Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

In this part, it tries to summarize the motivation about how to build the large-scale in a very long history. And then the Grand Canal has two crucial elements, one is the route of waterway that is the linear character to link regions; the other is the region of waterway, they are the articulations to support the long waterway working. Both of them are all show us a dynamical condition under the territorial and urban development.

Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

etc. In this process of learning the land and rebuild the natural environment, the route of the Grand Canal had evidently experienced many changes in its scale, Chapter 5 Motivations, the form, function and position. The Chapter 5 would analysis the changes of the route under the view of migrants and the capital relocated the cultural landscape, discover the principal motives of the changes, and how people built the large scale artificial river year by year. 5.1 Introduction The river regions are a cultural landscape where people settle down there for developing the city, The route of waterway in the Grand Canal town and village. In the regions of a river, there efficiently links different destinations, normally it were many distinctive forms and structures formed would have more than hundreds kilometres long, but by the water and urban area, their functions could how it could be built as a large project, and then to be irrigation, water transportation, commercial area, -75- change the landscape? There is one evidence is the flood prevention work, etc. The region of canal also rivers migrations and floods in the lower plains, it showed a dynamic land and water using, under a generates building the irrigation works to avoid the multi-layers of functions, the historical heritages, natural rivers disasters, particularly the Yellow river irrigation works, transportation, ecological corridor, frequently have migrated and destroyed large areas they are forming a new identity of Grand Canal in of farmlands and towns. Moreover, the Grand Canal the beginning of 21st century. have to borrow the water from natural rivers when it was used as the water transportation between the The urban blocks of canal in chapter 7, it would capital and southern economic centre. Therefore, emphasize the scale of blocks and its relevance the canal's administrators and canal builders have between urban area and water routes, how about to maintain the water also avoid the flood damaged thematic units in urban scale changing and new life the artificial canal, they should consider about many of modern city. The urban block of canal is a basic conditions in the site which canal passed through, unit in the long Grand Canal, but it also experienced such as the landform, soil and vegetation, hydrology, long time transforming under a violent change of Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in Grand Canal

city. China’s Sorrow, the Germany geologist, scientist, Ferdinand von Richthofen48, he wrote this nickname for the Yellow River, because of its tendency of the devastating flood that once occurred regularly in its lower course. In its history, the main course of Yellow River had migrated many times in lower plain in the eastern of China. Actually, the natural river always influenced the forming in artificial river, they not only described the a large scale of the river basin area with many cities and natural landscapes, also record the detail -76- of the water projects to prevent the flooding from the China’s Sorrow, Yellow River. But on the other side, we could observe the water transferred from the big river to Grand Canal for maintaining a Figure 5-1 Courses of the Yellow River. navigable condition in the dry season, that means the The water courses great swing moved in eastern of China in more than two thousand years, it's recorded by river's event chronicles in ancient time. relationship between the Yellow River and Grand Source: Geography, 3822. Colorado University. Canal, or the natural river and artificial river are more http://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_3822_f09/CourseResources.htm complicated to explain. Due to the flood prevention work was the most important requirement, the Yellow river considered as the one of the most significant motives in forming the large scale Grand Canal. The Yellow river has influenced its down-

48 Ferdinand von Richthofen, he is noted for coining the terms the Silk Road in 1877, is wrote in his book “China; Ergebnisse eigner Reisen und darauf gegründeter Studien”. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

streams, on one side, it provided the water for canal Yellow migrations, how to control it river channel and farmland; the other side, it needed the water and reinforce its embankment. Along with the Yellow channels for control the flood. In this Chapter, we river migrations, the artificial river in the land could see how the Grand Canal formed in fighting gradually linked together with a natural river, to form with the powerful Yellow river migrations, and lastly a Grand Canal all over the country by its functions of became a unique artificial water route from Beijing transporting goods and materials from economic area to Hangzhou. to capital. Yellow river originated from north-west of The cultural landscape theory described how the China, has 5464 kilometres long. Its upstream human work changed the nature and the transforming passes from the north-west dry mountainous regions from natural to cultural landscape under the long- to the eastern flatlands. By the geological and term human intervention. The people who lived geographical situation of the river regions, it has along Yellow did the work to control flooding and two major characters, one is the high silt content49, planned the new water channel, which was used in which caused the river could be choked with silt, flooding prevention, adjusting the water level, save -77- then overflew as flood in the flatland and migrated water resource and remove silt. We could say that the itself route; The other thing is that the Yellow Yellow river migrations and flooding were the crucial river turned into aboveground river after people motive for creating a cultural landscape of Grand built the embankment along the river, because the Canal. sedimentation in the bottom of river would lead to We should realize that the cultural landscape riverbed rising. The embankment would easily be of Grand Canal has formed in a long time process, destroyed when the flood peak coming, then heavily from the first step it was a result to resist the natural damaged the farmland and human settlements, even disaster and threaten. The people could manage the cities and towns in the flatland. In the history, natural environment well, and then provide a good from Sui dynasty, people began to learn from the condition for their survival in the large route of 49 By the statistic, the Yellow River had maximum amount of sediment natural river and canal. load per year which reached three billion and nine hundred million ton,and the maximum sediment concentration had 920 kilogram per cubic meter water. Resource from :Yellow River Conservancy By the records in historical documents of the Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

empire had to discover water resource for new water channel, at the mean time, it needed to protect the southern agricultural area, then transport goods and 12th Century 15th Century 19th Century 20th century 21th century materials to the new northern capital. Yellow River Third, from 16th to 19th century, Yellow river How the natural and artificial river growing together in history? occupied the course of , passed the China Grand Canal plain then entered to eastern sea, the route of Grand Canal began to separate from Yellow river to avoid Figure 5-2 How Grand Canal was growing with Yellow River in history? the disaster from flood peak. The Grand Canal has By comparing the timeline of both rivers, this is a measure to analysis how the Yellow River impacts on forming the China Grand Canal. experienced a busy working time, from capital Beijing to south economic centre Hangzhou, even irrigation and flood prevention works, it showed that many cities fast expanded urban area as a port city of Yellow river has migrated many times. My work the inner river, such as Lin Qing, Ji Ning, Zhou, -78- considered that Yellow river migrations were crucial Yangzhou, etc. motive to develop the cultural route of canal, which could be concluded in five steps to generate the Fifth, from 19th to 20th century, the Grand transformation of the route: Canal broke in middle age of 19th, due to Yellow river caused a heavily damaging flooding in 1855, First, the period before 12th century, the Yellow then return to its original route in the north plain river passed through the north plain of China where of China and directly destroyed the waterway of developed many cities and towns in the flooding canal. The other indirect reason was the north to the area, in that time the Sui-Tang empire used the Grand south railway, more convenient and efficient land Canal as an irrigation work and transporting route in transportation replaced the waterway. hundreds of years; Sixth, from 20th to beginning of 21st, Grand Second, from 12th to 15th century, Yellow river Canal would be considered as various new social turned into Jiangsu plain in the east of China, since functions, developed multi-use artificial waterway, lack of water in the northern section of Grand Canal especially after become the World Heritage in 2014. and flooding area moved to the south China, Yuan Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

12th Century

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5.2 Before the 12th century: Variations r waterway in the watercourse of the previous Yellow River motivating people to build an artificial Figure 5-3 Before 12th century, the flood area of waterway. Yellow River lay on northern plain of China. Niu Zhong Xun published his book about nowadays. But its downstream frequently changed Yellow migrations and water development in history, the course which started from and who described the relationship between Yellow river Mengjin, after converged the many branch river, and ancient canal, their urban condition in the natural it turned to the northeast of He Nan province, then environment, water irrigation work and geographical entered city and passed the big lakes in that situations in its downstream of the big river48. He time, at last, separated into some more branches went to the ocean. Niu Zhong Xun redrew the map of thinks that the Yellow river migrations in the north -79- plain of China should be considered as an important Yellow river migrations, he defined this was a period motive to generate social and economic activities of steady and continuous movement on the northern when he traced the migrations of Yellow River. plain until the 12th century. A large amount of silt brought from Yellow river produced the alluvial area The Yellow river changed in a large-scale in the river mouth. The flatland had to experience geographic range, from central China, properly to the disaster caused by flooding water, so that where say, the area of Zhengzhou city was a starting point, people lived there began to build the embankment the river went into flatland then reach the coast to to protect their homeland from the flood. But people produce an alluvial plain. The Shangshu. Yugong couldn't completely prevent the flood from damaging recorded the earliest Yellow river course that was farmland and settlement. Before the 12th century, named , its upstream passed mountainous Yellow river three times heavily burst its bank, which area to Meng city, almost kept the same course as generated people created flood control works, such as built the artificial river. 48 NIU Zhong Xun(2009),Yellow River: migrations and water development.China Water Power Press Beijing. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

From7th BC to 12th century AD, Yellow River From 602 BC to 11 AD, the Yellow River suffered three major water migrations that was a migrations resulted in two landforms changing, on crucial motivation to develop the artificial river in the one hand, the changes of the Yellow River left the Yellow River flood area. old waterways for canal and provided a foundation and facilitated excavation of the artificial river routes, The first major migrations of the Yellow River on the other hand, Yellow River provided a water in recorded history occurred in in , channel for running artificial river in the rainless 602 BC. According to "Han Shu. Di Li Zhi" (Han Plain. dynasty. Geography) recorded, the Yellow River dam burst in Liyang (now Junxian) Xukou, occupied the Before 12th AD century, human intervened the then northeast went to Pu Yang, passed natural river in various purposes. The early literature through north plain, flew to south of Tian Jin into the described a natural river was used as the offensive sea. Its course maintained almost five hundred years and defensive tactics in the war, which was man- until the next changed its route. In BC 132, it burst made factors affecting the natural river migrations. -80- again bank near south-west of Pu Yang and separated For example, the war of vassal states in the Spring into two branches, the major river course and the and Autumn Period, 359 BC, when the army of Chu other new one Tun Shi river which joined the original State attached Wei state, they broke embankment water route after passed through Guantao, Lin Qing, and pour Yellow River into Changyuan city49, which Cheng and Gucheng. showed the people had basic grasp of natural water flow and velocity, learnt from floods and its heavy In 11 AD, Yellow river entered a turbulent disaster. In the battle, the artificial flood could hinder period for sixty years until the Eastern . the enemy's attack, or damaged the enemy camp and A famous water and inner river expert, Wang Jing, town, even destroyed the enemy's equipment and managed the irrigation work for Yellow River's 800 logistics support. This is small scale tactics by using years long stable river course, which was situated natural rivers. Here, we can know that the ancient from Xing Yang went to Xin Xiang, Hua and Xun people had carried out their intervention into a county, then turned to Puyang, Gao Tang county and natural river. went to the sea in Gao Qing county of Shan Dong province. 49 Ancient Bamboo Annals.Gu Ben Zhu Shu Ji Nian. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

Human factors directly affect the Yellow River transporting food, goods and troops; In 486 BC, burst diversion, in addition to the aim of the attack on Han Canal was completed for military forces and a war, the main purpose was to control the river for first connected its north Jiang Su Plain where was in water conservancy, which also meaningfully affected the northern area of Wu state. Four years later, they the natural landscape of the river and the surrounding opened the other He Canal to reach further north of urban planning. Huai river basin, which its water route extended for conquest another vassal state by military expedition. Before the 12th century, the Yellow River stream Moreover, in the south of River, Wu state passed , urban settlements had to also had many water channels communicated to sit close to river for human use, such as provided the capital city Suzhou; father south the waterway water to the agricultural and urban area, conversely, could even reach the bay of Hangzhou. In Figure the Yellow River often caused flooding brought to 5.8, the most eastern area of ancient China had a these cities huge disaster in a long time. According waterway passed from south-east to north-east, to information from historical maps, I drew out all which could connect the two Huai and Yangtze the artificial river which associated with events of -81- River. In a regional view, since the Han Canal ran Yellow River flood, could show how forming a large- from a north-south route, which connected the scale national canal from local and cross-regional Yangtze and Huai River, the local state not only built areas. a transport channel in its region, also opened a route to participate the political and economic activities in 5.1.1 Spring-Autumn Period (770-476 BC), Earlier the most land of ancient China. water channels were well developed under regional motivation. Wei State, since 361 BC, it opened a waterway for transporting in central China, when the Hong A water channel was early recorded in a Canal (Figure 5.8) conducted water from Yellow historical book. The Han Gou was a transport water River, it could connect Huai River, and eastern Ji channel. Wu state had to dig the Han Canal, when and . Through these various transporting it had the artificial waterways in the Tai Lake basin, route, basically, the country realized waterway from developed communication in rivers and lakes, for Qiantang Rive to the north Yellow and . Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

Yellow River could flow to the northern basin of Hai Chang An. From this time on, the canal from Chang River. Now the sections of canal became a waterway An to Tong Guan joined the water network from from Jiangsu plain to Peninsula. west to east, passed through Yellow River, Hong Canal, Bian Canal, Si River, Han Canal, reached a 5.1.2 From Qin(221-207 BC) to Han(202BC-220AD) length of four thousand kilometres. The natural river dynasties: the cross-regional waterway built along was principal waterway also needed provided water the route of the natural water course of the Yellow to the canal in rainless central regions of China. In a River. cross-regional view, after this water control project completed, although capitals in Qin and Han's The cross-regional waterway built in two dynasty located near the midstream of Yellow River, ways the north-south and the west-east routes, they they could transport abundant goods by ships with connected many cities in a different geographical this west-east waterway. condition in ancient China, especially worked with In 69 AD, Han dynasty, the west-east waterway -82- the Yellow River. had been reinforced in Han Dynasty, for defending Firstly, the west-east water way, was opened in flood area in the Yellow River basin. After the first Qin state, had a short waterway which was connected large-scale water control project, the mainstream by a natural river and few artificial river, such as of Yellow River had a meaningful period of water Yellow and and canals. This route was stability in its downstream area for hundreds inherited by Han dynasty in the next one hundred of years. The Yellow River had the most detail years. When Chang An became the capital, the documents about its migration in the north of China transport volume had raised to three or four million in AD 11, it burst the bank near Da Ming city had tam50 from hundred thousand tam. But the Wei damaged the land in sixty years until AD 69. The river always stopped by lacked water to maintain water management official Wang Jing fixed a new navigational level, so that the state opened a new waterway from Ma Jia River then went into the sea 51 canal to replace the natural river transport, which from Li Jin town . The difficulty of the new channel could reach Tong Guan to Yellow River from capital was necessary to ensure the Yellow River could 51 Ban Gu(25-220 AD).The history of former Han dynasty, Biography 50 The unit of weight one tam ( 石 ) equal to 31 kilos in Han dynasty. of Wang Mang. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

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Figure 5-4 Early artificial rivers were built in China before Period (221BC). In this chart, it shows the natural and artificial rivers linked as a water route, which was used in transporting in history, because the ancient people basically used water source for developing new canal from Yellow River, Huai and Yangtze River. Redrawing from: Yao Han Yuan, An introduction of water conservancy in China. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

smoothly flow to plain and directly access to the new channel had widened its riverbed, reduced its sea, and secondly, also need to kept not caused the distance of the route so that it could firstly keep the burst of embankment after riverbed rising, which riverbed lower than outside ground and slow down requires river has a role of draining sand and silt, the rate and amount of silt sediments. It was the but more importantly, the Yellow river needs to major long-term safety measures after a flood of transfer water to the artificial river for maintaining Yellow River, by embankment construction and fixed adequate water level, kept shipping unobstructed. riverbed. Wang Jing treated the new water channel as a Next Wang Jing led another project to transfer comprehensive renovation, especially setting water water from Yellow River to Bian canal. Bian canal gates to adjust water flowing, and then reduced the was a new waterway connected Huang and Huai rate of downstream siltation, resulting in the Yellow River, which opened in BC 403 to 221, one section River the long-term safety flow situation. The river is 52 of Hong canal. It worked as the main waterway to relatively stable for nearly 600 years . link the capital to south-east agricultural productive -84- Wang Jing worked in building the embankment area. Wang Jing planned a new channel for Bian along the Yellow River and, From the west canal so that it could avoid the frequently flooding of He Nan province to east Gaoqing of Shandong area from Yellow River, also could well be used as province, almost six hundreds long kilometres, the transport route. That's means open or close the which was a grand project worked under a strong water gate could adjust the water level of the canal, collaboration through many cities and towns in the even without sediment. In history, it was a creation flooding area of Yellow River. Wang Jing realized made by Wang Jing in water conservancy measure. that the elevated river caused by the downstream This measure also practiced in other water branches sediment accumulation, the water could overfly of Yellow River, for water distribution, draining the embankment and burst it when the flood peak sediment, and resisting flood peak by drain off water coming. Therefore, Wang Jing constructed a new to the canal. In this period, many people worked water channel to lead the big Yellow River into along the river to protect their farmland and city, a sea and reinforced its river embankment. This meanwhile the irrigation work and control the water level needed the cooperation from cities of flood area 52 Fan Ye(298-445 AD). Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of Wang Jing. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

so that these cities could develop more urban area to lack of rainfall and large areas of silt sediment, under water importing and more agricultural area for its efficiency is lower than the west-east navigable planting their crop. canal. In AD 213, Cao Cao rebuilt the Ye City as capital and opened water channel to Bai canal for After the Yellow River conservancy project transport. Ye City became the inland river port in the by Wang Jing, many cities built some important north region, it promoted greater changes in ancient inner-river port for commodity trading, which urban structures by using a waterway separated also developed their urban form with water the capital in two parts. Canal flew into the city's transport route. Even more, these cities had to commercial area also leading to the formation of the protect themselves from the unexpected flood, they marketplace. After the water was transferring into the constructed city moats, water channels to prevent urban area, they planned artificial lake for conserving flood hit them. Chang An(BC 202- AD 25) was water, but also was leisure venues and public place capital from Han dynasty had considered the canal to for people and the nobility; In addition, the city of convenient transport goods in its city area. Ye used the lake to storage water in a dry season and -85- AD 204, many canals had connected the north drainage it in flood season. flowing Yellow River and other local streams to form a north-south waterway, from the northern 5.1.3 Sui dynasty (581-619 AD):created the national Basin, went to Yellow River midstream basin, and waterway system of artificial and natural waterways. then to the south-east plain of China. In Sui dynasty, its famous capital, Chang An, In later Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao, a was known as the largest city in that time, learnt monarch planned to unify the north China, he was from the urban planning of Ye city, it was a new opening up new shipping channel to northern plain. political centre of the state in Sui dynasty, which In AD 204 to 206, three canals had been opened, could directly link the north and south China, by Bai Canal, Ping Lu canal, Quan Zhou canal which using the transport waterway combined with south- connected to many streams in the basin of Hai River. north and west-east canal network. This national The north-south canal could start from , waterway had imported grain and tribute to Chang through the Yellow River, south to Qiantang, but due An, by natural and artificial rivers. The Sui empire Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

completed opened three main canals, the Guang water transport, as they kept advanced their urban Tong, Tong Ji and Yongji, and recovered Han canal drainage ditch and flood control system. renamed it to Shan Yang Canal, only spent several decades years. The Tong Ji Canal based on the old 5.2 12th to 14th Century: Yellow River re- west-east canal was particularly carefully designed migration and capital relocation, both of the navigational route for transporting grain and tribute from the southern agricultural area. It had them promoted to build Grand Canal on the two sections in Tong Ji canal, one part was the old established empire. reconstructed Bian canal between Xing Yang and Kai Feng, the other part was a new canal flowing from Before the 12th century, since the construction Kai Feng to Chen Liu, county, Shangqiu, Yong of the waterways in previous dynasties, the Yellow Cheng, Si Xian, Xu Yi, then joined the Huai River53. River largely burst dyke again in 1128, due to long The new waterway had forty paces( 步 Bu)54width, the terms war in central China, the waterways are not -86- royal road in both sides of canal which were planted promptly repaired which caused downstream river full of willows55. The Tong Ji canal had a more siltation heavily. Followed by the Yuan Dynasty, 13th convenient and fast navigational route than before. century, it ruled China, had moved its capital city the In AD 608, Yong Ji canal connected to Yellow far north of the North China Plain, Da Du (Beijing), River with the help of then reached the which needed construct a new canal to connect south north Zhuo Jun city (now it's near to Beijing), due regions of China. From 12th to 14th century, Grand to the frequent flood of Yellow River, it was hard to Canal reshaped itself under the motive of Yellow maintain the navigation capacity. At last, the Grand River migration and its capital northern moved. Canal completed its route in China, it was from the central area, the capital Chang An, also a second 5.2.1 1128 AD: The result of natural forces. The Yellow capital Luo Yang, they developed rapidly under the River migrates across the southern plain of China,

53 Wang (2009). Investigation of Bian Canal irrigationo work in threatening the transport route of the Grand Canal. North Song Dynasty.Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54 Bu and Chi is unit of lengh, one Chi equal to 29.6 centimetre, one East Capital of Song dynasty was located in Kai Bu is five Chi, in Sui dynasty Feng, in 1128, for stopping the enemy troops, one 55 Si Ma Guang(1084).Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Volume 180. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

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Shang Dong and He Nan provinces, then went into flood area Figure 5-5 12th-19th century, Si and Huai River, lastly to the sea. It was the main the flood area of Yellow River lay on northern plain of China. cause that Yellow River began to southern flow to Huai River, but was unsuccessful tactics didn't stop Tang dynasty Grand Canal route had been devastated the troops from the northern state. The next 40 years, in the war without maintaining and restoring. not only the old Bian Canal near Kai Feng capital Therefore, in the beginning period of Yuan, the north completely had broken stream, the Yellow River capital Da Du (Beijing) had to hardly suffered the overflow without fixed river course in the basin of old and ruined navigational canal, which transported Huai River, even the destructive river cut off the grain and tribute from Shan Yang canal (Han canal) connection between north and south China. The main to north rivers, join the natural unstable Yellow route of Grand Canal, completed in Sui dynasty, had and Huai River, then passed a few old northern -87- broken off its different sections in the flood area. sections of Sui-Tang Grand Canal56, but in this How to repair the water transport route in Yuan route, they must make use of the land transport by dynasty, was became a crucial problem to recover carriages which cost much labour and materials, a collecting national revenue for new capital, Da Du fully difficult way. The first emperor Kublai Khan (Beijing). accepted the proposal from an official Bo Yan, who proposed that the state should open a new north- 5.2.2 1272 AD: The result of cultural forces. Da south Grand Canal as a national water route, in which Du(Khanbaliq), the new capital relocated in the the ship carried more goods and cost fewer labours 57 furthest northern area is linked to the economically than land carriages . Meanwhile, Bo Yan suggested developed regions in the South that the new capital city needed to build a waterway 56 Lai Jia Du(1958).Yuan Dynasty: Interior River and Maritime After about 150 years continuing war broke out Transport. Jornal of History Teaching. 57 Su Tian Jue(1329).Yuan Chao Ming Cheng Shi Lve, Volume in China up to Yuan Dynasty established, the Sui- 2.Beijing:Zhong Hua Book Company, 1996. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

network as the urban areas in southern China, such as Yangtze River, and south of Yang Zhou, near the Hangzhou, where water channels could free linked to old Han Canal, then it went into the east sea, also the city centre, rural area, around towns and villages, developed few seaport along a coastline, such as for well-transporting goods by private and official Tong Zhou (Zhe Jiang province), Jiao Zhou, etc. It commercial purpose. could reach 3 to 4 million tams transport capacity per year, which depend on good condition of hydrology In the feudal history of ancient China, the first and wind direction. In 1363, the way of ocean governor of Yuan Dynasty located the new imperial shipping temporarily stopped by civil strives in Zhe capital in farther north plain, surrounded by Yan Jiang provinces, meanwhile, Yuan dynasty gradually mountain ridge, compared to former capitals, Chang opened new canal for transporting more and more An, Luo Yang, o Kai Feng, the Da Du was much tributes rather than only depended on sea shipping. more far from Yellow River.

Da Du capital selected a good place. It was 5.2.3 Developed new waterways in northern areas to -88- ringed on three sides by mountains, located in a avoid the destructive power of the Yellow River. flatland opened to south-east. Liu Bing Zhong and Xie Zhong Wen planned and built the capital, the From 1266, Yuan dynasty began to restore the palaces, dwelling and official districts, city wall and ruined Yong Ji Canal. In 1266, Yuan dynasty started moat. They also considered developing waterway the project for restoring the old Yong Ji Canal. and inland city port, storehouses near the palace, A local water official had investigated the awful to receive and collect the tributes by canal from all situation of Yong Ji canal, said that water course of over the country. Otherwise, because of the canal Yong Ji canal was not suitable for navigation, its was stopped by Yellow River migration, in 1272 section had been choked with heavy silt from south Da Du had to further use ocean shipping by Tian of Qing Zhou to north of Jing Zhou, there were no Jin port city, in decades years. In these years, they officers responsible for its waterway, so that the discovered many shipping routes in the east sea of farmers arbitrary dug the levee for watering their China, set an official institution for administer the cropland.58 The old Yong Ji Canal had an important maritime transportation by sea in 1287. The official route passed the Zhen Zhou, in the north bank of 58 Song Lian. History of Ming Dynasty, volume of Rivers and Canal. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1996. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

role in the waterway of Sui-Tang Grand Canal, Yuan of Yong Ji canal, if not the goods should be trans- dynasty attempted to transport tributes, but its ships shipped by carriages in almost 100 kilometres land had to take a long way around in order to reach the route, then reached Lin Qing city and once again capital port, even the worse thing was the heavy entered into north section of Yong Ji canal to capital sediment in the water course, caused less transport Da Du. It wasn't an efficient way which cost thirteen capacity59. thousand families worked per year61. They planned to dig another waterway to connect Lin Qing and From 1283, a new artificial river, Ji Zhou Canal Dong Ping. was built to connect Ji Ning to Dong Ping. Ji Zhou canal was completed in 1283, had 75 kilometres. Hui Tong canal was built for Dong Ping to Lin The historical book "Yuan Dynasty History. Rivers" Qing waterway, had great significance in connecting recorded the detailed content of the canal project, the whole north-south Grand Canal in Yuan dynasty. which built a dyke-dam to conserve water from Wen The "Yuan Dynasty History. First Emperor" recorded River in the area of Tai An, and redesigned the water that, in 1289, Kublai Khan agreed to open the Hui course flew to Ji Ning, also joined another water Tong canal, followed the suggestions from local -89- resource from Si River in the area of Yan Zhou city. water officials' geographical and hydrological At last, the main water course could divided into two investigations. Hui Tong canal had it's almost about streams, they flew in two ways, from north and south 120 kilometres route from Dong Chang city to Shou of Ji Ning, which supported water for navigation in Zhang county, then got to Lin Qing, with thirty-one the canal60. water locks to adjust the water level, and controlled ships' volumes of traffic. Although the Hui Tong Due to open Ji Zhou canal, it offered a canal great shorted the transported distance, it navigational waterway much shorter than former couldn't pass wide boats because of low depth of section that had to go to Huai River and south section water. However, the last section was Hui Tong canal, of ruined Yong Ji canal. But in the other side, it also the water route had to pass through Tong Zhou city needed waterway directly join the north section and turning west to the last stop, the capital Da Du. 59 Song Lian. History of Ming Dynasty, volume of Rivers and Canal. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1996. 60 Song Lian. History of Ming Dynasty, volume of Rivers and Canal. 61 Song Lian. History of Ming Dynasty, volume of Rivers and Canal. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1996. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1996. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

Tong Hui Canal had replaced about twenty- mooring ships, promoted new urban commercial area five kilometres overland route. In 1291, Guo Shou and functions. Jing, a scholarly expert in hydrology, mathematics and astronomy, who suggested to Kublai Khan open 5.3 14th to 19th Centuries: Sustained waterway from Da Du to its east city Tong Zhou, also effort to maintain the Grand Canal against it could be used for irrigation. He conducted water from many springs in north-west mountains, firstly flooding. opened up the course to inner city of Da Du from its west water gate, then flew into a south lake as an About six hundred years, Grand Canal had to inner port in capital, Ji Shui Tan, finally went east to use the navigable section of Yellow River, but at the Tong Zhou and joined Grand Canal62. Due to Da Du same time, it kept precaution to defend the flooding had twenty metres higher than Tong Zhou, Guo Shou from this big river in the southern river basin. Jing designed many new water docks, to solve the The migrations of Yellow River first happened -90- different elevation between the two cities. It's largely in the basin of Huai River, threaten not only the south convenient for ships directly transporting goods to section of Grand Canal but although the widespread capital from waterways on the land and overseas. farmland in the plain of Jiang Su and south Shan Yuan dynasty chose Da Du as capital, where Dong province. unavoidably built its lifeline to southern agricultural How to harness the Yellow River helping water plain and manufacture areas, such as Yang Zhou, transport in Grand Canal? In the period from 14th Su Zhou, Hang Zhou, etc. In this way, Grand Canal to 19th century, people had experienced a process to had to suit the new requirement of transporting, a solve the problem. complicated water network worked under natural and artificial rivers, a large-scale lakes, which maintained First, after borrowing water from another local water route quite more safe and convenient. North river, Grand Canal considered built a new section of cities of canal developed fast under the busy Hui Tong canal to avoid the Yellow river. waterways, they built the port and inner lake for The old Hui Tong canal built in Yuan Dynasty, 62 Song Lian. History of Ming Dynasty, volume of Rivers and Canal. but in a long time it could not work well due to the Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1996. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

water level was unstable, there was a deficient design. Second, Grand Canal had gradually separated So that in Ming dynasty, from 1411, local official from waterway of Yellow River. Pan Shu Zheng of Ji Ning city, he proposed that Hui After dug two new water channels, Nan Yang Tong Canal could be rebuilt immediately to dredge 63 and Jia, Grand Canal had completely separated water course . With a detailed surveying and some from Yellow River. In July of 1565, Yellow River important advice from a local respectable elder, Bai again burst its levee in caused about fifty Ying, they built a new dam for keep water flowing to kilometres ruined waterway by heavy sediment. Two Nan Wang town which located in the north-west of Ji years later, the water officials Zhu Heng dredged a Ning, where it was the highest elevation in the whole 64 waterway in 20 kilometres, from Pei County to Nan water route . From here, the river distributed forty Yang, built eight ship docks to Nan Yang. Nan Yang percent water flowing to south section, sixty percent canal successfully improved the waterway in the of the water flowing to north section. Therefore, the section of Hui Tong canal, because that its higher new water point and local Wen River helped watering 68 65 elevation to prevent from the flood of Yellow river. old Hui Tong Canal . Even more, they widened -91- riverbed of Hui Tong Canal, which largely increased Jia canal was the other new waterway opened its transport capacity66. Moreover, they opened new in one hundred thirty kilometres, eleven ship locks, river course for Hui Tong canal which was eastern could accept two-thirds of transportation capacity moved twenty-five kilometres to Shou Zhang; the in all of Grand Canal69. By record, the year 1605, it other was that they dug an old channel to borrow had more than eight thousand ships passing here. The water from Yellow River near Xu Zhou city. 67 local official Li Hua Long commented the advantages

63 Ou Yang Hong(1988).The history of engineering in Beijing and of Jia Canal, said that it was well-avoiding disaster Hangzhou Canal. Shanghai: Jiangsu province nautical institute. from Yellow River flood, partly shorter transport 64 Zhang Ting Yu. History of Ming Dynasty, volume of Song Li. Beijing: distance, the most important was that it could be used Zhonghua Book Company, 1974. 65 Ou Yang Hong(1988).The history of engineering in Beijing and Hangzhou Canal. Shanghai: Jiangsu province nautical institute. 66 Ou Yang Hong(1988).The history of engineering in Beijing and 68 Zhang Ting Yu. History of Ming Dynasty, volume of rivers and canal. Hangzhou Canal. Shanghai: Jiangsu province nautical institute. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1974. 67 Ou Yang Hong(1988).The history of engineering in Beijing and 69 Zhang Ting Yu. History of Ming Dynasty, volume of rivers and canal. Hangzhou Canal. Shanghai: Jiangsu province nautical institute. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1974. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

as a drainage channel when the flood peak coming.70 both Yellow and Huai River, finally caused south embankment of Hong Ze Lake burst, the flood water Although the waterway had prevented from the rushed into south Yangtze River in three flooding flood in hundred years, but it had to solve another branches. Four years later, 1855, Yellow River once tricky problem, the raising riverbed of Yellow River again met a rainy season and broke of dyke in its which threatened Grand Canal at their intersection central section near Lan Kao, then it returned to point also would cause heavy flood into south- old north watercourse and essentially broke end the east area. So in almost two hundred years of Qing water transportation of Grand Canal. Dynasty had focused most their water work on the intersection among Yellow River, Huai River, and Grand Canal, where it was a place named Qing Kou. 5.4 19th-20th Centuries: Grand Canal transport links are disrupted between Cen Zhong Mian, he thought the water projected northern and southern regions by heavy focused on solve the problem in Qing Kou, which -92- protected the Grand Canal and dredged Huai River to flooding along the Yellow river . pass the intersection in Qing Kou, moreover, water administers learnt from former dynasty to reinforce From 19th -20 the century, Yellow River had the bam along the river, to maintain a prosperous burst the levees heavily two times, which caused transporting waterway71. They had a common serious disasters. In 1855, the Yellow River north view in water management, that was defended the migrated after 700 hundred years and went into downstream course of Yellow River, to protect the the north plain of China. In Qing Dynasty, the last northern section of Grand Canal from Yellow River empire repaired the levees to keep stable and safe flood. But from 1662 to 1820, the riverbed of Yellow water course from 1875 to 1885. River raised they had to cost a large number of After 1855, the section of Grand Canal in labour force and finance in heightening and reinforce Shan Dong province was destroyed heavily by the dykes. In 1851, an uncommon heavy flood went to flood of Yellow River, the Qing Dynasty had to 70 Editor by China Water Resources and Eletric Power Institute. Xing begin to reuse the tribute transport by the sea route. Shui Jin Jian, volume of canal.Wu Han: Hu Bei People Press, 2004. In 1872, the Ship Business Soliciting Bureau was 71 Cen Zhong Mian. Yellow River Migration History. Beijing: People Press, 1957. established in Shanghai, it made use of the seagoing Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

ships to transport tributes for capital Beijing. The After the establishment of People's Republic official canal transportation was formally ended in of China, due to a long-term flood monitoring and 1904. Seven years later, in 1911, the railway from embankment repairing levees, the Yellow River has Tian Jin to Pukou(Nan Jing) was constructed as a stable water course from 1949. In 1955, July 5th, the cross-regional railway, it connected the north a General Planning of the Yellow River Basin was capital and southern cities, from Beijing to Tianjin, completed and signed off by first People's Congress. then reach the Nanjing in the south bank of Yangtze From this time, the government began River. The steam train and modern railway had to consider harnessing the Yellow River in replaced to the Grand Canal, both in functions of comprehensively general planning, more integrated transporting tributes and passengers. During the way, to solve the problem from flood and silt Sino-Japanese War, in 1938, the retreating army of sediment. China broke out the levee of Yellow River in an attempt to halt the rapid advance In the south region of Grand Canal, they tried to of Japanese forces, in Hua Yuan Kou, a town of He irrigate farmland in Jiang Su province by using old -93- Nan province. The Yellow River south-east flew over water channel. into branches of rivers, and flood water gushed into Hongze and Gaoyou Lake and went into Yangtze The ministry of transport was suggested to River. The Yellow River back to its former route in follow a principle, which designed new waterways March 1947, after repaired its levee in Hua Yuan and ports closed to the city but not crossed it. Such as Kou. But the damage area reached in fifty-four the developing a section of Grand Canal in Jiangsu thousand square kilometres in east of China72. province from 1958 to 1981, most of the water conservancy projects were promoted far from the urban centre to protect urban heritages, also avoided 5.5 20th Century: the Grand Canal seeks resettled a large number of inhabitants. There was a to reinvent itself as a multi-use artificial well know example, the Zhen Guo Temple Pagoda waterway. and its ancient architectural complex were preserved well in 1956 in the west of Gao You Town, where

72 Recorded by United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Grand Canal needed be widened here. The new Administration. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

waterway made way to this temple. The urban relation to the artificial river, abundant intangible and heritage of canal was recognized as important part of tangible heritages. the Grand Canal. In June 2006, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Water also was borrowing from south Yangtze Canal was listed in National Important Heritage Site, River and Huai River, to irrigate north agricultural issued by the State Council. In March 2008, "Grand plain of Jiangsu province. Canal and World Canal Heritage Protection Working Conference" was held in Yangzhou by the State From 1982 to 1989, the southern section of Cultural Relics Bureau. This meeting had established Grand Canal, from Xu Zhou to Yangzhou still was the Cities Alliance of China Grand Canal Heritage, a busy waterway, and would be improved to 2nd obtained a " Yangzhou consensus of China Grand shipping level. It was planned to build 70 metres Canal Heritage Protection." It was also integrated Sui width of the canal bed, and 4 metres depth, 52,4 and Tang Grand Canal from Chang'an and kilometres long. From 1990 to 2003, the Water city. At the same time, The "Beijing-Hangzhou -94- Traffic Interchange Project was successfully built Grand Canal Bidding for World Heritage " was in Huai'an, this large water hub construct a water renamed to "China Grand Canal Bidding for World channel go straight to the sea for Huai River, but Heritage "which involved the 33 cities most relation also built a new upper waterway for Grand Canal to the water route. In 2013, Eastern Canal of Zhe transport, which the natural and artificial rivers had Jiang province and Sui-Tang Grand Canal joined to separated in vertical level, they crossed each other in the listed Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, to form a two level. The Grand Canal gradually achieved more national protected heritage, an integrated large scale and more benefit by better stabilisation. Now, Grand Grand Canal. Canal is an eastern waterline in South-North Water Transfer Project in China. In June 22nd, 2014, China Grand Canal was successfully listed in World Heritage in Doha 38th A new opportunity is bidding for the world World Heritage Committee, thanks to many scholars heritage for Grand Canal, which stimulated a top- who insisted on it and love this artificial river, they down effort aims to protect various heritages along are from historian, artist, architect, archaeologist and China Grand Canal, its great many of historical cities so on. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

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Figure 5-6 221BC-220AD century artificial rivers were built in China

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Figure 5-7 581-619AD century artificial rivers were built in China

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Figure 5-8 12th-14th century artificial rivers were built in China,Yuan dynasty

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Figure 5-9 14th-19th century artificial rivers were built in China

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Figure 5-10 19-20th century artificial rivers were built in China

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Figure 5-11 20th century artificial rivers were built in China

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Figure 5-12 21th century waterways are developing in China Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

5.6 The seven capitals along the Grand Canal handicrafts from all over the country to capital. That take great advantage of national waterways is one season, why the governor needed the Grand Canal and had to maintain it year by year. across the territory Seven capitals are from different periods Before the 20th century, people had to harness which have differences in the waterway and urban the artificial river, Grand Canal was one transport structure, the image has compared their waterway line for capital, to avoid be destroyed by Yellow length, the size of inner-lake, location of palace, River was their crucial work. In any dynasties of market, and residence, etc. Through analysis of city ancient China, whatever the capital relocated many and waterway, I could understand how the waterway times, they always looked for a waterway directly intervenes in urban structure, and what kind of urban link to the water transport network, a lifeline for their elements would be linked by waterway. capital city and imperial governance. Chang'an, Han dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) -108- From this view, I tried to make one definition as the capital of Grand Canal, these capitals are Chang'an city dig a water channel connect not only the political centre, they were capitals the Wei river to Yellow river. One waterway had 8 considering how to use the waterway in maintaining kilometres flowing from east to west of the inner national governance, how to administer the tribute city, passing through the southern area of the capital, transporting. The waterway has importance in where located many buildings such as palaces, building a capital. temples, other ritual monuments. The waterway almost belonged to royal family or nobility, upper Waterway has highly influenced the urban plan class, they could directly obtain the tributes from and the structure of capital city, especially when water transporting. Another waterway was used the waterway entered into the inner city as one for transporting goods for two big markets near the urban river. One creation was that city planner was north city walls. From archaeological documents using waterway to collect water to be an inner-city has concluded that the southern area palaces, built lake. The other side, lakes would develop to be an royal gardens with different scales lakes, for artificial inner port for ships bringing large treasure, foods, scenery both supplying fresh water. Waterways were Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

used separately to public citizen, and royal family Chang'an, was a big capital built in Sui dynasty and upper class. and inherited by next dynasty Tang, it had built a water network include almost 50 kilometre long Ye Cheng, emperor (220-265 AD) waterway, 84 square kilometres and 36.7 perimeters Ye Cheng, it was a rectangular plan city, six walled city. The planner Yu Wen Kai designed this kilometres east to west width, four kilometres and capital in three parts that separated by the wall, they seven hundred meter south to north length, an inner are an area of royal family, imperial city and outer waterway had almost 4 kilometres. Planner of Ye city. A waterway named Cao Qu, was main water Cheng borrowed water from its north-west river supplying channel for the capital, meanwhile other to dig a water channel into the city which flowing three urban water channel used for transporting and from west to east and then went into the national domestic water. Cao Qu passed inner city from west waterway. Ye Cheng had only one main waterway to east, compared to Ye Cheng, it flowed through two which had passed northern half parts of the walled biggest markets in the capital but not enter the royal capital, which included royal gardens and inner family or palace areas. Every market has 1 square -109- artificial lake for training water army, the central kilometre, which would benefit from the waterway. area as the group of palaces, and area for upper-class Cao Qu was one urban river used for the public. The residences. Ye Cheng was a political centre which waterway had been developed to be a commercial developed north-south central axis beginning from and trading line. Except to Cao Qu, there were two royal palace to south wall gate. The image shows that more water channel south - north going into capital, waterway has been divided into two parallel sections and coming out from north water gate flowing into in the eastern area closed to wall gate. Historical Kun Ming Hu Canal, which is one section of national documents have mentioned Ye Cheng developed waterway network. water-street for commercial trading not only used Luo Yang, Sui & Tang dynasty (589- 907AD) the water transport. Governors have completely controlled the main waterway which firstly served Luo Yang was once the second capital except the royal family and upper class. to Chang'an, or named as East Capital, also located on the Grand Canal. From Sui and Tang dynasties, Chang'an, Sui & Tang dynasty (589- 907AD) governors planned Luo Yang capital, because it had Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

the more convenient situation to accept tributes from tributes for central palaces, it was most prosperous the national waterway. Luo Yang had its palaces commercial streets; other three rivers, supporting area on the north-west of city which had opened different urban areas, the Jin Shui river supplying its southern water gates to the riverbank of Luo water for the royal area, Wu Zhang and Cai rivers River. Luo river was one natural river but dredged were used for the south and north residence areas. by people to keep it as a safety waterway. There Kai Feng was experienced an open streets periods in were other urban rivers connected to Luo river: Cao history, it reformed the urban area which combined canal northern passed through urban area and went the markets and traditional residence communities into imperial palaces, which transferred goods and to form a new urban model, where the waterway tributes to imperial grain depots, where was 5 square passing through districts could be used for trading kilometres large area to store hundreds of granary for also dwellings. Royal gardens were built outside of capitals; Tong Ji Canal, had connected a public west capital next to the upstream river, such as the Jin market near south water gate and port; Li Cheng Ming lake on the south bank of Bian River. -110- Canal flew closed to north market; the Yun Canal Da Du, Yuan dyansty (1271-1368 AD) connected the south market. From the plan, there is at least four artificial rivers in the urban area to support Da Du (Khanbaliq), the capital moved to the transportation and water supplying. Luo Yang is northern area of China, but it still built a waterway considered as water network planned capital, who to connect the national water transport network to has natural river and six urban rivers as branches to obtain tribute from south-east developed areas. The structure its urban area. ancient book described that planners had a priority Kai Feng, North Song dynasty (960-1127AD) to design the waterways and then constructed the urban area and its city walls because the inner port Kai Feng, a capital in North-Song dynasty, of capital constructed to anchor royal ships. The which had three circled walls, it was a city with the urban planner was Liu Bing Zhong, and designer of central axis and three parts, the imperial palaces area, the waterway was Guo Shou Jing, they considered inner city, and outer city. Kai Feng used four natural that the capital had three hierarchies of an urban area rivers to build moat, transport goods and supply fresh like traditional capital cities, the imperial palaces, water. Bian river, the main waterway transporting inner imperial city, and outer city, they all are walled Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

cities. Two water systems served for citizens and 5.7 Conclusion upper class, one was the water transport combined by the Tong Hui canal and Hai Zi lake, this waterway The idea of Grand Canal is formed by two passed through royal and inner city, most of foods reasons, one is natural motivation that the big rivers and tributes came from the southern canal, and migrations and floods in the lower plains which have finally official ships could stop in the lake, where the generated building the irrigation works to avoid the waterfront urban area became the commercial streets natural rivers disasters, particularly the Yellow river and trading markets; the second water system was frequently have migrated and destroyed large areas mainly used for supplying fresh water to inner cities, of farmlands and towns; the other reason is cultural to build royal gardens with big lake. Gou Shou Jing motivation that the national capitals relocated and design the big lakes as water reservoirs that could needed develop the waterways of Grand Canal adjust waterline for ships passing the water gates, to connect the southern economic areas in China, this was a creation of Da Du water network. meanwhile those capitals planned their urban structure to suit for water network. Bei Jing, Ming & Qing dynasty (1368-1912 AD) -111- From the redraw plans of capitals which all Bei Jing was based on Da Du original site to were benefited from waterway to connect national expand its urban area in Ming and Qing dynasty. water transport system, they also used the waterways Bei Jing inherited the water network of Da Du. It as inner part of urban structure which influenced developed four circled walled cities. The imperial social and economic activities in different sections of cities covered three lakes, and two more lakes in waterway: the inner cities. In the middle of 16th century, a new walled city expanded from south original Da Du Waterway and area of imperial palaces, this wall, so that the new outer walled city could protect section was firstly used by the royal family who the suburban residences and commercial areas, and needed occupying waterway as the water-supplying part of Tong Hui canal. The outer city had rapidly channel and transport line. Chang'an of Han dynasty, become another big market in the central south area royal family and upper class began to build water of the inner port of Bei Jing, where collected a large landscape gardens, in other words there is an imperial number of goods from private and official ships. waterway which only belonged to governance; Ye Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

Cheng, it imperial waterway partly opened to the consumption goods for upper class in the northern public to form water commercial streets, and then the area of Ji Shui lake, and other commercial streets for following capitals developed more market area and normal merchant near the south water gates. commercial streets on the waterfront. Waterway and inner lake, it was a section Waterway and road, this is a section that proved that people control water by use hydrological shows us how the waterway combined with the road knowledge. Da Du was first capital who could using system. Kai Feng digs four water channels almost water to build reservoir which supported urban rivers parallel to principal roads which had their four urban could pass through ship locks. Tong Hui canal could functions, the Bian river transport a large number pass through different elevation to Bei Jing, because of goods and tributes, Jin Shui river supplied fresh of ten important ship locks built for adjusting the water for palaces area, other two rivers served for the height of water, so that many ships could arrive in outer walled city. Luo Yang and Chang'an capitals of Bei Jing even in the dry season. Tang dynasty had similar waterway and road network -112- Waterway and a central axis of capital, the were used for transportation. waterway never had the same important symbol Waterway and commercial area, the capital as the central axis that was a political centralized began to administer trading market in Tang dynasty. axis. The waterway although was an imperial water Generally speaking, there were two crucial market transport line, it only had a realistic value not a rules in ancient capital, one was the centralized spiritual symbol. Waterway was one part of urban market developed in Chang'an of Tang dynasty, the functions, it works as a transport method or hydraulic two west and east markets were biggest commodities engineering. The space of water did not generate trading centre for the merchants all over the world, any political energy in urban space. Waterway was Luo Yang had the same situation; but from Song constructed by people, administered by governors, dynasty, waterway and riverfront formed another and was used as one physical condition. commercial street model, where was a more open After I analysis the seven capitals on ancient street spread kilometres and divided different China, we could clearly understand why capital sections for certain commodity, this open street also planners needed the waterway to maintain the was inherited in Bei Jing, it included the streets of Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

political centre city, how these capitals were benefited from national water transport network. The capital cities relocated in a different geographical situation where formed the new urban structure with water network. The waterway has become a public water network from only occupied by single social hierarchy, the royal family or upper class. Urban planners and hydrologist worked together to make that a water channel could transport a large amount of goods for official grain depots, forming water commercial streets for trading, and large area artificial public and royal lake for recreation. Certainly, if there were no artificial river, capital city could not be built on a large scale to protect millions of people, and governed large scale territory. -113- Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

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Figure 5-13 seven capitals once built in China relied on the waterways of Grand Canal Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

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Chart 5-1 capitals migrations and Grand Canal forming in ancient China. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal

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Chart 5-2 The scales of waterway and capitals. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions

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Chart 5-3 Analysis prototypes show waterway joining in urban form in different capitals.