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Thomas Burri Models of Autonomy? Internationales Zentrum für Minderheiten Centre International des Minorités Centro Internazionale delle Minorità Center Internaziunal da Minoritads International Center for Minorities 2 Thomas Burri Models of Autonomy? Case Studies of Minority Regimes in Hungary and French Polynesia Abdruck der der Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich vorgelegten Dissertation Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. All Rights Reserved No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. © Schulthess Juristische Medien AG, Zurich · Basel · Geneva 2010 ISBN 978-3-7255-5958-9 Photo: © Thomas Burri 2009 www.schulthess.com Foreword by the Vice-President of Convivenza You hold in your hands, dear reader, the second book of the Convivenza Foundation series. The first book was a collection of articles by eminent international minority experts, which was launched for the inauguration of the Foundation; with this second book Convivenza lives up to its ideal of promoting new, innovative ways of managing diversity. Linguistic-cultural or religious autonomy and other forms of federal organization are particularly appropriate to promote the harmonious coexistence of peoples. When and in what ways is autonomy appropriate, though? These are the questions that Thomas Burri seeks to answer in his doctoral dissertation. He approaches the topic of “Models of Autonomy” in an innovative way, daring a fresh look at old problems and questioning the basics without prejudice. His original idea of a model of autonomy wraps up the particular with the general, while avoiding any kind of paternalism – “Sloterdijk’s ironic pitfall” which lurks for any author coping with minority situations. Dr Burri’s study crosses borders, in the literal and the figurative sense. We learn from French Polynesia, a place about as remote from Europe as it gets – but nonetheless closer than expected – and from the German minority in Hungary, which has been drowsing in the oversize shadow of the Hungarian community abroad. Above all, Dr Burri’s study is a testimony to international constitutional law. We have known for some time now that international and constitutional law can no longer be separated: international law evolves with constitutional law, while constitutional law is informed by international law. Dr Burri researches this interdependence using the interdisciplinary, holistic approach that is characteristic of modern international legal scholarship and that we seek to foster at the Institute for Public International and Foreign Constitutional Law at the University of Zurich. The results are highly encouraging. Moreover, Dr Burri’s refreshing style shows us that academic legal writing need not necessarily be insipid or overly technical. That being so, the book is a highly recommended read for all those involved in nation building or minority protection and promotion – or for those simply curious about what is going on beyond their own province. In the meantime, Convivenza continues its efforts to engage minorities and majorities in dialogue as well as further authors in the Convivenza Foundation series. Prof. Daniel Thürer Zurich, 1 December 2009 For Barbara Acknowledgements My sincere thanks go to Professor Dr. Daniel Thürer, who supervised this dissertation and proved a constant source of inspiration. I am also deeply indebted to Professors Dr. Erika de Wet, Dr. Oliver Diggelmann, Dr. Piet Eeckhout, Dr. Inge Govaere, Dr. Dominik Hanf, Dr. Wilfried Hinsch, Dr. Zdzislaw Kedzia, Dr. Joseph Marko, Dr. Robert Uerpmann-Wittzack, Justice Dr. Mark Villiger, to Dr. Michael Ambühl, Dr. Jenö Stähelin, Eric Stupp, and Dr. Valentin Zellweger for their steady encouragement, generous support during my research stays, and the fruitful discussions on the issues considered in this study. I am also deeply grateful to the Forschungskredit of the University of Zurich for the generous funding for my dissertation project and to Homburger AG, Zurich, Dr. Marcel Dietrich and Dr. Franz Hoffet, for the generous scholarship without which I could not have undertaken my studies at the College of Europe in Bruges. My thanks also go to the Otto Schnabel-Berta Gassman Fonds for generously supporting the printing of the dissertation. To my friends and colleagues in Bolzano, Bruges, Budapest, Paris, Regensburg, and Zurich I would like to express my sincere gratitude for their sustained support. In particular, my thanks go to Dr. Beat Dold and Dr. Malcolm MacLaren for reviewing drafts of the manuscript and to David Mamane for the support during my studies in Bruges. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their unwavering support and encouragement. Zurich, May 2009 IX Summary contents Introduction .............................................................................................1! Chapter 1 ! The Anatomy of Autonomy: Terms and Models...............5! Chapter 2 ! Of Uses and Abuses: The German Minority in Hungary ..............................................................................61 ! Chapter 3 ! The Freedom of the Turtle: French Polynesia ..............149 ! Perspectives ..........................................................................................227 ! ! XI Table of contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................IX ! Summary contents ...................................................................................XI ! Table of contents .................................................................................. XIII ! List of abbreviations .............................................................................XIX Bibliography ...................................................................................... XXIII ! Legal materials .......................................................................... XXIII ! Other materials ....................................................................... XXXIII ! Websites ....................................................................................... LIX Introduction .............................................................................................1 Chapter 1 ! The Anatomy of Autonomy: Terms and Models...............5! 1.1 !The concept of autonomy............................................................7! The law of the community........................................................7! Ownership of the community ...................................................8! 1.2 !Autonomy and international law...............................................10 ! a) ! Self-determination ................................................................11 ! Indeterminacy .........................................................................12 ! b) ! Minority protection...............................................................14 ! Weak wording and elusive autonomy ....................................15 ! Effective participation ............................................................17 ! c) ! Indigenous peoples ...............................................................20 ! A right to autonomy................................................................21 ! No general right to autonomy.................................................22 ! XIII Thomas Burri d) ! Self-government....................................................................25 ! Local self-government in Europe ...........................................25 ! The Charter and autonomy .....................................................27 ! Details of autonomy................................................................29 ! e) ! Implications of international law ..........................................30 ! 1.3 !Conceptions of autonomy .........................................................33 ! a) ! International legal scholars and autonomy ...........................33 ! Variety and context.................................................................35 ! b) ! On the trail of Ulysses, Aeneas, and the Taucher : a broad conception of autonomy régimes................................37 ! Dawning..................................................................................38 ! 1.4 !Models of autonomy .................................................................40 ! a) ! Previous efforts to create models of autonomy ....................40 ! i) ! The horizontal approach......................................................40 ! Full autonomy.........................................................................40 ! Factors of success ...................................................................42 ! Nordic knowledge...................................................................44 ! Experiences.............................................................................46 ! Recommendations from Lund ................................................46 ! ii) ! In-depth studies ..................................................................49 ! iii) ! Indicator models.................................................................50 ! b) ! Devising the idea of a

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