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Political Reviews Political Reviews 0LFURQHVLDLQ5HYLHZ,VVXHVDQG(YHQWV-XO\ WR-XQH david w kupferman, kelly g marsh, samuel f mcphetres, tyrone j taitano 3RO\QHVLDLQ5HYLHZ,VVXHVDQG(YHQWV-XO\WR-XQH lorenz gonschor, hapakuke pierre leleivai, margaret mutu, forrest wade young 7KH&RQWHPSRUDU\3DFL²F9ROXPH1XPEHU¥ E\8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDL©L3UHVV 169 3RO\QHVLDLQ5HYLHZ,VVXHVDQG(YHQWV -XO\WR-XQH 5HYLHZVRI$PHULFDQ6ëPRDWKH week later, from 12 to 13 July, Tema- Cook Islands, Hawai‘i, Niue, Tokelau, ru’s Tavini Huiraatira party hosted Tonga, and Tuvalu are not included in an international forum of experts this issue. from other governments, the United Nations, and academia on the topic of French Polynesia postcolonial nation building, appro- The period under review saw great priately named “Build Me a Nation” changes taking place in French Poly- (left untranslated into French or Tahi- nesia. The United Nations General tian). The open workshop, which was Assembly (unga) voted to relist the well attended by the public, featured country as a non-self-governing terri- presentations by Algerian diplomat tory, the first instance for that body to Mourad Ahmia, executive secretary do so since it relisted New Caledonia of the g-77 (the caucus of developing in 1986 (France had unilaterally de- countries within the United Nations); listed both countries in 1947). How- the roving ambassador of Fiji to the ever, the people whose lobbying led to Pacific Island countries, Litia Mawi; this decision—pro-independence poli- Hawaiian political scientist Keanu tician Oscar Temaru and his support- Sai, leader of the acting government ers—lost the leadership of the country of the Hawaiian Kingdom since 1996 to their former (temporary) ally and (Hawaiian Government blog); two now once again archenemy Gaston Kanak leaders from New Caledonia; Flosse, whose party swept the ter- and a Canadian economist. These ritorial elections in May 2013. After invited experts shared their knowledge Flosse won a two-thirds majority in and experience with various aspects the French Polynesia Assembly under of decolonization in other countries in the new voting system, his return to order to help French Polynesia develop power as a quasi-absolute ruler also a way to function as a nation-state in drew to a close a decade of political the future (ti, 13 July 2013). instability. As usual, both meetings were At the start of the review period, strongly criticized by the pro-French the international lobbying efforts by opposition, especially the leading the Temaru government had been opposition party Tahoeraa Huiraatira going on intensively for months and (in English, “Popular Rally”), led by culminated in the hosting of two Gaston Flosse. Concerning the Club of major international meetings. On 5 Madrid meeting, Tahoeraa accused the July 2012, Temaru hosted the meeting Temaru government of selling out the of the Asia-Pacific Forum of the Club country to Australian multimillionaire of Madrid, a group of former govern- businessman Clive Palmer, one of the ment leaders and businessmen pre- most prominent and publicly visible dominantly from Western countries. A participants in the meeting, who made 192 political reviews polynesia 193 promises to invest in the country (ti, to self-determination”—but instead of 18 July 2013). As for the “Build Me unambiguously supporting reinscrip- a Nation” forum, Flosse’s party once tion, it once more merely supported more focused their criticism on the “positive dialogue between French close relations of Temaru’s govern- Polynesia and France on how best ment, especially Senator Richard to realise French Polynesia’s right to Tuheiava, with the current govern- self-determination” (pif 2012). Forum ment of Fiji. A military dictatorship, members were apparently under Flosse argued, could not be a good massive pressure from Australia and ally in a struggle to achieve freedom. New Zealand, both of which have Tuheiava countered, however, that the abandoned their once strong support government of Commodore Voreqe for decolonization and now accept the Bainimarama was not comparable continuation of French colonialism in with typical dictatorships since unlike the region. In contrast, on 30 August, in most military-ruled nations—and also in Rarotonga, the second meet- unlike in French Polynesia—the Fiji ing of the newly formed Polynesian tourism industry was booming. He Leaders Group (in which Australia jokingly said that this meant it could and New Zealand are not included) not be such a bad dictatorship (ti, 11 strongly endorsed French Polynesia’s July 2013). In line with this reasoning, reinscription (pir, 30 Aug 2012). Tuheiava attended the third “Engag- On the global level, the Forum’s ing with the Pacific” leaders meeting unclear attitude counted much less from 23 to 24 August in Nadi, Fiji, to than the Non-Aligned Movement’s represent the government of French full-fledged support. Since the Non- Polynesia (ti, 24 Aug 2012). Aligned Movement includes a large International awareness-raising majority of UN member states, after and lobbying events like the “Build their endorsement it appeared to be Me a Nation” forum achieved vis- only a matter of time before the issue ible success, when the Non-Aligned would come up in the UN General Movement (the political counterpart Assembly. Still, however, some inse- to the economically focused g-77) curity about a UN vote remained, voted unanimously to support the especially as France and allied Western reinscription of French Polynesia as countries were still expected to coun- a non-self-governing territory. This ter lobby. At the plenary session of the success at the Non-Aligned Movement General Assembly in September, rein- summit in Iran from 26 to 31 August scription of French Polynesia was once was achieved in large part thanks to more brought up by Fijian Minister of support from Fiji and other Melane- Foreign Affairs Ratu Inoke Kubuabola sian member states. and the prime ministers of Solomon On the other hand, the Pacific ,VODQGVDQG6ëPRD .XEXDEROD2012; Islands Forum (pif), which held its Lilo 2012; Malielegaoi 2012). There annual meeting from 28 to 30 August was no immediate follow-up, however, in Rarotonga, in its communiqué and months passed without a draft “reiterated their support for the resolution being introduced in the principle of French Polynesia’s right General Assembly. 194 the contemporary pacific 26:1 (2014) Meanwhile, for the rest of the year, operating like a mafia, using strikes the country was preoccupied with not as a genuine tool to obtain various domestic issues. In November, improved working conditions and bet- a passionate debate was fought about ter pay but rather as a sort of protec- marijuana, likely sparked by media tion racket in order to extort bribes reports about the successful plebi- from business leaders and politicians scites in two American states during (TPM, Dec 2012). the US general elections to legalize The most attention, however, was the substance. As in many Pacific drawn to the trials of senator and Islands, the consumption of paka (the opposition leader Gaston Flosse, who local term for cannabis) is becoming was being tried in two different cases, increasingly popular in French Poly- both dating back to Flosse’s earlier nesia, while the illegal but lucrative term as president of the local govern- cultivation and sale of it has become a ment from 1991 to 2004. In one of not insignificant sector of the econ- them, Flosse had already been found omy. While many people see this as guilty and sentenced to several years a dangerous social phenomenon, and in prison in 2011, but he and all of an ever-increasing number of people his codefendants had appealed the are arrested for paka-related charges, verdicts. After the trial on the other President Temaru and other members case started in mid-September, Flosse of Tavini stated that it was time for got into even more trouble. Because of a serious debate throughout society his criminal conviction, he was denied about legalization. When the opposi- visa-free entry to the United States, tion criticized this initiative as irre- and, on 19 November, while he was sponsible, Tavini leaders underlined at the US Embassy in New Zealand in that the party was neither endorsing order to obtain a visa, his residence in nor opposing legalization but simply Vetea, a luxury subdivision in Pirae, wanted to facilitate discussion of this was completely destroyed in a fire. complex issue (ti, 8 Nov 12; rnzi, Flosse aggressively used the media to 15 Nov 12). portray these events as evidence of his As in the previous few years, the being a victim of a vast conspiracy, justice system dealt with several high- accusing his political opponents of profile political corruption cases and supplying information on him to US pronounced sentences potentially authorities and of setting fire to his carrying severe consequences for home (TPM, Dec 2012). several politicians. In early October, On 15 January 2013, the verdict local trade union leaders Cyril Legayic in the “Post Office” affair was pro- and Gaston Tetuanui and French ship nounced. Flosse was found guilty of magnate Bill Ravel were indicted and having received several tens of millions detained, with Ravel being accused of cfp francs in bribes between 1994 of paying bribes to the union leaders and 2005 from French advertising in order for them to let him operate executive Hubert Haddad in order his ships without constant threat of to secure a monopoly on the sale of strikes. For many years, several unions advertising space in phone books in the country have been accused of and other publications of the French political reviews polynesia 195 Polynesia Post and Telecommunica- will be suspended. The verdict in the tions Office. Flosse was sentenced to a “Fictional Employment” case, which prison term of five years, a fine of 10 itself had already been appealed to million cfp francs (us$100,000), and no avail, is being contested at the five years of ineligibility for political Court of Cassation in Paris (a supreme office, while Haddad received an iden- judicial institution that checks court tical prison term and fine, on top of a cases for judicial or procedural errors).
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