Timeline / 1880 to 1920 Date Country Theme 1880 - 1890 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts It was the era of eclecticism. The French Protectorate builds the regency’s infrastructure in the European classical tradition, constructing monuments in the impressive Greco-Roman style. 1880 - 1914 Tunisia Migrations Italian and French farmers settle in agricultural areas of the Regency of Tunis. 1880 Romania Economy And Trade 29 April: promulgation of the law for the founding of the National Bank of Romania. 1880 Romania Rediscovering The Past Grigore Tocilescu’s book Dacia before the Romans is awarded the grand prize of the Academic Society, for the best work on the history of Dacia before the Roman conquest. 1880 - 1920 France Economy And Trade The industrial boom is fuelled by technological innovations (i.e. electricity, cinema, the car and aeroplane). Advances in metallurgy results in construction of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. 1880 France Rediscovering The Past Excavations of French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero (1846–1916) in Egypt. 1880 Lebanon Migrations A small number of Lebanese people emigrate to the USA, the first of a wave of migration abroad. 1880 - 1887 Italy Economy And Trade Italy is hit by the international agricultural crisis and annual per capita income decreases. 1880 - 1887 Italy Migrations As a consequence of agricultural crisis, mass migration starts. 1880 - 1889 Italy Migrations Average annual Italian migration (temporary and permanent, to nearest 1,000): France 37,000; USA 24,000; Argentina 39,000; Brazil 22,000. 1880 Italy Reforms And Social Changes Date Country Theme Anna Maria Mozzoni and Paolina Schiff (an academic) found the League for the Promotion of Women’s Interests, the first feminist organisation in Italy. 1880s - 1910s Italy Travelling The growth of a European middle class and the improvement of transportation make tourism possible for increasing numbers of European citizens. According to very tentative estimates, 450,000 foreign tourists visited Italy in 1897 and 900,000 in 1911. 1880 - 1893 Greece Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The Corinth Canal opens. 1880 - 1920 Greece Migrations Approximately 400,000 Greeks migrate to America due to widespread unemployment and economic problems. 1880s United Kingdom Migrations European Zionism initiates a small migration, mostly from Russia – especially after the pogroms – to Palestine. Among the Jewish community in Palestine are ancestors of Jewish migrants from the 15th and 16th centuries who fled the Iberian Peninsula after their expulsion by Ferdinand and Isabella. 1880 Morocco Political Context The intention of the 1880 Madrid Conference, reflected in the agreements signed by Morocco under the reign of Mulay al-Hasan I and the countries of Europe, is to enhance the benefits of reform in Morocco and to provide a legal and regulatory framework for Mulay al-Hasan I. Following these agreements, the European countries won the right to own land and assets throughout Morocco. The agreements were the result of globalisation of Moroccan business. 1880 - 1910 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The emergence of musical nationalism. Various musicians and composers, such as Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados and Manuel de Falla, develop musical styles identified with Spanish traditions and folklore, including flamenco. 1880s onwards Spain Travelling Travelling to North Africa, Egypt or the Turkish Empire becomes part of the leisure travels of wealthy families of Spain. 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Celebration of the third centenary of the death of Luís de Camões. His poetry is considered the epitome of Portuguese literature both for The Lusiads, the epic national poem in which Vasco da Gama tells the history of Portugal to the Samorim (king) of Calcutta upon his arrival in India in 1498, and for his love sonnets. Date Country Theme 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past The 11th International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology is held in Lisbon. This important conference gives international recognition to the dynamism that Portuguese archaeology has demonstrated since 1850. 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past The remains of the poet Luís de Camões and the explorer Vasco da Gama are moved to the Jerónimos Monastery. Vasco da Gama and Luís de Camões (north and south side respectively), the two main representatives of the 16th-century The Lusiads epic poem, are honored and rest beside members of the Avis dynasty buried in Jerónimos. 1880 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces 3 October: Barbadinhos steam pumping station is inaugurated. The water from the Alviela Canal starts to be pumped thus increasing the water supply to Lisbon. 1880 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of the novella O Mandarim (The Mandarin) by Eça de Queirós (Queiroz) (1845–1900). 1880 - 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts Trends in painting in this period include: "Post-Impressionism" (i.e. Cézanne, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, van Gogh); Pointillism (i.e. Seurat, Signac); Symbolism (i.e. Moreau, Puvis de Chavannes, Redon); Les Nabis (i.e. Bonnard, Denis, Sérusier, Vuillard) and Primitivism (i.e. Matisse, Rousseau). 1880 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Soirées de Médan, a collection of short stories by Guy de Maupassant, Émile Zola, etc., is considered to be the Naturalist manifesto. 1880 - 1900 Germany Fine And Applied Arts The painting by Franz von Stuck, Die Sünde (1893), exemplifies the period in art known as Post-Imperialism and Symbolism. 1880 - 1914 Germany Migrations More than 5 million migrants from Russia and the Habsburg Empire journey through Germany on their way to America. Since 1880 Germany Migrations Foreign workers (especially from Austria-Hungary, Russia and Poland) arrive in the German Empire in increasing numbers to work in seasonal agriculture. From 1880 Germany Migrations Date Country Theme As the process of Industrialisation in the so-called Ruhrgebiet region develops, Polish miners and farmhands migrate to the Ruhr, which becomes a place known as Ruhrpoland. From 1880 Germany Migrations Germany’s colonisation of Namibia, Tanzania, Cameroon and Togo. 1880 - 1900 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era of “Naturalism” in literature (i.e. the works of Hauptmann, Holz and Schlaf) is characterised by a reality without embellishment or subjective insight (the radicalisation of realism). 1880 Germany Travelling The dome of Cologne is completed (construction began in 1248). It is the tallest church building in the world at the time. 1881 - 1920 Tunisia Economy And Trade Crises, both within the country’s social structures and the national economy, are the result of the protectorate’s grip over all the regency’s administration. 1881 - 1883 Tunisia Political Context At the metropolitan palace, Muhammad Sadiq Bey signs the treaty imposed by the French Protectorate known as the Treaty of Bardo (or Treaty of Kasser al-Sa‘id). This is followed by the Convention of Marsa in 1883. The Regency of Tunis passes from Ottoman suzerainty to French domination. 1881 - 1884 Tunisia Political Context Tunisians put up stiff resistance to French occupation without any external support. The Sublime Porte, itself threatened by the Western powers, limits the show of protest against the French occupation. 1881 France International Exhibitions The Paris-based International Exhibition of Electricity presents the telephone and light bulbs. 1881 France Reforms And Social Changes The (Jules) Ferry Law establishes free, compulsory and secular primary education for all French children. 1881 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces Designs for a telephone network in Vienna. 1881 Austria Reforms And Social Changes Date Country Theme Construction of the telephone network in Vienna. 1881 Italy Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The first Italian telephone services run by private companies start operating. 1881 Italy International Exhibitions The first Italian National Industrial Exhibition is held in Milan. 1881 - 1901 Italy Migrations 2,251,463 people migrate from Italy; 67 per cent of them go to the USA. 1881 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion At La Scala Theatre in Milan, premiere of Excelsior, mimic ballet by Luigi Manzotti, music by Romualdo Marenco. Through 11 allegorical scenes glorifying 19th- century scientific and industrial progress (steam-engine, electric light, telegraph, Suez Canal, Fréjus Rail Tunnel, etc.), it celebrates the triumph of Light over Obscurantism. 1881 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Giovanni Verga (1840–1922) publishes the novel I malavoglia (published in English as The House by the Medlar-Tree), which describes the life of a family of Sicilian fishermen. Verga was the most important author of the Italian realist school known as verismo. 1881 United Kingdom Economy And Trade When the Ottoman Empire is declared bankrupt, an Ottoman Public Debt Commission is established made up of an international body – mainly British, French and German – to manage the Empire’s finances. This becomes a form of veiled European control of Turkey’s economy. This followed a similar imposition of financial control over Egypt’s finances. 1881 Austria Economy And Trade The Osterreichische-Alpine Montan-Gesellschaft is founded to mine the rich iron resources of north-west Styria. 1881 Spain Fine And Applied Arts Birth of Pablo Picasso in Málaga. In Spain Picasso’s birth date would be established as the boundary between works of art in the Academic style and the avant-garde style. 1881 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion