollution reduction. The project will expand the service area of urban wastewater collection and treatment. Pollution reduction as a result of improved wastewater collection and treatment systems are estimated at 657 tons per annum (t/a) of chemical oxygen
26 ADB. 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila. 27 Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Science Research Institute (JPEPSRI) 28 Xinyu City Hauda Engineering Consulting Company, Nanchang City Water Resource Planning & Design Institute, Fengcheng City Hong’an Engineering Design Consulting Company, Pingxiang City Water Resource and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute, Shaoxing City Water Resource and Hydropower Survey and Design Company. 29 The CRVA allowed the review of design assumption for the flood risk management components, and specific design adaptations to be incorporated with the flood management and roads subprojects - targeting landslide and stability dangers from increased rain events and implementing non-engineering approaches to flood management. 30 In accordance with Interim Measures for the Management of Aquatic Germplasm Resources Conservation Zone (2011, MoA) and Guideline for the preparation of the Impact Assessment Report of Construction Project relating to National Aquatic Germplasm Resources Conservation Zone (2014, MoA).
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demand, 402 t/a of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, 64 t/a of total nitrogen, and 13 t/a of total phosphorus. This will improve the water quality in the Lishui River in Shangli County and the Yuan River in Luxi County, benefiting domestic, industrial, agricultural, and recreational water users, as well as river ecology and aesthetics.
335. Improved rural-urban access and road safety. The project will provide better access for local medical treatment, employment, education and other public services. Better road conditions would allow all-weather access to the many primary and secondary schools scattered in the area. Public bus service will provide improved transportation for local residents. Road safety will be improved through incorporation of road safety features, pedestrian lanes, eminent road signs and warning signs etc., as well as through capacity building in road safety.
336. Beneficiaries. The project will directly benefit a population of nearly 600,000. Flood risk mitigation and river rehabilitation will directly benefit a population of 308,800 presently residing in the inundation area. Indirect beneficiaries could include the entire population of approximately 1.57 million residing in the project counties/district, who can enjoy the aesthetics, scenic landscape and recreational opportunities provided by the rivers. Direct beneficiaries of wastewater collection and treatment are estimated to total 175,000 people based on the planned service population in the project counties/district. The rural-urban road will benefit a population of over 106,000 residing in 48 villages in the immediate area within 1 km from the road.
C. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction
337. Potential impacts of the planned river rehabilitation works include significant earthwork and sediment dredging, and damage to in-channel habitats and aquatic fauna with potential impacts on fish protection zones: the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm and the Yuan River Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm. Approximately 3.55 million m3 of soil will be excavated during rehabilitation of the eight project rivers. Back fill materials would total approximately 1.44 million m3, consisting of re-using approximately 1.22 million m3 of earth cut materials and obtaining approximately 0.22 million m3 from borrow areas. The remaining 2.33 million m3 of earth cut material would require disposal. This mainly includes the 2.07 million m3 sediments to be dredged from river beds. Dredging works could result in elevated levels of sediments within and downstream of the dredge sites, and the release of pollutants in the channel sediments. Heavy metals (cadmium) and persistent organic pollutants (Lindane, or benzene hexachloride) have been identified in some river sediments, which will require adequate treatment and handling. Dredging, as well as the construction of extensive riverside embankments for flood control and bank remediation, will impact in-channel habitats and areas of modified habitat. For the in-channel habitats, long term impacts on aquatic fauna are anticipated to be minimal, with organisms re-establishing soon after project completion.
338. The following mitigation measures defined in the EMP will be taken during construction to minimize impacts to water quality and in-channel habitats: (i) operating in short river sections to minimize the extent of disturbance at any one time; (ii) dredging will be conducted in the dry to minimize dispersion of suspended solids, which will be done by forming a coffer dam around the area to be dredged with river flow diversion, followed by pumping out the water inside the coffer dam then excavate sediment similar to earth moving works on land; (iii) compliance with quality of in-channel sediment with the PRC standard for re-use (confirmed by sampling and leaching
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test); and (iv) protection of drinking water intakes with silt curtains when river rehabilitation works occur within the drinking water protection zone. A range of embankment designs were reviewed during project preparation. Designs which maximize the re-establishment of native vegetation and rocks were selected. From the toe zone to the top of the embankments will be planted with grasses, shrubs and trees, as well as submerged, floating and emergent aquatic plants to enhance ecological and biodiversity values. A total of approximately 90 ha of riparian areas (mainly along the project rivers in Lianhua and Luxi Counties) will be re-vegetated. Small wetlands will be established with a total area of 46 ha. The project will not cause a net loss in wetland habitat with the removal of approximately 21 ha of modified wetland habitat but establishing 46 ha.
339. The proposed rural-urban road (44 km, class II secondary highway) connecting Shangli County with Luxi County, will require significant cut (1.73 million m3) and fill (3.70 million m3) along the road corridor, which will likely induce soil erosion, construction noise and vibration, fugitive dust, and community and occupational health and safety risks. These impacts will be localized, short term, and can be effectively mitigated through the application of good construction and housekeeping practices and implementation of construction phase community and occupational health and safety plans. The road alignment accounted for landform, avoiding farmland and houses as much as possible. The Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area Management Committee confirmed that the road will not encroach on the special zone of the provincial-level Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area.
340. The two wastewater treatment facilities in Tongmu Town (2,500 m3/d) and Xuanfeng Town (5,000 m3/d) are sited with at least a 200 m buffer distance from the nearest households. The 183 km of sewage collection pipes in Lianhua, Luxi, Shangli and Xiangdong will be constructed along streets in the built-up areas. Dust and noise are the main concerns due to the proximity of residences. Mitigation measures and construction management prescriptions have been identified to address this.
D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Operation
341. Potential impacts from road operations mainly relate to traffic safety caused by over speed. Traffic noise during operation of the rural-urban road would exceed relevant standard and require noise mitigation measures, i.e. the provision of double-glazed windows for affected households. Air quality predictions indicate that they would have minimal impact, even in the long term. Emissions of carbon dioxide from traffic on the rural-urban road will not exceed ADB’s threshold of 100,000 t/a in the design horizon of year 2032. The proposed road would cross the headwaters of the Yuan River and the Pingshui River, which are Category II water bodies at the road bridge locations and road runoff into Category II water bodies are prohibited by law. Impervious collection /sedimentation tanks will be designed and constructed at the bridge crossings to collect road runoff during storm events.
342. The control of wastewater effluent quality and air emissions from the two WWTPs; and poor maintenance of project facilities, including the river embankments are other potentially significant impacts during operation. Safe distances from WWTP to residents under the PRC standard were established in the EITs. The Xuanfeng WWTP will have no impacts, but the Tongmu WWTP required an amended plant layout and the resettlement of two households to comply. The WWTPs will treat wastewater to Class 1B standard of the PRC’s Discharge
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Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002) before discharging to the Yuan River (Xuanfeng WWTP) and the Lishui River (Tongmu WWTP). Effluent and surface water quality monitoring will be conducted regularly by the local EPBs. River works will be maintained by the river course management stations of the county/district water affairs bureaus (WAB).
343. The project will include capacity building in (i) flood risk management planning (covering development and implementation of flood early warning systems for the counties; and disaster response plans and community disaster and climate resilience action plans); and (ii) rural-urban transport management, public transport, and road safety including community awareness campaigns and training on road safety. Community environment supervision teams (CEST) and road safety education teams (CERT) will be established under the Social Development Action Plan as a pilot in three rural communities that are seriously affected by water pollution and poor transport infrastructure. The CEST and CERT will work with local residents to develop and implement community environment management rules and road safety education programs to promote change of public behavior toward urban environment improvement and conduct road safety education and awareness campaigns.
E. Supporting Studies
344. The PPTA has benefited from the following supporting studies: (i) a Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA); (ii) Ecological Survey and River Design, (iii) Topical report for the environmental impact assessment of Jiangxi Province five river rehabilitation and flood protection projects (Pingxiang Municipality urban flood protection project) on the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm,and (iv) Topical Study on Impact of Asian Development Bank project on the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp Germplasm.. The findings of these studies which pertain to environmental safeguards have been reported in this EIA.
345. The CRVA identified likely impacts and risks of global climate change in the project area, and allowed the review of design assumptions for the flood risk management components, confirming that design storms (determined based on the analog method) were credible. The CRVA also confirmed that the free-board of 0.5-0.7m on river embankments can accommodate projected increases in precipitation resulting from climate change until at least 2050. The replacement of concrete weirs with hydraulic weirs will enhance adaptation capabilities to short- to mid-term climate variation and change. Non-engineering climate adaptation measures will be incorporated, including the conservation of more than 65 ha of natural floodplains and the strengthening of existing flood monitoring and early warning systems. The feasibility and economic viability of other climate-proofing measures as recommended in the CRVA will be assessed at preliminary and detailed design stages.
346. The Ecological Survey and River Design report described various habitats and their relative biodiversity along the project rivers. Such understanding contributed to the design of the river channel and embankments, maximizing benefits to improve the ecological value of the project rivers and embankment while achieving the objective of flood control. The two topical studies for the fish protection zones concluded that potential impacts to the fish species during river works should be short-term and acceptable with implementation of mitigation measures, since the river sections are not within the core sub-zone of the protection zone where major
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spawning, nursery and wintering grounds as well as migration routes for the fish species occur. Mitigation measures include no river construction during the spawning season (April to June in Pingshui River and March to June in Yuan River) and fish stocking in these rivers after completion of construction.
F. Environmental Management Plan Implementation Arrangement
347. The responsibilities for environmental management and supervision during the various stages of implementation of the project are defined in the EMP.31 The EMP is also included in the Project Administration Manual (PAM) as Appendix 1 and will be updated at the end of the detailed design. The EMP has a section on environmental contract clauses for mitigating construction stage environmental impacts, which will be adopted in all bidding documents and works contracts. The EMP will also be included as a separate annex in all bidding and contract documents. The contractors will be made aware of their obligations to implement the EMP and to budget EMP implementation costs in their proposals. PMG (through the PMO) and the implementing agencies (through the PIUs) will assume overall responsibility for implementing, supervising, monitoring and reporting on the EMP. Their capacity to implement the EMP, as well as the capacity of the PIUs to manage project facilities, will be strengthened through capacity building and training activities defined in the EMP. PMO and the PIUs will appoint qualified staff to coordinate and monitor EMP implementation. These will be supported by an external environmental monitor (EEM) contracted by the PMO and environmental supervision engineers (ESE) contracted by the PIUs. The EEM and ESE will also oversee and verify EMP implementation.
G. Risks and Assurances
348. The project has no unusual technical risks and conventional engineering designs with proven reliability and performance will be adopted for all the engineering components. From an environment safeguards point of view, the main risk relates to the failure of the PMO, PIUs and O&M units to monitor environmental impacts and implement the EMP during construction and operational stages. This risk will be mitigated by (i) providing training in environmental management under the project; (ii) appointing qualified project implementation consultants and an external environment monitor, (iii) following appropriate project implementation monitoring and mitigation arrangements, (iv) ADB conducting regular project reviews; and (v) project assurances covenanted in the loan and project agreement with ADB. The following assurances will be included in the loan and project agreements (in addition to standard assurances).
349. River and riparian wetland design. PMG will ensure, and will cause the PIUs to ensure that (i) a qualified and experienced Design Institute is engaged for the preliminary and detailed design of the river rehabilitation and flood control components; (ii) the design accounts for the recommendations of the climate risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA); and (iii) the final design is shared with ADB for review and appraisal prior to awarding of civil works contracts.
350. Dredging. PMG shall ensure that: (a) dredging is conducted in compliance with the EMP; and (b) sediment dredging and compensatory stocking of fish in the Pingshui and Yuan Rivers will be conducted in compliance with the relevant fish protection zone management plans.
31 Any revisions of the EMP will be disclosed in compliance with Public Communications Policy (2011).
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351. Use of native plant species. PMG shall ensure and cause the PIUs to cause the Design Institutes and Contractors to ensure that for all river embankments, wetlands, landscaping, planting at wastewater treatment plants, and post-construction rehabilitation, only native plant species will be used and which are locally sourced.
352. Protection of old trees and large trees. PMG shall ensure and shall cause the PIUs to cause the Design Institute and Contractors to ensure that trees under national class II protection and above (including but not limited to Camphor Tree and the Happy Tree are protected through optimized design of river channels and road alignment, and through sound and sensitive construction practices.
353. Borrow and spoil. PMG shall ensure and shall cause the PIUs to ensure that the Contractors select and manage borrow and spoil disposal sites in accordance with the relevant soil erosion protection plans, the EMP and in consultation with relevant environmental protection and water resources authorities.
354. Emergency preparedness and response. PMG will cause the PIUs and O&M units to (a) review their existing flood monitoring, early warning and response systems; and (b) update these to account for project interventions and the findings and recommendations of the climate risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA).
355. Road safety. PMG will cause the Pingxiang Transport Bureau to ensure that a road safety audit of the preliminary design is conducted during detailed engineering design, to confirm proper design of signage, lighting, and intersections of the road with existing county and village roads. Furthermore, PMG will cause the Pingxiang Transport Bureau to ensure that road safety education campaigns as well as the public bus route plan are developed and implemented in consultation with local residents in accordance with the Social Action Plan.
356. Road runoff into Category II water bodies. PMG will cause the Design Institute to ensure that properly sized and adequate numbers of impervious collection tanks are provided for the rural-urban road bridges crossing the Pingshui River and the Yuanbei River to prevent all road bridge runoff from entering these two Category II water bodies during storm events.
357. Vehicle control. PMG will ensure that periodic examination of emission of vehicle exhaust pollutants for each vehicle is conducted in accordance with PRC regulation (such as GB18352.3-2005), and that registration to vehicles with excessive emissions is rejected.
358. Noise forecast and mitigation. PMG shall cause the Pingxiang Transport Bureau to ensure that a full predictive analysis of sensitive receptor sites along the proposed Project road is carried out and funds for noise mitigation at affected properties and sensitive sites are reserved, as needed, before construction commences.
359. Wastewater treatment facilities. PMG shall cause the Luxi Housing, Urban and Rural Development Bureau and the Shangli Water Affair Bureau to (a) adequately resource, train and support management and operational staff of the wastewater treatment facilities; and (b) ensure that industrial wastewater to be discharged to the Xuanfeng wastewater treatment plant is adequately pre-treated in accordance with relevant national standard prior to discharging into public sewers.
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360. Household connections. PMG shall ensure, and shall cause the PIUs to ensure that all the necessary connections to households are constructed once the Project sewer constructions are completed.
361. Associated and linked facilities. PMG shall ensure, and cause the PIUs to ensure, that facilities associated and/or linked to the project, including the Lianhua County Urban Center wastewater treatment plant expansion and the Xiangdong wastewater treatment plant expansion, and the construction, will be completed and operational before the completion of construction stage in this project.
1. Overall Conclusion
362. It is concluded that the infrastructure subcomponents will significantly benefit the populations of these areas, including the poor and vulnerable. It is also concluded that the design features and operational planning will minimize adverse environmental impacts and that the implementation of these features will be assured through loan assurances. The domestic EIRs, EITs and this EIA conclude that all identified environmental impacts can be mitigated to acceptable levels if the measures defined in the EMP are carefully implemented and monitored. The project is feasible from an environment safeguards point of view. Category A is confirmed.
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Appendix 1
ATTACHMENT TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
For the proposed Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project, People’s Republic of China
Prepared by the Pingxiang Municipal Government for the Asian Development Bank.
A1-i Appendix 1 1. Introduction
1. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is developed for the Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project (the project) and defines all potential impacts of the project components and the mitigation and protection measures with the objective of avoiding or reducing these impacts to acceptable levels. The EMP also defines the institutional arrangements and mechanisms, the roles and responsibilities of different institutions, procedures and budgets for implementation of the EMP. The EMP seeks to ensure continuously improving environmental protection activities during preconstruction, construction, and operation in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse impacts and risks. The EMP draws on the findings of the project environmental impact assessment (EIA) report, the domestic environmental impact reports (EIR) and environmental impact tables (EIT), the soil and water conservation report (SWCR), technical studies and analyses by the project preparation technical assistance (PPTA) consultants, and ADB review mission discussions and agreements with the relevant government agencies.
2. The EMP will be reviewed and updated, as needed, at the end of the detailed design in order to be consistent with the final technical design. The final EMP, if updated, will be disclosed on the ADB project website and included in the Project Administration Manual (PAM). The EMP provides a list of environmental contract clauses that shall be included in all bidding and contract documents (Appendix 2). The whole EMP will also be included as a separate annex in all bidding and contract documents. The contractors will be made aware of their obligations to implement the EMP and to budget EMP implementation and monitoring costs in their proposals.
2. Institutional Responsibilities related to EMP implementation
3. As Executing Agency (EA), the Pingxiang Municipal Government (PMG) will be responsible for the overall implementation and compliance with loan assurances and all the requirements specified in the EMP.
4. Project Leading Group (PLG). A PLG has been established at the Pingxiang municipal level for the project comprising of senior officials from relevant government agencies at municipal, county and district levels, to facilitate inter-agency coordination, and to resolve any institutional problems affecting project implementation at municipal, county and district levels.
5. PMG (through the PMO) and the implementing agencies (through the PIUs) will assume overall responsibility for implementing, supervising, monitoring and reporting on the EMP. Their capacity to implement the EMP, as well as the capacity of the PIUs to manage project facilities, will be strengthened through capacity building and training activities defined in the EMP. PMO and the PIUs will appoint qualified staff to coordinate and monitor EMP implementation. These will be supported by environment management and sector specialists contracted by the PMO. 6. The PMO, located within the Pingxiang Urban Construction Investment and Development Corporation (PUCIDC), will have the overall responsibility delegated by the Pingxiang Municipal Government for supervising the implementation of the EMP, coordinating the environment grievance redress mechanism (GRM) and reporting to ADB. In compliance with SPS 2009 requirements for category A projects, the PMO will assign one of its full staff environment specialist to coordinate EMP implementation. The EMP Coordinator will be within the Comprehensive Office that will be set up within the PMO. S(he) will take charge of: (i) ensuring that environmental management, monitoring, and mitigation measures are incorporated into bidding documents, construction contracts and operation management plans; (ii) on behalf of PMO, hiring an external environment monitor (EEM, see below); (iii) coordinating the project level grievance redress mechanism (GRM, see below); (iv) preparing and submitting semi-annual environment monitoring reports to ADB; and (v) coordinating implementation of the training and consultation plans defined in the EMP.
A1-1 Appendix 1
7. Project implementing units (PIUs). The local-level Project Implementation Units (PIU), under the county or district governments (the implementing agencies, IAs), are shown in Table EMP-1.
Table EMP-1: Details of Project Implementation Units
Administrative Unit Sub-components Project Implementation Unit Lianjiang and Baima Rivers integrated rehabilitation and flood Lianhua County risk management Lianhua Water Affairs Bureau Wastewater collection Yuan, Xinhua and Tankou Rivers integrated rehabilitation and Luxi Water Affairs Bureau flood risk management Luxi County Luxi Housing, Urban & Rural Wastewater collection and treatment Development Bureau Lishui and Jinshan Rivers integrated rehabilitation and flood Shangli County risk management Shangli Water Affairs Bureau Wastewater collection and treatment Pingshui River integrated rehabilitation and flood risk Xiangdong District management Xiangdong Water Affairs Bureau Wastewater collection
Pingxiang Municipality Rural–urban Transport Pingxiang Municipal Transport Bureau
8. Each PIU will assign one staff to coordinate EMP implementation at local level, which will take charge of (i) coordinating the implementation of the EMP; (ii) supervising the implementation of mitigation measures during project construction and operation (the PIU will hire construction supervision companies, CSCs, and environment supervision engineers, ESEs); act as local entry points to the GRM; (iii) report to PMO on EMP implementation progress; and (vii) responding to any unforeseen adverse impact beyond those mentioned in the domestic EIRs and EITs, the project EIA and the EMP. 9. An external environment monitor (EEM) will be contracted by the PMO through CQS to oversee EMP implementation and monitoring. The EEM will advise the PMO, PIUs, contractors, CSCs and ESCs on all aspects of environmental management and monitoring for the project. The EEM will (i) assist in updating the EMP and environmental monitoring program, as needed; (ii) review and confirm project readiness in accordance with indicators defined in the EMP; (iii) supervise the implementation of the mitigation measures specified in the EMP through regular site visits and review of EMP implementation reports of the ESCs; (iv) coordinate environmental monitoring in accordance with the monitoring plan;1 (v) prepare semi-annual environment monitoring reports in English and submit them to ADB; (vi) provide training to the PMO, PIUs, and contractors on ADB SPS 2009, World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guideline, EMP implementation, and GRM in accordance with the training plan defined in the EMP; (vii) identify any environment-related implementation issues, and propose necessary corrective actions; (viii) provide support to PMO and PIUs in organizing public meetings in the project city/towns prior to mid-term mission to present and discuss EMP implementation progress, solicit community opinions and concerns, and agree on required corrective actions; and (viii) prior to project completion report, organize surveys to assess community satisfaction
1 The EEM may contract local environment monitoring stations at project city/county level or other licensed monitoring agencies.
A1-2 Appendix 1 with project implementation, project outputs, and EMP implementation performance, and draft the project completion report (PCR). 10. Construction Contractors. Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing relevant mitigation measures during construction under the supervision of the CSCs and PIUs. Contractors will develop site-specific EMPs based on the project EMP. Contractor environmental specifications will be included in all civil works contracts. The Contractor Environmental Specifications (see Appendix 2) are standard environmental clauses and sub clauses that are applicable to all general infrastructure construction. The objective of these clauses is to reduce and manage all potential environmental impacts caused by the construction activities. These specifications should be included into the standard Contractor Specifications included in the Contract between the IA and the Contractor. After project completion, environmental management responsibilities will be handed over to O&M units. 11. Environmental Supervision Engineers (ESE). Each PIU will contract an independent ESE to supervise and verify environmental performance during construction and whether the implementation of EMP items complies with the plan. The ESE will review EMP implementation, monitoring activities and results, assess EMP implementation performance, visit the project sites and consult potentially affected people, discuss assessment with PMO and the respective PIU; and suggest corrective actions. The ESE will prepare monthly reports for submission to the PIU which will be submitted to and reviewed by PMO during the preparation of the quarterly project progress reports for ADB and by the EEM during the preparation of the semi-annual environment monitoring reports for ADB.
12. O&M Units. During the operational phase, PMO and the Pingxiang EPB will periodically verify and monitor (through a licensed monitoring entity) the environmental management and implementation of mitigation measures by the operators (O&M Units) of the project components. These O&M units are listed in Table EMP-2. The cost of mitigation measures in this phase will be borne by the relevant O&M Units. Table EMP-2: Details of Operation and Maintenance Units Administrative Unit Sub-components Project Implementation Unit Lianjiang and Baima Rivers integrated rehabilitation and Lianhua County flood risk management Lianhua Water Affairs Bureau Wastewater collection Yuan, Xinhua and Tankou Rivers integrated rehabilitation Luxi Water Affairs Bureau and flood risk management Luxi County Luxi Housing, Urban & Rural Development Wastewater collection Bureau Wastewater treatment Jiangxi Hongcheng Waterworks Co. Ltd. Lishui and Jinshan Rivers integrated rehabilitation and flood risk management Shangli Water Affairs Bureau Shangli County Wastewater treatment Shangli Housing, Urban & Rural Development Wastewater collection Bureau Pingshui River integrated rehabilitation and flood risk Xiangdong District management Xiangdong Water Affairs Bureau Wastewater collection Pingxiang Highway Management Bureau (Anyuan and Shangli Branches) Pingxiang Municipality Rural–urban Transport Luxi Transport Bureau (Luxi Rural Road Maintenance Ltd. Company)
13. Overall environmental responsibilities are outlined in Table EMP-3.
A1-3 Appendix 1
A1-4 Appendix 1 Table EMP-3: Environmental Responsibility Project Stage and Environmental Responsibility Responsible Entity Project Preparation Engineering Detailed Design Tendering & Pre-construction Construction Operation PMG The Executing Agency (EA) for the project responsible for overall implementation and compliance with loan assurances and the EMP. PMO Established by the EA to be responsible for the day-to-day management of the project. Has overall responsibility delegated by the EA for supervising the implementation of environment mitigation measures, coordinating the project level GRM and reporting to ADB Engage LDI to Engage LDI Appoint at least one Supervise EMP implementation to Instruct the O&M units on prepare FSR, EIR, Review updated EMP environmental specialist on staff ensure effectiveness environmental management and EIT, RP and SWCR Confirm that mitigation Incorporate EIA/EMP clauses in Inspect implementation of mitigation monitoring requirements measures have been included tender documents and contracts measures. Prepare quarterly project progress in engineering detail design Manage the procurement process Operate the project complaint center reports and semi-annual Establish the project complaint and coordinate the project environmental monitoring reports until center with hot-line environment GRM. a PCR is issued Engage LIEC as the EEM Prepare quarterly project progress reports and semi-annual environment monitoring reports and submit them to ADB Conduct information disclosure and public consultation PIUs The Implementing Agencies (IA) for the Project to implement project components, administer and monitor contractors and suppliers, and take responsibility for construction supervision and quality (see Table EMP-1) control. Will ensure that the EMP is implemented proactively and will respond to any adverse impact beyond those foreseen in the EIA and ensure that if there are any changes in scope the EIA/EMP will be updated, as needed. Will also attend to requests from relevant agencies and ADB regarding the mitigation measures and environmental monitoring program. Incorporate EIA/EMP clauses in Supervise contractors and ensure Coordinate environmental monitoring tender documents and contracts compliance with the EMP according to the approved EMP until a Appoint at least one Coordinate construction supervision PCR is issued environmental specialist on staff and quality control Engage ESE for independent Coordinate environmental compliance monitoring of EMP monitoring according to the implementation environmental monitoring program in the approved EMP Act as a local entry point for the project GRM Submit monthly monitoring results to PMO LDIs Prepare project Incorporate mitigation FSRs, EIRs, RPs, measures defined in the SWCRs approved EIRs and this EMP Conduct public into engineering detailed consultation designs Update the EMP in cooperation with the LIEC Pingxiang EPB Review and Review project environmental Review and approve project approve the project quality monitoring results completion environment audits. EIRs and EITs Conduct mandated inspection and monitoring PPTA consultant Provide technical assistance Review EIRs, EITs
A1-5 Appendix 1 Project Stage and Environmental Responsibility Responsible Entity Project Preparation Engineering Detailed Design Tendering & Pre-construction Construction Operation and other relevant documents Prepare EIA report and EMP EEM Review updated EMP, Review bidding documents to Advise on mitigation measures Conduct EMP compliance review confirm that mitigation ensure that the EIA/EMP clauses Provide technical support to PMO Support PMO in instructing O&M units measures have been included are incorporated and PIUs for environmental on environmental management in engineering detailed design Confirm project’s readiness in management requirements respect of environmental Conduct environmental training Support PMO in preparing quarterly management. Review and approve contractors’ project progress reports and Engage local EMS in conducting SEMP semi-annual environmental monitoring environmental impact monitoring Conduct semi-annual EMP report until a PCR is issued compliance review Coordinate environmental monitoring Support PMO in preparing quarterly until a PCR is issued project progress reports and semi-annual environmental monitoring reports. Review domestic environmental acceptance reports Prepare environmental completion report. Contractors Ensure sufficient funding and Appoint an environment, health and human resources for proper and safety (EHS) officer to oversee EMP timely implementation of required implementation related to mitigation and monitoring environmental, occupational health measures in the EMP throughout and safety on construction site the construction phase Ensure health and safety Implement mitigation measures Prepare site-specific EMP (SEMP) containing method statements on the implementation of pollution control and mitigation measures listed in Table EMP-4, and submit to LIEC and ESE for review and approval Act as a local entry point for the project GRM EMS Undertake environmental impact Undertake environmental monitoring monitoring according to the until a PCR is issued (contracted by environmental monitoring program the O&M units) in the approved EMP (contracted by Submit monitoring results to the O&M EEM) units Report monitoring data to ESE, LIEC and PIU monthly ESE Conduct independent verification of project’s environment performance
A1-6 Appendix 1 Project Stage and Environmental Responsibility Responsible Entity Project Preparation Engineering Detailed Design Tendering & Pre-construction Construction Operation and compliance with the EMP (contracted by PIU) Review monthly monitoring data submitted by EMS, and conduct compliance checking against applicable environmental standards Provide advice to contractors for resolving on-site environmental problems when monitoring data shows non-compliance. Submit quarterly compliance monitoring results to PIU O&M units Ensure proper operation of (see Table EMP-2) component facilities according to design standards Conduct follow up medium term (2024) noise monitoring for the rural-urban road to determine need for mitigation Implement mitigation measures (e.g. fish monitoring and stocking in the two fish germplasm protection zones, installation of double-glazed windows). ADB Review and Approve updated EMP and Review bidding documents Review quarterly project progress Review and approve environmental approve the EIA disclose on ADB website Confirm project’s readiness reports, semi-annual environmental monitoring reports and disclose on and EMP and monitoring reports ADB website disclose on ADB Undertake review missions Undertake project completion review website 120 days Advise on compliance issues, as mission and prepare PCR for approval before Board required by Board and disclosure on ADB consideration. Disclose semi-annual environmental website. monitoring reports on ADB website. Notes: ADB = Asian Development Bank; EEM = external environmental monitor; EHS = environment, health & safety; EIA = environmental impact assessment; EIR = environmental impact report; EIT = environmental impact table; EMP = environmental management plan; EMS = Environmental Monitoring Station; EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau; ESE = environmental supervision engineer; FSR = feasibility study report; GRM = grievance redress mechanism; LDI = local LDI; LIEC = loan implementation environmental consultant; O&M = operation & maintenance; PCR = project completion report; PMG = Pingxiang Municipal Government; PMO = Pingxiang Project Management Office; PPTA = project preparation technical assistance; RP = resettlement plan; SEMP = site-specific environmental management plan; SWCR = soil and water conservation report;
A1-7 Appendix 1
3. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures
14. Potential environmental issues and impacts during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases, as identified in the EIA as well as corresponding mitigation measures designed to minimize the impacts are summarized in Table EMP-4. Mitigation or safeguard includes two types of environmental measures:
15. Those that will permanently become part of the infrastructure such as noise reduction materials and odor removal facilities for the wastewater treatment plants, and sedimentation tanks on the rural-urban road for retaining road runoff from entering the Category II rivers of Pingshui River and Yuanbei River during storm events. These will need to be included in the design of the facility by the LDIs, otherwise they won’t be built. The costs of building and maintaining these systems have already been included in the infrastructure construction and operating costs and therefore will not be double-counted as part of the EMP costs.
16. Those that are temporary measures particularly during the construction stage, such as dust suppression by watering and wheel washing, the use of quiet / low noise powered mechanical equipment and temporary noise barriers, flocculants used to facilitate sedimentation of suspended solids in construction site runoff, etc. These will need to be included in the tender documents, otherwise they are not budgeted by the contractor and they won’t be done. The costs for implementing these measures are included in the EMP. The budgets for implementing these measures in this project add up to the amount of $1,890,000. This budget is made up of $1,540,000 for the construction stage and $350,000 for the operation stage. The budget for construction stage represents the estimated amount above the business as usual scenario, which the contractors would put into their bid packages to satisfy the environmental contract clauses for implementing the mitigation measures in the EMP. This amount therefore will already be included in the construction contracts. The amount for operation stage would come out of the budgets of the O&M units. This amount however does not include the costs for implementing and monitoring soil erosion as described in the SWCRs, and the costs for fish stocking on the Pingshui River and Yuan River.
17. The mitigation measures defined in the EMP will be (i) checked and where necessary re-designed by the LDIs; (ii) incorporated into tender documents (where appropriate), construction contracts, and operational management plans; and (iii) implemented by contractors, PIUs or PMO, as relevant. The effectiveness of these measures will be evaluated based on the site supervisions by the ESEs, the results of the environmental monitoring conducted by the EMS, and through EMP compliance verification conducted by the PMO, PIUs, and LIEC.
A1-8 Appendix 1 Table EMP-4: Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity
Detailed Design Stage Design of the rural-urban Health and safety Safety of pedestrians Design must ensure public health and safety with clearly marked LDI, LIC PMO, EEM Included in design road and cyclists and separate lanes for pedestrians and cyclists, and ensure contract barrier-free design for disabled people. Road runoff and water Protection of Category Technical design of road bridges crossing the Pingshui River and LDI, LIC PMO, EEM Included in design quality II water bodies Yuanbei River that are Category II water bodies shall include contract sedimentation tanks sized adequately to retain all road runoff during storm events. Ecology Protection of protected Technical design of the alignment of the rural-urban road shall avoid LDI, LIC PMO, EEM Included in design trees the protected Camphor Trees and Happy Trees at locations shown contract in the EIRs and Table V.3 of this EIA. Climate change Road drainage Technical design of the rural-urban road drainage system shall be LDI, LIC PMO, ADB Included in design adequate to prevent the road from being flooded, and shall take into contract consideration potential extreme weather events due to climate change, such as more frequent and intense torrential rains and extreme temperature. Design of river Embankment Withstand strong Technical design of embankments shall be adequate and stable LDI, LIC PMO, EEM Included in design rehabilitation and flood storm water flow with enough to withstand the strong force of heavy storm water flow but contract risk management eco-friendly design at the same time maximize the adoption of eco-friendly embankment designs Ecology Protection of protected Technical design of the alignments of the Baima River and Lianjiang LDI, LIC PMO, EEM Included in design trees River shall avoid the protected Camphor Trees and Happy Trees at contract locations shown in the EIRs and Table V.3 of this EIA. Solid waste Disposal of dredged Technical design of the dredged sediment disposal site shall include LDI PMO, EEM Included in design sediment double lining with impervious liner on the bottom of each disposal contract cell, and perimeter drainage ditches to intercept and divert runoff from the site during storm events. Upon completion, all disposal sites shall be capped with clean soil on top with a thickness of at least 1 m, followed by restoration with planting of vegetation. Climate change Extreme storm events Technical design of the flood control function of the river channels LDI, LIC PMO, ADB Included in design shall take into consideration extreme storm events due to climate contract change. Design of wastewater Environmental pollution Pipe burst The design and construction method of the wastewater collection LDI PMO Included in design collection pipeline pipelines must be adequate to prevent pipe burst. contract Design of wastewater Air quality Odor removal Technical design of the WWTPs shall include facility and equipment LDI PMO Included in design treatment plant to remove odor generated during plant operation contract
A1-9 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity Odor buffer distance - Technical design of the wastewater treatment plants shall include LDI PMO, EEM Included in design general an environmental buffer distance of 200 m from the boundary of the contract wastewater treatment plant to the nearest environmental protection target for potential odor impact. Odor buffer distance – The nearest environmental protection target for the Tongmu Town LDI PMO, EEM Included in design Tongmu Town WWTP WWTP in Shangli County is Xiashan Village which is only 108 m contract from the WWTP site boundary. Resettlement plan for two households in Xiashan Village is required. Noise Operational noise Technical design of the WWTPs shall (1) contain the operational LDI PMO Included in design noises from pumps, blowers and other noisy equipment with proper contract acoustic design of these facilities Water quality Effluent standard Technical design of the WWTPs shall achieve the desired treatment LDI PMO Included in design to meet Class 1B discharge standard and safety of plant operation, contract with dual power supply to avoid interruption to plant operation due to power failure. Solid waste Sludge disposal Technical design of the WWTPs shall include temporary sludge LDI PMO Included in design drying beds to produce sludge with water content of lower than 60% contract
Pre-construction Stage Institutional strengthening - Lack of environment -PMO to appoint qualified environment specialist on its staff. PMO, LIEC ADB PMG, LI-TA management -PMO to contract loan implementation consultant (LIC) capacities within PMO -LIEC to conduct environment management training - Lack of environment -Each PIU to appoint qualified environment specialist on its staff PMO, PIU, LIC PMO , ADB PIU, LI-TA management -LIC to conduct environment management training capacities within the PIUs External environment -PMO to contract EEM to conduct independent verification of the PMO ADB LI-TA monitor (EEM) project’s environment performance and compliance with the approved EMP Lack of environment -LIC and EEM to conduct environment management training PMO, O&M units, PMO, ADB PMO, LI-TA management LIC capacities within the O&M units EMP update - EMP does not reflect -Review mitigation measures defined in this EMP, update as PMO, assisted by PMO, ADB PIU, LI-TA final project design required to reflect detailed design, disclose updated EMP on project EEM website, and include updated EMP in all bid documents. Land-take confirmation Land acquisition and Resettlement Plan Update the Resettlement Plan with final inventory. LDI, PIU PMO, ADB PIU resettlement update
A1-10 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity Grievance redress - Handling and resolving -Establish a GRM with complaint hotline, appoint a GRM PMO, PIU, EEM ADB PMO, LI-TA mechanisms complaints coordinator within PMO -Brief and provide training to GRM access points -Disclose GRM to affected people before construction begins at the main entrance to each construction site -Maintain and update a Complaint Register to document all complaints. Tender documents and Environmental clauses Put into tender documents and works contracts the respective PIU, Tender PMO, LIC, EEM Included in works contracts for all tender environmental clauses listed in Section J of this EMP Agent tendering agent’s documents and contract contracts Construction traffic Traffic Construction vehicles Plan transport routes for construction vehicles and specify in tender PIU, Tender PMO, LIC, EEM Included in causing traffic documents to forbid vehicles from using other roads and during Agent, Local tendering agency congestion peak traffic hours. traffic police contract Estimated cost for Design and Pre-construction stage: costs are included in the detail design fee and tendering agency contracts
Construction Stage Impact on Physical Air quality Dust (TSP, PM10) and -Provide dust masks to construction workers, especially those Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in Resources odor during involved in the Taohua Tunnel construction. construction construction contract -Build access and hauling roads at sufficient distances from residential areas, particular, from local schools and hospitals. -Assign haulage routes and schedules to avoid transport occurring in the central areas, traffic intensive areas or residential areas. -Spray water regularly on unpaved haul roads and access roads (at least once a day) to suppress dust; and erect hoarding around dusty activities. -Cover material stockpiles with dust shrouds or tarpaulin. For the earthwork management for backfill, measures will include surface press and periodical spraying and covering. The extra earth or dreg should be cleared from the project site in time to avoid long term stockpiling. -Minimize the storage time of construction and demolition wastes on site by regularly removing them off site. -Site asphalt mixing and concrete batching stations at least 300 m
A1-11 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity downwind of the nearest air quality protection target. -Equip asphalt, hot mix and batching plants with fabric filters and/or wet scrubbers to reduce the level of dust emissions. -Install wheel washing equipment or conduct wheel washing manually at each exit of the works area to prevent trucks from carrying muddy or dusty substance onto public roads. -Keep construction vehicles and machinery in good working order, regularly service and turn off engines when not in use. -Vehicles with an open load-carrying case, which transport potentially dust-producing materials, shall have proper fitting sides and tail boards. Dust-prone materials shall not be loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards, and shall always be covered with a strong tarpaulin. -In periods of high wind, dust-generating operations shall not be permitted within 200 m of residential areas. Special precautions need to be applied in the vicinity of sensitive receptors such as schools, kindergartens and hospitals. -Site all dredged sediment temporary storage or disposal facilities at least 50 m from the nearest air quality protection target. -To avoid odor impacts caused by sediment dredging, transport dredged sediment in closed tank wagons to contain odor and prevent scattering along the way. -Unauthorized burning of construction and demolition waste material and refuse shall be subject to penalties for the Contractor, and withholding of payment. Noise Noise from PME and - Noise levels from equipment and machinery shall conform to the Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in vehicles PRC standard for Noise Limits for Construction Sites construction (GB12523-2011) and the WBG EHS Standards, and properly contract maintain machinery to minimize noise. -Equipment with high noise and high vibration shall not be used near village or township areas and only low noise machinery or the
A1-12 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity equipment with sound insulation is employed. -Sites for concrete-mixing plants and similar activities will be located at least 300 m away from the nearest noise protection target. -Temporary noise barriers or hoardings shall be installed around the equipment to shield residences when there are residences within 20 m of the noise source. -No construction shall be allowed between the night time hours of 22:00 to 06:00. -Regularly monitor noise levels at construction site boundaries. If noise standards are exceeded by more than 3 dB, equipment and construction conditions shall be checked, and mitigation measures shall be implemented to rectify the situation. -Provide the construction workers with suitable hearing protection (ear muffs) according to the worker health protection law of the PRC. -Control the speed of bulldozer, excavator, crusher and other transport vehicles travelling on site, adopt noise reduction measures on equipment, step up equipment repair and maintenance to keep them in good working condition. -Limit the speed of vehicles travelling on site (less than 8 km/h). -Maintain continual communication with the villages and communities near the construction sites. Surface water Uncontrolled -Portable toilets and small package wastewater treatment plants Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in wastewater and shall be provided on construction sites and construction camps for construction muddy runoff from the workers and canteens; If there are nearby public sewers, interim contract construction sites and storage tanks and pipelines will be installed to convey wastewater to work camps. those sewers. -Sedimentation tanks shall be installed on construction sites to treat process water (e.g. concrete batching for bridge construction) and muddy runoff with high concentrations of suspended solids. If necessary, flocculants such as polyacryl amide (PAM) will be used
A1-13 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity to facilitate sedimentation. -Construction machinery shall be repaired and washed at special repairing shops. No onsite machine repair and washing shall be allowed. -Storage facilities for fuels, oil, and other hazardous materials will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, and provided with bunds and cleanup kits.
-The contractors’ fuel suppliers must be properly licensed, follow proper protocol for transferring fuel, and must be in compliance with Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods (JT 3145-88). -Material stockpiles will be protected against wind and runoff waters which might transport them to surface waters. -Spills shall be cleaned up according to PRC norms and codes within 24 hours of the occurrence, with contaminated soils and water treated according to PRC norms and codes. Records must be handed over without delay to the PMO and Pingxiang EPB. -No treated wastewater from construction sites shall be discharged to Category II water bodies, which include the Class 1 drinking water protection zones listed above and at the road bridges crossing the Pingshui River and Yuanbei River.
Disturbance of river -For river dredging works, sewer relocation, and bridge and weir Contractor, ESE PIU, EEM Included in sediments and construction, water quality monitoring shall be conducted at each construction increase SS dredging location, one control station 50 m up current of the location contract concentrations during and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When construction works in the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at rivers and bridge and the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up weir construction current control station, a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location shall be deployed, or the dredging rate shall be reduced until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level. -During dredging and sewer relocation works within the Class 1 protection zones for the drinking water intakes (from 1,000 m
A1-14 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity upstream of the intake to 100 m downstream of the intake) of the Lianhua County Water Treatment Plant (WTP) intake on the Baima River, the Luxi County WTP intake on the Yuan River, and the Lengtanwan WTP on the Pingshui River in Xiangdong District, a silt curtain shall be deployed in front of these intakes for protection of intake water quality. -All supernatant water from dredged sediment storage or disposal sites shall be treated to GB 8978-1996 Class I standard before discharging.
Solid waste, earthwork, C&D waste, municipal -Establish enclosed waste collection points on site, with separation Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in soil erosion protection solid waste, soil of domestic waste and construction & demolition (C&D) waste. construction erosion, inadequate contract spoil storage, disposal -Set up centralized domestic waste collection point and transport and borrow site offsite for disposal regularly by sanitation department. operation -Maximize the reuse of earth cut materials and C&D waste for filling and foundations of other construction works specified by the municipal and planning departments, or transport in enclosed containers to designated C&D landfill site. -Confirm location of the borrow pit and temporary spoil storage and final disposal sites - Develop borrow pit and spoil disposal site management and restoration plan, to be approved by responsible authority; obtain permit for the clearance of excavated earthworks -Construct intercepting ditches and drains to prevent runoff entering construction sites, and diverting runoff from sites to existing drainage. -Construct hoardings and sedimentation ponds to contain soil loss and runoff from the construction sites. -Limit construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds -Stabilize all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on.
A1-15 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity -Stockpiles shall be short-termed, placed in sheltered and guarded areas near the actual construction sites, covered with clean tarpaulins, and sprayed with water during dry and windy weather conditions. -All earthwork disturbance areas shall be stabilized with thatch cover within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites. -Immediately restore, level and plant landscape on temporary occupied land upon completion of construction works. -Implement all soil erosion protection measures as defined in the soil and water conservation reports. Impact on ecological Impacts on fauna, flora Destruction of habitats -Remove trees or shrubs only as the last resort if they impinge Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in resources and protected areas and wildlife, protection directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary works construction of fish germplasm contract protection zones and -Prior to commencement of construction, tag and conspicuously scenic area mark all the identified protected Camphor Trees along the Baima River, the Lianjiang River and the rural-urban road, and the Happy Trees along the rural-urban road as identified in the EIRs and Table V.3 of this EIA, to prevent damage to these trees by construction workers.
-Construction workers are prohibited from capturing any wildlife in the project areas.
-There shall be no construction works on the Yuan River, Xinhua River and Tankou River (including the rural-urban road section crossing the Yuen River) from March to June each year.
-There will be no construction works on the Pingshui River (including the rural-urban road section crossing the Pingshui River) from April to June each year.
- - During construction of the road section through the Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area in Luxi County: (1) no asphalt mixing or concrete batching station is allowed within the scenic area; (2) no material stockpile is allowed within the scenic area; (3) no borrow area and spoil disposal site is allowed within the scenic area; (4)
A1-16 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity water unpaved areas within the scenic area every two hours during dry weather to suppress dust and to reduce visual impact; (5) erect hoardings around the construction area within the scenic area to shield off noise and visual impact from construction machinery.
Impact on socio-economic Occupational health Construction site -Each contractor shall provide adequate and functional systems for Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in resources and safety sanitation, pest control sanitary conditions, toilet facilities, waste management, labor construction dormitories and cooking facilities. contract
-Effectively clean and disinfect the site. During site formation, spray with phenolated water for disinfection. Disinfect toilets and refuse piles and timely remove solid waste.
-Exterminate rodents on site at least once every 3 months, and exterminate mosquitoes and flies at least twice each year.
-Provide public toilets in accordance with the requirements of labor management and sanitation departments in the living areas on construction site, and appoint designated staff responsible for cleaning and disinfection.
-Work camp wastewater shall be discharged into the municipal sewer system or treated on-site with portable system.
Personal Protective - Provide safety hats and shoes to all construction workers and Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in Equipment enforce their use by the workers. construction contract - Provide goggles and respiratory masks to workers doing asphalt road paving and tunnel blasting.
- Provide ear plugs to workers working near noisy PME.
Food safety -Inspect and supervise food hygiene in canteen on site regularly. Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in construction -Canteen workers must have valid health permits. contract
-If food poisoning is discovered, implement effective control
A1-17 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity measures immediately to prevent it from spreading.
Disease prevention -All contracted labor shall undergo a medical examination which Contractor PIU, ESE Included in and safety awareness should form the basis of an (obligatory) health/accident insurance construction and welfare provisions to be included in the work contracts; contract
-The contractors shall maintain records of health and welfare conditions for each person contractually engaged;
- Establish health clinic at location where workers are concentrated, which should be equipped with common medical supplies and medication for simple treatment and emergency treatment for accidents;
-Specify (by the PIUs and contractors) the person responsible for health and epidemic prevention responsible for the education and propaganda on food hygiene and disease prevention to raise the awareness of workers.
Social conflicts -Civil works contracts shall stipulate priorities to (i) employ local Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in people for works, (ii) ensure equal opportunities for women and construction men, (iii) pay equal wages for work of equal value, and to pay contract women’s wages directly to them; and (iv) not employ child or forced labor. Community health and Temporary traffic -A traffic control and operation plan will be prepared together with Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in safety management the local traffic management authority prior to any construction. construction contract -The plan shall include provisions for diverting or scheduling construction traffic to avoid morning and afternoon peak traffic hours, regulating traffic at road crossings with an emphasis on ensuring public safety through clear signs, controls and planning in advance.
Information disclosure -Inform residents and businesses in advance through media of the Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in construction activities, given the dates and duration of expected construction disruption. contract
A1-18 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity Access to construction -Place clear signs at construction sites in view of the public, warning Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in sites people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous construction materials, excavations etc. and raising awareness on safety issues. contract All sites will be made secure, discouraging access by members of the public through appropriate fencing whenever appropriate. Utility services -Assess construction locations in advance for potential disruption to Contractor, local PIU, ESE, EEM Included in interruptions services and identify risks before starting construction; service providers construction contract -If temporary disruption is unavoidable, develop a plan to minimize the disruption in collaboration with relevant local authorities such as power company, water supply company and communication company, and communicate the dates and duration in advance to all affected people.
Physical cultural Destruction of cultural -Contractor shall comply with PRC's Cultural Relics Protection Law Contractor PIU, ESE, EEM Included in resources relics in stream bed and Cultural Relics Protection Law Implementation Regulations if construction and soil such relics are discovered, stop work immediately and notify the contract relevant authorities, adopt protection measures and notify the Security Bureau to protect the site. Estimated cost for the Construction Stage: $1,540,000, which should have been allowed for in the contractors’ bid documents and included in the construction contracts Operational Stage River rehabilitation and Ecology Compensatory fish Pingshui River: O&M unit PMO, EEM $360,000 for flood control works stocking 1 million fish [including the David’s Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi), Pingshui River Smallscale Yellowfin (Xenocypris microlepis), and the Yellow and $280,000 for Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)] per year for 5 years after Yuan River (to be completion of construction borne by O&M units and not Yuan River: included in this 800,000 fish [including Pingxiang Red Transparent Crucian Carp EMP) (Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis), David’s Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi), Smallscale Yellowfin (Xenocypris microlepis), and the Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)] per year for five years Riparian vegetation, Maintenance of -Daily maintenance: manage the vegetation including pruning, O&M unit IAs, PMG O&M unit budget wetland vegetation vegetation and weeding and replacement of dead or dying trees and shrubs landscape -Pest control: The guiding principle will be prevention first followed
A1-19 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity by integrated treatment, no pesticide to avoid water pollution.
Water quality and solid Pollution from storm -Routinely collect and properly dispose litter and debris from O&M unit IAs, PMG O&M unit budget waste water and solid waste sidewalks, driveways, and parking lots near rivers and channels. -Install litter traps along waterways (small floating mesh traps attached to one bank) and regularly empty these. -Clean the roadside catch basins before rainy season to avoid surface water pollution by storm water runoff flushing debris and silt. -Regularly empty garbage bins and containers placed along the river channels; - Maintain storm-water retention facilities along the roads nearby the rivers.
Embankment Embankment stability -Inspect all river embankment stabilization works for physical O&M unit IAs, PMG O&M unit budget integrity. If signs of failure are discovered, a repair program will be implemented immediately
Flood monitoring and Flood protection above -Critically review, update and maintain flood monitoring and early AIs, LIC PMG, EEM AI and LI-TA early warning flood design levels warning system including a coordination center, rainfall monitoring budget stations, and flood warning broadcasting stations; Wastewater treatment Air quality Odor impact and -The WWTP shall maintain a buffer distance of 200 m from site O&M unit, IA County EPB, O&M unit budget plants buffer distance boundary within which no development shall be allowed. EEM Noise Equipment noise -Operational noise at the WWTP boundaries shall meet Grade II noise requirements of 60 dB(A) during day time and 50 dB(A) at night under PRC’s Noise Standards at the Boundary of Industries and Enterprises (GB 12348-2008). Water quality Effluent discharge -Effluent shall be treated to meet Discharge Standard of Pollutants standard for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002) Class 1B standard prior to discharging. Solid waste Sludge water content - Sludge shall be dried to <60% moisture content to meet Disposal of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant – Quality of Sludge for Co-landfilling (GB/T 23485-2009) standard prior to landfill disposal Rural-urban road Noise Traffic noise -Install double-glazed windows or other adequate mitigation Contractor, PIU, PMG, EEM Civil works measures at affected protection targets as shown in the EIR and IA contract (during construction),
A1-20 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity Table V.5 of this EIA. O&M unit & PMG budget (estimated -Conduct follow up noise monitoring according to the EIR and this cost $224,000) EMP (see Table EMP-6); If required, install additional double-glazed windows at affected protection targets.
Air quality Vehicle emissions -Conduct periodic examination of emission of vehicle exhaust EPB and traffic IA PMG IA budget pollutants for each vehicle, including public buses, in accordance police with PRC regulation (such as GB18352.3-2005);
-Refuse registration to vehicles with excessive emissions;
Ecology Vegetation - Routinely inspect and properly maintain all roadside trees, slope O&M unit IA’s forestry O&M unit budget stabilization sites, and landscaping vegetation. Keep at least 98% of bureau survival rate. Soil Soil erosion - Inspect and properly maintain erosion protection measures O&M unit PMG O&M unit budget including seeded or stabilized slopes, drainage structures and retaining walls at least twice during the first year of the roads’ operation to ensure that they are maintained properly and are functioning as designed. Health and safety Road safety Implement road safety and transport planning assessment and O&M unit, LIC PMG, IAs O&M unit and training: a) conduct traffic safety audit for the project counties/ LI-TA budget district; b) identify safety concerns in traffic safety feature implementation, traffic safety education and enforcement needs; and c) develop program for public safety education and safety awareness.
Spills of dangerous -Ensure that all trucks carrying hazardous materials are marked O&M unit PMG O&M unit budget goods according to PRC norms.
-Enforce traffic controls, and set speed limits for trucks carrying hazardous material.
-Prepare a rapid spill response and clean up protocol so that in the event of a spill the appropriate people and equipment are quickly notified and action can be taken.
Natural hazard Reduced flood Clean culverts, bridge piers, and drainage pipes before high runoff O&M unit PMG O&M unit budget
A1-21 Appendix 1 Potential Impact Implementing Supervising Source of funds Item Impact Factor Mitigation Measures and/or Issues Entity Entity discharge capacity as season. result of accumulation of debris. Estimated cost for the Operational Stage: $350,000, which does not include costs for fish stocking and installation of double-glazed windowns Notes: ADB = Asian Development Bank; EEM = external environment monitor; EIA = environmental impact assessment; EIR = environmental impact report; EPB = Environment Protection Bureau; LIC = loan implementation consultant; O&M = operation and maintenance; PIU = project implementation unit; PMG = Pingxiang Municipal Government; PMO = Pingxiang Project Management Office; TA = technical assistance; LI-TA = Loan Implementation TA.
A1-22 Appendix 1 4. Monitoring and Reporting
18. Monitoring will include project readiness monitoring (to be conducted by the PMO with support of the EEM), environmental impact monitoring (to be conducted by the local Environmental Monitoring Stations (EMS); as well as by the contractors who will be required to conduct frequent noise and air quality monitoring around construction sites), and EMP compliance monitoring to verify EMP compliance during project implementation (to be conducted by ESE and EEM). Monitoring and reporting arrangements defined for this project are described below.
19. Assessment of project readiness. Before construction, the EEM will assess the project’s readiness in terms of environmental management based on a set of indicators (Table EMP-5) and report it to ADB and the PMO. This assessment will demonstrate that environmental commitments are being carried out and environmental management systems are in place before construction starts, or suggest corrective actions to ensure that all requirements are met.
Table EMP-5: Project Readiness Assessment Indicators Indicator Criteria Assessment EMP update The EMP was updated after technical detail design as needed, Yes No approved by ADB, and disclosed on the project website Compliance with loan The borrower complies with loan covenants related to project Yes No covenants design and environmental management planning Public involvement Meaningful consultation completed Yes No effectiveness GRM established with entry points Yes No Environment specialist appointed by PMO Yes No Environment specialists appointed by PIUs Yes No Environmental Supervision EEM contracted by PMO Yes No in place Contractors have site-specific EMPs Yes No ESEs contracted by PIUs Yes No EMS contracted by EEM Yes No Bidding documents and contracts incorporating the environmental Yes No activities and safeguards listed as loan assurances Bidding documents and Bidding documents and contracts incorporating the impact contracts with mitigation and environmental management and monitoring Yes No environmental safeguards provisions of the EMP Environmental requirements of EMP included in contract Yes No documents The required funds have been set aside by PMO, PIUs, EMP financial support contractors and the O&M units to support the EMP Yes No implementation
20. Environmental impact monitoring. Table EMP-6 shows the environmental impact monitoring program specifically designed for this project, defining the requirements, including, scope, location, parameter, duration and frequency of monitoring during the construction and operational stages. Environmental impact monitoring will include monitoring of air quality, noise, water quality and ecology.
21. Environmental monitoring of air quality, noise and water quality during construction and operation will be conducted by the local Environment Monitoring Stations (EMS) to be contracted by the EEM. Ecological monitoring is based on the requirements in the topical reports prepared by the
A1-23 Appendix 1 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotion of Aquatic Product Technology (PMSPAPT) (2013, 2015)1 for the national and provincial fish protection zones on the Pingshui River and Yuan River respectively. Ecologists will be engaged by the PIUs responsible for rehabilitation of these two rivers. Soil erosion monitoring entities will be contracted by the PIUs and monitoring requirements are specified in the soil and water conservation reports (SWCR). The EEM will be hired by PMO to verify monitoring results. The budget for environmental impact monitoring has been estimated at $180,000, which includes approximately $60,000 estimated by PMSPAPT for ecological monitoring on the two rivers. This estimate does not include soil erosion monitoring, which is provided in the SWCRs. This monitoring program will be included in the project tendering documents, as well as the construction and operation contracts.
22. The environmental monitoring results will be compared with relevant PRC performance standards (Table EMP-7), and non-compliance with these standards will be highlighted in the monitoring reports. Monitoring results will be submitted by the PIUs to PMO quarterly, and will be reported in the semi-annual environmental monitoring reports by the EEM, see reporting plan in Table EMP-8).
23. Environmental impact monitoring. Table EMP-6 shows the environmental impact monitoring program specifically designed for this project, defining the requirements, including, scope, location, parameter, duration and frequency of monitoring during the construction and operational stages. Environmental impact monitoring will include monitoring of air quality, noise, water quality and ecology.
Table EMP-6: Environmental Impact Monitoring Program Monitoring Monitoring Frequency & Implementing Supervising Item Monitoring Location Parameter Duration Entity Entity Construction Stage Air quality TSP, PM10 Lianhua County: 1 day (24-hr continuous EMS (contracted ESE, EEM (SO2 & NOx only if Huangjiali 黄家里 sampling) per month during through EEM) there is asphalt Xietian Village 斜田村 construction period when mixing within 500 Baima Village 白马村 there is construction activity m of monitoring within 300 m Maojia Village毛家村 locations) Manfang Village 漫坊村 Meizhou Village 梅洲村 Xiafang Village 坊村 Jinjia Village 金家村 Panke Village 攀科村 Huangshazhou Village 黄沙洲村 Lianhua Village莲花村 Jiuwuli 旧屋里 Shengfang Village 升坊村 Xhengfang Town Clinic升坊镇卫 Mazhi Village 麻石村 Huatang Village 花塘村 Yang Village 杨村 Huangtianlong 黄天垅 Xidongwu 四栋屋
Luxi County: Xiadantang 淡塘 Tantian Village 潭田村
11 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2013. Topical report for the environmental impact assessment of Jiangxi Province five river rehabilitation and flood protection projects (Pingxiang Municipality urban flood protection project). 86 pp. Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2015. Impact of Asian Development Bank project on the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transpartent Crucian Carp Germplasm. 77 pp.
A1-24 Appendix 1 Monitoring Monitoring Frequency & Implementing Supervising Item Monitoring Location Parameter Duration Entity Entity Construction Stage Shawanli 沙湾里 Zhepeng Village 蔗棚村 Goumaochong 狗毛冲 Applied Engineering Vocational School 应 用工程职业学院 Bishuihuating Estate 碧水华庭小 Shiziyan 狮子岩 Gengtian Village 更田村 Tianxin Village 田心村 Luxi Middle School 芦溪中学 Luxi Foreign Language School 芦溪外国 语学校 Hejiazhen 何家圳 Xisheng Village 西圣村 Hexia Village 河 村 Caochangli 操场里 Hongqiao Village 虹桥村 Pantian Village 盘田村 Shanyuanli 山园里
Shangli County: Tongmu Central Clinic 桐木中心卫生院 Yaxi Village Clinic 雅溪村卫生所 Yaxi Village Kindergarten 雅溪村幼儿园 Shishanxia 石山 Liantang 莲塘 Tongmu Town center 桐木镇 Mopanshan 磨盘山 Tongmu Central Primary School 桐木中 心小学 Sanqi Village 漆村 Huangjiachong 黄家冲 Qishuwan 漆树湾 Xiapeng 棚
Xiangdong District Gunzidang 滚子凼 Dajiangbian Primary School 大江边小学 Xiashankou Street 峡山口街道 Binjianghuayuan Estate 滨江花园小 Yantian Village 砚田村 Pingxiang Power Plant dormitory 萍乡电 厂居民 Wuxi Village 五四村 Xiangdong Middle School 湘东中学 Changsheng Village 昌盛村 Xiangdong Middle School 湘东中学 Xiangdong Yuncheng Experimental School 湘东云程实验学校 Tiantian Kindergarten天天幼儿园 Xiangdong Experimental Primary School湘 东 实验小学 Jinsetongnian Kindergarten 金色童年幼 儿园 Xinjian village 新建村
A1-25 Appendix 1 Monitoring Monitoring Frequency & Implementing Supervising Item Monitoring Location Parameter Duration Entity Entity Construction Stage Ganxi Hospital 赣西 院 Pinggang Middle School 萍钢中学 Xiangdong District People’s Hospital 湘东 人民 院 Chuanxing Estate 船形小 Pinggang Primary School萍钢小学 Zhangli Village 樟里村 Xiangdong Central Kindergarten 湘东中 心幼儿园 Chunfeng Estate 春风小 Dada School 达达学校 Xiangdong Old Street湘东老街
Rural-urban road Aoshang 垇 Yanzhutang 烟猪塘 Shiyuan 石源 Zhizishi 狮子石 Baishuxia 树 Shapixia 沙陂 Doujialing 斗家岭 Changmuling 长睦岭 Xinwuchang 新屋场 Shangtongmukeng 桐木坑 Yuanxi Village 源溪村 Zhangjiapi 章家陂 Hejiazhen 何家圳 Pailou Village 排楼村 Noise LAeq Locations same as those for air quality 2 times per day (day time and EMS (contracted ESE, EEM night time); 1 day per month through EEM) during construction period when there is construction activity within 300 m Water quality SS Set up 2 monitoring stations at each of the 1 time per day; 1 day per EMS (contracted ESE, EEM following locations during construction: month during construction through EEM) Bridge construction period when there is Pipeline crossing construction construction activity Weir construction Coffer dam construction and water pumping Cutter suction dredger
Station 1: 50 m upstream of the location Station 2: 100 m downstream of the location Sediment pH, moisture At each dredged sediment disposal or 1 time per day, 1 day every 3 EMS (contracted ESE, EEM quality content, Cu, Pb, storage area months through EEM) Hg, Cd, As, Ni, BHC, DDT Ecology Fish monitoring 2 rivers: 1 time every 3 months during Qualified ESE, EEM Pingshui River (required by PMSPAPT construction period. ichthyologist(s) 2013)2 (contracted through
2 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2013. Topical report for the environmental impact assessment of Jiangxi Province five river rehabilitation and flood protection projects (Pingxiang Municipality urban flood protection project). 86 pp.
A1-26 Appendix 1 Monitoring Monitoring Frequency & Implementing Supervising Item Monitoring Location Parameter Duration Entity Entity Construction Stage Yuan River (required by PMSPAPT 2015)3 PIUs) Occup. Audit of Construction sites Daily during construction ESE EEM, PMO Health & occupational period Safety health & safety of Once per month during PIU workers on construction period construction sites
Operational Stage (first three year)
Air Quality Odor At 4 site boundaries of: 1 time per day, 1 day every EMS (contracted by PMO Xuanfeng Town WWTP three months for 3 years O&M unit) Tongmu Town WWTP Noise LAeq At 4 site boundaries of: 1 time per day, 1 day every t EMS (contracted by PMO Xuanfeng Town WWTP months for 3 years O&M unit) Tongmu Town WWTP (terminate monitoring when compliance with GB12348-2008 is achieved on 3 consecutive times) Noise LAeq At following locations along rural-urban road: 2 times per day (day time and EMS (contracted by PMO Aoshang 垇 night time), 2 consecutive O&M unit) Yanzhutang 烟猪塘 days every 3 months for 1 Shiyuan 石源 year starting at road commissioning Zhizishi 狮子石 Baishuxia 树 Shapixia 沙陂 Doujialing 斗家岭 Changmuling 长睦岭 Xinwuchang 新屋场 Shangtongmukeng 桐木坑 Yuanxi Village 源溪村 Zhangjiapi 章家陂 Hejiazhen 何家圳 Pailou Village 排楼村 Water quality COD, BOD5, SS, At 2 locations: 1 time per day, 3 consecutive EMS (contracted by PMO TN, TP Tongmu WWTP effluent outfall days every 3 months for 1 O&M units) Xuanfeng WWTP effluent outfall year (monitoring may be extended if Class 1B standard is not met after 1 year) Ecology Fish monitoring 2 rivers: 1 time every 6 months for 3 Qualified PMO Pingshui River (required by PMSPAPT years ichthyologist(s) 2013) (contracted through Yuan River (required by PMSPAPT 2015) O&M unit) Total estimated cost: $180,000 ($120,000 from the EEM contract; $60,000 from PMSPAPT for fish monitoring will be borne by PIU) Notes: EEM = External Environment Monitor; EMS = Environmental Monitoring Station; ESE = environmental supervision engineer; O&M = operation & maintenance; PIU = Project Implementation Unit; PMSPAPT = Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology; PMO = Pingxiang Project Management Office; WWTP = wastewater treatment plant
3 Pingxiang Municipal Station for Promotional of Aquatic Product Technology. 2015. Impact of Asian Development Bank project on the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transpartent Crucian Carp Germplasm. 77 pp.
A1-27 Appendix 1 Table EMP-7: Monitoring Indicators and Applicable PRC Standards4 Period Indicator Standard Construction TSP Class II Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012) Fume from asphalt mixing plant Air Pollutant Integrated Emission Standard (GB 16297-1996) (SO2, NOx) Noise limits of PME at boundary of Emission Standard of Environmental Noise for Boundary of Construction construction site Site (GB 12523-2011) Water quality during dredging and No PRC standard. Use upstream (of the dredging works) location as control other river works (SS) station and downstream location as the impact station. If the SS level at the downstream location is >130% of the upstream location, mitigation measures such as reducing the dredging rate or changing the dredging equipment will be implemented Quality of dredged sediment for Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludges for Gardens and Parks urban landscaping (GB/T23486-2009), and land improvement (GB3838-2002). Quality of wastewater from PRC’s Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996), Class I construction sites and supernatant standard (for discharging into Category III water bodies) water from dredged sediment No discharge into Category II water bodies is allowed disposal sites (SS, BOD, COD, LAS) Soil erosion Class II Control Standards for Soil and Water Loss on Development and Construction Projects (GB50434-2008) Operation Odor from WWTP Emission Standards of Odor Pollutants (GB14554-93) Noise from WWTP Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348-2008) Effluent discharge from WWTP Class 1B Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002)
24. EMP monitoring. EMP monitoring will be undertaken by the PMO, with verification by the EEM, who will report to ADB the project’s adherence to the EMP, information on project implementation, environmental performance of the contractors, and environmental compliance through semi-annual environment progress reports (Table EMP-8). The reports should confirm the project’s compliance with the EMP, local legislation such as PRC EIA requirements, and identify any environment related implementation issues and necessary corrective actions. The performance of the contractors in respect of environmental compliance will also be reported. The operation and performance of the project GRM, environmental institutional strengthening and training, and compliance with all covenants under the project will also be included in the report.
25. Environmental acceptance monitoring and reporting. Within three months after each component completion, or no later than 1 year with permission of the Pingxiang EPB, environmental acceptance monitoring and audit reports of each component completion shall be: (i) prepared by a licensed environmental monitoring institute in accordance with the PRC Management Method for Acceptance of Environmental Protection at Construction Project Completion (MEP, 2001), (ii) reviewed for approval of the official commencement of individual component operation by environmental authorities, and (iii) finally reported to ADB (Table EMP-8). The environmental acceptance reports of the component completions will indicate the timing, extent, effectiveness of completed mitigation and of maintenance, and the needs for additional mitigation measures and monitoring during operations.
4 The project applies PRC standards. A comparison of PRC standards with internationally accepted standards (as defined in the World Bank’s Environment Health and Safety Guidelines) was conducted and is described in Chapter II. The comparison confirmed that PRC standards are either internationally accepted, or have comparable standard limits with internationally accepted standards. A deviation from PRC practices and standards would make the task of compliance monitoring authorities unnecessarily complicated, and is deemed not justified.
A1-28 Appendix 1
Table EMP-8: Reporting Plan Reporting Reports From To Frequency Construction Phase Progress reports by Internal project progress report by construction Contractors, ESE PIU Monthly contractors contractors, including EMP monitoring results by ESE Progress reports by PIUs Internal project progress report including EMP PIU PMO Quarterly implementation progress Environment quality Environment quality monitoring report by licensed EMS PMO, EEM Quarterly monitoring report EMS (contracted by EEM) Reports to ADB and Project progress report (including section on EMP PMO ADB Quarterly disclosed to AP implementation and monitoring) Environment monitoring reports EEM ADB, AP Semi-annual Operational Phase Reports to ADB and Project progress report (including section on EMP PMO ADB Semi-annual disclosed to AP implementation and monitoring) External environment monitoring report EEM ADB, AP Annual until PCR Notes: ADB = Asian Development Bank; AP = affected people; EEM = external environmental monitor; EMS = Environment Monitoring Station; PCR = project completion report; PIU = Project Implementation Unit; PMO = Pingxiang Project Management Office.
5. Institutional Capacity Building and Training
26. The capacity of PMO, PIUs, O&M units and contractors’ staff responsible for EMP implementation and supervision will be strengthened. All parties involved in implementing and supervising the EMP must have an understanding of the goals, methods, and practices of project environmental management. The project will address the lack of capacities and expertise in environmental management through (i) institutional capacity building, and (ii) training.
27. Institutional strengthening. The capacities of the PMO and PIUs to coordinate environmental management will be strengthened through a set of measures: i. The appointment of qualified environment specialists within the PMO staff to be in charge of EMP coordination, including GRM and coordination of environmental impact monitoring, training, reporting, etc.; ii. The contracting of specialists in flood risk management, wetland design and operation, environment, traffic safety and others under the loan implementation technical assistance (LI-TA); iii. The contracting of an External Environmental Monitor (EEM) to guide and verify PMO and PIUs in implementing the EMP and ensure compliance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009); iv. The appointment of environment specialist(s) by the PIUs on their staff to conduct regular site inspections; and v. The contracting of environmental supervision engineers (ESE) by the PIUs to verify environment performance of the project on construction sites.
28. Training. The PMO, PIUs, contractors and O&M units will receive training in EMP implementation, supervision, and reporting, and on the Grievance Redress Mechanism (Table EMP-9). Training will be facilitated by the EEM and experts under the loan implementation consultant services.
A1-29 Appendix 1
Table EMP-9: Tentative EMP-related Training Program Cost Period No. of Training Attendees Contents Times ($/person Total Cost (days) persons /day) EMP adjustment and PMO, PIUs, Development and adjustment Twice - 2 15 100 $6,000 implementation contractors, of the EMP, roles and Once prior to, and ESEs responsibilities, monitoring, once after one supervision and reporting year of project procedures, review of implementation experience (after 12 months) Grievance Redress PMO, PIUs, Roles and responsibilities, Twice - 1 10 100 $2,000 Mechanism contractors, procedures, review of Once prior to, and EPBs, ESEs experience (after 12 months) once after one year of project implementation Environmental PMO, PIUs, Pollution control technologies, Twice (during 2 15 100 $6,000 technologies and contractors, equipment selection and project processes O&M units procurement implementation) Environmental PMO, PIUs, Monitoring methods, data Once (at 2 10 100 $2,000 monitoring, contractors collection and processing, beginning of occupational health & reporting systems, project safety occupational health & safety construction) during construction Total estimated cost: $16,000 Notes: O&M = operation & maintenance; EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau; PIU = Project Implementation Unit; PMO = Pingxiang Project Management Office.
29. Capacity building. In addition to training for EMP implementation, the project will provide a substantial capacity building package to ensure effective implementation of the project and sustainable O&M of the project facilities. The institutional components of the project will involve training by loan implementation consultants in operation and maintenance of completed facilities. Part of this training will focus on teaching staff how to use a set of indicators to monitor performance of the completed facilities. These indicators will be designed by loan implementation consultants prior to operation start-up.
6. Consultation, Participation and Information Disclosure
30. Section VII of the project environmental impact assessment report has described the meaningful public participation and consultation implemented during project preparation. Plans for public involvement during construction and operation stages have been developed during project preparation (Table EMP-10). PMO is responsible for public participation during project implementation. Affected communities will be involved and consulted site visits, workshops, investigation of specific issues, interviews, and public hearings. The budget for public consultation is estimated at approximately $10,000.
Table EMP-10: Public Consultation Plan
Organizer Format Frequency Subject Attendees Construction Stage PMO, PIUs, Public 4 times: once before Adjusting of mitigation measures, Residents in DPA EEM consultation & construction commences if necessary; construction impact; site visits and once each year during comments and suggestions
A1-30 Appendix 1 Organizer Format Frequency Subject Attendees construction PMO, EEM Expert workshop As needed, based on public Comments and suggestions on Experts of various consultation mitigation measures, public sectors, county/ opinion district EPBs EEM, PMO Public opinion Once at MTR stage Public satisfaction with EMP Residents in DPA survey implementation Operational Stage PMO, PIUs Public Once in the first year Effectiveness of mitigation Residents in DPA EEM consultation and measures, impacts of operation, site visits comments and suggestions EEM, PMO Public satisfaction Once at PCR stage Public satisfaction with EMP Residents in DPA survey implementation Comments and suggestions EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau, PMO = Pingxiang project management office, DPA = direct project area, EEM = external environment monitor; MTR = midterm review; PCR = project completion review.
31. Information disclosure relating to environment safeguards will continue throughout project implementation. The project’s environmental information will be disclosed as follows: (i) Domestic EIRs and EITs (in Chinese) were disclosed on the local governments’ websites before approval by relevant municipal/county/district environmental protection authorities; (ii) Copies of the domestic EIRs and EITs (in Chinese) are available on request in the PMO. (iii) The draft EIA is disclosed on the project website at www.adb.org. (iv) All semiannual environmental monitoring reports during project implementation will be available at www.adb.org.
7. Grievance Redress Mechanism
32. Public participation, consultation and information disclosure undertaken as part of the local EIA process have discussed and addressed major community environmental concerns. Continued public participation and consultation has been emphasized as a key component of successful project implementation. As a result of this public participation and safeguard assessment during the initial stages of the project, major issues of grievance are not expected. However, unforeseen issues may occur. To settle such issues effectively, a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) providing effective and transparent channels for lodging and addressing complaints and grievances has been defined. The GRM will be established prior to construction of the project components. The GRM is responsive to ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) and PRC legislation.
33. The proposed project GRM. In consultation with the PMO, PIUs and potentially affected people, it was agreed that PMO will establish a complaints center and coordinate the GRM for the project for complaints related to both environmental and resettlement issues. The project complaint center will direct all environmental complaints as appropriate to: (i) the contractors, ESE or CSC; (ii) PIUs; (iii) EPBs. These are also entry points to whom the affected people could directly register their complaints. Complaints related to resettlement issues received by the complaints center will be
A1-31 Appendix 1 directed to the relevant agencies in accordance with the resettlement GRM. Contact details for the complaints center and the entry points will be publicly disseminated on information boards at construction sites and nearby communities. Multiple means of using this mechanism, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, or e-mail, will be available. In the construction and the operational periods until ADB’s project completion report (PCR), the PMO will report progress to the ADB, and this will include reporting complaints and their resolution. The EEM will provide training on the GRM to ensure that responsibilities and procedures are clear. The grievance redress steps are described below:
Step 1. For environmental problems during the construction stage (and until a project completion report is issued), affected persons can register their complaints directly with contractors. Affected persons may also file their complaints through the normal EPB hotline or a project complaint hotline to be established by the PMO, with a designated person in charge of handling complaints, and advertised at the main entrance to each construction site. Each contractor is required to document all complaints and to respond to complainants in writing within 1 week about their proposed solutions and how they will be implemented. If a problem is resolved and the complainant (i.e. the impacted person making the complaint) is satisfied with the solution, the grievance handling ends here. Contractors are required to report complaints received, handled, resolved, and unresolved to the CSC, ESE and PIU monthly (through the monthly progress reports). Step 2. For environmental problems that could not be resolved at the contractor level, the affected person can take the grievance to the PIU. On receiving complaints, the PIU will (i) document the complaint into a complaints register; (ii) send a copy of the complaint to the environmental staff of the PMO; and (iii) after discussing possible solutions with the complainant and the contractor, reply in writing within 14 calendar days describing the proposed solution and how it will be implemented. The results (the complainant is satisfied or unsatisfied) is documented in the complaint register and reported to the PMO quarterly (through the PIUs’ quarterly project progress reports). Step 3. If the affected person is not satisfied with the solutions proposed in the step 2, he or she can, upon receiving the reply, take the grievance directly to the PMO. The PMO must immediately inform ADB of the complaint. After discussing the complaint and potential solutions among PMO, the EEM, the loan implementation consultant, relevant agencies and EPB, the affected person, and the contractor, the PMO must provide the complainant with a clear and understandable reply within 14 calendar days, and record it into the complaint register.
A1-32 Appendix 1
inform
ADB = Asian Development Bank, EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau, PMO = project management office.
Figure EMP-1: Procedure and Timeframe for the GRM
34. The tracking and documenting of grievance resolutions by PMO (through its complaints center) will include the following elements: (i) tracking forms and procedures for gathering information from project personnel and complainant(s), and notification procedure to ADB; (ii) dedicated staff to update the database routinely; (iii) a system to periodically evaluate the overall functioning of the mechanism; (iv) processes for informing stakeholders about the status of a case; and (v) procedures to retrieve data for reporting purposes, including the periodic reports to the ADB through the semi-annual environment monitoring reports.
35. The PMO complaint center shall accept the complaints/grievances lodged by the AP free of charge. Any cost incurred should be covered by the contingency of the project. The grievance procedures will remain valid throughout the duration of project construction and until project closure.
A1-33 Appendix 1 8. Cost Estimates
36. Cost estimates for EMP implementation, including mitigation measures, environmental impact monitoring, public consultation and training as presented in Tables EMP-4, EMP-6, EMP-9 and EMP-10 are summarized in Table EMP-11. Total budget for implementing these 4 items of the EMP is therefore $2,836,000. Excluded from the costs estimates are infrastructure costs which relate to environment and public health but which are already included in the project direct costs. Excluded are also capacity building packages, the remuneration costs for environment specialists who are staff members within PMO and PIUs, and technical experts on equipment operation and maintenance, which are covered elsewhere in the project budget. The following costs are also not included in the EMP cost: (i) $360,000 for fish stocking on the Pingshui River, (ii) $280,000 for fish stocking on the Yuan River and (iii) $224,000 for provision of double glazed windows to mitigate traffic noise.
Table EMP-11: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management Plan Implementation Estimated Cost EMP Item EA Funded ADB Funded Mitigation measures (noise mitigation cost of $224,000 not included) 1,890,000 - Environmental quality monitoring (by EMS, contracted by EEM) 60,000 120,000 External EMP compliance monitoring by ESE/CSC 650,000 - External monitoring by EEM 80,000 Training $16,000 $10,000 Public consultation $10,000 Subtotal: 2,626,000 210,000 Total: 2,836,000
37. The EEM will bear all environmental impact monitoring costs during the construction stage. O&M Units will bear the monitoring costs of the operational stage. PMO will ensure the necessary budgets are available for the licensed environment monitoring entity (the external environment monitor) and the experienced ichthyologist(s). Contractors will bear the costs for all mitigation measures during construction, including those specified in the tender and contract documents as well as those to mitigate unforeseen impacts due to their construction activities. The O&M units will bear the costs related to mitigation measures during operation. PMO and PIUs will bear the costs related to environmental supervision by their own staff. The PIUs will bear the cost of commissioning the environmental supervision engineer (ESE). The project as a whole (through PMO) will bear the costs for training, for coordinating the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM).
9. Mechanisms for Feedback and Adjustment
38. The EMP will be updated as needed by PMO with assistance from the LIC and under supervision of the EEM when there are design changes, changes in construction methods and program, poor environmental monitoring results, and if mitigation measures prove to be ineffective or inadequate. Based on environmental monitoring and reporting systems in place, PIUs (with the support of the LIC and the EEM) shall assess whether further mitigation measures or improvement in environmental management practices are required as corrective actions. PMO will inform ADB promptly on any changes to the project and needed adjustments to the EMP. The updated EMP will be submitted by PMO to ADB for review and approval, and will be disclosed on the project website.
A1-34 Appendix 1
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 (Quarters) (Quarters) (Quarters) (Quarters) (Quarters) (Quarters) Overall Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 Project implementation Project management support and capacity development, training and study tours Detailed engineering design Bidding documents and tendering Civil works construction and equipment installation, commissioninga Project completion report Detailed activities Output 1: Improved and integrated flood risk management and river rehabilitation 1.1 Detailed design and bidding documents 1.2 Contracts awarded 1.3 Land acquisition and resettlement plan implementation completed 1.4 Civil works including river dredging; sewer pipe relocation, where applicable; interceptor pipe installation, where applicable; toe zone protection; embankment and pathway construction; and landscaping and planting of riparian; and completion of wetlands vegetation Output 2: Improved wastewater collection and treatment 2.1 Detailed design and bidding documents 2.2 Contracts awarded 2.3 Land acquisition and resettlement plan implementation completed 2.4 Civil works for sewer pipe installation 2.5 Civil works and equipment installation commissioning of wastewater treatment plants Output 3. Improved rural-urban linkages 3.1 Detailed design completed, resettlement plan finalized, contract awarded, commencement of construction for Anyuan Section of government financed road 3.2 Detailed design and bidding documents 3.3 Contracts awarded 3.4 Land acquisition and resettlement plan implementation completed 3.5 Civil works for road construction Output 4. Project management support and capacity development 4.1 Recruitment of project implementation consultant 4.2 Recruitment of external resettlement and environment monitoring consultants 4.3 Project performance management system established, project management support and monitoring and evaluation, and quarterly progress reporting 4.4 Support to implementation of land acquisition and resettlement plan and submit semiannual reports 4.5 Support to implementation of environmental management plan and submit semiannual monitoring reports 4.6 Carry out training programs, policy dialogue, study tours, and awareness raising campaigns 4.7 Submit project completion report by Q2 2020
Figure EMP-2: Project Implementation Schedule Source: Project Administration Manual, April 2015.
A1-35 Appendix 2
Appendix 2: Contract Clauses Related to the Environment Management Plan (EMP)
The following contract clauses for safeguarding the environment during construction will be incorporated into all the tender documents.
1. General Environmental Clauses for all Bidding Documents and Contracts
1.1 Site specific environmental management plan (SEMP): 1.1.1 The contractor shall prepare a site-specific environmental management plan (SEMP) prior to the commencement of construction works, and shall submit the plan to the project implementation unit (PIU) for review and approval by the environmental supervision engineer (ESE) and the loan implementation environmental consultant (LIEC). The plan shall include method statements on the implementation of pollution control and mitigation measures, adherence to energy-and resource-efficient construction practices, as well as an emergency spill contingency plan for containing and cleaning up accidental chemical spills on construction sites. The SEMP shall be updated as needed as and when environmental issues not covered by the plan arise.
1.2 Siting of construction facilities: 1.2.1 Locations of asphalt mixing stations and concrete batching plants shall be at least 300 m downwind of the nearest air quality and noise protection target.
1.2.2 Locations of borrow areas shall be at least 500 m from residential areas.
1.2.3 Borrow areas and spoil disposal sites with long, steep slopes, susceptible to erosion shall be avoided and shall include small level cut-off drains to break up and redirect runoff.
1.2.4 Access and haul roads shall be constructed at sufficient distances from residential areas, in particular, local schools, health clinics and hospitals.
1.3 Construction time: 1.3.1 There shall be no night time (between 22:00 and 06:00 hours) construction.
1.4 Protection of air quality 1.4.1 Provide dust masks to construction workers, especially those involved in the Taohua Tunnel construction. 1.4.2 Build access and hauling roads at sufficient distances from residential areas, particular, from local schools and hospitals. 1.4.3 Assign haulage routes and schedules to avoid transport occurring in the central areas, traffic intensive areas or residential areas. For the areas with high-demand on environmental quality, transport should be arranged at night. 1.4.4 Spray water regularly on unpaved haul roads and access roads (at least once a day) to suppress dust; and erect hoarding around dusty activities. 1.4.5 Cover material stockpiles with dust shrouds or tarpaulin. For the earthwork management for backfill, measures will include surface press and periodical spraying and covering. The extra earth or dreg should be cleared from the project site in time to avoid long term stockpiling. 1.4.6 Minimize the storage time of construction and demolition wastes on site by regularly removing them off site. 1.4.7 Equip asphalt, hot mix and batching plants with fabric filters and/or wet scrubbers to reduce the
A2-1 Appendix 2 level of dust emissions. 1.4.8 Install wheel washing equipment or conduct wheel washing manually at each exit of the works area to prevent trucks from carrying muddy or dusty substance onto public roads. 1.4.9 Keep construction vehicles and machinery in good working order, regularly service and turn off engines when not in use. 1.4.10 Vehicles with an open load-carrying case, which transport potentially dust-producing materials, shall have proper fitting sides and tail boards. Dust-prone materials shall not be loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards, and shall always be covered with a strong tarpaulin. 1.4.11 In periods of high wind, dust-generating operations shall not be permitted within 200 m of residential areas. Special precautions need to be applied in the vicinity of sensitive receptors such as schools, kindergartens and hospitals. 1.4.12 Site all dredged sediment storage or disposal facilities at least 50 m from the nearest air quality protection target. 1.4.13 Unauthorized burning of construction and demolition waste material and refuse shall be subject to penalties for the Contractor, and withholding of payment.
1.5 Protection of the acoustic environment 1.5.1 Noise levels from equipment and machinery shall conform to the PRC standard for Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-2011) and the WBG EHS Standards, and properly maintain machinery to minimize noise. 1.5.2 Equipment with high noise and high vibration shall not be used near village or township areas and only low noise machinery or the equipment with sound insulation is employed. 1.5.3 Temporary noise barriers or hoardings shall be installed around the equipment to shield residences when there are residences within 20 m of the noise source. 1.5.4 Regularly monitor noise levels at construction site boundaries. If noise standards are exceeded by more than 3 dB, equipment and construction conditions shall be checked, and mitigation measures shall be implemented to rectify the situation. 1.5.5 Provide the construction workers with suitable hearing protection (ear muffs) according to the worker health protection law of the PRC. 1.5.6 Control the speed of bulldozer, excavator, crusher and other transport vehicles travelling on site, adopt noise reduction measures on equipment, step up equipment repair and maintenance to keep them in good working condition. 1.5.7 Limit the speed of vehicles travelling on site (less than 8 km/h), forbid the use of horns unless absolutely necessary, minimize the use of whistles. 1.5.8 Maintain continual communication with the villages and communities near the construction sites, and avoid noisy construction activities during school examination periods. 1.6 Protection of water quality 1.6.1 Portable toilets and small package wastewater treatment plants shall be provided on construction sites and construction camps for the workers and canteens; If there are nearby public sewers, interim storage tanks and pipelines will be installed to convey wastewater to those sewers. 1.6.2 Sedimentation tanks shall be installed on construction sites to treat process water (e.g. concrete batching for bridge construction) and muddy runoff with high concentrations of suspended solids. If necessary, flocculants such as polyacryl amide (PAM) will be used to facilitate sedimentation. 1.6.3 Construction machinery shall be repaired and washed at special repairing shops. No onsite machine repair and washing shall be allowed.
A2-2 Appendix 2 1.6.4 Storage facilities for fuels, oil, and other hazardous materials will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, and provided with bunds and cleanup kits.
1.6.5 The contractors’ fuel suppliers must be properly licensed, follow proper protocol for transferring fuel, and must be in compliance with Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods (JT 3145-88). 1.6.6 Material stockpiles will be protected against wind and runoff waters which might transport them to surface waters. 1.6.7 Spills shall be cleaned up according to PRC norms and codes within 24 hours of the occurrence, with contaminated soils and water treated according to PRC norms and codes. Records must be handed over without delay to the PMO and Pingxiang EPB. 1.6.8 All process wastewater and muddy runoff from construction sites and supernatant water from dredged sediment storage or disposal sites shall be treated to GB 8978-1996 Class I standard before discharging. 1.6.9 No treated wastewater from construction sites shall be discharged to Category II water bodies.
1.7 Protection of biological resources and wildlife 1.7.1 Preserve existing vegetation where no construction activity is planned. 1.7.2 Protect existing trees and grassland during construction; where a tree has to be removed or an area of grassland disturbed, replant trees and re-vegetate the area after construction 1.7.3 Remove trees or shrubs only as the last resort if they impinge directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary works 1.7.4 Construction workers are prohibited from capturing any wildlife in the project areas.
1.8 Solid waste management, earth works and soil erosion 1.8.1 Establish enclosed waste collection points on site, with separation of domestic waste and construction & demolition (C&D) waste. 1.8.2 Set up centralized domestic waste collection point and transport offsite for disposal regularly by sanitation department. 1.8.3 Maximize the reuse of earth cut materials and C&D waste for filling and foundations of other construction works specified by the municipal and planning departments, or transport in enclosed containers to designated C&D landfill site. 1.8.4 Confirm location of the borrow pit and temporary spoil storage and final disposal sites. 1.8.5 Develop borrow pit and spoil disposal site management and restoration plan, to be approved by responsible authority; obtain permit for the clearance of excavated earthworks 1.8.6 Construct intercepting ditches and drains to prevent runoff entering construction sites, and diverting runoff from sites to existing drainage. 1.8.7 Construct hoardings and sedimentation ponds to contain soil loss and runoff from the construction sites. 1.8.8 Limit construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds 1.8.9 Stabilize all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on. 1.8.10 Stockpiles shall be short-termed, placed in sheltered and guarded areas near the actual construction sites, covered with clean tarpaulins, and sprayed with water during dry and windy weather conditions.
A2-3 Appendix 2 1.8.11 All earthwork disturbance areas shall be stabilized with thatch cover within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites. 1.8.12 Immediately restore, level and plant landscape on temporary occupied land upon completion of construction works. 1.8.13 Implement all soil erosion protection measures as defined in the soil and water conservation reports.
1.9 Construction site sanitation 1.9.1 Contractor shall provide adequate and functional systems for sanitary conditions, toilet facilities, waste management, labor dormitories and cooking facilities. The site shall be effectively cleaned and disinfected. During site formation, the site shall be sprayed with phenolated water for disinfection. Toilets and refuse bins shall be disinfected and timely removal of solid waste shall be ensured.
1.9.2 Rodents on site shall be exterminated at least once every 3 months. Mosquitoes and flies shall be exterminated at least twice each year.
1.9.3 Public toilets shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of labor management and sanitation departments in the living areas on construction site, and designated staff responsible for cleaning and disinfection shall be appointed.
1.9.4 Work camp wastewater shall be discharged into the municipal sewer system or treated on-site using portable systems or septic tanks.
1.10 Occupational safety 1.10.1 A person responsible for environmental, health and safety during construction shall be appointed for the project.
1.10.2 Personal protective equipment (safety hats and shoes and high visibility vests) shall be provided to all construction workers.
1.10.3 Ear defenders for hearing protection shall be provided to workers operating and working near noisy power mechanical equipment.
1.10.4 Safety goggles and respiratory masks shall be provided to workers doing asphalt road paving and tunnel blasting.
1.10.5 Method statements shall be prepared and approvals obtained for hazardous activities such as blasting, tunnel works, excavation and working near water.
1.11 Food safety 1.11.1 Food hygiene in canteens on site shall be inspected and supervised regularly. Canteen workers must have valid health permits.
1.11.2 If food poisoning is discovered, effective control measures shall be implemented immediately to prevent it from spreading.
1.12 Disease prevention and health services 1.12.1 All contracted labor shall undergo a medical examination which shall form the basis of an (obligatory) health/accident insurance and welfare provisions to be included in the work contracts. The contractors shall maintain records of health and welfare conditions for each person contractually engaged.
1.12.2 Health clinic shall be established at location where workers are concentrated, which shall be equipped with common medical supplies and medication for simple treatment and emergency treatment for accidents.
A2-4 Appendix 2 1.12.3 A person responsible for health and epidemic prevention and education and training on food hygiene and disease prevention shall be specified (by the IA and contractors) to raise the awareness of workers.
1.12.4 Induction and training by local health departments on prevention and management of communicable diseases shall be provided.
1.13 Social conflict prevention 1.13.1 The following shall be prioritized: (i) employ local people for works, (ii) ensure equal opportunities for women and men, (iii) pay equal wages for work of equal value, and to pay women’s wages directly to them; and (iv) not employ child or forced labor.
1.14 Community health and safety 1.14.1 A traffic control and operation plan shall be prepared together with the local traffic police prior to any construction. The plan shall include provisions for diverting or scheduling construction traffic to avoid morning and afternoon peak traffic hours, regulating traffic at road crossings with an emphasis on ensuring public safety through clear signs, controls and planning in advance. Haulage routes and schedules shall be assigned to avoid transport occurring in the central areas, traffic intensive areas or residential areas.
1.14.2 Residents and businesses shall be informed in advance of the road improvement activities, given the dates and duration of expected disruption, dusty and noisy activities, and access to the grievance redress mechanism. Local communities shall be alerted of the time and location of hazardous activities such as blasting. Construction billboards, which include construction contents, schedule, responsible person and complaint hotline number, will be erected at each construction site.
1.14.3 Clear signs shall be placed at construction sites in view of the public, warning people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, excavations etc. and raising awareness on safety issues. Heavy machinery shall not be used at night, where possible, and all such equipment shall be returned to its overnight storage area/position before night. All sites shall be made secure, discouraging access by members of the public through appropriate fencing, signage and/or security personnel, as appropriate.
1.14.4 Continual communication with the villages and communities along the road alignments shall be maintained and the grievance redress mechanism shall be accessible and effective.
1.15 Utility interruption 1.15.1 Contractors shall assess construction locations in advance and identify potential for disruption to services and risks before starting construction. Any damage or hindrance/disadvantage to local businesses caused by the premature removal or insufficient replacement of public utilities shall be subject to full compensation, at the full liability of the contractor who causes the problem.
1.15.2 If temporary disruption is unavoidable the contractor shall, in collaboration with relevant local authorities such as power company, water supply company and communication company, develop a plan to minimize the disruption and communicate the dates and duration in advance to affected persons.
2. Environmental Clauses specific for Lianhua County Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management Bidding Documents and Contracts
2.1 To avoid odor impacts caused by sediment dredging, transport dredged sediment in closed tank wagons to contain odor and prevent scattering along the way.
2.2 Mitigation of water quality impact during bridge and weir construction, dredging, cofferdam construction and water pumping out of the cofferdam shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up
A2-5 Appendix 2 current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
2.3 During dredging works within the Class 1 protection zone for the drinking water intake (from 1,000 m upstream of the intake to 100 m downstream of the intake) of the Lianhua County Water Treatment Plant (WTP) intake on the Baima River, a silt curtain shall be deployed in front of this intake for protection of intake water quality.
2.4 No treated wastewater from construction sites shall be discharged to Category II water bodies, which include the Class 1 drinking water protection zone above.
2.5 Prior to commencement of construction, tag and conspicuously mark all the identified protected Camphor Trees along the Baima River and the Lianjiang River as identified in the EIRs and Table V.3 of this EIA, to prevent damage to these trees by construction workers.
3. Environmental Clauses specific for Luxi County Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management Bidding Documents and Contracts
3.1 To avoid odor impacts caused by sediment dredging, transport dredged sediment in closed tank wagons to contain odor and prevent scattering along the way.
3.2 Mitigation of water quality impact during bridge and weir construction, dredging, cofferdam construction and water pumping out of the cofferdam shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
3.3 During dredging works within the Class 1 protection zones for the drinking water intakes (from 1,000 m upstream of the intake to 100 m downstream of the intake) of the Luxi County WTP intake on the Yuan River, a silt curtain shall be deployed in front of this intake for protection of intake water quality.
3.4 No treated wastewater from construction sites shall be discharged to Category II water bodies, which include the Class 1 drinking water protection zone above.
3.5 There shall be no construction works on the Yuan River, Xinhua River and Tankou River from March to June each year for protection of the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transpartent Crucian Carp Germplasm.
4. Environmental Clauses specific for Shangli County Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management Bidding Documents and Contracts
4.1 To avoid odor impacts caused by sediment dredging, transport dredged sediment in closed tank wagons to contain odor and prevent scattering along the way.
4.2 Mitigation of water quality impact during bridge and weir construction, dredging, cofferdam construction and water pumping out of the cofferdam shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring
A2-6 Appendix 2 result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
5. Environmental Clauses specific for Xiangdong District Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management Bidding Documents and Contracts
5.1 To avoid odor impacts caused by sediment dredging, transport dredged sediment in closed tank wagons to contain odor and prevent scattering along the way.
5.2 Mitigation of water quality impact during bridge and weir construction, dredging, cofferdam construction and water pumping out of the cofferdam shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
5.3 During dredging works within the Class 1 protection zones for the drinking water intakes (from 1,000 m upstream of the intake to 100 m downstream of the intake) of the Lengtanwan WTP on the Pingshui River in Xiangdong District, a silt curtain shall be deployed in front of these intakes for protection of intake water quality.
5.4 No treated wastewater from construction sites shall be discharged to Category II water bodies, which include the Class 1 drinking water protection zone above.
5.5 There will be no construction works on the Pingshui River from April to June each year for the protection of the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm.
6. Environmental Clauses specific for Lianhua County Wastewater Collection Bidding Documents and Contracts
6.1 Mitigation of water quality impact during pipeline construction crossing rivers shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
7. Environmental Clauses specific for Luxi County Wastewater Collection Bidding Documents and Contracts
7.1 Mitigation of water quality impact during pipeline construction crossing rivers shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
A2-7 Appendix 2 7.2 There shall be no construction works on pipeline crossing the Yuan River, Xinhua River and Tankou River from March to June each year for protection of the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transpartent Crucian Carp Germplasm.
8. Environmental Clauses specific for Shangli County Wastewater Collection Bidding Documents and Contracts
8.1 Mitigation of water quality impact during pipeline construction crossing rivers shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
9. Environmental Clauses specific for Xiangdong District Wastewater Collection Bidding Documents and Contracts
9.1 Mitigation of water quality impact during pipeline construction crossing rivers shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
9.2 There will be no construction works on the pipeline crossing the Pingshui River from April to June each year for the protection of the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm.
10. Environmental Clauses specific for Rural-urban Road Bidding Documents and Contracts
10.1 Mitigation of water quality impact during bridge construction shall be based on water quality monitoring results. The water quality monitoring approach shall include, at each of the above location, one control station 50 m up current of the location and one impact station 100 m down current of the location. When the monitoring result shows that the suspended solids (SS) level at the down current impact station is ≥130% higher than that at the up current control station, it is indicative of bottom sediment being stirred up, re-suspended in the water column, and transported down current. The contractor shall deploy a silt curtain 100 m downstream of the location or reduce the dredging rate and/or adopt alternative dredging method until the down current SS level is less than 130% of the upstream SS level.
10.2 No treated wastewater from construction sites shall be discharged to Pingshui River and Yuanbei River, which are Category II water bodies.
10.3 Prior to commencement of construction, tag and conspicuously mark all the identified protected Camphor Trees and Happy Trees along the rural-urban road as identified in the EIRs and Table V.3 of this EIA, to prevent damage to these trees by construction workers. 10.4 There shall be no construction works on the rural-urban road section crossing the Yuen River from March to June each year for protection of the Provincial Protection Zone for Pingxiang Red Transpartent Crucian Carp Germplasm.
10.5 There will be no construction works on the rural-urban road section crossing the Pingshui River from April
A2-8 Appendix 2 to June each year for the protection of the National Protection Zone for Pingshui River Special Fish Species Germplasm.
10.6 During construction of the road section through the Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area in Luxi County: (1) no asphalt mixing or concrete batching station is allowed within the scenic area; (2) no material stockpile is allowed within the scenic area; (3) no borrow area and spoil disposal site is allowed within the scenic area; (4) water unpaved areas within the scenic area every two hours during dry weather to suppress dust and to reduce visual impact; (5) erect hoardings around the construction area within the scenic area to shield off noise and visual impact from construction machinery.
A2-9
Appendix 3: Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment for Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Urban Rural Infrastructure Development Projects in the PRC1
Contents Executive Summary ...... 2 1 Introduction...... 6 1.1 Background of the project area ...... 6 1.2 1Potential risks of climate change to the proposed project ...... 7 2 Methodology ...... 11 2.1 Overall approach ...... 11 2.2 Spatial climate change scenario ...... 12 2.3 Site specific climate change scenario ...... 12 3 Climate observation and change projections ...... 14 3.1 Observational temperature data and their future projections ...... 14 3.2 Observational rainfall data and their future projections ...... 14 3.3 Review the design storm and design flood calculation ...... 16 3.4 Climate change impact on PIURID, implications to project design ...... 22 4 Vulnerability Assessment ...... 27 5 The adaptation options ...... 30 5.1 “Hard” options ...... 30 5.2 “Soft” measures ...... 31 6 Monitoring and Evaluation, Reporting ...... 33 7 Conclusion...... 34 8 References ...... 36 ANNEX 1: Climate change scenario generation ...... 38 ANNEX 2: IPCC AR5 GCMs used in this scenario generation ...... 40 ANNEX 3: Temperature related observed climate variables and their future projections ...... 42 ANNEX 4: Precipitation related observed climate variables and their future projections ...... 43 ANNEX 5: Hydrological Model Development for Verifying the Analogue Method of Design Flood Calculation ...... 46 ANNEX 6: Discussion of the method of climate change impact design flood for the PIURID ...... 52
1 This report was prepared by Wei Ye, ADB consultant under contract No. 116200-SC104290. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Project background, study objective. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of projected climate change on the proposed Pingxiang Integrated Urban Rural Infrastructure Development Project (PIURID) of Jiangxi Province, People’s Republic of China (PRC). Pingxiang is one of the least developed prefectural level cities in The PRC, but it is mineral-rich and has close access to the large metropolitan market nearby; therefore has great economic development potential. Geographically, Pingxiang belongs to the Luoxiao Mountainous region with more than 60% its area covered by mountains or hills. Meteorologically, it is located in one of storm centres of The PRC. Characterised by its mountainous topography and abundant rainfall during the rainy season, Pingxiang has been under consistent threat of flood risk. The floods are caused by storm that is normally high in intensity but short in duration. Historically flood has caused tremendous economic damage and life lost in Pingxiang and has become a major burden for sustainable development for the local economy. The main purpose of the PIURID is to foster environmentally sustainable economic development through infrastructure investment to improve flood risk management and control and integrated river ecology rehabilitation across Pingxiang.
2. Study methodology. Climate change will likely enhance the hydrologic cycle and may exacerbate the flood risk. To prevent any impediment to the project objective delivery in the future, the PIURID should take the climate change impact on flood into its design and development consideration. Based on the IPCC AR5 GCM outputs and historical observation, quantitative climate scenario projections and their associated uncertainty for the key climate variables that affect the PIURID were generated. From such quantitative and other relevant information, it is then possible to identify adaptation options that could enhance the sustainability of the project to climate change impact by “climate proofing” the risk sensitive components at the design and construction stages. More details on the study methodology are presented at the end of this section.
3. Climate change projections in project area. The PIRUID is located in a subtropical climate zone with mild temperature. The climate change will very likely cause temperature increase for the project area. The median scenario projected a 1.3°C increase for the annual average mean temperature by 2050 and 2.6°C increase by 2100. The extreme temperature, both the high and low, has the similar magnitude increase under the median scenario projection, while the high scenario projected a much significant temperature increase, i.e., 2.7°C by 2050 and 6°C by 2100. The annual rainfall will likely have small increase; between 3% to 4% by 2050 and 6 to 7% by 2100. The climate change impact on the extreme rainfall is likely to more significant than its impact on average rainfall. For Lianhua station, the intensity of 1-in-20 year annual maximum daily rainfall will likely increase 6.7% by 2050 and 13.2% by 2100, based on the median scenario projection. The upper bound change of the extreme rainfall, as projected by the high scenario, will likely to be 13.9% and 32.0% by 2050 and 2100 respectively.
4. Climate risk screening. One important objective of the PIURID is to provide protection of the urban areas from 1-in-20 year flood; thus the project component directly affected by the climate change will be the flood protection infrastructure. The present or proposed infrastructure, which is designed assuming current meteorological/hydrological conditions and standards, may become inadequate for future changing climatic conditions, and may be affected by projected climate change. Another project component that may also be affected is the rural-urban road construction, because prolonged heat waves could damage the road surface.
- A3.2 - 5. Design storm and flood. In general, there is a lack of sufficient meteorological/ hydrological data to support more sophisticated design calculation; hence the Handbook and Analogue methods were adopted in the design storm and design flood calculation. The adequacy of the Handbook method was analysed against the historical observation at Lianhua and Pinshui River. It was found that the design storm derived from Handbook is more conservative than actual. Consequently, design based on the Handbook would possibly result in a higher flood protection standard in comparison with the observation. The adequacy of the Analogue method was tested against TR-55 hydrological model results. The TR-55 model simulates a flood event based on the catchment’s topographic and geographic features and has been widely used in the US for un-gaged catchment flood calculation. A TR-55 model was developed for the Lianjiang River which has annual maximum river discharge for model calibration/validation. The required topo-geographic features of DEM, land cover and soil data was used to define the model parameters. The analysis demonstrated no systematic error or bias from the comparison of the two methods. In spite of its simplicity, the analogue method is capable of generating a comparable flood event similar to TR-55 simulations. Both methods are considered appropriate for the calculation of the design flood. The Handbook slightly overestimates floods, and is thus on the safe side.
6. Impact of climate change on stage heights and implications for project design. Short-term and high-intensity rainfall is the main driving factor of the flood in the PIURID area. Taking the full uncertainty range into consideration, the intensity of 1-in-20 year annual maximum daily rainfall will likely increase between 5% to 14% by 2050 and 6.7% to 32% by 2100. A reasonable assessment of climate change impact on stage heights is to examine the adequacy of design flood under a similar range change in storm intensity. The impact consequences will be different depending on the channel morphology such as area and slope. Nevertheless, on average, it was found from analysing the discharge-stage heights of the Lianjiang River at different locations that a 5, 10, and 20% discharge increase will lead to a 0.12, 0.24 and 0.46m increase in stage heights. Thus the freeboard height of 50-70cm currently proposed in the design of flood control works will be able to accommodate these projected stage-height increases. An additional 0.2m freeboard may be considered at detailed design stage for the critical components or sections. These implications were recommended as ‘Hard’ engineering adaptation option. A comprehensive adaptation action plan should take into account both ‘Hard’ and ‘Soft’ measures and, ideally, be based on a sound cost-benefit analysis.
7. This study is based on limited available data from the project area. A more comprehensive vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessment may be accomplished with more relevant observation data, when/if this become available.
- A3.3 - Box: Synopsis of methodology utilized for the interpretation of climatic projections with respect to flood hydrology
Floods in the project area are caused by storms, which is rainfall with high intensity but may be short in duration. Climate change will potentially alter the flood risk profile of the project area through its impact on rainfall. Hence, in order to assess the climate change impact on flood, it is essential to understand the relationship between rainfall and flood of the project area. Flood events that have similar water height may be caused by different rainfall conditions.
A statistical approach was adopted to investigate the relationship between rainfall and flood, based on the 47 years (1958-2004) annual maximum flow discharge and water level data of Lianjiang River at Qianfang hydrometric station and the rainfall data of Lianhua Meteorological station. The statistical analysis explored the relationship between the annual maximum discharge and the total rainfall of various duration prior to the discharge event, including rainfall in 1, 3, 6, 24 hour, and 3, 10, 30, 60 and 90 days. It was revealed that the annual maximum discharge correlated to the 6-hour rainfall with the strongest statistical significance; the second high statistical significance is with the 24-hour rainfall; then followed by the 30-day rainfall. The annual maximum discharge does not correlate with rainfall for other durations with sufficient statistical significance. Hence a statistical model was developed between annual maximum discharge and the 6-hour, 24-hour and 30-day rainfall data. The statistical model showed good simulation performance with the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9 and a standard error of 94.89 m3/s. Thus for a given annual maximum discharge prediction, an average confidence interval of ±27 m3/s is expected based on the 95% confidence level.
The statistical model was then used for assessing the impact of climate change on flood. First, the climate change impact on rainfall was analyzed. Below lists the steps of the analysis of the climate change impact on rainfall:
1. The general extreme value (GEV) function was applied to fit the observed maximum annual daily rainfall at Lianhua; 2. The GEV function was also applied to a GCM simulated daily outputs for the grid-cell over the Lianhua location; 3. For the GCM, the climate change impact on the annual maximum daily rainfall was obtained from the change of the GEV functions of a future period against the baseline period; 4. A standardised GEV change value was obtained by normalising the change of GEV against the global mean temperature change the GCM generated; 5. A projected GEV for annual maximum daily rainfall of a future year was then generated from the observed GEV, the global temperature change value and the standardised GEV; 6. The 22 daily GCM outputs provide 22 normalised GEV change values which were used as model ensemble to simulate the model uncertainty in the projected GEV; 7. The global mean temperature from RCP6.0 with mid-climate sensitivity and the 50 percentile of the GEV ensemble value was used to represent the mid-range climate change impact on the annual daily maximum rainfall.
Second, the projected GEV was used to generate new time series data for a given future year for the following temporal scale: 6-hour, 24-hour and 30-days. Because we only obtained daily simulated rainfall outputs for the GCMs, so the future 6-hour and 24-hour rainfall was generated based a statistical relationship with the daily rainfall data represented in the Lianhua rainfall data.
Third, the generated rainfall time series data was used as input to the statistical model to simulate 47 future annual maximum river discharges (corresponding to the 1958-2004 observed annual maximum discharge data).
Finally, a 47 annual maximum water level data was obtained based on the relationship of the discharge and the water height. The data can then be used as the foundation for assessing the climate change impact on flood at Qianfan. For example, by 2050 the water height change due to median climate change impact could be 0.17 m increase, which is the average of the 47 of 2050 projected annual maximum
- A3.4 - water heights. Taking other uncertainties into consideration, the change values could vary between 0.14 to 0.28 m.
In conclusion, an ensemble based pattern-scaling method was used in constructing the future rainfall under future climate change conditions. The advantage of such an approach is that it is able to reveal the potential uncertainty of climate change impact. The uncertainty range is important information in adaptation options consideration. The selection of method for exploring the rainfall and flood relationship must be based on the data availability. The rainfall and river flow data of the project area is rather limited, which ruled out the use of sophisticated hydrological modelling method. Because climate change impacts differently on storm in accordance to the storm’s characteristics such as intensity, all the collected rainfall-discharge data was used in rainfall-flood relationship study. The intention was to extract the most information of the mechanism of how rainfall is driving floods in the project area. The statistical model developed has demonstrated reasonable performance in rainfall – flood modelling. However, due to its simple structure and its statistical nature, the model is not able to explain for each flood event the insight dynamic mechanism of rainfall to flood. That is partly the reason that we did not use the high-end annual maximum discharges, but rather the average of the 47 generated water heights to represent the climate change impact on flood.
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1 INTRODUCTION
8. Since 1990s, the PRC has been undergoing the fastest economic development in history, accompanying with accelerated urbanisation that resulted in great achievement in rural poverty alleviation. The public infrastructure and capacity development have been the key measures for urban-rural integration and the reduction of the imbalance between the infrastructure and services available in the urban versus the rural areas. The objective of the Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Urban Rural Infrastructure Development Projects (PIURID) is to enhance the urban-rural integration prospect in the municipality and provide models of excellence of good practices for duplication across the municipality and beyond in PRC. The main components of the PIURID is flood risk management and control and integrated river ecology rehabilitation in a selective group of rivers across Pingxiang, as well as a rural road development to improve rural-urban connection.
9. The infrastructure development in the PIURID for flood risk management and control and the rural road development are subject to climate influence. Standard design criteria must be followed to ensure that the flood protection infrastructure has sufficient capacity in accordance to the local climate conditions. Climate change will likely alter both long term climatic averages and the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. For sustainable infrastructure development, it is thus important to make climate adaptation adjustments to engineering specifications, alignments, and master planning; incorporating associated environmental measures; and adjusting maintenance and contract scheduling (ADB 2010). An effective climate-proofing of an infrastructure system requires project specific assessment on the vulnerability from climate change impact and identifying, evaluating and implementing feasible adaptation measures to strengthen project resilience to future impact. The objective of this study is thus to conduct climate change impact vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessment for the PIURID. 1.1 Background of the project area
10. Pingxiang is a prefecture level city of PRC located in western Jiangxi Province with latitude between 27°20′N and 28°0′N and longitude between 113°35′E and 114°17′E. About 66% of the city area is covered by hills and only 6% by plain. It is a poverty-stricken but mineral-rich industrial city, and is strategically located in the border between Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces with close access to the large metropolitan market of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtang Extended Metropolitan Region. Pingxiang has an area of 3827 Km2 and is composed of two urbanised districts (Anyuan and Xiangdong) and three urban-rural counties (Shangli, Luxi and Lianhua) with a population of about 2 million people.
11. Pingxiang is situated in the subtropical humid monsoon climate zone and has distinct seasons. Its average annual mean temperature is 17.3°C and the recorded extreme high and low temperature are 41.0°C and -9.3°C respectively. Geographically, Pingxiang belongs to the Luoxiao Range region, with mountains bisecting the municipality, surrounding the Lianhua County, and traversing the Shangli County in the north. The Luoxiao Range is one of the storm centres of The PRC. The storm induced flood has caused tremendous damage to the local community. Only in recent history, the 2008 May flood in the Shangli County affected 120,000 people with direct economic loss of CNY210 million (US$34 million) (Zhang and Ma, 2009). The 2010 June flood across Pingxiang affected more than 360000 people and the direct economic loss from agriculture, building, transport and other infrastructure damages is as high as CNY1.5 billion (US$ 200 million). Increased frequency and severity of flood and the lack of flood
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protection infrastructure is becoming a heavy burden for sustainable development of Pingxiang’s future economic development.
12. The objective of the PIURID is to foster environmentally sustainable economic development and poverty alleviation in Pingxiang through improvements of urban and rural environmental infrastructure and its operations. Figure 1 shows the location of the PIURID components and Table 1 gives information list for the full component of the project. While climate may not have much influence on the waste water management and treatment, the integrated flood risk management and control measures are directly influenced by the climate. In addition, climate change may impact on the rural road development as climate related road damage is much frequent in Pingxiang. 1.2 1Potential risks of climate change to the proposed project
13. Although most climate factors can influence the infrastructure of the PIURID, the major consideration for the flood management and control planning and design is rainfall, because the flood in Pingxiang is resulted from the storm in the rainy season; and for road development it may also include temperature. The influence of these two factors on the PIURID is to a large degree manifested by their extremes and aftermath. Due to climate change, storm may likely become more intensified and/or frequent, so an insufficient flood protection capacity will impede on the delivery of the project. Water damage to the road may also become more severe due to intensified storm and flood; such as collapse of the road side-bed; damage to the subgrade, surface, and infrastructure (such as bridges and culverts); damage from landslide and debris flow etc. Temperature may also affect the rural road development. However, the PIURID is located in a mild sub-tropic climate zone and temperature is not expected to become a major treat to the road.
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Shangli component Rural road component Luxi component
Xiangdong component
Qianfang Lianhua
Lianhua component Pingxiang
Figure 1: Project and components location. Blue lines are the river networks. Red lines are the river sections of PIURID. Red dots show the location of the Qianfang hydrometric and the Lianhua meteorological stations.
Table 1: Description of the PIURID components
Location Sector River Description
1:20 year flood protection for Lianjiang River and Baima Integrated Flood Risk Lianjiang River in urban areas, including dredging, embankments, Management Baima removal of obstructions, integrated floodplain preservation, Linhua adjusted farming and public open space development.
Wastewater: Pipes and 40 Km wastewater collection piping serving the Lianhua WWTP county-town
Flood protection for 1:20 year event for Yuan River (7.2 Km), Yuan, Xinhua River (8.05 Km), and Tankou River (3.4 Km). Integrated Flood Risk Xinhua, Includes embankments, removal of in-stream obstructions, Management Tankou dredging, integrated floodplain preservation, adjusted farming Luxi and public open space development.
Wastewater collection sewer pipes, 33 Km; Pump station, Wastewater: WWTP, 3000 m3/d, and new 6000m3/d WWTP serving Yinhe and Sewers, Pump Station Xuanfeng towns
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Flood protection for 1:20 year event for Lishui River (8.0 Km) and Jinshan River (19.6 Km) Includes embankments, Integrated Flood Risk Lishui, removal of in-stream obstructions, dredging, integrated Management Jinshan floodplain preservation, adjusted farming and public open space development. Shangli New 5000 m3/d WWTP and 14.58 Km collection piping Wastewater: Pipes and serving Tongmu Town (40,000 ppl). New 4000 m3/d WWTP WWTP and 14 Km collection piping serving 30,000 in Chishan Township
Flood protection for 1:20 year event for Xiangdong urban area, including ecological embankements, dredging, removal Integrated Flood Risk Pingshui of obstruction, relocating wastewater interceptor pipes from Management the river bed, integrated floodplain preservation, adjusted Xiangdong farming and public open space development
Wastewater Sewer Pipe 18.9 Km wastewater collection sewer pipes Network Rural-urban Class II road with a length of 53.5 Km connecting Shangli and Luxi Counties linking more than Shangli Rural Urban Transport and Luxi – 100000 rural residents to towns and cities, jobs, education, markets and services
1.3 Purpose and scope of this study
14. This study aims to provide an assessment of potential risks posed by climate change to the design of the PIURID, and identify options to manage such risks by proposing and analysing a range of adaptive measures. Climate risk assessment will consider changes in temperature but mainly rainfall based on outputs from the latest climate modelling experiments. Consideration of climate risk management options will include both “hard” measures entailing possible adjustment in design specifications, as well as “soft” options of ecological, governance or an institutional learning nature.
15. The overall objective of the climate change V&A assessment is to minimize the flood risk due to climate change impact. For the PIURID, the main risk comes from the insufficient flood management and control capacity if the storm and flood become more intensified in the future. To a less degree, it also includes the risk of the climate related damage risk to the rural road component. The current design criteria are based on historical data and/or experience and do not take account of changes in the key hydrological and/or meteorological parameters due to future climate change impact.
16. Because the focus of this study is on the vulnerability to changes in temperature and rainfall and its extremes, the required information to support this climate change impact assessment is historical observed temperature and rainfall at appropriate spatial and temporal scale for baseline climate condition construction, as well as the future climate change projections based on the latest scientific findings. Section 2 below will describe the methodology underlying the climate risk assessments. Details on the baseline and scenario datasets used for assessment and the impacts of climate change for the various components of the proposed project and their implications for the design, construction and operation of the project are
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provided in Section 3. Two future timescales, i.e., 2050 and 2100, were used to illustrate the impact consequences. Possible adaptation options to manage climate risks within the context of the project, as well as a preliminary assessment of them, are discussed in Section 4. The report concludes with a set of recommendations on the design, construction and operation of the proposed project.
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2 METHODOLOGY
17. A risk is the product of the interaction between hazards, exposure and vulnerability. In this study, hazard is used to denote the threat from climate factors of rainfall and, to a less extent, temperature, their extremes and aftermath. Exposure is referred to the presence of assets that could be adversely affected when flood happens and which, thereby, are subject to potential future harm, loss, or damage. With the context of the PIURID, it is the area that requires protection from the flood. Vulnerability is defined generally as the susceptibility to be adversely affected, such as the nature of the low-lying land of the area along the rivers together with lack of protection mechanism of flood protection. The vulnerability can be either physical or socio- economic. For example for this project, the vulnerability may still exist in the future because of the inadequate capacity for flood protection, either from improper project design or from economic constraints on building a comprehensive flood protection. This section discusses the method of analysing the climate factors that may pose threat to the PIURID based on their historical observation and future projections under climate change. 2.1 Overall approach
18. The first step in climate change impact assessment is the construction of the future climate change scenarios. The construction of a climate change scenario involves the development of the baseline climate condition and the future climate projections. Depending on the assessment need, spatial and/or site-specific climate change scenarios are required for impact studies. In this study, the baseline spatial climatology for the project areas was derived from the WorldCLIM database (http://www.worldclim.org). The baseline site-specific climate condition was obtained from station based observed data.
19. The future climate projection is subject to considerable uncertainty. One important aspect in climate change V&A assessment is to comprehend such an uncertainty range in decision making and policy planning process. Within this context, any climate change scenario constructed on single Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission rate and/or individual GCM outputs is generally considered inappropriate for V&A assessment purposes, because it cannot provide information of the uncertainty range associated with its projection. The first important uncertainty is the uncertainty of future GHG emission rate. In this study a different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) was used to represent a range of future GHG concentration that are consistent with different socio-economic assumptions. T The second important uncertainty is resulted from our limited understanding to the climate systems, hence possible errors in GCM simulation of the real world. The “climate sensitivity” was introduced by the climate change research community to represent the possible range of such uncertainty. The “climate sensitivity” is referred to the equilibrium change in global mean surface temperature following a doubling of the atmospheric (equivalent) CO2 concentration simulated by a given GCM. Different GCM simulates different value and it has been found that the uncertainty range is between 2.0°C to 4.5°C. Thus a combination of different RCPs and climate sensitivities could be used to characterise the future climate change scenario as well as associated uncertainty range. RCP6.0 with mid-climate sensitivity represents a middle range future global change scenario, which was used as an indicator of the median scenario projection of the future global change, while RCP4.5 with low-climate sensitivity and RCP8.5 with high-climate sensitivity was used as an indicator of the corresponding low and high bound of the uncertainty range (Table 2). The third important uncertainty in climate change scenario generation is the difference between GCM simulations. As the current climate science still cannot identify any individual GCM that may be superior to others in simulating future climate change, it makes the V&A assessment a
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challenge task given the difference of GCM simulation results for a given area. To account for such an uncertainty in V&A assessment, a pattern scaling method was adopted and applied to wide range of GCMs to build a model ensemble. The average of models’ simulation of changes for a climate variable is normally used to capture the middle conditions, as that the average often agrees better with observed climate than any individual model estimates (Reichler and Kim 2008). In this study however, the 50 percentile of the GCM model ensemble was used in order to prevent the influence of huge outliers in some GCM simulation on the final change projection values.
20. The method was thus termed as ‘ensemble based pattern scaling’. Details of the method as well as the steps of constructing the future climate change scenario can be found in Attachment 1 to this Appendix, while Attachment 2 to this Appendix lists the 40 IPCC AR5 GCMs used for model ensemble.
Table 2: Three climate projections and their input conditions represent the uncertainty ranges
Climate projection Representative Concentration Pathways Climate sensitivity Median scenario RCP6.0 Mid Low scenario RCP4.5 Low High scenario RCP8.5 High
2.2 Spatial climate change scenario
21. Monthly and seasonal climate change impact was assessed spatially over the project areas. The baseline climatology for the project areas was obtained from the WorldCLIM database with a spatial resolution of about 1 Km (http://www.worldclim.org). In generating the climate change scenario for the project areas, the simulation results from 40 GCMs that are assessed in the IPCC AR5 were used (Appendix 2). All 40 models have their monthly simulation results available. 2.3 Site specific climate change scenario
22. Besides the spatial monthly change projections, site specific climate change scenarios with finer temporal scale are usually required for impact assessment. The site specific temperature change scenario was constructed by perturbing the station observed daily data using the normalised GCM pattern value from the GCM grid where the climate station is located. In this study, all observation data from a station was used to represent the baseline climate condition for the site.
23. For site specific extreme value analysis, we first chose an intensity value (such as 1:20 year maximum daily precipitation) and then selected its normalised pattern value from the GCM gird where the site is located. The value is then applied to the same precipitation intensity that derived from the observed historical data to generate the future change scenarios.
24. In the following two sections, the method described above is adopted to generate the change projections for climate variables that may become hazardous to the proposed project. Rainfall data were collected for the Lianhua meteorological station inside the project component of Lianhua. Table 3lists the information for the station, and its location shows in Figure 1.
25. No climate data could be obtained for the other three project area; hence the site specific assessment was concentrated on Lianhua.
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Table 3: Information of the meteorological station
Station Name Longitude (°) Latitude Altitude Observation period (°) (m) Hourly Daily Lianhua 113.95 27.13 181.4 1991-2014 1984-2014
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3 CLIMATE OBSERVATION AND CHANGE PROJECTIONS
26. This section discusses the baseline climate and future climate change scenarios of PIURID. 3.1 Observational temperature data and their future projections
27. The PIURID is located in a subtropical climate zone with mild temperature. The climate change may very likely cause temperature increase for the project area. Results of climate change impact on temperature are shown in Appendix 3. The median scenario projected a 1.3°C increase for the annual average mean temperature by 2050 and 2.6°C increase by 2100. The extreme temperature, both the high and low, has the similar magnitude increase under the median scenario projection. However, the high scenario pointed out a much significant temperature increase, i.e., 2.7°C by 2050 and 6°C by 2100. 3.2 Observational rainfall data and their future projections
28. The rainfall related climate variables and their aftermath which could become hazardous for the project include storm, flood, and possibly landslide. Details of the observed rainfall data and their future change projections due to climate change for the project area are demonstrated in Appendix 4. The key findings are:
3.2.1 Baseline
29. Spatially, rainfall increases along with the altitude. The annual average rainfall of flood season (Apr.-Oct.) is around 1000 mm in most area, but could reach as high as 1500 mm in the high altitude middle area and at mountains in the east border. In addition, there is strong inter- annual variability in rainfall. The annual average rainfall of flood season of Lianhua is 1050 mm with a coefficient of variation (Cv) of 0.23. The maximum was 1533 mm recorded in 1994, while the minimum was 516 mm of 2010, which is only about one third of the maximum value.
30. Other than large inter-annual variability in annual rainfall, the distinctive feature of the rainfall is the seasonality. For Lianhua, the average rainfall of the rainy season from March to June (4 month) is 871 mm, which accounts more than half of the annual total. The amount of rainfall in the flood season of April to October (7 months) is 1093 mm, which accounts for about 70% of annual rainfall.
3.2.2 Future projection
31. Applying the method described in the previous section to the area, the median scenario change projection indicates that the annual rainfall will likely have small increase; it will likely to be between 3% to 4% by 2050 and 6 to 7% by 2100. The area in the north has a slightly higher increase rate than the rest area.
32. The monthly rainfall change from the median scenario projection is also small for the dry season, but becomes noticeable for the rainy season. Rainfall increase is projected for all months except November and December, which were projected to be decreased slightly. The rainfall increase in the rainy season is relative large, and generally has large uncertainty range, and the uncertainty range is skewed to a large rainfall increase from the mid-climate change projection.
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3.2.3 Extreme rainfall and its projection
33. According to the extreme value theorem, for normalized maxima (minima) of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables such as annual daily maximum rainfall, the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is the only possible limit distribution, and it is often used as an approximation to model the maxima (minima) of long (finite) sequences of random variables. In this study the GEV distribution was applied to investigate extreme rainfall and their future changes. A detailed method description and analysis process can be found in Ye and Li (2011).
34. The flood of Pingxiang is caused by heavy rainfall event, particularly the storm during the rainy season. The storm in Pingxiang is characterised by high intensity and short duration. Hence it had been expected that the flood would have good correlation with heavy rainfall in short duration. Ideally, the assessment should be carried on the rainfall duration that is most relevant to the flood triggering. From hourly data, it was found that the annual maximum discharge in Pingxiang is correlated to 6 hour rainfall with the strongest statistical significance compared to rainfall in other durations (see next Section), but there is only 14 years of complete dataset that include both hourly rainfall and river discharge, which is not sufficient long for extreme event, such as flood, investigation. For this reason, the climate change impact on daily rainfall was analysed in detail as described in Attachment 4. Figures A4-5 and A4-6 shows the baseline GEV distribution of the annual maximum daily rainfall, as well as its 2050 and 2100 projections. The right-shifting of the projected GEV distribution indicates an increment of heavy rainfall in terms of both intensity and frequency. The 2050 change is noticeable, with a relative small uncertainty range. The 2100 change is significant, but accompanying with a very high uncertainty range. Table 4 lists in detail the future projection and change compared to baseline for the daily maximum rainfall.
35. As shown in Table 4, the current 1:20 year event of the annual maximum daily rainfall is 180.29 mm for Lianhua. The median scenario projection for such an event is 192.44 mm by 2050 and 204.13 mm by 2100, which represents a 6.7% and 13.2% increase in rain intensity. The upper bound change, projected by the high scenario, could reach 205.40 mm and 237.99 mm for 2050 and 2100 respectively, or a rain intensity increase of 13.9% at 2050 and 32.0% at 2100.
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Table 4: Lianhua GEV results of annual maximum 1 day rainfall and its future projections
2050 scenario 2100 scenario Return period (year) Baseline Low Median High Low Median High Annual maximum daily rainfall projections (mm) 2 91.21 95.53 97.07 102.97 97.02 102.40 117.52 5 125.61 130.80 132.70 140.19 132.64 139.46 158.87 10 151.96 158.59 161.05 170.73 160.97 169.78 194.96 20 180.29 189.16 192.44 205.40 192.34 204.13 237.99 50 222.00 235.33 240.25 259.68 240.10 257.76 309.22 100 257.46 275.58 282.26 308.68 282.05 306.06 377.07 Change (%)
2 -- 4.7 6.4 12.9 6.4 12.3 28.8 5 -- 4.1 5.6 11.6 5.6 11.0 26.5 10 -- 4.4 6.0 12.4 5.9 11.7 28.3 20 -- 4.9 6.7 13.9 6.7 13.2 32.0 50 -- 6.0 8.2 17.0 8.2 16.1 39.3 100 -- 7.0 9.6 19.9 9.6 18.9 46.5
36. In summary, the climate change will likely lead to rainfall increase for the project area. The increase in normal rainfall may just be noticeable, but the change in heavy rainfall is likely to be significant, which implies an increased flood risk in the future. 3.3 Review the design storm and design flood calculation
3.3.1 Reviewing the “Handbook for the calculation of storm flood in Jiangxi Province”
37. Due to the lack of supporting data, the DI has relied on the “Handbook for the calculation of storm flood in Jiangxi Province” (2010) (referred as Handbook hereafter) in project component design. We firstly reviewed the applicability of the Handbook method to the project area. The hourly data of Lianhua was used for this study. Based on the Handbook, the DI derived the design storm for Lianhua as shown in Table 5. In comparison, the design storm was calculated based on the observed Lianhua hourly data (1991-2014), with the same assumption of Cs=3.5Cv, and the Pearson III distribution of storm. The result is also shown in Table 5. The Cv is the coefficient of variation as defined as the ratio of variance and the mean; and Cs is the coefficient of skew which measures the skewness of a distribution. The Cs is hardly obtained from real observation. In hydrological/hydraulic calculation, it is commonly defined as 2-4 times of Cv.
38. Clearly, the design storm derived from observation is smaller than the Handbook results for all durations. The observed 24 hour design storm is about 14%, 10% and 2% less than the Handbook results for frequencies of 5%, 10% and 20% respectively. In the “Feasibility Study Report of the Pingshui River Flood Management and Control at Xiangdong” (FSR), the DI calculated the design storm based on both methods and the results are documented in in Table 6. Again the design storm from observation is consistently smaller than the Handbook results, with the similar magnitude as Lianhua: (for a 24 hour design storm from observation are 11%, 10% and 1% less than the Handbook method).
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Table 5: Comparison of different design storm calculation of Lianhua
Mean Design storm (mm) Method Duration Cv Cs/Cv (mm) 5% 10% 20% 1 hour 45 0.40 3.5 79.9 69.1 57.7 6 hour 75 0.55 3.5 157.1 129.0 100.7 Handbook 24 hour 110 0.52 3.5 223.4 185.3 146.6 3 day 145 0.55 3.5 303.8 249.4 194.6 1 hour 37 0.28 3.5 56.3 51.1 44.8 6 hour 75 0.41 3.5 134.6 115.9 96.4 Observation 24 hour 114 0.35 3.5 190.9 168.0 144.0 3 day 153 0.28 3.5 232.4 211.0 185.0
Table 6: Comparison of different design storm calculation of the Pingshui River
24 hour design storm (mm) Method Mean (mm) Cv Cs/Cv 5% 10% 20% Handbook 110 0.4 3.5 213.9 179.6 145.2 Observation 101 0.45 3.5 189.9 161.6 132.3
39. It could reasonably be assumed that the design storm derived from the Handbook is more conservative than actual, so project components that adopted the Handbook method will have a higher design standard than observed. The design storm will also affect the subsequent design flood calculation if the Handbook method is adopted again. Design based on the Handbook method would possibly result in a higher flood protection standard in comparison with the observation.
3.3.2 Review the design flood calculation based on the analogue method
40. Besides the Handbook method, the DI also made use the analogue method in design flood calculation in the PIURID FSRs. Table 7 lists the methods used for design flood calculation for each project component. As shown in Table 7, all large rivers with catchment areas larger than 200 km2 used an observation-based analogue method, including Lianjiang, Pingshui and Yuan Rivers. In absence of hydrological observations to support design flood calculation, the analogue method calculates the design flood from flood observations of upper- or downstream catchments or nearby rivers. The analogue method derives design flood for a given location based on the ratio of the areas of the two catchments. A common formula used is as follow:
�� � = �� ( ) where: �
Fd = design flood for the required location Fo = observed flood upper- or down- stream, or a nearby catchment Ao= catchment area for the design flood location Ad= catchment area of the observed flood location
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41. The method has been widely applied in un-gaged catchments for design flood calculation in the PRC, which is also adopted in the PIURIP design process. The objective of this section is to verify the applicability of the analogue method in the PIURIP flood design.
Reviewing Method
42. Besides site-specific hydrological observations, flood intensity can also be simulated using hydrological models. For the purpose of verifying the analogue method, the first step is to develop a hydrological model for flood simulation. The model results can then be compared to the results of the analogue method. The difference of the results will reveal the deficiency either of the hydrological model or the analogue method.
43. Different hydrological models have been developed depending on the purpose of the modelling objectives and, more importantly, the data availability. For the PIURIP area, a flood model based on the catchment’s topographic and geographic features would be the most appropriate for the design flood calculation, because these features can be obtained from field surveys and they are unlikely to have dramatic changes. The major topo-geographic characteristics that affect runoff generation and flood events include elevation, land use and/or land cover, and soil types. A number of hydrological models have been developed using the above three characteristics. Among them, the TR-55 (Technique Release 55) of the National Resources Conservation Services (NRCS) has been widely used in the US for un-gaged catchment flood calculation.
44. TR-55 is an event-based hydrological model, which makes it suitable for this study, because only annual maximum flood discharges (i.e., one value per year) from one hydrological station were available for model calibration.
Table 7: Method used in design flood calculation for each project component
Catchment area Design flood calculation River name Design location (Km2) method Lianjian River tributary joint 454 Analogy Lianjiang Baima River joint 560 Analogy Shenfan Bridge 746 Analogy Baima 163 Analogy Qin 77 Analogy Lishui Hengxia Village 163 Handbook Shetouwan 95 Handbook Shibashang 63 Handbook Jinshan Longquan Village 37 Analogy Songshanwan 17 Handbook Pingshui Pinggangshiba 1165 Analogy Xinhua River joint 253 Analogy Yuan Tankou River joint 309 Analogy Luxi 331 Analogy upper Xiawan Village 15 Handbook lower Xiawan Village 23 Handbook Xinhua Xiawan Village 47 Handbook Luxi No. 2 High School 57 Handbook Tankou Yuan River joint 21 Handbook
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Data
45. DEM. A 30 meter resolution digital elevation data was collected for Pingxiang from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (Figure 2). A stream network was delineated from the DEM using ArcSWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, USDA 2009). Even though the DEM resolution is sufficiently high for the purpose of this study, the delineated stream network from such DEM has revealed some data deficiency. For example, the confluence of Baima River and the Lianjiang River is close to Lianhua, but was modelled at a location downstream of Lianhua. Nevertheless, the stream network was reasonably well presented for the upper reaches of the Lianjiang River, including catchment area above Lianhua and Qianfang stations.
Figure 2: The Digital Elevation Model of Figure 3: The landuse and land cover data of Pingxiang. Source: ASTER 30 m Global Digital Pingxiang. Source: ISRIC-World Soil Information. Elevation Model. Legend: 2-needleleaved evergreen forest; 3- broadleaved evergreen forest; 5- bush; 6- sparse woods; 14- river; 15- lake; 21- farmland.
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46. Landuse/Land cover. Landuse and land cover data was collected from the GlobCover 2009 dataset, with a resolution of 300m. The upper reach of the Lianjiang River is relatively well protected. For both catchments of Qianfang and Lianhua, the dominate landcover is bush, needleleaved evergreen forest or broadleaved evergreen forest (Figure 3).
47. Soil data. Soil data was collected from ISRIC- World Soil Information, the Soil and Terrain database for the PRC (Figure 4). In general, the soil type of the area is either Acrisols or Alisols, with low water infiltration rate.
48. Meteorological and Hydrological Data. During the project field work, 24-years (1991-2014) hourly and 30-years daily rainfall data (1984-2014) was collected from Lianhua meteorological station. No continuous river flow data was available. However, a total of 47 years of annual maximum river discharge and water height data (1958-2004) at Qianfang hydrologic station was obtained. A statistical analysis has revealed that the flood in Figure 4: Soil of Pingxiang. Pingxiang has highest statistical relationship with 6- Source: ISRIC-World Soil. hour rainfall prior to the flood event, but rainfall of up to 30 days could also affected the flood intensity (see Section 3.4 for detail). Therefore, the time series of 30 day hourly rainfall data in prior of a flood event was used to build the hydrological model. Flood data was also obtained for the Shangli County, however no corresponding rainfall data was available. The study hence focused on the Lianjiang River.
Flood modelling
49. The river catchment at Qianfang was firstly delineated using the ArcSWAT software. The 1000-ha of water collection area was used to generate stream network, which demonstrated the best result compared to the real stream network. A total of 10 sub-basins were generated. The TR-55 model was implemented through the HEC-HMS hydrological model package, and the details of the model development are given in Appendix 5. Most of the model parameters were defined according to the topo-geographic features of the catchment. Only two parameters, as suggested by the TR-55 model document, were calibrated against the 1995 flood events. The two parameters were the precipitation areal ratio (point to area rainfall factor) and the Muskingum Routing factor. The 1995 flood discharge at Qianfang is 797 m3/s, which is approximately corresponding to a 1-in-20 year flood event. The developed model was validated against other 3 annual maximum discharges of 1997, 2001 and 2003, and the results are listed in Table 8. The model simulated the 1997 and 2003 quite well, with less than 5% error, but under-estimated the 2001 event by almost 30%. From the simulation results (Figures A5-4 to A5-7), it can be concluded that the model has a better performance for single high-intensity storm-triggered flood simulation. The 2001 flood event happened in the early stages of the rain season, which was characterised by abundant rainfall in preceding 30 days and triggered by a relative low-intensity storm event. In general, the model showed reasonable performance in
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simulating the flood event at Qianfang and provided sufficient confidence to be used to verify the analogue method.
Table 8: TR-55 model calibration and validation results
Calibration event Simulation events 1995 flood (m3/s) 1997 event (m3/s) 2001 event (m3/s) 2003 event (m3/s) Observed Modelled Observed Modelled Observed Modelled Observed Modelled 797 797 376 395 590 411 396 384
50. In order to verify the design flood calculation of the analogue method, two more river catchments were delineated from the DEM data, one for the location of Lianhua at downstream of the Qianfang station, and one for the Baima River at its outlet (Figures A5-2 and A5-3). The Baima River is a tributary of the Lianjiang River, which is also a component of the PIURIP. The developed hydrological model was applied to simulate the 1995 flood event for both catchments. Table 9 lists the simulation results. For comparison, the flood discharge calculated based on analogue method (Equation 1) is also listed in the table. TR-55 model simulates a lower flood discharge for Lianhua but a higher one for Baima outlet. However, the difference of the results is relatively small, around 7%.
Table 9: Result of TR-55 and analogue method of 1995 flood event simulation
Catchment Area 1995 flood event discharge (m3/s) Location (km2) Observed TR 55 model Analogue Qianfang hydro-station 370 797 797 --- Lianhua Hydro-station 559 --- 976 1049 Baima River outlet 163 --- 499 461
3.3.3 Sensitivity analysis of the influence of storm change on river discharge
51. Both Lianhua hydrological station and Baima outlet are inside the PIURIP area, but not Qianfang. A sensitivity analysis of the influence of storm change on river discharge was conducted using the developed hydrological model. The climate change impact on annual maximum 1 day rainfall event has indicated that, for the 1-in-20 year event the storm intensity is likely to increase between 5 to 14% by 2050 and 7 to 30% by 2100 (Table 4). A 5% and 20% of hourly rainfall increase was conducted to represent a possible future climate change and its associated uncertainty. We firstly perturbed the time series data for the 1995 flood event by 5 and 20%. The perturbed data was then used as input to run the hydrological model. Table 10 lists the simulation results. Based on TR55 model, the rate of discharge change will be slightly larger than the rate of storm intensity change; i.e., 5% and 20% storm intensity increase will lead to about 6% and 22% increase in discharge respectively.
Table 10: TR-55 result of sensitivity analysis of river discharge change
1995 flood event discharge 5% Storm Change (%) 20% Storm Change (%) Location Method Baseline intensity intensity (m3/s) increase (m3/s) increase (m3/s) Lianhua Hydro-station TR55 976 1032 5.7 1199 22.8 Baima River outlet TR55 499 530 6.2 609 22.0
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3.3.4 Summary of Model Reviewing
52. The TR-55 takes the key topo-geographic features that affect the runoff generation into its modelling consideration. In contrast, the analogue method adopts a simple statistical approach, only based on the difference of the catchment area; however, it requires historical flood observation in order to derive the flood intensities of interests. In spite of its simplicity, the analogue method is capable of generating a comparable flood event similar to other hydrological models such as TR-55. This study does not show any systematic bias of both methods in simulating the flood events during 1995 to 2003. Hence it is concluded that the analogue method is qualified to be used in PIURIP flood design. A sensitivity analysis was then carried out using the developed hydrological model. The hourly time series rainfall data of 1995 flood event was perturbed by 5% and 20% and input to the model. It was found that this would cause a slightly larger increase in river discharge by 6% and 22% respectively.
53. The model review has several limitations, as summarised below:
Only data from one meteorological station could be used. Given the complex mountainous topography of the area, it is unlikely that the rainfall would be evenly distributed in the catchment area. More rainfall data from different places nearby would certainly improve the modelling results;
There is a lack of sufficient long time series data (common period of hourly rainfall data and flood observation) to support a thorough model calibration. Only 14 years (1991- 2004) of data is available, which only contains one big flood event (flood of 1995).
The 30m DEM is generally sufficient in stream network delineation, but there is data deficiency which leads to a slightly different stream network compared to the real observation;
The 300m land cover data is relatively coarse for the modelling work;
No spatial soil distribution was applied to the study area, as detailed soil data is not available. The soil was all regarded as either Acrisols or Alisols with low infiltration rate.
54. Nevertheless, given the objective of this study is mainly to verify the analogue method in design flood calculation for the area, the only requirement is the model accuracy of the peak flow value of a flood event. The final conclusion is that the applicability of the analogue method in the PIURIP is credible. 3.4 Climate change impact on PIURID, implications to project design
55. The climate change information needs to be related to the project components that are sensitive to the climate in order to support the CRVA.
3.4.1 Impact of increasing temperatures on project infrastructure
56. With regard to the rural road component, the area is very likely to become warmer in the future, which on the one hand is beneficial to the transport system, because of the reduced risk of frost and snowfall and the damage of extreme low temperature to the road system. On the other hand, an increased temperature implies that the heat wave may become more severe and longer lasting. Nevertheless, the temperature of the project area is very mild. The recorded
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extreme high temperature is 41.0°C. With 6°C increase by 2100 as projected by the high scenario, the extreme high temperature will be around 47°C, which may potentially cause damage to road surface. In the PRC, for roads above Class II/III, asphalt concreate (AC) is commonly used as the road surface materials. AC materials with special additive can significantly improve its performance at high temperature, so attention may be required in road surface materials selection during project design. For flood control works, the temperature change is unlikely to have any significant effect. In general, thereby, no special impact concern is expected from the temperature changes to the PIURID. The storm and it triggered flood are the main risk that the PIURID is designed to manage; hence climate change impact on rainfall has direct consequences for the PIURID planning and design.
3.4.2 Impact of increasing precipitation on design storm and flood control works
57. As mentioned above, the climate change impact on precipitation is significant. As shown in Table 4, the intensity of 1-in-5 to 1-in-20 year storm events will likely experience a 6% increase by 2050 (projected by the median scenario; with an uncertainty range between 4 to 12%). The projected 2100 increase is even larger; with 12% as median, and an uncertainty range between 6 to 28%.
Climate change impact on flood in Qianfang
58. Through impact on rainfall, climate change has the potential to alter the flood risk profile for the project area. Climate change will firstly impact on rainfall, so in order to assess the subsequent impact on flood, it is essential to have insightful understanding of the relationship between rainfall and flood. Normally hydrological or hydraulic models, either physically or statistically based, are used to simulate the rainfall – flood and rainfall – landslide processes. In general, long term observed meteorological and hydrological data are required in such model development. However, both data sets are limited for the PIURID area. In this study, a statistical approach was adopted for the climate change impact on flood assessment.
59. A flood event can be caused by different meteorological conditions. Even though two events are similar in the value, such as the flood of 2000 (flood height 191.87 masl) and flood of 2004 (flood height 191.89 masl), the driving mechanism of rainfall for these events could be quite different. Because climate change impacts differently on storm in accordance to the storm’s characteristics such as intensity, the future impact on the flood height of these events will be different, even they were seen as similar in current condition. Long term river discharge and water level records with their corresponding rainfall data may help to reveal the insight of a wide range of storm triggering flood mechanism; thus help to build robust future projections of climate change impact on flood.
60. A 47 years (1958-2004) annual maximum flow discharge and water level data of Lianjiang River at Qianfang hydrometric station was collected. The station is about 10 Km north of the Lianhua Meteorological station (as shown in Figure 1). No meteorological data exists around Qianfang, so the Linhua rainfall data was used to study the rainfall-flood relationship. A statistical analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between the annual maximum discharge of Qianfang and the rainfall of various duration of Lianhua in prior to its corresponding discharge event, which included rainfall in 1, 3, 6, 24 hour, and 3, 10, 30, 60 and 90 days. It was revealed that the annual maximum discharge correlated to the 6 hour rainfall with the strongest statistical significance; it was seconded by the 24 hour rainfall; then followed by the 30 day rainfall. The annual maximum discharge does not correlate with rainfall in other durations with sufficient statistical significance. Equation 2 gives the regression model. The model has a good
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modelling performance with the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9 and standard error of 94.89 m3/s (Figure 5). Thus for a given annual maximum discharge prediction, an average confidence interval of ±27 m3/s is expected based on the 95% confidence level.
(2) where: Y is river discharge = . (m+3 ./s); X1 is+ the . 6 hour − rainfall. in prior to the flood event (mm); X2 is the 24 hour rainfall (mm); and X3 is the 30 day rainfall (mm).
1000 /s)
3 900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100 Modelled annual maximum river discharge (m discharge river maximum annual Modelled 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Observed annual maximum river discharge (m3/s)
Figure 5: Comparison of the modelled and observed annual maximum discharge of the Lianjian River at Qianfang hydrometric station.
61. Ideally, the Lianhua hourly rainfall should be used for climate change impact on flood; however, the hourly rainfall observation was only started from 1991, and the Qianfang discharge observation stopped at 2004, which leaves only 14 years of complete set of data. The length of data is too short for flood simulation, particularly big floods, so that the 30 years Lianhua daily rainfall data was used instead to assess the impact of climate change on flood. In order to make use of the Equation 2 for future flood level calculation, the relationship of the maximum rainfall of 6 and 24 hour corresponding to the maximum daily rainfall event was required. Again these relationships were investigated and obtained from the Lianhua hourly rainfall data (Attachment 6).
62. The last step in the assessment of climate change impacts on flood is to translate the discharge projection to river water level. The 47 years annual maximum discharge and water level data were used to build the statistical relations between river discharge and the water level, as show in Figure 6.
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63. As demonstrated in Figure 6, the annual maximum discharge and water level has very good correlation. Its regression model shows a R2 of 0.9693, so the regression was used to generate the future maximum water level based on the river discharge generated from the previous steps. By comparing the modelled baseline water levels and their future projections, a quantitative assessment of climate change impact on flood at Qianfang station could be obtained. Table 11 shows a summary of the assessment result. It could conclude that the river stages will very likely increase in future due to climate change effects. The median scenario projects a likelihood of 0.17 m and 0.28 m increase by 2050 and 2100 respectively. It could potentially have 0.28 m and 0.53 m increase by 2050 and 2100, if global future development follows the high scenario pathway.
196
195 y = 190.22x0.0096 194 R² = 0.9693
193
192
Water level (masl) level Water 191
190
189 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 River discharge (x100 m3/s)
Figure 6: Relationship of annual maximum discharge and water level of the Lianjian River at Qianfang hydrometric station.
Table 11: Summary of climate change impact on annual maximum water level at Qianfang hydrometric station
Modelled baseline 2050 scenario 2100 scenario Low Median High Low Median High Mean (masl) 191.68 191.82 191.85 191.96 191.85 191.96 192.21 Change (m) ---- 0.14 0.17 0.28 0.17 0.28 0.53
Climate change impact on design flood of PIURID
64. The above analysis of the impact of projected precipitation changes on Qianfang flood levels is built on the discharge – water level relationship of Qianfang. The discharge – water level relationship was not available for other locations, and the relationship would be different for different locations because of the difference in topo-geographic features in river channels. As the intensity of 1-in-20 year events of annual maximum daily rainfall will likely experience a 6% to 28% increase in future (including the uncertainty range), a reasonable approach is to
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examine the adequacy of a design flood under a similar change in storm intensity. The sensitivity test of the TR55 model showing a similar magnitude of flood discharge change according to storm intensity change, hence an analysis of 5, 10 and 20% increase in river discharges and their influence on water height at different channel sections were conducted. The LDI provided a list of 5%, 10% and 20% increases in river discharges and their corresponding water height increases for selected sections of the Lianjiang River (Table A6-4). Clearly, the water level increase is different depending on the section area and channel slope. For example, the 5, 10 and 20% discharge increase will lead to 0.138, 0.273 and 0.537m water level increase at Lianhua, but is 0.114, 0.229 and 0.451m at the Lianjiang and Baima confluence location (LJ8700). On average, a 5, 10, 20% discharge increase will lead to a 0.12, 0.24 and 0.46m increase in water height. These values are in reasonable agreement with the climate change impact assessment results for Qianfang.
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4 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
65. As discussed previously, the major drivers of the vulnerability comes from the enhanced storm and its triggered flood. Furthermore, the vulnerability is also closely linked with the socio- economic status of project area. To optimise the PIURID objective of flood protection and wastewater treatment, the planned project components are mostly located nearby the urban centres of Pingxiang, hence the future socio-economic development in the urban centres will potentially also alter the climate change vulnerability profile. The urbanization dynamic has seen high rates of urban population growth in Shangli, Luxi, and Lianhua with Shangli having the largest absolute growth in number of urban residents. The population growth dynamics will continue to the future. According to Table 12, while the total population growth may relatively small, the urban population of Luxi is projected to double by 2020 from 2001; and the urban population of Lianhua will increase by almost 5 times by 2020 from 2001 (ADB TA. 2014).
66. Economically, Pingxiang is still among the poorest prefectural level cities in The PRC. Pingxiang UA’s per capita GDP was CNY35,850 (US$5810), Luxi’s was CNY29,257 (US$4742), Shangli’s was CNY21,472 (US$3480) and Lianhua’s was CNY10,332 (US$1675) (ADB TA. 2014). A less developed economy is usually more vulnerable to climate change impact, because of its limited capacity in adaptation and less financial resource from disaster recovery. However, the economic growth over the past decade has been strong in Luxi and Shangli, but Lianhua is still lagging behind. The reason has been that, geographically, both Luxi and Shanli are along the main transport network (G320) where Lianhua is isolated by low mountains and well beyond a two hour travel time from the central metropolitan centre of Changsha. Besides the damage cost of infrastructure, another major economic vulnerability of Pingxiang is due to its large portion of primary sector in its economy. For example, increased flood frequency and intensity will likely cause more damage to the agriculture production.
67. Clearly the continuing growth in the urban population and the relative lag-behind economic development adds the vulnerability of Pingxiang to climate change impact, particularly in Lianhua. Without up to standard protection, it is likely that the future flood damage will exacerbate exponentially. On the other hand, Pingxiang industry development will continue to grow. The share of primary sector has been consistently dropping from 2000 to 2012: Shangli had the largest structural change with a large drop in the primary sector’s share of GDP (-25%) and a large increase in industry’s share (21%). Luxi’s economy also changed significantly: the primary sector dropped by 19.4% and industry’s grew by 10.2%. The primary sector of Lianhua’s economy decreased by 13.3%, industry grew by 8.2%, and the tertiary sector grew by 5.9% during this period (PPTA Midterm Report, 2014). The dropping shares of the primary sector have great economic potential of acting as an effective adaptation measure against climate change impact by reducing the agriculture production share in the local economy.
68. In order to assess the spatial difference of climate change impact on different project area, sensitivity analysis was conducted based on the flooded area from historical flood events for each project component. Table 13 lists the flooded area caused by different flood recurrence for the rivers of the three counties in PIRUD. Based on Table12, Figure 7 shows the flooded area change against flood recurrence, as normalised to the flooded area caused by 5 year flood for each river. The rivers of Lianhua are most sensitive to flood intensity change, demonstrated by their steepest slope of increasing trends (the Baima River and the Lianjiang River).
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Table 12: Baseline population data and future projection for the PIURID area (Source: ADB TA 2014)
Growth Expected Population Population Rate Population Population Future County/District Community 2001 2012 2001 - 2020 2030 Growth (1000 pop) (1000 pop) 2012 (1000 pop) (1000 pop) rate (‰) (‰) Urban Area 48 8 7 90 Luxi Total County 273.436 290.514 313.1 Shangli Total County 446 495 4 4 505 534 Urban Area 30.49 43.14 27 29 148 209 Villages Area 84.21 90.22 6 -21 56.8 44.6 pop >10000 Lianhua Villages 120.14 135.342 1 -22 85.2 66.4 pop<10000 Total County 234.48 268.7 12 9 290 320 Villages Area - - - - 200 250 pop>10000 Xiang-dong Villages - - - - 197 164.2 pop<10000 Total County - - - - 397 414.2
Table 13: Flooded area (ha) caused by different flood recurrence for the rivers of the three counties in PIRUD
County/District River Name Flood Recurrence (Years) 5 10 20 50 Luxi Yuan 62.5 74 78.7 Tankou 73.3 97.6 130.5 808 Xinhua 152 215.6 262 414 Shangli Jinshan 403.8 534.4 693.3 Lishui 142.0 210.5 221.2 Lianhua Lian 399.9 603.9 966.7 Baima 129.6 204.7 364.8 Xiangdong Pingshui --- 148.8 205.3 305.5
69. In summary, flood will be the major biophysical driver to the PIURID project, although storm could also impact on the road component, as well as urban flood due to waterlogging. The fast growth of the urban population and less developed local economy implies increasing vulnerability of the PIRUID area to the impact of future changing climate. Spatially, Lianhua is the most vulnerable county among the project areas, due to its fastest urban population growth, lag-behind economic development and sensitive topo-geographic conditions of the urban area to flood. As the PIURID targets to support a sustainable economic development in Pingxiang for a long term future, it is necessary to take adaptation measures that enhance the resilience to offset additional risk into the PIURID project planning and design, which is discussed in detail in the next section.
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3
2.5 Yuan 2 Tankou 1.5 Xinhua Jinshan 1 Lishui Nomalized flood area 0.5 Lian Baima 0 5 10 20 Flood Recurrence (Years)
Figure 7: Flooded area change against flood recurrence for each river of PIURID. The change is normalised based on 5 year flooded area.
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5 THE ADAPTATION OPTIONS
70. Given the likely changing climate in the future, flood protection may be required to provide more capacity for flood management and control. It can be achieved by expanding the design storm and design flood capacity of the infrastructure. This quite often means additional investment in infrastructure development, so a cost-benefit analysis may be necessary to investigate such “Hard” engineering options. On the hand, other proper “Soft” adaptation measures could also effectively alleviate vulnerability and reduce the potential damage from flood. In this section, the adaptations that are identified based on literature review and/or from the discussion with the staff from the Project Management Office (PMO) and the DI are provided as discussion:
5.1 “Hard” options: adjustments to design of relevant project component(s)
71. The first and most obvious adaptation would be to adjust both the design storm and the design flood in accordance with the climate change impact assessment results. Design adjustments for specific project components are elaborated in the following paragraphs. For the purpose of assisting general project design, it is recommended to consider at detailed design stage to take a 6% increase of design storm and 0.2 m increase of design flood in general design process (where the analogue method is used). The reason of suggesting such median design adjustments is that no economic data was available for a proper cost-benefit analysis in order to justify an investment of high scenario based adjustments.
72. For key infrastructures, such as the dykes in urban area, bridges and culverts in road development, detailed design should consider using the high scenario projections as reference, i.e., 20% increase of design storm and 0.4 m increase of design flood. The key infrastructures are expected to have long service life-time and will be hard and costly to repair and replace.
73. The urban drainage system development is not part of the PIURID project. Hence even though storm may trigger urban flood due to waterlogging, the only relevant design requirement in PIURID is to have adequate outlets for future urban storm water drain. To avoid waterlogging in urban areas, detailed design should consider using the higher scenario projection, e.g., a 10% increase of the current design storm in the outlets design.
74. The project will apply sloped, vegetated embankments in rural river sections. Most materials for the these vegetated embankments can be sourced locally; hence it is the most economical but also environmental friendly choice for the PIURID project. The estimated total construction cost of the vegetated embankment is CNY1200/m3, or US$195/m3. Given the relatively low cost of embankment works, detailed design should consider to adjust the design flood based on the high scenario projection of 0.3 m wherever feasible.
75. Concreate dykes are partly used in urban sections. Further raising the dyke heights to account for increased flood heights may also be an option, but it will cause some social issues such as aesthetic characteristics of the project, besides the relative high additional construction costs. Expanding the river channel width may be more socio-economically appropriate, but may induce significant land acquisition and resettlement, and should only be considered after careful socio-economic evaluation.
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76. Most rivers have hydraulic infrastructures (such as small dams and weirs) within their channels. Removal or structural change of these infrastructures may provide additional flood protection capacity. This investigation should be conducted extensively to cover the full range of infrastructures that may affect the PIURIP components. For example, the two dams on the Pingshui River at the downstream of the project area could raise the flood height at Xiangdong by almost 2 m (per communication with LDI). Removal of the dams and/or change their structure, such as to hydraulic weirs, may effectively reduce the flood risk at Xiangdong. Most of these hydraulic projects are outside of the project area, hence beyond the project scope. Nevertheless, such an adaptation option needs to be presented and discussed with stakeholders, particularly when further raising of dyke height becomes difficult for some project components. However, the project includes removal of 41 concrete weirs along project rivers, which will partly be replaced by hydraulic weirs, thus significantly increasing the flood response capacities.
77. Discussions were conducted with the IAs and the design team and it was agreed that the climate change impact information and the above recommendations would be considered in the final project design with additional adaptation costs calculated to support the economic cost- benefit analysis.
5.2 “Soft” measures: ecological solutions, institutional and technical capacity building to enhance risk awareness and ability for ongoing risk assessment & management, knowledge management to improve risk assessment as new information emerges
78. Human activities have an important role to play in terms of ensuring the flood protection system to be maintained in good working order. Historically, due to the lack of solid waste collection facilities, local communities have used the river channels as open waste dumping sites. This practice not only blocks the river flow during flood events, but also leads to water pollution. Solid waste management in the project counties and district should be improved, and public awareness of adequate solid waste handling increased. The regular removal of accumulated solid waste in the river beds, as well as periodic dredging of the river channels can substantially reduce the risk of floods.
79. Prohibiting cultivation along the steep land and planting deep rooted vegetation in erosion prone areas can effectively prevent soil erosion from occurring. The government puts ecological restoration as the high priority for future sustainable development. It is expected that most of the work under government ecological restoring plans along project rivers will significantly benefit the PIURID. The project itself will protect some 66ha of natural floodplains, and re-vegetate some 90ha of riparian areas along the project rivers in Lianhua and Luxi Counties.
80. Together with a state-of-the-art flood monitoring and warning system, hydraulic infrastructure along the river systems have great potential to reduce the flood damage. During the 2008 Shangli flood, the Zhaomu Reservoir had allocated 5.17 million m3 flood water storage before the rain season, and other small reservoirs had allocated 2.8 million m3 storage. It absorbed more than 200 m3/s flood discharge for Shangli and reduced the flood height by almost 2 m (Zhang J. and Ma Y., 2009). An investment in flood warning system and its cooperation with the hydraulic projects in the river network should be considered, as it can have great potential to enhance the resilience of the local community against flood risk.
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81. Improving collection and analysis of hydro-meteorological information: This assessment was constrained by the limitation of data availability. Improved hydro-meteorological information, including new stations and data collection, would be essential for adaptive management protocols.
82. Good climate resilience can also be achieved through institutional and technical capacity building to enhance risk awareness and ability for ongoing risk assessment & management. It is also worthwhile to note that not all adaptation measures need to be implemented. In fact, by taking economics into consideration, as long as a good plan has been in place, some adaptation measures can be implemented in the future as climate change is also a gradual process. The above adaptation measures are mostly discussed against their targeted vulnerable components. However, one adaptation measure will not only strengthen the resilience of a target component, but will likely also benefit all components across the project. Table 14 lists in detail the recommendations discussed above.
Table 14: Recommended climate risk mitigation and adaptation measures
Adaptation measure Implementati Implementation schedule Estimated Notes on priority Cost Selection of appropriate AC High Project’s detailed design Low to AC with additive to sustain materials in road surface phase Moderate high temperature construction Adjustment of 6% increase in Moderate Project’s detailed design Low to For general design purpose, design storm; adjustment of phase Moderate to be considered during 0.2 m increase in design detailed design flood Adjustment of 20% increase Moderate Project’s detailed design Moderate to For key project in design storm; adjustment phase High infrastructures (bridges and of 0.4 m increase in design culverts) flood Enlarge the storm water High Project’s detailed design Moderate To accommodate the outlet size according to 10% phase increase in urban storm increase of design storm water Remove or change structure High Detailed design phase (for High (6.1 Project plans to replace 31 of dams blocking flood water dams within project river million USD concrete weirs by hydraulic sections); mid to long term included in weirs. (for other sections) project scope) Complete a functional solid Moderate Project implementation Low to To be initiated through waste collection system phase (Capacity Building Moderate Project’s capacity building Component) component; based on sector development plans of counties and district Ecological restoration of the High Detailed design stage, long N/A Other restoration to be project area term guided by sector development plans of counties and district. Strengthen existing flood Moderate Project implementation Low To be initiated through monitoring and warning phase (Capacity Building Project’s capacity building systems Component) component Institutional capacity building Moderate Project implementation Low (0.25 To be initiated through for climate change impact phase (Capacity Building million USD Project’s capacity building adaptation planning Component) included in component project scope)
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6 MONITORING AND EVALUATION, REPORTING
83. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) has become increasingly important for climate change adaptation. However, adaptation to climate change is a complex endeavour. In the context of PIURID, the adaptation could mean “Hard” infrastructure adjustment that require additional financial investment, or “Soft” measures that may be difficult to evaluate in monetary terms. Some adaptation may be seen as additional measures on top of the baseline development, but most adaptation measures cut across numerous development objectives, such as the ecological restoration of the project area. The inherent complexity of adaptation actions makes their monitoring and evaluating a very daunting task.
84. Given the nature of PIUDIR as an infrastructure-oriented development project, the M&E of climate change adaptation may be conducted for the following aspects (adapted from Frankel- Reed et al., 2009):
Awareness raising and Capacity building: Stakeholders – the local communities, government administrators and project DI – need to have general knowledge of climate change issue and grasp the concept of climate change impact on the project development. The field work revealed that even though climate change may be known to some stakeholders as a scientific term, no one has considered it as a driving factor to project design. A capacity building among stakeholders would ensure a willingness to uptake the results of the CRVA into the project design,, resulting in effective adaptation planning and design.
Behaviour: Even though the average climate change is gradual, the change of extreme climate events such as storms and floods will likely be fast and have a fast impact on human behaviour; thus the behaviour change could be a tangible indicator for M&E climate change adaptation. A gradual changing behaviour among stakeholders of consistent enhancing the community’s resilience is a good indication of adaptation success. In that regard, for example, it is expected that the PIURID administrator would focus on long term sustainable development with proactive adaptation actions, instead of short-term, economic gain oriented passive adaptation measures.
Risk-reducing measures for the advancement of development outcomes: It is obvious that the effective adaptations should fulfil the project objectives under the changing climate. For PIURID, the M&E of the success of adaptation can be conducted with the onset of flood after the projects are completed. The M&E could make the best use of existing monitoring and evaluation systems, but it should be noted that necessary data required for climate change adaptation M&E should be collected, i.e., it is important to establish the baseline scenarios (both biophysical and socio-economic) and retain the same information accordingly for future events.
85. In summary, “adaptation is not simply an outcome, but rather a diverse suite of ongoing processes that enable the achievement of development objectives under changing conditions” (Brooks and Frankel Reed, 2008). A framework is normally required for climate change adaptation M&E and reporting. Though there are general rules, it would be more appropriate that the establishment of the framework should pertain to PIURID to make the M&E more effective and efficient. For example, to establish and/or incorporate the climate change adaptation M&E into the Pingxiang flood M&E systems.
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7 CONCLUSION
86. This report produces quantitative climate change information for the PIURID project by making use of the pattern scaling based GCM ensemble method. The advantage of this method is that it not only takes the key uncertainties in climate change science into future projection into consideration, but also treats these key uncertainties independently. Therefore climate change projections and their associated uncertainty range can be produced consistently through a combination of the different scenarios. A quantitative impact assessment can then be conducted by building the risk profile for the key vulnerable components of a project, and targeted adaptation options can subsequently be identified and evaluated.
87. As the PIURID is focused on the infrastructure development for flood risk management and planning, the climate change impact on flood has direct relevance to the project design and construction. The climate change scenario analysis indicated enhanced risks of design storm and design flood for the PIURID area. Several adaptation options were identified and discussed. Despite the importance of taking necessary ‘hard’ adaptation measures in project design and construction, it is worthwhile to emphasise that the ‘soft’ options could be much cost effective and equally efficient. A regular maintenance of the flood protection system to ensure its optimised functioning is as much as important as a good system design. The ecosystem restoration as a long term adaptation option can enhance the resilience of the project to climate change impact by reducing the soil erosion and river channel siltation, which has been a serious problem in history.
88. This study was constrained by a number of limitations:
The impact assessment was conducted on the basis of available data. Though we considered this data adequate for this study, a properly developed impact model would reveal the detailed relationship between torrential rain and the flood or landslide. For example, a time series river flow data would assist in developing proper hydrologic and hydraulic models so that the impact on flood due to changing in rainfall could be explored.
The assessment is developed from the hydrometric and meteorological observation at Qianfang and Lianhua. No supporting data could be obtained for other project areas for this study. However, given the proximity of the areas and their hydrologic and meteorological similarity, it was suggested that the project component design in these areas could make use of the result of Lianhua. Detailed climate change impact on the project components in these areas may be carried out when the supporting data becomes available.
The adaptation options discussed were presented as initial recommendation. No economic data was available to investigate the cost-benefit of implementing such adaptation options. However, we recommend selection of appropriate adaptations and/or their combination to be considered in projects design wherever feasible.
89. The discussion of the M&E is based on the literature review, as little climate change adaptation M&E work has been generated during the past, particularly at the project level such as PIURID. Nevertheless, as climate change and climate change adaptation will be long lasting processes, a framework is needed for the M&E work. The framework needs to pertain to the project context, hence a comprehensive review of other existing framework, such as flood M&E is necessary for the establishment of the M&E framework for climate change adaptation. Finally,
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the available meteorological / hydrological data is not adequate for a better climate risk and vulnerability assessment. It is recommended that the results may be used as indication of trend or potential relative change, rather than treated as deterministic. The suggested implication for design adjustment should be taken as approximation. Another important question is the economic justification of any climate adaptation measure. Detailed engineering design has not yet started. It would be desirable to include the economic analysis based on the vulnerabilities identified in the detailed project design.
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8 REFERENCES
ADB 2010. Sustainable Transport Initiative: Operational Plan. (http://www.adb.org/documents/sustainable-transport-initiative-operational-plan; website accessed at June 2013)
ADB 2012. Proceedings of ADB Sustainable Inland Waterway Transport International Workshop, 11-12 Sept. 2012, Chongqing, PR China.
ADB 2013. Sustainable Transport for All. (http://www.adb.org/sectors/transport/overview. Website accessed at June 2013)
ADB TA-8451 Phase 1, 2014. Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project. Interim Report.
Andrewartha, H. G. and L. C. Birch. 1973. The History of Insect Ecology. In History of Entomology, ed. R. F. Smith, T. E. Mittler and C. N. Smith, 229-266. Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA
Brooks, N and J. Frankel Reed (2008) Proposed framework for monitoring and evaluating adaptation to climate change. United Nations Development Programme. Paper for the GEF International Workshop on Evaluating Climate Change and Development. p. 2.
Gasper, R., A. Blohm, and M. Ruth, 2011: Social and economic impacts of climate change on the urban environment. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 150-157
Hallegatte, S., F. Henriet, and J. Corfee-Morlot, 2011a: The economics of climate change impacts and policy benefits at city scale: a conceptual framework. Climatic Change, 104(1), 51-87
Frankel-Reed. J, Brooks. N., Kurukulasuriya, P., Lim, B., 2009: A Framework for Evaluating Adaptation to Climate Change: Evaluating Climate Change and Development‖ in Rob D.van den Berg and Osvaldo Feinstein, ed., Evaluating Climate Change and Development (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2009), 285-298.
Koetse, M.J. and P. Rietveld, 2009: The impact of climate change and weather on transport: An overview of empirical findings. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 14(3), 205-221.
Murphy, J.M., D.M. Sexton, D.N. Barnett, G.S. Jones, M.J. Webb, M. Collins, D.A. Stainforth, 2004. Quantification of modelling uncertainties in a large ensemble of climate change simulations. Nat., 430 (7001): 768-772. DOI: 10.1038/nature02771.
Love, G., A. Soares, and H. Püempel, 2010: Climate Change, Climate Variability and Transportation. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 1(0), 130-145.
Murphy, J.M., A. Noda, S.C.B. Raper, I.G. Watterson, A.J. Weaver, and Z. Zhao, 2007. Global climate projections. In Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor & H. L. Miller). Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Räisänen, J. 2007. How reliable are climate models? Tellus, 59, A(1), S.2-29. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600- 0870.2006. 00211.x.
Santer, B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, M.E. Schlesinger, J.F.B. Mitchell, 1990. Developing climate scenarios from equilibrium GCM results, MPI Report Number 47, Hamburg
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Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen., M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller, (eds.) 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Task Group on Data and Scenario Support
Sorteberg, A. and N.G. Kvamsto, 2006. The effect of internal variability on anthropogenic climate projections. Tellus, 58A, 565–574. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00202.x.
Sterl, A., C. Severijns, G.J. Van Oldenborgh, H. Dijkstra, W. Hazeleger, M. Van den Broeke, G. Burgers, B. Van den Hurk, P.J. Van Leeuwen, P. Van Velthoven, 2007. The ESSENCE project - signal to noise ratio in climate projections. http://www.knmi.nl /~sterl/ Essence/essence_1_v2.2.pdf
Wigley, T.M.L., 2003. MAGICC/SCENGEN 4.1: Technical Manual. National Center forAtmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.
Wilby R.L., J. Troni, Y. Biot, L. Tedd, B.C. Hewitson, D.M. Smith and R.T. Sutton, 2009. A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning, Int. J. Climatol. 29: 1193–1215
Ye W. and Y. Li, 2011. A method of applying daily GCM outputs in assessing climate change impact on multiple day extreme precipitation for Brisbane River Catchment, MODSIM11. In Chan, F., Marinova, D. and Anderssen, R.S. (eds) MODSIM2011, 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, December 2011, pp. 3678-3683. ISBN: 978-0-9872143-1-7
Zhang J., Xu Z., Liu H.,2011 Spatial temporal distribution and situation of water wastering of highways in Yunnan, J. Mountain Sci., Vol. 29. No. 1
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ANNEX 1: CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO GENERATION
The uncertainties in climate change scenario generation
The future climate change projection includes uncertainties, particularly at the regional and local level. The major sources of uncertainties come from: 1) the difference of spatial change projections modelled by different GCMs; 2) the future Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission rates; and 3) different GCM model parameterisation due to the unknown or not fully understood mechanism and feedbacks in the climate systems. A thoroughly studied uncertainty by the scientific community is the difference in GCM model parameterisation, or the climate sensitivity. The climate sensitivity is conventionally defined as the equilibrium change in global mean surface temperature following a doubling of the atmospheric (equivalent) CO2 concentration simulated by a GCM. It has been found that the uncertainty range is between 2.0°C to 4.5°C (Solomon et al., 2007).
To reflect the uncertainty of future GHG emission rates, a new process has been used for future global climate change projection since IPCC AR5. In this process, GHG emissions and socioeconomic scenarios are developed in parallel, building on different trajectories of radiative forcing over time to construct pathways (trajectories over time) of radiative forcing levels (or CO2-equivalent concentrations) that are both representative of the emissions scenario literature and span a wide space of resulting GHG concentrations that lead to clearly distinguishable climate futures. These radiative forcing trajectories were thus termed “Representative Concentration Pathways” (RCPs). A RCP was simulated in an Integrated Assessment model to provide one internally consistent plausible pathway of GHG emissions and land use change that leads to the specific radiative forcing target. The full set of RCPs spans the complete range of integrated assessment literature on emissions pathways and the radiative forcing targets are distinct enough to result in clearly different climate signals.
In this study, three RCPs: RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5, are used to characterise the possible climate change scenario for the project area and uncertainty range. RCP6.0 with mid-climate sensitivity represents a GHG concentration reaching 850 ppm and stabilized after 2100, it is a middle range future change scenario. Similarly, RCP4.5 (650 ppm GHG and stabilized at 2100) with low-climate sensitivity and RCP8.5 (concentration larger than 1370 ppm at 2100 and still rising) with high-climate sensitivity represents the low and high bound of the uncertainty range of future global change scenarios as shown in Table 1. The three RCPs represent rising radiative forcing to 4.5, 6 and 8.5 W/m2 by 2100 respectively.
The General Circulation Model (GCM) is the most reliable tool in generating the future climate change scenarios at large to global scale. However, given the current state of scientific understanding and limitations of GCMs in simulating the complex climate system, for any given region in the world, it is still not possible to single out a GCM that outperforms all other GCMs in future climate change projection. Future climate change projection based on the analysis of a large ensemble of GCM outputs is more appropriate than using any individual GCM outputs (Wilby et al. 2009). This is particularly important if such a projection is used for impact assessments; a large ensemble of GCM simulations can provide a reliable specification of the spread of possible regional changes by including samples covering the widest possible range modelling uncertainties (Murphy et al. 2004, Sortberg and Kvamsto 2006, Murphy et al. 2007, Räisänen 2007). A single GCM projection of future climate made with even the most sophisticated GCM can be of limited use for impact assessment as it lacks the ability to provide information on the range of uncertainties. Within an ensemble approach; provided the members of the ensemble are independent, a larger ensemble size could lead to a more reliable statistical
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result (Sterl et al. 2007). In this study, the 50 percentile value from the model ensemble sample was used in generating future climate change projections.
The pattern scaling method
The pattern-scaling method (Santer et al., 1990) is based on the theory that firstly, a simple climate model can accurately represent the global responses of a GCM, even when the response is non-linear (Raper et al. 2001), and secondly, a wide range of climatic variables represented by a GCM are a linear function of the global annual mean temperature change represented by the same GCM at different spatial and/or temporal scales (Mitchell, 2003, Whetton et al. 2005). Constructing climate change scenarios using the pattern-scaling method requires the following information:
regional patterns of changes in climate (e.g. for precipitation) by specified timeframe (e.g. month) from GCM results, which are normalized to give a spatial pattern of change per degree of global-mean temperature change;
time-dependent projections of global-mean temperature change projected by a selected RCP under a selected “climate sensitivities”
baseline climate variables derived from observational records.
In generating a “time-slice” scenario for a future year, the normalised pattern (a) is scaled by a time dependent projection of global-mean temperature change (b). The resultant scenario of climate change is then used to perturb the underlying observed spatial climatology (c) to give a “new” climate for the year in question. In this way, the three key uncertainties – the GCM spatial patterns of change, the future GHG emission rates and the climate sensitivity – can be treated independently and combined flexibly and quickly to produce future climate scenarios (as per Wigley, 2003).
The pattern scaling method is also extended to analyse the climate change impact on climate variability, such as the extreme precipitation event. A general extreme value (GEV) function was applied to the daily precipitation data from historical observations and GCM outputs to derive precipitation intensity values. Similar to a normalised pattern for monthly precipitation, normalised patterns of a series of precipitation intensities, such as 1:20 year maximum daily precipitation, are calculated for a GCM following the steps discussed previously. In generating the normalised patterns, the GCM simulated period of 1975 to 2005 was used as GCM baseline.
Out of the 40 GCMs 22 have their daily simulation outputs publically available (see Appendix 2). For the GCM with available daily data, a linear regression method was used to process them in order to derive the normalised pattern for the precipitation intensity series. A more detail discussion of the extreme precipitation change scenario generation can be found from Ye and Li (2011).
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ANNEX 2: IPCC AR5 GCMS USED IN THIS SCENARIO GENERATION AND THEIR HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL RESOLUTIONS. MODELS WITH DAILY DATA AVAILABLE ARE USED FOR EXTREME RAINFALL EVENT SCENARIO GENERATION
Resolution Model label Daily Institution (longitude° latitude°) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research 1.8751.25 ACCESS1.0 No Organisation/Bureau of Meteorology (CSIRO-BOM) Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research ACCESS1.3 1.8751.25 Yes Organisation/Bureau of Meteorology (CSIRO-BOM) Australia BCC- 2.81252.8125 No Beijing Climate Center (BCC) The PRC CSM1.1 BCC- 2.81252.8125 No Beijing Climate Center (BCC) The PRC CSM1.1(m) BNU-ESM 2.81252.8125 No Beijing Normal University (BNU) The PRC Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) CanESM2 2.81252.8125 Yes Canada National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) CCSM4 1.250.9375 Yes USA CESM1(BG National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 1.250.9375 Yes C) USA CESM1(CA National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 1.250.9375 No M5) USA CMCC-CM 0.750.75 Yes Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC) Italy CMCC-CMS 1.8751.875 Yes Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC) Italy Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM-CERFACS) CNRM-CM5 1.41.4 Yes France CSIRO- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 1.8751.875 Yes Mk3.6.0 (CSIRO) Australia EC-EARTH consortium published at Irish Centre for High-End EC-EARTH 1.1251.125 No Computing (ICHEC) Netherlands/Ireland Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of FGOALS-g2 2.81x1.66 No Sciences(LSAG-CESS) The PRC Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of FGOALS-s2 2.81x1.66 No Sciences(LSAG-IAP) The PRC Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) GFDL-CM3 2.5 × 2.0 No USA GFDL- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) 2.5x2.0 Yes ESM2G USA GFDL- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) 2.5x2.0 Yes ESM2M USA GISS-E2-H 2.5×2×L40 No NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA-GISS) USA GISS-E2-H- 2.5×2×L40 No NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA-GISS) USA CC GISS-E2-R 2.5×2×L40 No NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA-GISS) USA GISS-E2-R- 2.5x2×L40 No NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA-GISS) USA CC HadCM3 3.75x2.5 No Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) UK
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National Institute of Meteorological Research, HadGEM2- 1.875 × 1.2413 No Korea Meteorological Administration (NIMR-KMA) AO South Korea HadGEM2- 1.875 × 1.2413 No Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) UK CC National Institute of Meteorological Research, HadGEM2- 1.875 × 1.2413 No Korea Meteorological Administration (NIMR-KMA) AO South Korea HadGEM2- 1.875 × 1.2413 No Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) UK CC HadGEM2- 1.875 × 1.2413 Yes Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) UK ES Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Numerical Mathematics INM-CM4 2x1.5 Yes (INM) Russia IPSL-CM5A- 3.75x1.875 Yes Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) France LR IPSL-CM5A- 2.5x1.25874 Yes Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) France MR IPSL-CM5B- 3.75x1.875 Yes Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) France LR Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan MIROC-ESM Yes 2.8125x2.8125 Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (MIROC) Japan Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of MIROC- Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Yes ESM-CHEM 2.8125x2.8125 Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (MIROC) Japan Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan MIROC4h No 0.5625x0.5625 Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (MIROC) Japan Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan MIROC5 Yes 1.40625 × 1.40625 Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (MIROC) Japan Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) MPI-ESM-LR 1.875x1.875 Yes Germany MPI-ESM- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) 1.875 × 1.875 Yes MR Germany Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) MRI-CGCM3 1.125x1.125 Yes Japan Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norwegian Meteorological NorESM1-M 2.5x1.875 Yes Institute (NCC) Norway NorESM1- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norwegian Meteorological 2x2 No ME Institute (NCC) Norway
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ANNEX 3: TEMPERATURE RELATED OBSERVED CLIMATE VARIABLES AND THEIR FUTURE PROJECTIONS
Baseline 2050 Median scenario
2100 Figure A3-1: Baseline Median scenario annual mean temperature and its future projections of Pingxiang (ºC).
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ANNEX 4: PRECIPITATION RELATED OBSERVED CLIMATE VARIABLES AND THEIR FUTURE PROJECTIONS
Baseline 2050 Median scenario
2100 Median scenario
Figure A4-1: Pingxiang flood season (Apr-Oct) rainfall distribution (mm): baseline and 2050, 2100 median scenario projection
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1800
1600
1400 1200
1000
800
Rainfall Rainfall (mm) 600
400 200
0
Year
Figure A4-2: Lianhua observed annual rainfall of flood season (Apr-Oct) (ave=1050, missing: 2007 data)
300
250 Baseline 2050 scenario 200 2100 scenario
150
100 Precipitation Precipitation (mm)
50
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month
Figure A4-3: Lianhua monthly normal rainfall and future projection. The bar indicates the uncertainty range of the climate change projection as defined in Table 2
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Figure A4-4: Linhua annual maximum 1 day rainfall GEV distribution and 2050 projection. Black line is the baseline from historical data; blue and red lines represent the uncertainty range as defined in Table 2; green line is low projection; red line is high projection. The horizontal difference between green and red lines indicates the uncertain range of rainfall intensity for a given rainfall frequency; the vertical difference between green and red lines indicates the uncertain range of rainfall frequency for a given rainfall intensity
Figure A4-5: Same as Figure 4A-5 but for 2100 projection
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ANNEX 5: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR VERIFYING THE ANALOGUE METHOD OF DESIGN FLOOD CALCULATION
The ArcSWAT software was used to delineate the stream network from the 30m DEM data. A 1000-ha catchment area was used as it demonstrated the best fit with the current stream network. The catchments of Qianfang, Lianhua and Baima were then delineated from the generated stream network. The TR-55 model development was implemented using the HEC- HMS software package. Table A5-1 list the information generated for the three catchments and Figures A5-1 to A5-3 shows the developed TR-55 model structure for the three catchments.
Table A5-1: The information of the three sub-basins as generated from 30m DEM Catchment Area (Km2) Number of Number of Number of Location Name DEM modelled Observed Sub-basins Junctions Reaches Qianfan Qianfang Hydrological 370 390 20 10 10 Station Lianhua Lianhua Hydrological 559 550 28 14 14 Station Baima Baima River 164 163 7 4 4 outlet
Figure A5-1: Qianfang catchment TR-55 model structure.
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Figure A5-2: Lianhua catchment TR-55 model structure.
Figure A5-3: Baima catchment TR-55 model structure.
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Table A5-2: Generic model parameter settings for the three catchments. Maximum canopy storage Initial discharge Parameter Baseflow recession constant (mm) (m3/s/Km2) Value 2 0.2 0.98
A set of generic model parameters were assigned to each sub-basin as list in Table A5-2. TR- 55 uses the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS CN) method modelling the rainfall loss. The SCS CN is determined by the dominate soil type and land cover and/or landuse of a sub-basin. The soil in Lianhua and Baima catchments are generally the type of Acrisols or Alisols. The soil has mid- to high composition of clay hence have low infiltration rate. The land cover of the two catchments are relatively well preserved with bush land dominate the west and northwest of the area and needleleaved or broardleaved evergreen forest covers the southeast part (Figure A5). The SCS CN for each sub-basin was then assigned according to its dominated land cover. It is 77 for forest and 70 for bush land. TR-55 uses Unit Hydrograph Transform method to model surface runoff, which requires a lag time as input for each sub-basin. In this study, the lag time was calculated as equal as the time of concentration. The time of concentration contains the runoff travel time as sheet flow, shallow concentrated flow and open channel flow. The time of sheet flow was calculated from:
. . . � � = . . � where: �
Tt = travel time (hr) n = Manning’s roughness coefficient L = flow length (ft) P2 = 2-year, 24 hour rainfall (in) Sc = slope of hydraulic grade line (land slope, ft/ft)
A 100m sheet flow length was used for all sub-basins; Manning’s roughness coefficient was selected as 0.5 due to the bush and forest land cover; the 2-year, 24 hour rainfall was calculated from the hourly rainfall data of Lianhua station; and the ArcSWAT calculated basin slope was adopted as the slope of hydraulic grade line. The time of shallow concentrated flow was calculated as:
� = and �
. . � = where: � L=the length of shallow flow path V= average velocity (ft/s) 2 r= hydraulic radius (ft) and is equal to a/Pw, a= cross sectional flow area (ft ); Pw = wetted perimeter
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s=slope of the hydraulic grade line n = Manning’s roughness coefficient for open channel flow
The length of shallow flow path was calculated from the sub-basin area and the ArcSWAT calculated longest flow path; the typical cross section of the open channel from the Design Institute was used to calculate the hydraulic radius; a Manning’s roughness coefficient of 0.05 was assigned for open channel flow.
Two model parameters were calibrated against the 1995 flood event, which were the rainfall areal ratio and the Muskingum routing factor for each reach. The developed model was then validated against the maximum river discharge of 1997, 2001 and 2003. Figures A5-4 to A5-7 show the model simulation outputs for these events, and its performance was given in Table 7.
Figure A5-4: Model result of 1995 flood event (Calibration event). Upper panel is observed hourly rainfall. The red bar indicates the rainfall loss and the blow bar indicates the rainfall excess.
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Figure A5-5: Model result of 1997 flood event (Validation event)
Figure A5-6: Model result of 2001 flood event (Validation event)
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Figure A5-7: Model result of 2003 flood event (Validation event)
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ANNEX 6: DISCUSSION OF THE METHOD OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT DESIGN FLOOD FOR THE PIURID
There is a lack of hydrologic data in the PIURID area for proper hydrologic or hydraulic model development. Only a 47 years annual maximum river discharge and water level data of 1958 to 2004 was collected for the Lianjiag River at Qianfang hydrometric station, where is about 10 Km upstream of the Lianhua project component. A statistical approach was adopted to explore the relationship between the Qianfang annual maximum discharge and the Lianhua rainfall of various durations from 1 hour to up to 60 days in prior to the discharge event. It was found that the annual maximum discharge correlated to the 6 hour rainfall with the highest statistical significance; it was seconded by the 24 hour rainfall; then followed by the 30 day rainfall, and the annual maximum discharge does not correlate with rainfall in other durations with sufficient statistical significance. The obtained the regression model is list below:
(A6-1)
where: Y is = river . discharge + . (m 3/s);+ . − . X1 is the 6 hour rainfall in prior to the flood event (mm); X2 is the 24 hour rainfall (mm); and X3 is the 30 day rainfall (mm).
The model has a good modelling performance with the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.82 and standard error of 94.89 m3/s. Thus for a given annual maximum discharge prediction, a confidence interval of ±27 m3/s is expected based on the 95% confidence level.
Climate change will impact differently on different flood event, even two events may have the same magnitude. This is because that the climate change will impact on the storm events differently according to their intensity (refer to Appendix 4) and storm is the main driving factor behind the flood at Pingxiang. In order to achieve for a robust assessment, it is necessary to look into the climate change impact on a variety of flood events. The longest complete rainfall/flood dataset available for Lianjiang is the daily rainfall and annual maximum discharge/water level between 1984 and 2004, so the assessment was built on this period with the assumption that these 31 years include adequate types of flood event.
As the impact assessment on annual maximum rainfall could only be carried out for daily time step, its future change projections needs to be related to the maximum 6 and 24 hour rainfall in order to make use of the Equation A5-1 for subsequent flood change assessment. Their relationships were investigated and obtained from the Lianhua hourly rainfall data. As shown in Figure A6-1, the annual maximum daily rainfall has a very good correlation with its corresponding maximum 24 hour rainfall. The regression model is:
(A6-2)
where: Rd is the annual maximum daily= rainfall; . R 24 is the corresponding maximum 24 hour rainfall (mm).
There is a reasonable correlation between the annual maximum daily rainfall and its corresponding maximum 6 hour rainfall, as shown in Figure A6-2.
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300
250 y = 1.0374x R² = 0.9228 200
150
100
50 Observed 24 hour rainfall (mm) rainfall hour 24 Observed
0 0 100 200 300 Observed daily rainfall (mm)
Figure A6-1: Relationship of annual maximum daily rainfall and its corresponding maximum 24 hour rainfall at Lianhua
200
y = 0.6303x R² = 0.7133 150
100
50 Observed 6 hour rainfall (mm) rainfall hour 6 Observed
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Observed daily rainfall (mm)
Figure A6-2: Relationship of annual maximum daily rainfall and its corresponding maximum 6 hour rainfall at Lianhua
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A regression model was obtained as follow:
(A6-3)
where: Rd is the annual maximum = . daily rainfall; R6 is the corresponding maximum 6 hour rainfall (mm).
Annex 4 gives in detail the climate change impact on the maximum daily rainfall in terms of change of its GEV distribution at Lianhua. Based on the obtained GEV distribution, the future projection of the daily storm of Lianhua synchronous to the annual maximum discharge at Qianfang was calculated. The corresponding 6 hour and 24 hour storm were derived based on Equations A6-2 and A6-3. With the derived 6, 24, and observed 30 day rainfall projections, the future maximum discharge corresponding to the observation could be finally calculated. Table A6-1 lists in detail the storm projected change results under climate change impact, and Table A6-2 lists 6 and 24 hour maximum rainfall corresponding to the daily storm and their 2050 median change projection, derived from Equations A6-2 and A6-3.
To accomplish the climate change impact on flood assessment, the storm change projections is required to be translated to the flood height. According to Figure 5, the 47 annual maximum discharge and water level at Qianfang has shown a very good statistical correlation with R2 as 0.969, hence the regression was used to calculate the future projected water level based on obtained discharge projections:
(A6-4) . where: h is maximumℎ = water .level � (masl); d is the maximum river discharge (m3/s).
The result of climate change impact on flood is listed on Table A6-3. From Table A6-3, it is clear that climate change could impact on floods differently, even though they may have similar intensity at baseline. For example the annual maximum water level of 2000 and 2004 are similar, that is 191.87 m and 191.89 m respectively. Their 2100 projection by the median scenario are 192.07 m and 192.18 m, which indicate a different water level increase of 0.20 m and 0.29 m. From the complete data set of 1984 to 2004, on average the climate change impact will likely cause 0.17 m flood level increase by 2050, and 0.28 m increase by 2100 based on median scenario projection.
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Table A6-1: GEV modelled the daily rainfall of Lianhua in synchronous to the maximum discharge of the Lianjian River at Qianfang
2050 scenario GEV modelled 2100 scenario GEV modelled GEV Modelled Baseline Year Change (%) (mm) Median (mm) Change (%) High (mm) Change (%) Median (mm) High (mm) Change (%)
1984 89.54 97.12 8.46 103.53 15.62 102.90 14.92 119.39 33.34 1985 107.24 126.46 17.93 142.78 33.14 134.59 25.50 181.38 69.14 1986 231.63 248.91 7.46 266.83 15.20 275.38 18.89 311.08 34.30 1987 148.85 154.20 3.59 159.88 7.41 161.61 8.57 176.59 18.63 1988 214.63 239.13 11.41 260.38 21.32 253.12 17.93 312.83 45.75 1989 492.42 518.33 5.26 545.93 10.87 565.35 14.81 614.62 24.82 1990 291.24 310.16 6.50 330.04 13.32 321.51 10.39 377.52 29.63 1991 227.40 251.42 10.57 274.95 20.91 264.62 16.37 331.42 45.75 1992 229.39 245.45 7.00 261.23 13.88 258.87 12.85 299.21 30.44 1993 189.08 242.08 28.04 258.17 36.54 260.01 37.52 297.37 57.28 1994 105.56 111.66 5.78 118.15 11.93 147.69 39.92 168.03 59.19 1995 787.17 841.42 6.89 899.12 14.22 919.66 16.83 1051.24 33.55 1996 219.67 240.13 9.31 259.71 18.23 252.28 14.84 306.54 39.54 1997 360.42 381.86 5.95 404.50 12.23 451.90 25.38 491.88 36.47 1998 205.42 215.60 4.95 226.41 10.22 225.36 9.71 253.24 23.28 1999 83.30 86.85 4.27 90.63 8.81 106.80 28.21 118.38 42.11 2000 277.06 296.06 6.86 316.28 14.15 307.69 11.05 364.53 31.57 2001 342.95 367.90 7.27 392.95 14.58 455.38 32.78 523.82 52.74 2002 177.39 181.27 2.19 185.40 4.52 184.99 4.29 195.65 10.30 2003 460.82 491.38 6.63 523.97 13.70 546.98 18.70 605.48 31.39 2004 280.56 304.76 8.63 328.40 17.05 325.50 16.02 388.18 38.36
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Table A6-2: The 6 and 24 hour maximum rainfall corresponding to the daily storm and their 2050 median change projection.
Modelled baseline rainfall (mm) 2050 median scenario modelled rainfall (mm) Year 6 hour 24 hour 30 day 6 hour 24 hour 30 day 1984 14.12 23.24 175.70 14.12 23.24 186.30 1985 30.38 50.00 126.20 35.15 57.86 131.40 1986 57.04 93.88 179.70 60.67 99.85 187.50 1987 22.25 36.62 222.20 22.25 36.62 232.80 1988 30.19 49.69 278.70 35.15 57.86 292.50 1989 86.48 142.33 413.10 91.41 150.45 427.20 1990 31.52 51.87 380.80 35.15 57.86 390.90 1991 28.93 47.62 302.50 33.16 54.58 317.40 1992 38.89 64.01 259.70 42.68 70.24 264.90 1993 45.19 74.38 173.90 48.85 80.41 231.90 1994 12.92 21.27 203.80 12.92 21.27 253.20 1995 157.64 259.45 503.30 172.36 283.68 517.50 1996 32.33 53.22 276.00 36.50 60.08 285.90 1997 79.67 131.13 257.90 84.18 138.56 308.40 1998 16.26 26.76 329.50 16.26 26.76 343.80 1999 6.37 10.48 202.40 6.37 10.48 229.80 2000 31.58 51.97 360.50 35.15 57.86 370.80 2001 44.25 72.83 395.50 48.02 79.04 497.40 2002 21.18 34.86 267.40 21.18 34.86 273.00 2003 107.28 176.57 273.20 114.18 187.93 284.70 2004 35.86 59.03 345.80 39.92 65.71 364.50
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Table A6-3: Climate change impact on annual maximum water level of the Lianjian River at Qianfang hydrometric station.
2050 scenario modelled 2100 scenario modelled Year Modelled baseline Low Change Median Change High Change Low Change Median Change High Change 1984 190.49 190.54 0.05 190.55 0.06 190.60 0.11 190.55 0.06 190.60 0.11 190.73 0.24 1985 190.63 190.75 0.12 190.78 0.15 190.91 0.28 190.78 0.15 190.85 0.21 191.20 0.57 1986 191.56 191.65 0.09 191.68 0.12 191.80 0.24 191.68 0.12 191.86 0.30 192.09 0.53 1987 190.96 191.00 0.05 191.01 0.06 191.06 0.10 191.01 0.06 191.05 0.10 191.16 0.21 1988 191.44 191.58 0.14 191.62 0.18 191.77 0.33 191.62 0.18 191.71 0.27 192.10 0.66 1989 193.13 193.22 0.09 193.26 0.13 193.39 0.26 193.26 0.13 193.48 0.35 193.69 0.56 1990 191.96 192.05 0.09 192.09 0.12 192.21 0.25 192.09 0.12 192.16 0.19 192.50 0.54 1991 191.53 191.66 0.13 191.70 0.17 191.86 0.33 191.70 0.17 191.79 0.26 192.22 0.69 1992 191.55 191.63 0.08 191.66 0.11 191.76 0.22 191.66 0.11 191.75 0.20 192.02 0.47 1993 191.26 191.60 0.35 191.63 0.38 191.74 0.49 191.63 0.38 191.76 0.50 192.00 0.75 1994 190.62 190.88 0.26 190.89 0.27 190.95 0.33 190.89 0.27 190.95 0.33 191.10 0.48 1995 194.29 194.41 0.12 194.44 0.15 194.57 0.28 194.44 0.15 194.60 0.31 194.78 0.49 1996 191.48 191.58 0.11 191.62 0.14 191.75 0.28 191.62 0.14 191.70 0.23 192.06 0.59 1997 192.40 192.66 0.26 192.69 0.29 192.82 0.42 192.69 0.29 192.92 0.52 193.13 0.73 1998 191.38 191.43 0.05 191.45 0.07 191.52 0.15 191.45 0.07 191.52 0.14 191.71 0.33 1999 190.44 190.59 0.15 190.60 0.16 190.63 0.19 190.60 0.16 190.63 0.19 190.72 0.28 2000 191.87 191.96 0.09 192.00 0.12 192.13 0.26 191.99 0.12 192.07 0.20 192.42 0.55 2001 192.29 192.75 0.45 192.79 0.49 192.94 0.65 192.79 0.49 192.94 0.65 193.29 0.99 2002 191.17 191.19 0.02 191.20 0.03 191.23 0.06 191.20 0.03 191.23 0.06 191.30 0.13 2003 192.97 193.08 0.12 193.13 0.16 193.29 0.32 193.12 0.16 193.40 0.43 193.65 0.69 2004 191.89 192.03 0.13 192.07 0.17 192.22 0.32 192.06 0.17 192.18 0.29 192.56 0.67 Ave. 191.68 191.82 0.14 191.85 0.17 191.96 0.28 191.85 0.17 191.96 0.28 192.21 0.53
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Table A6-4: Change in discharge and water level of the Lianjian River Design flood Design flood Design flood increase Lianjian River Design Flood increase by 5% increase by 10% by 20% Cross Water Change Water Water Water Location Discharge section Speed Change Change height (m) height height height (m) ˄m3/s˅ area (m/s) (m) (m) ˄masl˅ (masl) ˄masl˅ ˄masl˅ (m2) 0 988.78 173.492 265.8 3.72 173.631 0.139 173.769 0.277 174.033 0.541 100 988.72 173.492 578.2 1.71 173.631 0.139 173.769 0.277 174.033 0.541 500 987.29 173.182 398.1 2.48 173.314 0.132 173.445 0.263 173.695 0.513 700 990.43 173.143 434.4 2.28 173.273 0.13 173.401 0.258 173.648 0.505 1100 987.12 173.031 457 2.16 173.159 0.128 173.286 0.255 173.529 0.498 1500 989.40 171.96 244.9 4.04 172.078 0.118 172.194 0.234 172.415 0.455 1900 990.29 171.96 421.4 2.35 172.078 0.118 172.194 0.234 172.415 0.455 2100 986.92 171.922 454.8 2.17 172.042 0.12 172.159 0.237 172.384 0.462 2200 1142.51 171.922 604.5 1.89 172.042 0.12 172.159 0.237 172.384 0.462 2300 1141.09 171.71 437.2 2.61 171.825 0.115 171.937 0.227 172.15 0.44 2700 1140.36 169.695 221 5.16 169.807 0.112 169.915 0.22 170.12 0.425 3100 1138.67 168.985 339.9 3.35 169.081 0.096 169.175 0.19 169.361 0.376 3500 1141.14 167.982 292.6 3.9 168.086 0.104 168.189 0.207 168.393 0.411 3900 1139.01 167.823 464.9 2.45 167.946 0.123 168.069 0.246 168.31 0.487 4300 1140.16 167.545 469.2 2.43 167.676 0.131 167.805 0.26 168.059 0.514 4700 1139.84 167.125 416 2.74 167.265 0.14 167.403 0.278 167.672 0.547 5100 1142.24 166.934 484 2.36 167.076 0.142 167.215 0.281 167.485 0.551 5500 1139.83 166.597 420.6 2.71 166.74 0.143 166.879 0.282 167.151 0.554 5900 1141.39 166.597 884.8 1.29 166.739 0.142 166.879 0.282 167.151 0.554 6300 1143.28 166.479 684.6 1.67 166.617 0.138 166.752 0.273 167.016 0.537 6700 1141.50 166.159 456.6 2.5 166.289 0.13 166.417 0.258 166.666 0.507 7100 1140.59 165.988 483.3 2.36 166.121 0.133 166.251 0.263 166.503 0.515 7500 1138.29 165.616 399.4 2.85 165.738 0.122 165.859 0.243 166.093 0.477 7900 1139.34 164.846 307.1 3.71 164.969 0.123 165.092 0.246 165.328 0.482 8300 1141.71 164.846 548.9 2.08 164.969 0.123 165.092 0.246 165.328 0.482 8600 1138.67 164.371 375.8 3.03 164.485 0.114 164.6 0.229 164.822 0.451 8700 1382.26 164.371 595.8 2.32 164.485 0.114 164.6 0.229 164.822 0.451 9100 1382.99 164.233 631.5 2.19 164.344 0.111 164.457 0.224 164.673 0.44 9500 1378.31 163.878 508.6 2.71 163.978 0.1 164.08 0.202 164.277 0.399 9900 1379.35 163.347 449.3 3.07 163.452 0.105 163.565 0.218 163.772 0.425 10300 1379.63 162.592 403.4 3.42 162.72 0.128 162.871 0.279 163.095 0.503 10700 1382.23 162.274 499 2.77 162.415 0.141 162.587 0.313 162.821 0.547 11100 1382.08 161.964 490.1 2.82 162.102 0.138 162.159 0.195 162.498 0.534 11500 1380.19 161.767 522.8 2.64 161.906 0.139 162.041 0.274 162.305 0.538 11900 1381.97 161.465 484.9 2.85 161.6 0.135 161.732 0.267 161.985 0.52 12300 1381.17 160.666 374.3 3.69 160.792 0.126 160.917 0.251 161.157 0.491 12700 1379.30 159.392 300.5 4.59 159.495 0.103 159.592 0.2 159.773 0.381 13100 1379.74 159.011 382.2 3.61 159.132 0.121 159.245 0.234 159.457 0.446 13341 1380.87 158.78 412.2 3.35 158.91 0.13 159.03 0.25 159.26 0.48 Average 0.12 0.24 0.46
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- A3.59 - APPENDIX 4: INTEGRAGRATED FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT COMPONENT - ECOLOGICAL SURVEY, EMBANKMENT ASSESSMENT, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RIVER PROJECT DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT RIVERS ...... 6
2.1 LIANHUA COUNTY: LIAN, BAIMA, AND QIN RIVERS ...... 7 2.2 LUXI COUNTY – XINHUA, TANKOU, AND YUAN RIVERS ...... 8 2.3 SHANGLI COUNTY – JINSHAN AND LISHUI RIVERS ...... 9 2.4 XIANGDONG DISTRICT – PINGSHUI RIVER...... 10 3 BIODIVIERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEY ...... 11
3.1 RATIONALE FOR BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEY ...... 11 3.2 BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEY METHODOLOGY ...... 11 3.3 BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEY RESULTS ...... 12 3.4 EVALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT ...... 23 3.5 SUMMARY OF EVALUATION, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT OPTIMIZATION ...... 26 4 RIVER POLLUTION SOURCE INVESTIGATION AND RECOMMENDED MEASURES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL 29
4.1 RIVER WATER QUALITY ...... 29 4.2 RIVER POLLUTION SURVEY ...... 29 4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING POLLUTION CONTROL ...... 36 5 EXISTING AND RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT DESIGNS ...... 37
5.1 SURVEY OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES ...... 37 5.2 STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING EXISTING EMBANKMENTS ...... 42 5.3 TYPICAL BIO-TECHNIQUES AND ECOLOGICAL REVETMENTS ...... 42 5.4 RECOMMENDED PLANT SPECIES FOR SHORELINE AND RIPARIAN RE-VEGETATION...... 44 6 PROPOSED EMBANKMENT DESIGN STRATEGIES AND KEY DESIGN NODES ...... 47
6.1 OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY ...... 47 6.2 LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 47 6.3 LUXI COUNTY ...... 55 6.4 SHANGLI COUNTY...... 64 6.5 XIANGDONG DISTRICT ...... 72 7 SUMMARY OF FSR RIVER PROJECT DESIGN ...... 75
7.1 OVERVIEW OF FSR DESIGN ...... 75 7.2 LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 75 7.3 LUXI COUNTY ...... 76 7.4 SHANGLI COUNTY...... 76
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7.5 XIANGDONG DISTRICT ...... 77 APPENDIX 4, ANNEX 1: PLANT SPECIES LIST IN PINGXIANG SURVEY AREA ...... 78 APPENDIX 4, ANNEX 2: ANIMAL SPECIES LIST FOR PINGXIANG SURVEY AREA ...... 87
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2—1: OVERVIEW MAP OF RIVERS ...... 6 FIGURE 2—2: LIANHUA COUNTY PROJECT RIVERS AND SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 7 FIGURE 2—3: LUXI COUNTY PROJECT RIVERS AND SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 8 FIGURE 2—4: SHANGLI COUNTY PROJECT RIVERS AND SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 9 FIGURE 2—5: XIANGDONG COUNTY PROJECT RIVERS AND SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 10 FIGURE 3—1: SITE SURVEY RECORD FORM AND FLORA AND FAUNA SURVEY LIST ...... 11 FIGURE 3—2: COMMON PLANT SPECIES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 14 FIGURE 3—3: COMMON ANIMALS POTENTIALLY PRESENT ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 17 FIGURE 3—4: TYPICAL HABITAT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 18 FIGURE 3—5: DISTRIBUTION OF HABITAT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS IN LIANHUA ...... 19 FIGURE 3—6: DISTRIBUTION OF HABITAT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS IN LUXI ...... 20 FIGURE 3—7: DISTRIBUTION OF HABITAT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS IN SHANGLI ...... 21 FIGURE 3—8: DISTRIBUTION OF HABITAT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVER IN XIANGDONG ...... 22 FIGURE 3—6: COMBINED MAP OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT TYPE FOR THE LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 23 FIGURE 3—7: COMBINED MAP OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT TYPE FOR THE LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 24 FIGURE 3—8: COMBINED MAP OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT TYPE FOR THE SHANGLI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 25 FIGURE 3—9: COMBINED MAP OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT TYPE FOR THE XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 26 FIGURE 4—1: POLLUTION SOURCE MAP – LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 31 FIGURE 4—2: POLLUTION SOURCE MAP – LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 32 FIGURE 4—3: POLLUTION SOURCE MAP – SHANGLI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 33 FIGURE 4—4: POLLUTION SOURCE MAP – XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 34 FIGURE 5—1: TYPICAL EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 37 FIGURE 5—2: MAP OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES – LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 38 FIGURE 5—3: MAP OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES – LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 39 FIGURE 5—4: MAP OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES – SHANGLI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 40 FIGURE 5—5: MAP OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES – XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 41 FIGURE 5—6: TYPICAL COMBINATIONS OF BIO-TECHNIQUES AND ECOLOGICAL REVETMENTS ...... 44 FIGURE 6—1: LIANHUA COUNTY URBAN MASTER PLAN (2008-2020) ...... 48 FIGURE 6—2: EVALUATION OF EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 48 FIGURE 6—3: RIVER EMBANKMENT FUNCTION ZONING FOR LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 49 FIGURE 6—4: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LIAN RIVER LJ2+100 ...... 50 FIGURE 6—5: PLAN DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ2+100 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 50 FIGURE 6—6: SECTION A-A’ DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ2+100 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE...... 51 FIGURE 6—7: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LIAN RIVER LJ6+300 ...... 51
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FIGURE 6—8: PLAN DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ6+300 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 52 FIGURE 6—9: SECTION B-B’ DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ6+300 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 53 FIGURE 6—10: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN BAIMA RIVER B1+600 ...... 53 FIGURE 6—11: PLAN DRAWING FOR BAIMA RIVER B1+600 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 54 FIGURE 6—12: SECTION C-C’ DRAWING FOR BAIMA RIVER B1+600 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 54 FIGURE 6—13: LUXI COUNTY URBAN MASTER PLAN (2007-2020) ...... 55 FIGURE 6—14: EVALUATION OF EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 55 FIGURE 6—15: RIVER EMBANKMENT FUNCTION ZONING FOR LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 56 FIGURE 6—16: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN TANKOU RIVER TK0+600 ...... 57 FIGURE 6—17: PLAN DRAWING FOR TANKOU RIVER TK0+600 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 57 FIGURE 6—18: SECTION A-A’ DRAWING FOR TANKOU RIVER TK0+600 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 58 FIGURE 6—20: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN YUAN RIVER YH 1+100 ...... 58 FIGURE 6—21: PLAN DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 1+100 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 59 FIGURE 6—22: SECTION B-B’ DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 1+100 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 59 FIGURE 6—24: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN YUAN RIVER YH 5+200 ...... 60 FIGURE 6—25: PLAN DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 5+200 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 61 FIGURE 6—26: SECTION C-C’ DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 5+200 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 61 FIGURE 6—28: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN YUAN RIVER YH 7+200 ...... 62 FIGURE 6—29: PLAN DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 7+200 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 63 FIGURE 6—30: SECTION D-D’ DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 7+200 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 63 FIGURE 6—32: SHANGLI COUNTY URBAN MASTER PLAN (2008-2020) ...... 64 FIGURE 6—33: EVALUATION OF EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE SHANGLI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 65 FIGURE 6—34: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LISHUI RIVER K0+500 ...... 65 FIGURE 6—35: PLAN DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K0+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 66 FIGURE 6—36: SECTION A-A’ DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K0+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 66 FIGURE 6—38: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LISHUI RIVER K7+500 ...... 67 FIGURE 6—39: PLAN DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K7+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 68 FIGURE 6—40: SECTION B-B’ DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K7+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 68 FIGURE 6—42: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LISHUI RIVER K8+400 ...... 69 FIGURE 6—43: PLAN DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K8+400 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 69 FIGURE 6—44: SECTION C-C’ DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K8+400 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 70 FIGURE 6—46: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN JINSHAN RIVER K9+500 ...... 70 FIGURE 6—47: PLAN DRAWING FOR JINSHAN RIVER K9+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 71 FIGURE 6—48: SECTION D-D’ DRAWING FOR JINSHAN RIVER K9+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 71 FIGURE 6—50: XIANGDONG DISTRICT ZONING PLAN ...... 72 FIGURE 6—51: EVALUATION OF EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 73 FIGURE 6—52: RIVER EMBANKMENT FUNCTION ZONING FOR XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 73 FIGURE 6—53: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN PINGSHUI RIVER XD4+700 ...... 74
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3-1: HABITAT TYPE CLASSIFICATION ...... 17 TABLE 3-2: GOALS AND STRATEGIES FOR HABITAT OPTIMIZATION ...... 27 TABLE 4-1: EXISTING AND TARGETED WATER QUALITY IN PROJECT RIVERS ...... 29 TABLE 4-2: DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE IMPACTS OF POLLUTION SOURCES ON PROJECT RIVERS ...... 35
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TABLE 4-3: RECOMMENDED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ...... 36 TABLE 5-1: BIO-TECHNIQUES FOR EROSION CONTROL ...... 43 TABLE 5-2: RECOMMENDED PLANT SPECIES FOR PROJECT RIVERS ...... 44
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1 INTRODUCTION
1. This appendix summarizes the detailed assessment that was prepared by the PPTA ecological and river rehabilitation specialists to assist with the design of the integrated river rehabilitation and sustainable flood risk management components. Amongst others, the specialists performed the following tasks:
Conducted two detailed site visits (total of 8 days in August and October2014) to evaluate and analyze the existing riverbank conditions, flora and fauna, embankment types and pollution sources; Proposed strategies for riverbank morphology design, revetment/embankment technologies, shoreline vegetation based on existing conditions and the local design institute’s (LDI) hydrologic calculations; Performed preliminary designs for typical nodes 1 , including layout plan and section drawings; and Reviewed the LDI’s draft FSRs and provided recommendations for improving the design.
2. In addition, two design workshops were held with the LDI, the PPTA Phase 1 hydrologist, and the climate change specialist (who conducted the Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, CRVA, see Appendix 3) in Tianjin during the interim phase (total of 4 days in September and October 2014).
1 A node refers to a river section that is representative of a land use or habitat type, such as an urban node or a rural node.
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2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT RIVERS
3. Pingxiang is located in a subtropical monsoon climate zone with four distinct seasons and coinciding rainy and hot seasons. It is dominated by hills, with higher altitudes in the central region and lower altitudes in the south and north, sloping towards the east and west at the same time. The saddle-shaped topography forms the boundary between the Gan River’s Yuan Rivershed and the Xiang River’s Pingshui Rivershed.
4. Pingxiang’s rivers all originate within the municipality and belong to two river systems (Figure 2—1). Rivers within Lianhua and Luxi counties are mostly part of the Gan River Basin, a sub-basin of the Poyang Lake Basin. Rivers within Xiangdong, Shangli, and part of Luxi county belong to the Xiang River Basin, a sub-basin of the Dongting Lake Basin. Both lake basins are part of the wider Yangtze River basin. The major rivers in Pingxiang are the Pingshui, Lishui, Caoshui Rivers, which flow into the Xiang River (Dongting Lake Basin); and the Yuan and Lian Rivers, which flow into the Gan River (Poyang Lake Basin).
5. This project includes the Pingshui, Lishui, Yuan, and Lian Rivers, as well as the smaller tributaries of Baima, Qin, Xinhua, Tankou, and Jinshan Rivers. An overview of the project rivers is provided in the following sections. Figure 2—2 through Figure 2—5 also show the key locations along each of the rivers where site visits were made by the PPTA specialists.
Boundary between Xiang River Basin (west) and Gan River Basin (east) SHANGLI
LUXI
XIANGDONG
LIANHUA
Figure 2—1: Overview Map of Rivers
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2.1 Lianhua County: Lian, Baima, and Qin Rivers
6. Lian River, a mountainous river, is the largest river within Lianhua County. Overall vegetative conditions in the watershed are good, and most of the forests are distributed on mountains at low to medium altitudes or on hills. Baima River is the biggest primary tributary of the Lian River, converging with Lian River near Huatang Village. Soil in the watershed is fertile and the vegetation condition is good, with the middle to upper stretches dominated by trees and the lower stretches dominated by shrubs. Qin River, another primary tributary of Lian River, flows from north to south and converging with the Lian River near Xietian Village. Its watershed is also predominantly mountainous, sloping from east to west, and has good vegetative conditions. See Figure 2—2.
Figure 2—2: Lianhua County Project Rivers and Survey Locations
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2.2 Luxi County – Xinhua, Tankou, and Yuan Rivers 7. Yuan River is a perennial river originating deep within the mountains. Its watershed lies within the Ganxi Hilly Region and is the largest river shed within Luxi County. The elevation is high in the west and low in the east. The river runs through high and steep mountains in the upper stretches, rolling low mountains in the middle stretches, and between hills and plains in the lower stretches. The width and depth of the river were naturally formed by water erosion.
8. Xinhua and Tankou Rivers are both primary tributaries of the Yuan, converging with the Yuan near the old town in Luxi. The Xinhua Rivershed is mountainous and hilly, sloping from the southwest down to the northeast. It has high rates of vegetation coverage and is relatively more industrialized. The Tankou Rivershed is dominated by hills. All three rivers flow from south to north. See Figure Figure 2—3.
Figure 2—3: Luxi County Project Rivers and Survey Locations
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2.3 Shangli County – Jinshan and Lishui Rivers 9. Lishui River is a secondary tributary of the Pingshui River. Its watershed is dominated by hills, with a high rate of vegetation coverage. The watershed is endowed with abundant mineral resources and is a major base for production of fireworks and firecrackers. Jinshan River is a windy primary tributary of Lishui River, converging with the Lishui at Jinshan Township Shuangbanqiao Village. The rivershed is hilly, still reasonably vegetated with mostly shrubs and weeds, and is supported economically by agriculture. Both rivers flow from north to south. See Figure 2—4.
Figure 2—4: Shangli County Project Rivers and Survey Locations
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2.4 Xiangdong District – Pingshui River 10. Pingshui River is a primary tributary of the Xiang River, and is the biggest river in Pingxiang Municipality. It flows from south to north through Xiangdong district into Hunan Province. Compared to the other project rivers, the Pingshui Rivershed has a relatively high ratio of built-up area (see Figure 2—5).
Figure 2—5: Xiangdong County Project Rivers and Survey Locations
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3 BIODIVIERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEY
3.1 Rationale for Biodiversity and Habitat Survey
11. Biodiversity refers to all living species and their genetic variation and ecosystem complexity within certain time and space. Biodiversity is the foundation of human existence and development of society, but due to over-exploitation, pollution and habitat fragmentation and many other reasons, the rate of biodiversity loss has been rising for many years and enhancing biodiversity protection is an urgent task. Performing biodiversity and habitat surveys in any project area is an important first step towards biodiversity conservation.
12. Habitat refers to the living space of organisms and all the ecological factors related to it. The relationship between living beings and their habitats is a result of long term evolution. Organisms adapt to their habitat while also modifying it. Biodiversity is founded upon habitat diversity. Understanding habitat type and distribution can provide background information to support environmental management, and can also guide habitat optimization efforts. 3.2 Biodiversity and Habitat Survey Methodology
13. A literature review was first conducted to understand the natural conditions in Pingxiang and the possible flora and fauna in the project area. On this basis, a survey form was then developed targeting the characteristics of the survey targets (Figure 3—1).
Figure 3—1: Site Survey Record Form and Flora and Fauna Survey List 14. The survey scope and line was determined based on the available literature, satellite imagery, and information provided by the executing agency (EA). Key sampling points for the biodiversity and habitat survey were defined according to actual conditions on site. The sample line method was used primarily for the site survey, using hand-held GPS monitor (GARMIN 629sc) to record the sampling route and the coordinates of sampling points. Digital cameras
- A4.11 - were used to photograph species and habitats. Communications with local residents were also recorded. At the same time, habitat conditions and species identified were recorded during the site survey.
15. The site survey was conducted between 9-12 AM and 1-5 PM on August 25 through August 29, 2014. Survey results were then organized, analyzed, and presented in the form of tables and figures (see sections below). 3.3 Biodiversity and Habitat Survey Results
3.3.1 Biodiversity Survey Results
16. Using available literature, information provided by the Pingxiang Forestry Bureau, and site surveys, a preliminary evaluation of biodiversity in the survey area and key sampling points was conducted. A list of 228 plant species and a list of 196 animal species that can be found along and within the project rivers were developed. The 228 plant species were categorized into five major categories as shown below, with herbs, shrubs, and trees divided further into sub- categories based on their size and ecological niche in the habitat:
Aquatic plant Herb o Herbs o Giant Herbs Shrub o Shrub o Small Tree or Shrub o Large Shrub Tree o Tree o Small Tree Vine
17. Protected plant species within the species list include:
Urn Orchid (Bletilla striata) Austral Ladies' Tresses (Spiranthes sinensis) Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon) Chinese Lawn Grass (Zoysia sinica) Asian Yew (Taxus chinensis) Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) Happy Tree (Camptotheca acuminata) Kusamaki (Podocarpus macrophyllus) Hardy Rubber Tree (Eucommia ulmoides) Japanese Blueberry Tree (Elaeocarpus decipiens) Sweet Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica).
18. Invasive plant species include:
Alligator Grass (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
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Little Bell (Ipomoea triloba) Beggar's Tick (Bidens pilosa) Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Canadian Fleabane (Conyza canadensis) Common Fleabane (Erigeron annuus) Common Water-Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).
19. In addition, the Yellow Dodder (Cuscuta chinensis) is a parasitic plant, and the Japanese Hop (Humulus scandens) and Kudzu Vine (Pueraria lobata) are harmful plants. See Annex 1 to Appendix 4 for the full list of plant species in the Pingxiang survey area.
20. Several plant species commonly seen during the site surveys are effective in soil and water erosion protection, can provide habitat or food for animals, and are aesthetically pleasing. These plants are recommended for use in ecological rehabilitation projects in the area. These include, but are not limited to:
Happy Tree (Camptotheca acuminata) Chinese Wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera) Buttonbush (Cephalanthus tetrandrus) Sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana) Hardy Rubber Tree (Eucommia ulmoides) Chinese Tallow Tree (Sapium sebiferum), Raisin Tree (Hovenia acerba) Chinese Buttonbush (Adina rubella) Chinese Alangium (Alangium chinense), Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora) Confederate Rose (Hibiscus mutabilis) Knotweed (Polygonum orientale) Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis) Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), etc.
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Figure 3—2: Common Plant Species Along Project Rivers
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3.3.2 Animal Biodiversity Survey Results
21. Similarly, the analysis of animal species was done using available literature, information provided by the Pingxiang Forestry Bureau, and site surveys. A list of 196 animal species that can be found along and within the project rivers were developed and categorized into six categories based on animal morphology, structure and growth environment:
Aquatic animals Land arthropods Amphibians Reptiles, birds and Mammals
22. Of these, the following species are categorized as Class I or II Nationally Protected Species:
Asian bullfrog (Rana tigrina) Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis) Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)
23. There are also provincially protected species, as well as animals that appear in the “List of Terrestrial Wildlife Under State Protection, Which Are Beneficial or of Important Economic or Scientific Value”. There is only one invasive species, the apple snail. See Annex 2 to Appendix 4 for a detailed list of animal species in the survey area.
24. Among the animals in the species list, 15 representative species were selected that are found commonly around the project areas (see Figure 3-3). These include the:
Mudsnail (Cipangopaludina cathayensis) Triangle Shell Mussel(Hyriopsis cumingii) Pingxiang Red-Transparent Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis) David's Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi) Common Pond Frog (Rana limnocharis) Ant Frog (Microhyla ornate) Asian Swallowtail (Papilio xuthus) Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus) Chinese Hare (Lepus sinensis) Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)
25. These species are somewhat indicative of the habitat health. Habitats suitable for them are also suitable for a variety of other organisms. The habitat requirements of these animals can be used to inform habitat optimization and development in river rehabilitation projects. This will
- A4.15 - improve protection of the species, and also provide an improved habitat environment for more organisms, increasing the ecological value of the project.
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Figure 3—3: Common Animals Potentially Present Along Project Rivers 3.3.3 Habitat Survey Results
26. The habitat survey methodology involved combining analysis of satellite imagery with site observations and surveys. Ten habitat types were identified in the survey area, as shown in Table 3-1 and Figure 3—4. The distribution of habitat types throughout the project area is shown in Figure 3—5 to Figure 3—8.
Table 3-1: Habitat Type Classification
No. Habitat type Description
1 River Main river channel with all-year-round continuous flow
2 Riparian Forest Seasonal flooded area with tree, shrub and grass
3 Wetland/Wet Meadow Shallow water area dominated by aquatic plants or water-tolerant grass
4 Farmland Land under cultivation along the rivers, mainly for rice and vegetables
5 Upland Forest Natural or semi-natural terrestrial forest
6 Orchard Orchards for fruit trees (mainly pears and grapes)
7 Urban Greenery Urban artificial landscape and recreational greenery area
8 Fish Pond Ponds for fishery\lotus\duck farm along the rivers
9 Constructed Area Urban and rural constructed area (mainly with impermeable surface)
10 Hard Embankment Constructed concrete embankment
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Figure 3—4: Typical Habitat Types Along Project Rivers
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Figure 3—5: Distribution of Habitat Types Along Project Rivers in Lianhua
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Figure 3—6: Distribution of Habitat Types Along Project Rivers in Luxi
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Figure 3—7: Distribution of Habitat Types Along Project Rivers in Shangli
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Figure 3—8: Distribution of Habitat Types Along Project River in Xiangdong
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3.4 Evaluation of Biodiversity and Habitat
27. The level of biodiversity is intimately related to habitat type. The PPTA team therefore performed a comprehensive analysis of the biodiversity survey results and the habitat survey and analysis results in order to provide a basis and guidance for ecological rehabilitation along the project rivers.
3.4.1 Lianhua County
28. As shown in Figure 3—6, the main habitat types in the Lianhua County survey area are farmland followed by constructed area. There is lush riparian vegetation along Shangfang River with farmland beyond the riparian belt. Both the rate of vegetation coverage and biodiversity levels are high. The Baima River, a tributary of the Lian River, runs through rural areas in the upper and middle stretches, passing through mostly farmland and villages. Biodiversity levels are high along some river sections where there is excellent riparian forest and upland forest, but in downstream built-up areas, the biodiversity levels are mediocre.
29. Upstream along the Lian River, biodiversity is average near the rural villages, but is higher at sampling points in the riparian belt and upland forest nearby. Biodiversity levels are low in urban constructed areas in the middle reaches, but improve downstream as the river passes through mostly farmland habitat. In these downstream stretches, wetlands and wet meadows are found within the shorelines and overall biodiversity levels are high.
Figure 3—9: Combined Map of Biodiversity and Habitat Type for the Lianhua County Survey Area
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3.4.2 Luxi County
30. As shown in Figure 3—7, the survey areas in Luxi County have diverse habitat types. Generally, the upstream, midstream, and downstream habitat types are dominated by upland forest, farmland, and constructed area, respectively, with orchards, fish ponds, and wetlands distributed throughout the area. Biodiversity levels are low in sampling points in constructed areas and high in highland and riparian forest areas. Biodiversity in farmland sampling points varies from average (e.g. middle stretches of the Yuan River) to high (e.g. middle stretches of the Tankou River) depending on the degree of human disturbance.
Figure 3—10: Combined Map of Biodiversity and Habitat Type for the Luxi County Survey Area
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3.4.3 Shangli County
31. As shown in Figure 3—8, the habitat types in the Shangli County survey area are more homogenous and are dominated by farmland. Overall biodiversity levels in the survey area are average. In Jinshan River, biodiversity levels are low in upstream reaches lined with hard embankments, but are higher in the lower and middle reaches where there is riparian or upland forest. Similarly, biodiversity levels in Lishui River are higher in forested areas and low in constructed areas.
Figure 3—11: Combined Map of Biodiversity and Habitat Type for the Shangli County Survey Area
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3.4.4 Xiangdong District
32. The habitat types in the Xiangdong District survey area are predominantly constructed area and farmland, as shown in Figure 3—9. There are a few urban greenery belts in the constructed areas and a few areas of wet meadow downstream of the Pingxiang Power Station weir. Overall biodiversity levels are average, and are only high in upstream farmland and riparian belts. Biodiversity in constructed areas in the downstream and midstream stretches are low.
Figure 3—12: Combined Map of Biodiversity and Habitat Type for the Xiangdong District Survey Area
3.5 Summary of Evaluation, Recommendations for Biodiversity and Habitat Optimization
33. Overall, biodiversity in the project area is higher in Lianhua and Luxi, and lower in Shangli and Xiangdong, where habitat types are more homogenous. Biodiversity is high in areas with minimal human disturbance and habitat fragmentation, for example in riparian forests, wetlands and wet meadows, upland forests, etc. Biodiversity is average in farmland with some human disturbance, and low in constructed areas with low vegetation coverage and hard embankments.
34. These results indicate that the restoration or creation of riparian forests, wetlands and wet meadows would be an effective approach to improving biodiversity on river rehabilitation projects. Rivers and nearby upland forests should be key areas for ecological
- A4.26 - rehabilitation/restoration in the future. Recommendations for habitat optimization for each of the habitat types were developed based on survey results and presented in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2: Goals and Strategies for Habitat Optimization
No. Habitat Type Optimization Goal Optimization Strategy
1 River Restore natural riverbed Recreate series of deep pools and shallow shoals in terrain appropriate locations Create heterogeneous habitat Plant aquatic vegetation where appropriate environments
2 Riparian Forest Reduce soil and water erosion Extend the length or width of riparian forest Create variable habitats Optimize existing forest structure Attract wildlife Increase water-tolerant vegetation coverage and achieve Intercept pollutants from 100% vegetation coverage surface runoff Introduce plant species capable of capturing pollutants
3 Wetland, Wet Reduce soil and water erosion Create wetland areas along the river Meadow Purify river water Create wetland patches with complete series of Create variable habitats submerged, floating, and emerging plants in suitable Attract wildlife areas
4 Farmland Reduce agriculture non-point Reduce application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides source (NPS) pollution Create wetlands, ecological irrigation channels, and Purify water flowing into the implement other pollution control measures in farmland; river Integrate runoff pollution buffer zones with riparian forest belts along farmland adjacent to rivers
5 Upland Forest Reduce soil and water erosion Optimize the existing structure of the forest form Create variable habitats Attract wildlife
6 Orchard Reduce agriculture NPS Reduce application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides pollution Introduce multi-level, three dimensional planting Introduce ecological structures cultivation methods Utilize integrated crop-livestock ecological farming systems
7 Urban Greenery Reduce NPS pollution Increase food sources for birds Introduce ecological Attract wildlife using artificial measures cultivation methods Introduce species that are effective in capturing pollutants and isolating noise Increase the ratio of trees, avoiding large areas of lawn landscaping
8 Fish Pond Reduce agriculture NPS Introduce ecological farming methods such as mulberry- pollution fish ponds, improving the use of nutrients from fish Introduce ecological ponds. cultivation methods
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No. Habitat Type Optimization Goal Optimization Strategy
9 Constructed Area Create variable habitats Increase the green coverage in constructed areas Attract wildlife Create urban greenbelts using both trees and shrubs Reduce surface water runoff Utilize permeable pavement Attract wildlife
10 Hard Embankment Purify water flowing into the Create greenbelts or wetlands along the river to intercept river pollutants in surface runoff
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4 RIVER POLLUTION SOURCE INVESTIGATION AND RECOMMENDED MEASURES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL 4.1 River Water Quality
35. Existing and targeted water quality for the eight project rivers were reviewed according to the Pingxiang Municipality Water Function Zone Plan and available water quality information, as shown in Table 4-1. This provides the basis for water quality improvements in the river rehabilitation projects.
Table 4-1: Existing and Targeted Water Quality in Project Rivers
Water Quality Class
River Name County/ District Water Function Zone Water Quality Target Existing Water Quality Zone I Zone II
Baima II-III -- II-III Lianhua Lian River III -- IV
Pingshui Xiangdong II-III -- II-IV
Xinhua IV- Worse than V
Tankou Luxi IV-V III IV
Yuan River I-III
Jinshan II-IV Shangli III II-IV Lishui II-III
Note: In the PRC, water quality is classified into 5 classes, in which Class I stands for the highest water quality requirements while Class V means the lowest. Drinking water sources require at least Class III water quality, while other water uses such as irrigation, ecology and landscaping, require only Class III-IV water quality.
36. As shown in Table 4-1, water quality meets Class III standards for all rivers except for the Xinhua, Tankou, and Jinshan Rivers.
4.2 River Pollution Survey
4.2.1 Analysis of Major Pollution Sources and Impacts
37. Based on the draft FSRs submitted by the LDI, results of site surveys and interviews, and review of government plans, the PPTA team has classified major existing water pollution sources of the project river catchments into seven categories: (i) rural domestic sewage/solid waste; (ii) industrial sewage/wastewater; (iii) fish pond and livestock pollution; (iv) agriculture NPS pollution; (v) urban stormwater and sewage discharge; (vi) surface water runoff pollution; and (vii) soil erosion.
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38. The distribution of water pollution sources in each county are mapped in Figure 4—1 through Figure 4—4, and an evaluation of their impacts on the project rivers is presented in Table 4-2. These pollution sources not only influence the river ecosystem and environment, but also have certain impacts on riverfront development. Major threats to the rivers and the water environment include:
Effluent discharges from industry, domestic sewage/solid waste, agriculture irrigation and livestock-raising sectors located alongside the river, observed during site-visits through piles of garbage alongside the river, overgrown weeds, water hyacinth, and other aquatic plants, sand-mining near riverbanks, and discharge of black wastewater by coal washing plants, etc. Sedimentation in front of weirs, and also in parts of the river with gentle hydraulic gradients; estimates of sediment thickness in some river sections is up to 3m. Soil and water erosion from floods and construction activities has led to high turbidity and siltation in some river sections. Combined sewer systems for stormwater and wastewater are used in most urban areas and interceptor mains, sewer manholes and other flow barriers are often constructed within the river channels, adversely impacting both flood safety, water quality, and the urban waterscape.
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Figure 4—1: Pollution Source Map – Lianhua County Survey Area
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Figure 4—2: Pollution Source Map – Luxi County Survey Area
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Figure 4—3: Pollution Source Map – Shangli County Survey Area
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Figure 4—4: Pollution Source Map – Xiangdong District Survey Area
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Table 4-2: Distribution and Relative Impacts of Pollution Sources on Project Rivers
Degree of Impact of Water Pollution Sources Rural Industrial Fish Pond & Urban Storm & River Name County/ District Domestic Agriculture NPS Surface Water Soil Sewage/ Livestock Sewage Sewage/ Pollution Runoff Pollution Erosion Wastewater Pollution Discharge Solid Waste Baima -- + + + Lianhua Lian River + ++ ++ + ++ Xinhua ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + Tankou Luxi + + ++ ++ ++ + Yuan River + ++ ++ ++ Jinshan + -- + + Shangli Lishui ++ ++ -- + ++ Pingshui Xiangdong ++ ++ + ++ + Legend: -- No known pollution sources + Minimal impact on water environment ++ Some impact on water environment +++ Significant impact on water environment
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4.3 Recommendations for Improving Pollution Control
39. Pollution control is an important part of integrated river rehabilitation. For the project rivers in Pingxiang, several measures listed in Table 4-3 were recommended to improve water quality in the project rivers. Several of these were incorporated into the ADB project in some form or another, while others will need additional efforts by the local governments.
Table 4-3: Recommended Pollution Control Measures
No. Pollution Control Measure Linkage to ADB Project 1 Expand wastewater collection system coverage in Wastewater component for Lianhua and Xiangdong urban areas to maximize collection of domestic county-towns will improve water quality in the Lian, Baima, wastewater and Pingshui Rivers 2 In smaller settlements, promote the use of on-site - septic systems or constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater prior to discharge 3 Avoid installing wastewater interceptors in river Sewer separation/replacement is part of the proposed channels and ensure that any existing interceptors works for the Xinhua, Tankou, Yuan, and Pingshui Rivers are separated from river water to the extent possible 4 Restore riparian buffers along the rivers to improve Riparian re-vegetation is within the scope of work for non-point source pollution control from agricultural Lianhua and Luxi project rivers. Ecological embankments runoff in all project rivers will also help with creating a vegetated buffer for the river 5 Implement solid waste collection systems at the Community Environment Supervision Teams proposed in town and village level, integrating these systems pilot areas in the project area to promote awareness and with the larger solid waste management system of action on environmental issues the county/district 6 Improve enforcement of environmental regulations Loan assurance included to control industrial pollution from to control point source such as mines mines along Xinhua and Lishui Rivers? 7 Regular maintenance of the rivers (localized O&M programs will be developed as part of institutional removal of sediment, weeds, garbage etc.) capacity building for the river component 8 Stabilizing riverbanks to control soil erosion control Revetment construction for all project rivers will help reduce bank erosion 9 Building up an isolated or wetland strip within Correlated to the ecological embankment work for all certain distance near the rivershore that are project rivers surrounded by livestock and poultry farms, with benefits of prevention of pollutants flowing straight to the river, purifying water body and beautifying the environment.
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5 EXISTING AND RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT DESIGNS
5.1 Survey of Existing Embankment Types
40. Existing embankments along the project rivers were grouped into four categories based on detailed site visits and analysis of satellite imagery: (i) Newly Constructed Hard Embankment; (ii) Broken Or Low-Standard Hard Embankment; (iii) Natural Embankment (Tree, Shrub, Grass); and (iv) Natural Embankment (Shrub, Grass). Examples of these embankments are presented in Figure 5—1. Maps of existing embankment types for the project areas are shown in Figure 5—2 through Figure 5—5.
Figure 5—1: Typical Existing Embankment Types Along Project Rivers
1. Newly Constructed Hard Embankment; 2. Broken Or Low-Standard Embankment; 3. Natural Embankment (Tree, Shrub, Grass); 4. Natural Embankment (Shrub, Grass)
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Figure 5—2: Map of Existing Embankment Types – Lianhua County Survey Area
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Figure 5—3: Map of Existing Embankment Types – Luxi County Survey Area
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Figure 5—4: Map of Existing Embankment Types – Shangli County Survey Area
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Figure 5—5: Map of Existing Embankment Types – Xiangdong District Survey Area
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5.2 Strategy for Improving Existing Embankments
Newly Constructed Hard Embankments: o Avoid large scale modifications to existing engineered embankments as much as possible o For embankments already meeting flood protection standards, construct riverside path or platforms closer to the normal water level and plant wetland plants in the river channel to improve aesthetics and ecological environment. o For embankments not meeting flood protection standards, new flood walls could be constructed in the existing landscape belts.
Broken or Sub-Standard Hard Embankment: o Raise existing embankments where there is no additional room along the river. o Where there is room, consider constructing tiered viewing platforms, fountain plazas, and footpaths near the water, or create a gently sloping ecological embankment.
Natural Embankment (Tree, Shrub, Grass): o Strive to protect existing trees o Rivers can be widened as appropriate in some areas by constructing natural earth embankments on the other side of the trees at a height that meets flood protection requirements o If floodwater velocities are high, consider engineered revetments o Consider lowering flood control standards for some areas, maintain existing land forms and preserve surrounding farm land as natural flood plains.
Natural Embankment (Shrub, Grass): o Existing land forms can be maintained for some areas, but vegetation restoration and toe protection measures should be implemented for exposed areas to reduce erosion o In some areas, existing embankments can be raised or an earth embankment can be constructed further back from the shoreline o If floodwater velocities are high, live stakes, brush layering, and other ecological revetments should be used.
41. Specific recommendations for optimizing embankment design are provided in Section 6 of this report. 5.3 Typical Bio-techniques and Ecological Revetments
42. Most of the project river sections are situated in rural areas where existing and planned land use is for agriculture. Therefore, the PPTA team recommended increasing the use of bio- techniques (Table 5-1) to create ecological embankments that not only have erosion control benefits, but also improve the aesthetics and ecological environment of the rivers. Typical combinations of bio-techniques are shown in Figure 5—6.
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Table 5-1: Bio-techniques for Erosion Control
Suitable No. Bio-techniques for erosion control Flow Notes Velocity
1 Streambank seeding Low Suitable for areas with minimal erosion Requires lining earthen embankment with erosion 2 Live stakes (willows, shrub branches etc) Medium-high control fiber mattress Determine rock size based on velocity 3 Joint planting with rocks and live stakes High Suitable for protection of toe zone up to shoreline 4 Riprap High Requires lining earthen embankment with erosion 5 Brush layering High control fiber mattress Usually combined with live stakes and riprap toe protection 6 Live fascines Medium-high Requires lining earthen embankment with erosion control fiber mattress Combined with riprap, live stakes, and live fascines 7 Brush mattress High Can provide instant protection against soil erosion
Vertical protection, instant protection 8 Live Cribwall Very high Excellent anti-erosion effect Suitable for toe protection
9 Branchpacking High Usually combined with riprap toe protection 10 Coconut Fiber Rolls Medium Suitable for toe protection 11 Dormant Post Plantings Medium Use dormant post plantings with root systems
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Figure 5—6: Typical Combinations of Bio-techniques and Ecological Revetments
1. Coconut fiber roll with grass revetment; 2. Riprap toe protection with shrub revetment; 3. Gabion toe protection with shrub revetment; 4. Gabion toe protection and revetment; 5. Natural shrub and grass revetment; 6. Log toe protection with live stake revetment; 7. Riprap toe protection with live stake revement; 8. Brush layering revetment; 9. Riprap toe protection with live fascine revetment.
5.4 Recommended Plant Species for Shoreline and Riparian Re-vegetation
43. Recommendations for aquatic, riparian, and terrestrial plant species that can be used to re-vegetate the shorelines and riparian areas of the project rivers are provided in Table 5-2. Recommendations for Flooding Tolerant Crops are provided in Table 5-23.
Table 5-2: Recommended Plant Species for Project Rivers
Category Sub-Category Common Name Latin Name Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Coix Coix lacryma-jobi Indian Water Chestnut Trapa bispinosa Productive Aquatic Vegetation Chinese Water Chestnut Eleocharis dulcis Manchurian Wild Rice Zizania latifolia Foxnut Euryale ferox
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Category Sub-Category Common Name Latin Name Taro Colocasia esculenta Water Thyme Hydrilla verticillata Eel Grass Vallisneria natans Bamboo-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton malaianus Submerged Plant Curly-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton crispus Whorlleaf Watermilfoil Myriophyllum verticillatum Coons Tail Ceratophyllum demersum Floating Fern Salvinia natans Aquatic Vegetation Floating Plants Water Snowflake Nymphoides indica Mosquito Fern Azolla imbricata Common Reed Phragmites australis Heartleaf False Pickerelweed Monochoria korsakowii Beewort Acorus calamus Emerged Plant Sedge Cyperaceae spp. Carex tristachya Carex tristachya Broadleaf Cumbungi Typha orientalis Chinese Wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Buttonbush Cephalanthus tetrandrus Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Happy Tree Camptotheca acuminata Tree Sweetgum Liquidambar formosana Chinese Tallow Tree Sapium sebiferum Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides Chinaberry Tree Melia azedarach Chinese Buttonbush Adina rubella Riparian Vegetation Confederate Rose Hibiscus mutabilis Shrub Chinese Alangium Alangium chinense Elder Sambucus williamsii Lindley's Butterflybush Buddleja lindleyana Knotweed Polygonum orientale Cogongrass Imperata cylindric Asiatic Dayflower Commelina communis Grass Japanese Lawngrass Zoysia japonica Rain Lily Zephyranthes candida Branched Horsetail Equisetum ramosissimum Cinnamon Cinnamomum bodinieri Oriental Holly Ilex chinensis Terrestrial Vegetation Tree Japanese Blueberry Elaeocarpus decipiens Scholar Tree Sophora japonica
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Category Sub-Category Common Name Latin Name Chinese Flame Tree Koelreuteria bipinnata Chinese Parasol Tree Firmiana platanifolia Chinese Cork Oak Quercus variabilis Japanese Hackberry Celtis sinensis Princess Tree Paulownia spp. Sweet Osmanthus Osmanthus fragrans Chinese Wax-leaved Privet Ligustrum lucidum Shrub Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Chinese Fringe Loropetalum chinense Mugwort Leaf Artemisia lavandulaefolia Blood Grass Imperata koenigii Grass Red Spider Lily Lycoris radiata Chinese Plantain Plantago asiatica Common Wireweed Sida acuta Skunk Vine Paederia scandens Nepal Ivy Hedera nepalensis Vine Star Jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides Creeping Fig Ficus pumila Chinese Trumpet Creeper Campsis grandiflora
Table 5-3: Flooding Tolerant Crops Recommendations
Category Sub-Category Common Name Latin Name
Rice Oryza sativa Grain crops Coix Coix lacryma-jobi
Lotus Nelumbo nucifera
Chinese Water Chestnut Eleocharis dulcis
Indian Water Chestnut Trapa bispinosa Flooding Tolerant Crops vegetable Manchurian Wild Rice Zizania latifolia
Foxnut Zizania latifolia
Water Spinach Ipomoea aquatica
Taro Colocasia esculenta
Forage crops Chinese Milk Vetch Astragalus sinicus
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6 PROPOSED EMBANKMENT DESIGN STRATEGIES AND KEY DESIGN NODES 6.1 Overview of Methodology
44. Embankment design strategies for the project rivers were developed by interpreting government plans and analyzing existing biodiversity, habitat types, and land uses. The strategies are based on providing flood protection as a top priority while protecting existing land forms and ecosystems in order to achieve sustainable flood risk management and improve the ecological environment and aesthetics of the rivers, as well as enhance the overall image of the project towns.
45. Government Plans. The development direction of each of the counties/districts was first determined based on government plans, typically the urban master plan for each county/district. Planned land use characteristics were taken into full consideration in developing design strategies. Particular focus was given to the planned green space system, which will benefit the urban ecosystem.
46. Evaluation of Existing Natural Resources. Existing natural resources along the project rivers were then evaluated, with particular focus on water, vegetation, and landscape resources. Ratings for water bodies were determined based on water quantity and quality; ratings for vegetation were based on abundance of vegetation and existing growth conditions; and ratings for landscape character were based on perspective and spatial characteristics.
47. River Function Zoning. Function zoning for river embankments was then conducted based on government plans and existing resources in order to inform river rehabilitation design strategies. The five zones and their corresponding design objectives are as follows:
Ecological Landscape Sections - optimize existing natural wetlands and riparian forest, introduce hardscape features, provide a transition between urban and non-urban areas; Historic and Cultural Sections – Create space for themed activities along the urban waterfront; provide linear urban green space (only in Lianhua); Urban Ecological Section –Create urban wetland park based on existing wetlands and riparian forest. Provide landscape and nature-based activities for citizens (in Luxi only); Water-based Leisure Section – Soften and enhance the connection between water body and land, provide open space for residential areas; and Natural Rural Sections – preserve existing wetlands and shoreline vegetation, and space for nature-based leisure activities.
48. Design of Key Nodes. Conceptual designs of key nodes along the project rivers were developed as guidance for the LDI and local government for future river landscape design.
49. The results of the above analysis and design are presented for each county/district in the following sections. 6.2 Lianhua County
6.2.1 Interpretation of Lianhua Government Plans
50. The design strategies are based on the Lianhua Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) (Figure 6—1). According to this plan, Lianhua County is positioned as a trade and industrial new town at
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Figure 6—1: Lianhua County Urban Master Plan (2008-2020)
6.2.2 Evaluation of Existing Resources in Lianhua
Figure 6—2: Evaluation of Existing Resources in the Lianhua County Survey Area
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6.2.3 Recommended Ecological and Landscape Zoning for Embankments
Figure 6—3: River Embankment Function Zoning for Lianhua County Survey Area
6.2.4 Design of Key Node
The design strategy for the Lian River LJ2+100 design node:
Preserve the new retaining wall on the southwest side, and raise the existing road to meet flood protection standards; Preserve large trees along the road on the southwest side, and plant more trees along the shoreline to improve connectivity of the riparian tree belt; Plant shoreline aquatic plants along the existing pebble beach on the southwest side to form riparian wetlands; Preseve the existing forested areas on the northwest and north east sections, build up natural slopes to meet flood protection requirements; Preserve the high quality wetland habitat at the confluence of the two rivers, and use wetland islands to improve landscaping and provide opportunities for leisure activities.
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Figure 6—4: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lian River LJ2+100
A
A’
Figure 6—5: Plan Drawing for Lian River LJ2+100 Ecological and Landscape Node
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Design Flood Level
Figure 6—6: Section A-A’ Drawing for Lian River LJ2+100 Ecological and Landscape Node
The design strategy for the Lian River LJ6+300 design node:
Preseve the existing forested areas on the northeast sections, build up natural slopes to meet flood protection requirements; Build up the existing road close to the house to meet flodd protection requirements, plant shoreline aquatic plants to form riparian wetlands; Sections of the southeast two-step style embankment where concrete embankments have already been constructed,just plant shoreline aquatic plants to strengthen water purification; Keep and protect the exsiting vegetation, enhance and restore the riparian forest; Preserve the new sections of the northwest riverbank where concrete embankments which have already met flood protection requirements, add pebble and plant shoreline aquatic plants to improve landscaping and provide opportunities for leisure activities.
Figure 6—7: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lian River LJ6+300
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B
B’
Figure 6—8: Plan Drawing for Lian River LJ6+300 Ecological and Landscape Node
Design Flood Level
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Figure 6—9: Section B-B’ Drawing for Lian River LJ6+300 Ecological and Landscape Node The design strategy for the Baima River B1+600 design node:
There are some high-quality wetland and forest areas on the west side of the river - keep them and to create a series of wetland islands to enhance the ecological& recreational value. Use natural topography of the hill to provide flood protection to reduce the contruction cost and also helps to create gentle slope eclological embankment. Restore riparian forest on the basis of existing vegetation. Elevate the existing road on the north side of the river to meet the flood protection requirement. Protect the existing big trees along the northbank road, add wetland stripes along the river to enhance the water purification function.
Figure 6—10: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Baima River B1+600
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C’
C
Figure 6—11: Plan Drawing for Baima River B1+600 Ecological and Landscape Node
Design Flood Level
Figure 6—12: Section C-C’ Drawing for Baima River B1+600 Ecological and Landscape Node
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6.3 Luxi County
6.3.1 Interpretation of Luxi County Government Plans
51. According to the Luxi County Urban Master Plan (2007-2020) (Figure 6—11), Luxi County is positioned to be a garden city with both mountains and rivers, a blend of historical and cultural attractions, and a colorful city with multiple functions.
Figure 6—13: Luxi County Urban Master Plan (2007- 2020)
6.3.2 Evaluation of Existing Resources in Luxi County
Figure 6—14: Evaluation of Existing Resources in the Luxi County Survey Area
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6.3.3 Recommended Ecological and Landscape Zoning for Embankments
Figure 6—15: River Embankment Function Zoning for Luxi County Survey Area 6.3.4 Design of Key Node
The design strategy for the Tankou River TK0+600 design node:
The ecological conditions at the upstream of Tankou River (Stake TK0+600) are good, and the surrounding area is mostly farmland. The current water level is shallow and the riverbed is covered with a lot of rocks and pebbles. Recommend clearing out some of these rocks and pebbles and implementing toe protection measures. There is lush riparian forest along the two riverbanks, including trees, shrubs, and grasses, and riparian wetland vegetation. Recommend protecting existing vegetation as much as possible while meeting flood protection requirements. Replant and restore the riparian forest belt using existing vegetation as a basis, in order to create a stable riparian ecosystem. Create a pleasant shoreline landscape environment and preserve space for future footpaths and viewing platforms.
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Figure 6—16: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Tankou River TK0+600
A’
A
Figure 6—17: Plan Drawing for Tankou River TK0+600 Ecological and Landscape Node
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Design Flood Level
Figure 6—18: Section A-A’ Drawing for Tankou River TK0+600 Ecological and Landscape Node The design strategy for the Yuan River YH1+100 design node:
The Yuan River YH1+100 design node is at the downstream and close to the Shankouyan reservoir, the ecological conditions are good, and the surrounding area are farmland, fishponds, nursery and mountain. The river is quite shallow and fast-flowing, with rocks and bolders on the river bed, suggested to keeping the rocks, applying toe zone protection to the embankment. Keep and protect the exsiting vegetation, enhance and restore the riparian forest. Convert the exsiting fishponds as wetlands, establish the wetland vegetation community for the function of water quality purification and natural habitat creation. Provide walkpath and viewing platform along the fishpond wetland to enhance recreational function.
Figure 6—19: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Yuan River YH 1+100
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B
B’
Figure 6—20: Plan Drawing for Yuan River YH 1+100 Ecological and Landscape Node
Design Flood Level
Figure 6—21: Section B-B’ Drawing for Yuan River YH 1+100 Ecological and Landscape Node The design strategy for the Yuan River YH5+200 design node::
The Yuan River YH5+200 design node is at the downtown area of Luxi county and is adjacent to the busy mainroad. Revegetate the exsitng small rock island inside the river with water tolerant trees and shrubs.
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There are some exisiting wetland vegetation on the right side of the river - keep them and enlarge the wetland area. The river is quite shallow and fast-flowing, with rocks and bolders on the river bed - keeping the rocks, applying toe zone protection to the embankment. Change the pavement of the exsiting left-side walkpath, add some planting boxes to enhance the landscape, create walkpath along the river embankment with a width of 3-4 meters.
Figure 6—22: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Yuan River YH 5+200
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C
C’
Figure 6—23: Plan Drawing for Yuan River YH 5+200 Ecological and Landscape Node
Design Flood Level
Figure 6—24: Section C-C’ Drawing for Yuan River YH 5+200 Ecological and Landscape Node The design strategy for the Yuan River YH7+200 design node:
The Yuan River YH5+200 design node is at the convergence point of Yuan river, Xinhua river and Tankou river ,with the exisiting residential buildings close to the river embankment.
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Create an island at the convergence point to improve water flow condition and enhance ecological & landscape value. Use vertical concrete wall for the flood protection to avoid resettlement, backfill some soil along the concrete wall inside the river to create some wetland vegetation stripes where possible. Keep the existing deserted railway bridge and add some recreational function to it. Provide walkpath along the concrete wall with a width of 2-3 meters to enchance the recreational function.
Figure 6—25: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Yuan River YH 7+200
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D
D’
Figure 6—26: Plan Drawing for Yuan River YH 7+200 Ecological and Landscape Node
Design Flood Level
Figure 6—27: Section D-D’ Drawing for Yuan River YH 7+200 Ecological and Landscape Node
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6.4 Shangli County
6.4.1 Interpretation of Shangli County Government Plans
52. Shangli County is located in northern Pingxiang and is at the frontier of inter-provincial activities. The county town is positioned as a northern city driven by light industry, with fireworks and Nuo customs2, as well as a beautiful environment. According to the Shangli County Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) (Figure 6—28), Jinshan and Lishui Rivers (not shown on the master plan) are both located in non-urban areas, and are surrounded for the most part by farmland.
Figure 6—28: Shangli County Urban Master Plan (2008-2020)
2 http://english.jiangxi.gov.cn/AboutJiangxi/CultureAndArts/NuoCulture/201003/t20100323_206305.htm
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6.4.3 Evaluation of Existing Resources in Shangli County
Figure 6—29: Evaluation of Existing Resources in the Shangli County Survey Area
6.4.4 Recommended Ecological and Landscape Zoning for Embankments
53. The sections of Lishui and Jinshan Rivers under the Project are all categorized as Natural Rural zones.
6.4.5 Design of Key Nodes
The design strategy for Lishui River K0+500 design node:
Preserve existing trees along the eastern shoreline, and increase the riparian forest belt along the river. The two riverbanks currently meet flood protection requirements, so landscaping and forestation should be carried out by preserving existing land forms. Preserve the existing river shoals at the river bend and adding a landscape/viewing platform. Turn the existing levee road into riverside footpaths.
Figure 6—30: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lishui River K0+500
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A’
A
Figure 6—31: Plan Drawing for Lishui River K0+500 Ecological and Landscape Node
Design Flood Level
Figure 6—32: Section A-A’ Drawing for Lishui River K0+500 Ecological and Landscape Node
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The design strategy for the Lishui River K7+500 node:
Preserve the natural mountain on the southern side, which has high vegetation coverage; For sections of the right riverbank where concrete embankments have already been constructed but still do not meet flood protection requirements, the existing embankment can be raised to form two-step style embankment. Elevate the existing terrain on the left bank to meet flood protection requirements, and to add shrubs and grass revetment on the levee road. Preserve the existing maple and poplar trees at the river bend and expand the riparian forest belt. To increase the connectivity of the landscape footpaths, consider adding a new footbridge near K7+500.
Figure 6—33: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lishui River K7+500
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B’
B
Figure 6—34: Plan Drawing for Lishui River K7+500 Ecological and Landscape Node
Design Flood Level
Figure 6—35: Section B-B’ Drawing for Lishui River K7+500 Ecological and Landscape Node The design strategy for the Jinshan River K8+400 node:
There is farmland on both sides of the river, and there are no trees worthy of protection nearby. Recommend widening the river and naturally raising the elevation to meet flood protection requirements.
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Improve the sense of river landscaping by adding a nature footpath. Expand the riparian forest belt and riparian wetland zone to reduce agricultural NPS pollution.
Figure 6—36: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lishui River K8+400
C’
C
Figure 6—37: Plan Drawing for Lishui River K8+400 Ecological and Landscape Node
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Figure 6—38: Section C-C’ Drawing for Lishui River K8+400 Ecological and Landscape Node The design strategy for the Jinshan River K9+500 node:
This section is very close to the village. Meet flood control requirements by widening the river and building a levee road. Use shrub and grass revetment for the river-side of the embankment. Due to limited space, plant one row of trees on the farmland-side of the embankment. Add some viewing platforms at locations near buildings.
Figure 6—39: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Jinshan River K9+500
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D’ D
Figure 6—40: Plan Drawing for Jinshan River K9+500 Ecological and Landscape Node
Design Flood Level
Figure 6—41: Section D-D’ Drawing for Jinshan River K9+500 Ecological and Landscape Node
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6.5 Xiangdong District
6.5.1 Interpretation of Xiangdong District Government Plans
54. Xiangdong District’s overall goal is to become the Chinese capital of industrial ceramics, a pilot area for special cooperation between Jiangxi and Hunan, and a modern ecological industrial new city. Overall layout of the urban green space is based on “three green cores and 1 green axis”. The three cores are Yuncheng Park, Chuanxingshan Park, and Luchang Park”. Pingshui River and its riverside greenscape form the green axis.
55. Since Pingshui River is positioned as both the urban green axis and the urban development axis, it has an important ecological and urban landscaping and recreational functions.
Figure 6—42: Xiangdong District Zoning Plan
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6.5.2 Evaluation of Existing Resources in Xiangdong District
Figure 6—43: Evaluation of Existing Resources in the Xiangdong District Survey Area 6.5.3 Recommended Ecological and Landscape Zoning for Embankments
Figure 6—44: River Embankment Function Zoning for Xiangdong District Survey Area
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6.5.4 Design of Key Nodes
The design strategy for the Pingshui River XD4+700 node:
This river section has poor ecological conditions and is mostly urban. The existing width of the river at this node is about 100-120 meters and the water is deep. To meet flood protection requirements, conduct sediment removal and dredging, implement toe protection measures, and increase the elevation of the existing embankment and add a concrete retaining wall. The existing embankment has a hard masonry revetment and is not ecological. Preserve the soft zone at the bottom of the shoreline, construct a recreational footpath at the bottom of the existing masonry embankment, plant riparian wetland vegetation, and add viewing/landscape platforms where appropriate. Construct a 3-m wide landscape footpath between the existing embankment and the proposed retaining wall, and remodel the platform to improve the accessibility between the top and bottom of the embankment.
Figure 6—45: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Pingshui River XD4+700
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7 SUMMARY OF FSR RIVER PROJECT DESIGN
7.1 Overview of FSR Design
56. Most of the recommended ecological rehabilitation design strategies were incorprated into the FSR Design by DI. Those strategies could be described as follows:
Forest Protection Strategies
In the FSR Design, for most of the river sections adjcent to hills, the hills would be used as natural levees, then the upland forest on hills wouldn’t be destructed and the existing habitat could be preserved. Meanwhile, to reduce the risk of soil erosion, gabion or riprap in the toe zone were proposed.
Most of the riparian forests were protected in the FSR Design, too. In order to protect the existing riparian forest, the design team widened the river redline and located the proposed levee outside the forest belt.
Habitat Optimization Strategies
Some of the weirs on the rivers are broken or substandard, and these weirs would be removed or transformed to hydraulic weirs, so that objectives of flood safety, irrigation and fish migration would all be guaranteed.
Some of the existing nodes with rich biodiversity and high ecological value would be optimized to wetland parks to enhance their ecological function.
In the FSR Design, some of the river sections’ flood control standard along basic farmland was optimized from unnecessarily high (1-in-10 years) to reasonable level (1- in-5 years).
Those strategies were selectively applied in all the four counties and will bring positive impact on local ecology. Below is the summary of each county’s FSR Design as well as some optimization recommendations which should be considerd in the preliminary design and detail design stage to reduce the negative impacts. 7.2 Lianhua County
Designs with positive impact on local ecology
On upstream section of Qin River and Lianjiang River with existing riparian forest, DI widens the river and locates the proposed levee outside the forest belt to protect these forests.
Upland forest on upstream section of Baima River will be protected in an environment- friendly way, by using the hills besides the river as natural levee and installing gabion in toe zone to reduce the erosion risk.
Wetland near Tangxia Village will be preserved and optimized to a wetland park to protect the biodiversity there.
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Designs with negative impact on local ecology
The wet meadows in the downstream of Lianjiang River, which were considered as high ecological value vegetation type, were included in the dredging area and would be destroyed according to the design. Recommendation: Detailed design to consider more environment-friendly design for this section of Lianjaing River.
7.3 Luxi County
Designs with positive impact on local ecology
The upland forests and wetland on upstream section of Yuan River will be preserved, which means the biodiversity in that area will be well protected.
Some wet meadows or shallow wetlands will be created adjacent to the newly constructed and exsiting embankments along Yuan River.
In the confluence of the three rivers, a wetland park is proposed.
DI lowered down the flood control standard in sections next to farmland and set waterlogging farmlands nearby. The present waterlogging farmland could be flooded seasonaly to reduce the flood risk of the downstream area, and it also could help maintain existing habitat.
Large area of re-vegetation along the Yuan River is planned.
Designs with negative impact on local ecology
For all the 3 rivers in Luxi, newly constructed steep concrete walls are proposed in the sections next to construction area (towns and villages) due to the land limitations, which act as a barrier between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem.
7.4 Shangli County
Designs with positive impact on local ecology
For most of the river sections next to hills, the hills will act as natural levees to preserve the existing habitat, with gabion or riprap in toe zone to reduce erosion risk.
An environment friendly embankment type of grass slope with gabion toe zone protection was proposed for most parts of the rivers.
DI lowered the flood control standard in sections next to farmland and set waterlogging farmlands nearby. The present waterlogging farmland could be flooded seasonaly to reduce the flood risk of the downstream area, and it also helps maintain existing habitat.
Designs with negative impact on local ecology
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In the sections next to villages, newly constructed steep concrete walls are proposed due to the land limit and higher flood control standard.
7.5 Xiangdong District
Designs with positive impact on local ecology
Some wet meadows or shallow wetlands will be created next to the newly constructed and exsiting embankments along Yuan River, which could act as habitats as well as pollution reduction buffer.
In areas with good biodiversity, new levees will be constructed outside the vegetation area, so that existing habitats could be well preserved.
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APPENDIX 4, ANNEX 1: PLANT SPECIES LIST IN PINGXIANG SURVEY AREA
保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 1 / 空心莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides 是 Y 草本 Herb 入侵 物 Invasive Plant 2 / 葎草 Humulus scandens 是 Y 草本 Herb 恶性 物 Harmful Plant 3 / 裂 薯 Ipomoea triloba 是 Y 草本 Herb 入侵 物 Invasive Plant 4 / 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa 是 Y 草本 Herb 入侵 物 Invasive Plant 5 / 菟 子 Cuscuta chinensis 是 Y 草本 Herb 寄生 物 Parasitic Plant 6 / 豚草 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 是 Y 草本 Herb 入侵 物 Invasive Plant 7 / 小飞蓬 Conyza canadensis 是 Y 草本 Herb 入侵 物 Invasive Plant 8 / 蓬 Erigeron annuus 是 Y 草本 Herb 入侵 物 Invasive Plant 9 国家二级(National.2) 白及 Bletilla striata 否 N 草本 Herb
10 国家二级(National.2) 绶草 Spiranthes sinensis 否 N 草本 Herb
11 国家二级(National.2) 野生稻 Oryza rufipogon 否 N 草本 Herb
12 国家二级(National.2) 中华 草 Zoysia sinica 否 N 草本 Herb
13 / 艾蒿 Artemisia lavandulaefolia 是 Y 草本 Herb
14 / 白茅 Imperata cylindric 是 Y 草本 Herb
15 / 稗 Imperata cylindric 是 Y 草本 Herb
16 / 荸荠 Eleocharis dulcis 否 N 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 17 / 半边莲 Lobelia chinensis 是 Y 草本 Herb
18 / 盖草 Lamium amplexicaule 是 Y 草本 Herb
19 / 耳 Xanthium sibiricum 是 Y 草本 Herb
20 / 车前草 Plantago asiatica 是 Y 草本 Herb
21 / 葱莲 Zephyranthes candida 是 Y 草本 Herb
22 / 大 Glycine max 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 23 / 淡竹 Lophatherum gracile 是 Y 草本 Herb
24 / 地肤 Kochia scoparia 是 Y 草本 Herb
25 / 地 Euphorbia humifusa 是 Y 草本 Herb
26 / 香蓼 Ludwigia prostrata 是 Y 草本 Herb
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保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 27 / 狗尾草 Setaria viridis 是 Y 草本 Herb
28 / 海金沙 Lygodium japonicum 是 Y 草本 Herb
29 / 红凤 Gynura bicolor 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 30 / 红蓼 Polygonum orientale 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 31 / 红薯 Ipomoea batatas 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 32 / 黄花稔 Sida acuta 是 Y 草本 Herb
33 / 眼草 Kummerowia striata 是 Y 草本 Herb
34 / 假稻 Leersia japonica 是 Y 草本 Herb
35 / 节节草 Equisetum ramosissimum 是 Y 草本 Herb
36 / 草 Zoysia japonica 是 Y 草本 Herb
37 / 菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 38 / 决明 Cassia tora 是 Y 草本 Herb
39 / 看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis 是 Y 草本 Herb
40 / 藜 Chenopodium album 是 Y 草本 Herb
41 / 辣椒 Capsicum annuum 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 42 / 龙葵 Solanum nigrum 是 Y 草本 Herb
43 / 马齿苋 Portulaca oleracea 是 Y 草本 Herb
44 / 芒萁蕨 Dicranopteris spp. 是 Y 草本 Herb
45 / 毛茛 Ranunculus japonicus 是 Y 草本 Herb
46 / 毛苦蘵 Physalis angulata var. villosa Bonati 是 Y 草本 Herb
47 / 美人 Canna indica 是 Y 草本 Herb
48 / 南瓜 Cucurbita moschata 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 49 / 牛筋草 Eleusine indica 是 Y 草本 Herb
50 / 蒲儿根 Sinosenecio oldhamianus 是 Y 草本 Herb
51 / 蒲 英 Taraxacum mongolicum 是 Y 草本 Herb
52 / 牵牛花 Pharbitis nil 是 Y 草本 Herb
53 / 秋葵 Abelmoschus esculentus 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop
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保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 54 / 箬竹 Indocalamus tessellatus 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 55 / 穗薹草 Carex tristachya 是 Y 草本 Herb
56 / 莎草科 Cyperaceae spp. 是 Y 草本 Herb
57 / 商 Phytolacca acinosa 是 Y 草本 Herb
58 / 石蒜 Lycoris radiata 是 Y 草本 Herb
59 / 水稻 Oryza sativa 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 60 / 茅 Imperata koenigii 是 Y 草本 Herb
61 / 薹草属 Carex spp. 是 Y 草本 Herb
62 / 田菁 Sesbania cannabina 是 Y 草本 Herb
63 / 铁苋 Acalypha australis 是 Y 草本 Herb
64 / 通泉草 Mazus japonicus 是 Y 草本 Herb
65 / 夏枯草 Prunella vulgaris 是 Y 草本 Herb
66 / 苋 Amaranthus tricolor 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 67 / 香 子 Cyperus rotundus 是 Y 草本 Herb
68 / 小藜 Chenopodium serotinum 是 Y 草本 Herb
69 / 跖草 Commelina communis 是 Y 草本 Herb
70 / 野胡萝卜 Daucus carota 是 Y 草本 Herb
71 / 野老鹤草 Geranium carolinianum 是 Y 草本 Herb
72 / 野豌 Vicia sepium 是 Y 草本 Herb
73 / 益母草 Leonurus artemisia 是 Y 草本 Herb
74 / 薏苡 Coix lacryma-jobi 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 75 / 陈蒿 Artemisia capillaris 是 Y 草本 Herb
76 / 鱼腥草 Houttuynia cordata 是 Y 草本 Herb
77 / 玉米 Zea mays 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 78 / 芋 Colocasia esculenta 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 79 / 芝麻 Sesamum indicum 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 80 / 皱 酸模 Rumex crispus 是 Y 草本 Herb
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保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 81 / 紫茉莉 Mirabilis jalapa 是 Y 草本 Herb
82 / 紫 Perilla frutescens 是 Y 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop 83 / 酢浆草 Oxalis corniculata 是 Y 草本 Herb
84 / 败酱 Patrinia scabiosaefolia 否 N 草本 Herb
85 / 蓼 Polygonum posumbu 否 N 草本 Herb
86 / 狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon 否 N 草本 Herb
87 / 黑麦草 Lolium perenne 否 N 草本 Herb
88 / 藿香蓟 Ageratum conyzoides 否 N 草本 Herb
89 / 荩草 Arthraxon hispidu 否 N 草本 Herb
90 / 苦荬 Ixeris polycephala 否 N 草本 Herb
91 / 冷水花 Pilea notata 否 N 草本 Herb
92 / 马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis 否 N 草本 Herb
93 / 马蹄金 Dichondra repens 否 N 草本 Herb
94 / 泥胡 Hemistepta lyrata 否 N 草本 Herb
95 / 牛毛毡 Heleocharis yokoscensis 否 N 草本 Herb
96 / 牛膝菊 Galinsoga parviflora 否 N 草本 Herb
97 / 千里光 Senecio scandens 否 N 草本 Herb
98 / 窃衣 Torilis scabra 否 N 草本 Herb
99 / 求米草 Oplismenus undulatifolius 否 N 草本 Herb
100 / 山姜 Alpinia japonica 否 N 草本 Herb
101 / 蛇莓 Duchesnea indica 否 N 草本 Herb
102 / 水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper 否 N 草本 Herb
103 / 酸模 蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium 否 N 草本 Herb
104 / 台湾剪 颖 Agrostis canina 否 N 草本 Herb
105 / 天名精 Carpesium abrotanoides 否 N 草本 Herb
106 / 铜 玉带草 Pratia nummularia 否 N 草本 Herb
107 / 土人参 Talinum paniculatum 否 N 草本 Herb 农作物 Crop
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保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 108 / 委陵 Potentilla chinensis 否 N 草本 Herb
109 / 野艾蒿 Artemisia lavandulaefolia 否 N 草本 Herb
110 / 野菊 Dendranthema indicum 否 N 草本 Herb
111 / 尾 Iris tectorum 否 N 草本 Herb
112 / 槲蕨 Drynaria roosii 是 Y 草本 Herb 生 物 Epiphytes 113 / 芭 Musa basjoo 是 Y 大型草本 Giant Herb
114 / 翅 菊 Pterocypsela indica 是 Y 大型草本 Giant Herb
115 / 荻 Triarrhena sacchariflora 是 Y 大型草本 Giant Herb
116 / Zizania latifolia 是 Y 大型草本 Giant Herb
117 / 芦苇 Phragmites australis 是 Y 大型草本 Giant Herb
118 / 芒 Miscanthus sinensis 是 Y 大型草本 Giant Herb
119 / 毛竹 Phyllostachys heterocycla 是 Y 大型草本 Giant Herb
120 / 香蒲 Typha orientalis 是 Y 大型草本 Giant Herb
121 / 白菖蒲 Acorus calamus 否 N 大型草本 Giant Herb
122 / 狗脊 Woodwardia spp. 否 N 大型草本 Giant Herb
123 / 火炭母 Polygonum chinense 否 N 大型草本 Giant Herb
124 / 柳 Epilobium hirsutum 否 N 大型草本 Giant Herb
125 / 水竹 Phyllostachys heteroclada 否 N 大型草本 Giant Herb
126 / 水烛 Typha angustifolia 否 N 大型草本 Giant Herb
127 / 夹竹 Nerium indicum 是 Y 大型灌木 Giant Shrub
128 / Smilax china 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
129 / 薜荔 Ficus pumila 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
130 / 粗 悬钩子 Rubus alceaefolius 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
131 / 枸杞 Lycium chinense 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
132 / 金铃花 Abutilon striatum 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
133 / 琴 榕 Ficus pandurata 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
134 / 算盘子 Glochidion puberum 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
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保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 135 / 细 水团花 Adina rubella 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
136 / 香花崖 藤 Millettia dielsiana 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
137 / 野蔷薇 Rosa multiflora 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
138 / 朱砂根 Ardisia crenata 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
139 / 麻 Boehmeria nivea 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
140 / 醉鱼草 Buddleja lindleyana 是 Y 灌木 Shrub
141 / 常春藤 Hedera nepalensis 否 N 灌木 Shrub
142 / 杜茎山 Maesa japonica 否 N 灌木 Shrub
143 / 檵木 Loropetalum chinense 否 N 灌木 Shrub
144 / 儿 Caragana sinica 否 N 灌木 Shrub
145 / 望 南 Cassia occidentalis 否 N 灌木 Shrub
146 / 细梗胡 子 Lespedeza virgata 否 N 灌木 Shrub
147 / 紫珠 Callicarpa bodinieri 否 N 灌木 Shrub
148 国家 级(National.1) 红 杉 Taxus chinensis 是 Y 乔木 Tree
149 国家 级(National.1) 水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides 是 Y 乔木 Tree
150 国家二级(National.2) 喜树 Camptotheca acuminata 是 Y 乔木 Tree
151 西省二级(Provincial.2) 罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus 是 Y 乔木 Tree
152 西省二级(Provincial.2) 杜仲 Eucommia ulmoides 是 Y 乔木 Tree
153 西省二级(Provincial.2) 杜英 Elaeocarpus decipiens 否 N 乔木 Tree
154 / 木 Cupressus funebris 是 Y 乔木 Tree
155 / 杉 Taxodium ascendens 是 Y 乔木 Tree
156 / 垂柳 Salix babylonica 是 Y 乔木 Tree
157 / 刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia 是 Y 乔木 Tree
158 / 冬青 Ilex chinensis 是 Y 乔木 Tree
159 / 枫香 Liquidambar formosana 是 Y 乔木 Tree
160 / 枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera 是 Y 乔木 Tree
161 / 构树 Broussonetia papyrifera 是 Y 乔木 Tree
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保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 162 / 国槐 Sophora japonica 是 Y 乔木 Tree
163 / 旱柳 Salix matsudana 是 Y 乔木 Tree
164 / 黄山栾树 Koelreuteria bipinnata 是 Y 乔木 Tree
165 / 苦楝 Melia azedarach 是 Y 乔木 Tree
166 / 龙 Sabina chinensis 是 Y 乔木 Tree
167 / 泡 属 Paulownia spp. 是 Y 乔木 Tree
168 / 朴树 Celtis sinensis 是 Y 乔木 Tree
169 / 杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata 是 Y 乔木 Tree
170 / 柿 Diospyros kaki 是 Y 乔木 Tree
171 / 乌桕 Sapium sebiferum 是 Y 乔木 Tree
172 / 梧 Firmiana platanifolia 是 Y 乔木 Tree
173 / 香椿 Toona sinensis 是 Y 乔木 Tree
174 / 香樟 Cinnamomum bodinieri 是 Y 乔木 Tree
175 / 悬铃木 Platanus orientalis 是 Y 乔木 Tree
176 / 杨属 Populus spp. 是 Y 乔木 Tree
177 / 枳椇 Hovenia acerba 是 Y 乔木 Tree
178 / 棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei 是 Y 乔木 Tree
179 / 栲 Castanopsis fargesii 否 N 乔木 Tree
180 / 苦槠 Castanopsis sclerophylla 否 N 乔木 Tree
181 / 山矾 Symplocos sumuntia 否 N 乔木 Tree
182 / 栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis 否 N 乔木 Tree
183 西省二级(Provincial.2) 花 Osmanthus fragrans 是 Y 乔木或灌木 Tree or Shrub
184 / 女贞 Ligustrum lucidum 是 Y 乔木或灌木 Tree or Shrub
185 / 树 Morus alba 是 Y 乔木或灌木 Tree or Shrub
186 / 水葫芦 Eichhornia crassipes 是 Y 水生 物 Aquatic Plant 入侵 物 Invasive Plant 187 国家二级(National.2) 莲 Nelumbo nucifera 是 Y 水生 物 Aquatic Plant 农作物 Crop 188 / 黑藻 Hydrilla verticillata 是 Y 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
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保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 189 / 苦草 Vallisneria natans 是 Y 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
190 / 马来眼子 Potamogeton malaianus 是 Y 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
191 / 田字萍 Marsilea quadrifolia 是 Y 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
192 / 菹草 Potamogeton crispus 是 Y 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
193 / 狐尾藻 Myriophyllum verticillatum 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
194 / 槐 苹 Salvinia natans 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
195 / 金银莲花 Nymphoides indica 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
196 / 金鱼藻 Ceratophyllum demersum 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
197 / Trapa bispinosa 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant 农作物 Crop 198 / 满 红 Azolla imbricata 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
199 / 芡 Euryale ferox 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
200 / 小茨藻 Najas minor 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
201 / 雨久花 Monochoria korsakowii 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
202 / 紫萍 Spirodela polyrrhiza 否 N 水生 物 Aquatic Plant
203 / Pueraria lobata 是 Y 藤本 Vines 恶性 物 Noxious Plant 204 / 扁 Lablab purpureus 是 Y 藤本 Vines 农作物 Crop 205 / 矢藤 Paederia scandens 是 Y 藤本 Vines
206 / Vigna unguiculata 是 Y 藤本 Vines 农作物 Crop 207 / 凌霄 Campsis grandiflora 是 Y 藤本 Vines
208 / 络石 Trachelospermum jasminoides 是 Y 藤本 Vines
209 / 葡萄 Vitis vinifera 是 Y 藤本 Vines 农作物 Crop 210 / 葡萄 Vitis heyneana 是 Y 藤本 Vines
211 / 薯蓣 Dioscorea opposita 是 Y 藤本 Vines 农作物 Crop 212 / 瓜 Luffa cylindrica 是 Y 藤本 Vines 农作物 Crop 213 / 乌蔹莓 Cayratia japonica 是 Y 藤本 Vines
214 / 西瓜 Citrullus lanatus 是 Y 藤本 Vines 农作物 Crop 215 / 枇杷 Eriobotrya japonica 是 Y 小乔木 Small Tree 农作物 Crop
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保护等级 中文名 拉 名 观察记录 类型 备注 No. Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Observation Type Remarks 216 / 柑橘 Citrus reticulata 否 N 小乔木 Small Tree 农作物 Crop 217 / 竹 花椒 Zanthoxylum armatum 否 N 小乔木 Small Tree 农作物 Crop 218 西省二级(Provincial.2) 紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
219 / 角枫 Alangium chinense 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
220 / 风箱树 Cephalanthus tetrandrus 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
221 / 接骨木 Sambucus williamsii 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
222 / 牡荆 Vitex negundo 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
223 / 木芙蓉 Hibiscus mutabilis 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
224 / 珊瑚树 Viburnum odoratissimum 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
225 / 香橼 Citrus medica 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
226 / 盐肤木 Rhus chinensis 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
227 / 枣树 Ziziphus jujuba 是 Y 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub 农作物 Crop 228 / 毛柄连 Camellia fraterna 否 N 小乔木或灌木 Small Tree or Shrub
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APPENDIX 4, ANNEX 2: ANIMAL SPECIES LIST FOR PINGXIANG SURVEY AREA
观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n 1 西省级 Provincial 栉鰕虎鱼 Ctenogobius giurinus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
2 西省级 Provincial 鱼 Macrura reevesii 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
3 西省级 Provincial 长吻鮠 Leiocassis longirostris 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
4 西省级 Provincial 暗色 方 Fugu obscurus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
5 西省级 Provincial 鳢 Channa asiatica 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
6 西省级 Provincial 斑鳢 Channa maculata 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
7 西省级 Provincial 中华 螯蟹 Eriocheir sinensis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
入侵动物 Invasive 8 / 福寿螺 Pomacea canaliculata 是 Y 水生动物 Aquatic Animal Animall 9 / 鱼 Cyprinus carpio 是 Y 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
10 / 翘嘴红鲌 Erythroculter ilishaeformis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
11 / 黄尾密鲴 Xenocypris davidi 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
12 / 细 斜颌鲴 Xenocypris microlepis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
13 / 银鲴 Xenocypris argentea 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
14 / 团头 Megalobrama amblycephala 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
15 / 角 Magalobrame Tarminalis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
16 / 鳜 Siniperca chuatsi 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
17 / 圆吻鲴 Distoechodon tumirostris 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
18 / 赤眼 Spualiobarbus Curriculus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
19 / 鱼 Hemiculter Leuciclus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
20 / 南方拟餐 Pseudohemiculter dispar 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
21 / 油餐条 Hemiculter bleekeri 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
22 / 银飘 Pseudolaubuca sinensis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
23 / 麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora parva 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
Carassius auratus 24 / 肉红鲫 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal var.pingxiangnensis
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观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n 25 / 鳙鱼 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
26 / 草鱼 Ctenopharyngodon idellus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
27 / 鲢鱼 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
28 / 鲫鱼 Carassius auratus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
29 / 泥鳅 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
30 / 鳊鱼 Parabramis pekinensis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
31 / 鲶鱼 Silurus asotus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
32 / 长颌鲚 Coilia macrognathos 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
33 / 颌鱲 Zacco platypus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
34 / 马口鱼 Opsariichthys opsariichthys 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
35 / 花䱻 Hemibarbus maculatus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
36 / 侧条光唇鱼 Acrossocheilus parallens 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
37 / 台湾白甲鱼 Onychostoma barbatulum 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
38 / 中华花鳅 Cobitis sinensis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
39 / 黄颡鱼 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
40 / 舟原缨口鳅 Vanmanenia pingchowensis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
41 / 黑尾䱀 Liobagrus nigricauda 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
42 / 溪吻虾虎鱼 Rhinogobius duospilus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
43 / 中国圆田螺 Cipangopaludina cathayensis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
44 / 纹沼螺 Parafossarulus striatulus 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
45 / 角帆蚌 Hyriopsis cumingii 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
46 / 河蚬 Corbicula fluminea 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
47 / 皱纹冠蚌 Cristaria plicata 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
48 / 中国圆田螺 Cipangopaludina chinensis 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
49 / 螺科 Lymnaeidae spp. 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
50 / 日本沼虾 Macrobrachium nipponense 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
51 / 细足米虾 Caridina nilotica gracilipes 否 N 水生动物 Aquatic Animal
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观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n 国家 State 节 动物 Terrestrial 52 乌桕大蚕蛾 Attacus atlas 否 N Protection Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 53 / 豹纹蛱蝶 Timelaea albescens formosana 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 54 / 玉带凤蝶 Papilio polytes 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 55 / 赤蜻属 Sympetrum spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 56 / 柑橘凤蝶 Papilio xuthus 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 57 / 青带凤蝶 Graphium sarpedon 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 58 / 熊蝉属 Cryptotympana spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 59 / 黄粉蝶属 Eurema spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 60 / 蜻蜓科 Libellulidae 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 61 / 碧凤蝶 Papilio bianor 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 62 / 麝凤蝶属 Byasa spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 63 / 细蟌科 Coenagrionidae spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 64 / 蚁科 Formicidae spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 65 / 蝗科 Acrididae spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 66 / 瓢虫科 Coccinellidae spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 67 / 白粉蝶属 Pieris spp. 是 Y Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 68 / 大红蛱蝶 Vanessa indica 否 N Arthropod 69 / 新 带蛱蝶 Athyma selenophora 否 N 节 动物 Terrestrial
- A4.89 -
观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 70 / 琉球 线蝶 Neptis hylas lulculenta 否 N Arthropod 节 动物 Terrestrial 71 / 白带螯蛱蝶 Charaxes bernardus 否 N Arthropod 72 国家二级 National.2 虎纹蛙 Rana tigrina 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian
73 西省级 Provincial 棘胸蛙 Paa spinosa 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian
国家 State 74 泽蛙 Rana limnocharis 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 75 中华蟾蜍 Bufo gargarizans 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 76 黑斑蛙 Rana nigromaculata 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 77 黑眶蟾蜍 Duttaphrynus melanostictus 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 78 饰纹姬蛙 Microhyla ornate 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 79 中国雨蛙 Hyla chinensis 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 80 金线侧褶蛙 Rana plancyi 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 81 琴水蛙 Rana adenopleura 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 82 沼水蛙 Rana guentheri 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 国家 State 83 阔褶蛙 Rana latouchii 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian Protection 84 / 泽 蛙 Fejervarya multistriata 否 N 两栖动物 Amphibian
85 西省级 Provincial 乌梢蛇 Zoacys dhumnades 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile
86 西省级 Provincial 王 蛇 Elaphe carinata 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile
国家 State 87 中国石龙子 Eumeces chinensis 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile Protection 88 国家 State 中国水蛇 Enhydris chinensis 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile
- A4.90 -
观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n Protection 国家 State 89 多疣壁虎 Gekko japonicus 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile Protection 国家 State 90 华游蛇 Sinonatrix percarinata 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile Protection 国家 State 91 蓝尾石龙子 Eumeces elegans 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile Protection 国家 State 92 铜蜓蜥 Sphenomorphus indicus 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile Protection 国家 State 93 青蛇 Cyclophiops major 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile Protection 国家 State 94 赤链蛇 Dinodon rufozonatum 否 N 爬行动物 Reptile Protection 95 国家二级 National.2 Aix galericulata 否 N 类 Bird
96 西省级 Provincial 喜鹊 Pica pica 是 Y 类 Bird
97 西省级 Provincial Ardeola bacchus 是 Y 类 Bird
98 西省级 Provincial Alcedo atthis 是 Y 类 Bird
99 西省级 Provincial 戴胜 Upupa epops 否 N 类 Bird
100 西省级 Provincial 普通 Phalacrocorax carbo 否 N 类 Bird
101 西省级 Provincial Ardea cinerea 否 N 类 Bird
102 西省级 Provincial 绿翅 Anas crecca 否 N 类 Bird
103 西省级 Provincial 绿头 Anas platyrhynchos 否 N 类 Bird
104 西省级 Provincial 大白 Egretta alba 否 N 类 Bird
105 西省级 Provincial 牛背 Podiceps cristatus 否 N 类 Bird
106 西省级 Provincial 绿 Butorides striatus 否 N 类 Bird
107 西省级 Provincial 白胸 Halcyon smyrnensis 否 N 类 Bird
108 西省级 Provincial 蓝 Halcyon pileata 否 N 类 Bird
109 西省级 Provincial 冠鱼狗 Ceryle lugubris 否 N 类 Bird
110 西省级 Provincial 红嘴蓝鹊 Urocissa erythrorhyncha 否 N 类 Bird
- A4.91 -
观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n 国家 State 111 白头鹎 Pycnonotus sinensis 是 Y 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 112 哥 Acridotheres cristatellus 是 Y 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 113 家燕 Hirundo rustica 是 Y 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 114 白鹡 Motacilla alba 是 Y 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 115 棕背伯劳 Lanius schach 是 Y 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 116 小 Tachybapus ruficollis 是 Y 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 117 凤头 Podiceps cristatus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 118 斑嘴 Anas poecilorhyncha 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 119 中白 Egretta intermedia 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 120 小白 Egretta garzetta 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 121 夜 Nycticorax nycticorax 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 122 黑苇鳽 Ixobrychus flavicollis 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 123 黄(斑)苇鳽 Ixobrychus sinensis 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 124 鹌鹑 Coturnix japonica 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 125 董 Gallicrex cinerea 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 黑水 红骨 126 Gallinula chloropus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 顶 国家 State 127 红脚苦恶 Amaurornis akool 否 N 类 Bird Protection 128 国家 State 白胸苦恶 Amaurornis phoenicurus 否 N 类 Bird
- A4.92 -
观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n Protection 国家 State 129 秧 Rallus aquaticus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 130 灰头麦 Vanellus cinereus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 131 金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 132 扇尾沙 Gallinago gallinago 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 133 矶 Tringa hypoleucos 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 134 白腰草 Tringa ochropus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 135 珠颈斑 Streptopelia chinensis 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 136 小云雀 Alauda gulgula 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 137 金腰燕 Hirundo daurica 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 138 灰鹡 Motacilla cinerea 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 139 红尾伯劳 Lanius cristatus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 140 北红尾 Phoenicurus auroreus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 141 鹊 Copsychus saularis 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 142 虎斑地 Zoothera dauma 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 143 斑 Turdus naumanni 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 144 黑喉石䳭 Saxicola torquata 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 145 寿带 Terpsiphone paradise 否 N 类 Bird Protection
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观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n 国家 State 146 黑眉苇莺 Acrocephalus bistrigiceps 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 147 黄眉柳莺 Phylloscopus inornatus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 148 黄腰柳莺 Phylloscopus proregulus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 149 黑脸噪 Garrulax perspicillatus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 150 棕头鸦雀 Paradoxornis webbianus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 151 暗绿绣眼 Zosterops japonicus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 152 黑卷尾 Dicrurus macrocercus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 153 灰卷尾 Dicrurus leucophaeus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 154 光椋 Sturnus sericeus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 155 灰椋 Sturnus cineraceus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 156 树麻雀 Passer montanus 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 157 黑尾蜡嘴雀 Eophona migratoria 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 158 灰头鹀 Emberiza spodocephala 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 159 白眉鹀 Emberiza tristrami 否 N 类 Bird Protection 国家 State 160 黄眉鹀 Emberiza chrysophrys 否 N 类 Bird Protection 161 / 游隼 Falco peregrinus 否 N 类 Bird
162 / 斑鱼狗 Ceryle rudis 否 N 类 Bird
163 / 红尾水 Rhyacornis fuliginosus 否 N 类 Bird
164 / 脚树莺 Cettia fortipes 否 N 类 Bird
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观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n 165 / 普通 Sitta europaea 否 N 类 Bird
166 / 白腰文 Lonchura striata 否 N 类 Bird
167 / 家 Gallus gallus domesticus 是 Y 类 Bird
168 / 家 Anas platyrhynchos domestica 是 Y 类 Bird
169 / 家鹅 Anser cygnoides orientalis 是 Y 类 Bird
170 国 二级 水鹿 Cervus unicolor 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
171 国家二级 National.2 河麂 Hydropotes inermis 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
172 国家二级 National.2 欧亚水獭 Lutra lutra 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
173 西省级 Provincial 黄鼬 Mustela sibirica 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
174 西省级 Provincial 鼬獾 Melogale moschata 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
175 西省级 Provincial 小麂 Muntiacus reevesi 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
国家 State 176 华南兔 Lepus sinensis 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal Protection 国家 State 177 刺 Erinaceus europaeus 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal Protection 国家 State 178 狗獾 Meles meles 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal Protection 国家 State 179 獾 Arctonyx collaris 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal Protection 国家 State 180 中华竹鼠 Rhizomys sinensis 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal Protection 181 / 臭鼩 Suncus murinus 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
182 / 氏菊头蝠 Rhinolophidae Rouxi 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
183 / 亚蝙蝠 Vespertilio superans 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
184 / 针毛鼠 Niviventer fulvescens 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
185 / 黑线姬鼠 Apodemus agrarius 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
186 / 褐家鼠 Rattus norvegicus 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
187 / 小家鼠 Mus musculus 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
188 / 普通伏翼蝠 Pipistrellus abramus 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
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观察记录 保护等级 中文名 拉 名 类型 备注 Observatio Protetion Level Chinese Name Latin Name Type Remarks No. n 189 / 黄胸鼠 Rattus flavipectus 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal
养殖动物 Farmed 190 / 家 Sus domesticus 是 Y 哺乳动物 Mammal Animal 养殖动物 Farmed 191 / 中华田园犬 Canis lupus familiaris 是 Y 哺乳动物 Mammal Animal 养殖动物 Farmed 192 / 家 Felis catus 是 Y 哺乳动物 Mammal Animal 养殖动物 Farmed 193 / 山羊 Capra aegagrus hircus 是 Y 哺乳动物 Mammal Animal 养殖动物 Farmed 194 / 水牛 Bubalus bubalis 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal Animal 养殖动物 Farmed 195 / 黄牛 Bos taurus domesticus 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal Animal 养殖动物 Farmed 196 / 马 Equus ferus caballus 否 N 哺乳动物 Mammal Animal
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