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Home , 323 BC, 63 BC, Antipater, Festus (historian), Hasmonean dynasty, Herod Agrippa

Timeline: from the Exile to the and Beyond

The Babylonian Period (597-539 BC) • 597 – taken by Nebuchadnezzar II • 587 – Jerusalem destroyed, inhabitants taken into exile in • 539 – Babylon defeated by Persian King Cyrus • 587-539 – Setting of the Book of Daniel

The Persian-Greek Period (538-323 BC) • 538 – return of exiles from Babylon, rebuilding of Temple begun (completed 516) • 450s-440s – and Nehemiah in Jerusalem • 336 – the Great rises to power • 332 – Alexander conquers Palestine • 323 – Alexander dies at age 32 without an heir; empire divided among his generals

Egyptian (Ptolemaic) Period (320-200 BC) • Palestine ruled by Ptolemies; administered by high in Jerusalem

Syrian (Seleucid) Period (200-142 BC) • 200 – Antiochus III defeats Egyptians • 175 – Antiochus IV Epiphanes enthroned • 167 – Antiochus IV desecrates the Temple; builds altar to Olympus • 166 – revolt, led by Judas Maccabaeus • 164 – Judas Maccabaeus cleanses the Temple (25 December, ) • 164-162 – running battles with • 160 – death of Judas Maccabaeus • 160-152 – Jewish forces led by • 142 – Semi-independence from Syria, start of

The Hasmonean Period (142-63 BC) • Series of rulers from line of Simon Maccabaeus • Offices of King and High merged into one • Opposition of some Jews to Hasmonean rule – alternate communities set up () • 67 – Hasmonean begins between rival brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus • 63 – Roman General invades Jerusalem, visits Temple and goes into ; Hyrcanus appointed High Priest, the Idumean appointed as of

The Roman Period (63BC – 135AD) • 47 – Julius defeats Pompey in ; Antipater shifts allegiance, rescues Caesar from in ; Caesar appoints Antipater and procurator of Judea • Antipater appoints sons as governor of Jerusalem and Herod as governor of • 44 – of ; Antipater sides with conspirator Cassius against Marc Antony • 43 – Antipater assassinated – Herod and Phasael rule in his stead • 42 – Battle of Philippi – Marc Antony and Octavian defeat Brutus and Cassius; • 40 – Parthians invade and capture Jerusalem; Phasael commits , Herod flees to • 37 – Herod declared “King of the Jews,” sent by Rome to liberate Jerusalem • 31 – Roman Civil War – Octavian defeats Antony and at the Battle of Actium; Herod changes allegiance from Antony to Octavian; • 27 – Octavian named “” by , becomes first Emperor; “” rules Judea as Roman client king

The New Testament Period • 4 BC – born in ; Death of Herod the Great; Judea divided between Herod’s sons Archaelaus, Antipas, and • 14 AD – Death of Augustus; stepson becomes Emperor • 18 – named High Priest in Jerusalem • 26 – appointed of Judea (until 36) • 30 – of Jesus • 33/34 – Conversion of of Tarsus/ • 37 – Death of Tiberius, becomes Emperor • 37-39 – becomes king over Philip’s and Antipas’ territory • 40 – Crisis over Caligula’s attempt to erect a statue of himself in the Temple • 41 – Caligula assassinated; becomes Emperor; makes Herod Agrippa king of Judea as well • 42/43 – Agrippa executes James the brother of John at (:2) • 44 – Death of Herod Agrippa I, Agrippa II made king (ruled territories outside of Judea) – Judea reverts to Roman procurators; Famine (:28) • 49 – Claudius expels Jews from Rome (:2) • 50 – Paul begins missionary journeys • 50-51 – Paul in Corinth during consulship of Gallio • 54 – Claudius assassinated by poisoning; becomes Emperor; Jews return to Rome • 60-62 – Porcius governor of Judea – Paul sent to Rome for trial (-26) • 63 – Herod the Great’s restoration of completed • 64 – Fire of Rome; persecution of ; execution of Paul? • 66-70 – Judea revolt against Rome • 69 – “The Year of the Four Emperors;” becomes Emperor • 70 – captures Jerusalem; Temple destroyed • 74 – Capture of – last Jewish stronghold • 79 – Titus becomes Emperor • 81 – becomes Emperor; persecution of Christians; exile of John to Patmos

Post-New Testament • 98 – becomes Emperor • 117 – becomes Emperor • 132 – Hadrian’s anti-Semitic legislation; temple of Jupiter built in Jerusalem • 135 – Revolt of ben-Kosiba (Bar Kochba) – Destruction of Jerusalem, renamed Aelia Captolina; Judea renamed ; Jewish practice forbidden