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Kajian Jenis Ikan Pari (Dasyatidae) Di Indonesia

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Kajian Jenis Ikan Pari (Dasyatidae) Di Indonesia Fauna Indonesia Vol 16 (2) Desember 2017: 17-25 KAJIAN JENIS IKAN PARI (DASYATIDAE) DI INDONESIA Sylvy Meyta Kinakesti1 dan Gema Wahyudewantoro2 1. Fakultas Perikanan Dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Diponegoro 2. Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi – LIPI Summary As a country that has a vast sea and land territory, Indonesia contains many kinds of fish. One Species of fish that has an ecological role and has a high economic value of stingrays from the Dasyatidae family. The presence of rays not only as the income of local fishermen, but has penetrated into the international market. Even noted in the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) that 60%, or about 731,000 tons of stingray in the world, is believed Indonesia entered into the largest contributor. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the biological aspects and potential of pari fish of the Dasyatidae family that exist in Indonesian waters, and by looking at the specimens of pari fish collected at the Museum Zoologi Bogor (MZB). PENDAHULUAN merupakan kekayaandan sumber daya alam Ikan termasuk dalam golongan hewan yang harus dijaga dan dilestarikan, agar bertulang belakang (vertebrata) yang hidup di pemanfaatannya dapat berjalan secara air dan memiliki ciri-ciri antara lain : berdarah berkelanjutan. Salah satu kelompok ikan yang dingin (Poikiloterm), bernafas dengan insang memiliki potensi ekonomi tinggi adalah ikan- dan mempunyai sirip. Jenis ikan sangat ikan anggota Famili Dasyatidae. Jenis-jenis beraneka ragam dengan jumlah jenis anggota Dasyatidae diketahui hidup di mencapai lebih dari 28.900 di seluruh dunia perairan laut dan juga tawar. (Leveque et al. 2008). Di Indonesia, Famili Dasyatidae merupakan keanekaraman jenis ikan sangatlah tinggi kelompok ikan bertulang rawan yang masuk yaitu tercatat sebanyak 3.648 jenis ikan air ke dalam Ordo Myliobatiformes dan terdiri laut dan 1.248 jenis air tawar (Elizabeth et al.. dari beberapa genus yaitu Dasyatis, 2014; Fishbase 2017). Namun demikian, Himantura, Pastinachus, Pteroplatytrygon, jumlah ini jenis ikan Indonesia dimungkinkan Taeniura, Urogymnus, Neotrygon, dan akan bertambah karena penemuan-penemuan Telatrygon (Fishbase 2017, Nelson 2006). jenis baru ikan masih terus ada. Genus Dasyatis diketahui mempunyai 39 Tingginya tingkat keragaman jenis ikan jenis, Himantura 33 jenis, Neotrygon 5 jenis, 17 Fauna Indonesia Vol 16 (2) Desember 2017: 17-25 Pastinachus 5 jenis, Pteroplatytrygon 1 jenis, dorsal (Puckridge et al. 2013). Keberadaan Taeniura 3 jenis, Telatrygon 4 jenis, dan duri tajam itulah yang membuat Pari disebut Urogymnus 2 jenis (Fishbase 2017). Secara sebagai Ikan Sting Rays atau Ikan Duri umum Famili Dasyatidae lebih dikenal Penyengat. Pari tidak segan-segan untuk dengan nama Ikan Pari, Pari Ekor Panjang melukai lawannya atau melumpuhkan atau Stingray (Kottelat et al. 1993). mangsanya dalam keadaaan terancam, Ikan Pari mendiami perairan pesisir bahkan apabila tidak segera ditangani tropis dan subtropis yang hangat dan dikhawatirkan dapat menyebabkan kematian. beberapa diantaranya dapat dijumpai di Secara umum Pari mempunyai bentuk perairan tawar. Seringkali Pari dijumpai tubuh sangat pipih, gepeng melebar berenang di perairan dangkal, atau bahkan (depressed) sehingga menyerupai piringan berdiam diri di dalam pasir. Di muara sungai cakram yang lebarnya ditambah sirip dada Cibariang Pulau Panaitan Taman Nasional yang lebar seperti sayap yang bergabung Ujung Kulon Pandeglang Banten, Pari jenis dengan bagian depan kepala (Gambar 1). Himantura sp. dan Taeniura lymma terlihat Apabila dilihat dari bagian atas (anterior) dan diantara akar-akar tumbuhan mangrove bawah (posterior), tubuh Pari tampak oval (Wahyudewantoro & Dahruddin 2015). atau membundar (Last & Stevens 2009). Lebar Keragaman jenis Famili Dasyatidae ini atau luasan piringan cakram tersebut dapat menarik untuk dikaji lebih lanjut mengingat mencapai 1,2 kali dari panjangnya dan potensinya tidak kalah dengan jenis-jenis ikan umumnya diduga dapat untuk melihat pola ekonomis lainnya. Oleh karena itu, data-data pertumbuhan serta ukuran pada saat ikan tentang aspek biologi, serta potensi dari jenis matang gonad (Henningsen & Leaf 2010, -jenis ikan dari famili Dasyatidae di Indonesia, Nelson 2006, Schwartz 2007). merupakan informasi yang penting untuk diketahui. Untuk memperoleh data dan informasi tersebut, selain dengan melakukan penelitian di habitat aslinya, bisa juga dengan melihat koleksi Ikan Pari yang di Museum Zoologi Bogor (MZB) di Cibinong. MORFOLOGI DAN KARAKTER Ikan Pari masuk ke dalam Kelas Elasmobranchii dan dikenal sebagai Ikan Batoid, yaitu kelompok ikan bertulang rawan yang dilengkapi ekor panjang seperti cemeti atau cambuk (White 2003), namun bukan berbentuk sirip. Biasanya pada pangkal ekor Gambar 1. Ikan Pari; A. Sirip dada yang menyatu dengan bagian depan Pari terdapat satu sampai lima duri yang kepala, B. Mata, C.Lubang mempunyai jaringan kelenjar racun di sebelah bernafas, D. Batang ekor, E. Duri bawahnya. Pada beberapa jenis Pari, duri penyengat (Mc Eachran & de tajam tersebut terdapat di bagian ventral dan Carvalho 2013). 18 Fauna Indonesia Vol 16 (2) Desember 2017: 17-25 Mata Ikan Pari cenderung menonjol Dalam hal mencari makan, Pari bersifat dan terletak di bagian samping kepala. Pada predator yang memangsa jenis-jenis ikan bagian belakang mata terdapat lubang yang berukuran kecil, kepiting, kerang dan berfungsi untuk bernafas . Udara hasil beberapa invertebrata. Keagresifan Pari dalam pernafasan dibuang melalui celah insang (gill mencari mangsa, membuat Pari didaulat opening atau gill slits) yang berjumlah lima sebagai salah satu predator teratas untuk sampai enam pasang, dan terdapat di sisi jenis-jenis ikan pelagis (Lipej et al. 2013). kepala bagian ventral atau bawah (Allen Perilaku unik lainnya yaitu Pari seringkali 2000). Bentuk mulutnya terminal, dengan terlihat menggali pasir untuk mendapatkan posisi di bagian bawah tubuh. Sirip makanannya, gigi-giginya yang kecil pipih punggung hampir dikatakan tidak ada atau juga berguna untuk merusak cangkang tidak jelas terlihat (Nelson 2006). kerang dan kepiting Pada Pari jenis Pteroplatytrygon violacea yang tertangkap di HABITAT DAN MAKANAN Laut Adriatik Utara setelah dibedah isi Nelson (2006) menjelaskan bahwa perutnya banyak terdapat Ikan Teri, Sotong, suku Dasyatidae mempunyai lingkup sebaran Ikan Cepola macrophthalma, hal ini habitat yang cukup luas yaitu di Samudera menunjukkan pula bahwa ukuran mangsa Atlantik, India dan Pasifik. Di habitat aslinya, tidak lebih besar dari mulutnya. (De la Cruz Pari termasuk ikan yang cinta damai, tidak Agüero et al. 1997, Kottelat et al. 1993, Lipej suka diusik keberadaaannya. Ikan tersebut et al. 2013). seringkali dijumpai berenang bebas di di REPRODUKSI perairan dengan dasar berlumpur, berpasir, karang sampai berbatu. Kottelat et al. (1993) Ikan Pari bersifat dioecious, yaitu alat menginformasikan bahwa beberapa jenis Pari kelamin jantan dan betina dapat dibedakan juga dapat ditemukan di perairan pantai dengan jelas. Pari jantan mempunyai sampai tawar, seperti Pari sungai Himantura sepasang alat kelamin terletak di pangkal signifer yang hanya dijumpai di perairan ekor yang dinamakan clasper, yang bila telah tawar dan sesekali masuk ke perairan payau. berukuran panjang melebihi dari sirip perut Berra (2001) menambahkan bahwa beberapa maka Pari tersebut dapat dikatakan telah jenis Dasyatis di Amerika Utara bagian dewasa. Sedangkan untuk betina tidak Tenggara dilaporkan memasuki perairan mempunyai clasper namun alat atau lubang tawar, namun tidak sampai dibagian hulu. kelaminnya dapat terlihat. Pari sering terlihat dalam kelompok Ikan Pari umumnya memijah satu kali kecil maupun sendiri (soliter) dan seringkali dalam satu musim pemijahan (total spawner). terlihat berenang di permukaan air, maupun Setiap akan mendekati musim pemijahan bagian tengah kolom perairan, bahkan dapat ditandai dengan terjadinya bentuk tubuhnya yang pipih memungkinkan peningkatan persentase dari tingkat Pari untuk dapat berenang di dasar suatu kematangan gonad (Effendie 1997). Secara perairan (Allen 2000). Schwartz (2007) umum Pari yang telah matang gonad melaporkan bahwa jenis Dasyatis sp. sering mendominasi sampai lebih dari 50% hasil ditemukan berada di dasar perairan. tangkapan, yaitu mulai bulan April, Juni, Juli, 19 Fauna Indonesia Vol 16 (2) Desember 2017: 17-25 Agustus, September, dan Oktober (Chavert- kerupuk, ternyata bagian sirip dan insang Pari Almeida et al. 2005). juga sangat menarik minat pasar lokal maupun ekspor (White et al. 2006). Menurut Fekunditas yang dihasilkan Pari sangat Riyanto et al. (2013) jaringan tulang rawan rendah misalnya untuk Dasyatis kuhlii Pari Totol Neotrygon kuhlii dan Pari Sungai berkisar 4 sampai 9 butir, Dasyatis centroura Himantura signifer mengandung molekul 1 sampai 13 butir (Capape 1993, Jayadi, Glikosaminoglikan, yang telah dimanfaatkan 2011). Effendie (2002) berpendapat bahwa dalam terapi osteoarthritis atau untuk untuk ikan vivipar dan ovovivipar umumnya kesehatan persendian. mempunyai fekunditas kecil, namun anakannya diduga lebih dapat beradaptasi Jadi dilihat dari besarnya fungsi atau untuk melangsungkan kehidupannya, kegunaan dari Pari, tidak salah bahwa dibandingkan ikan ovipar. Saaat memijah, penangkapan terhadap ikan ini cukup besar. ikan ovipar lebih banyak mengeluarkan energi Oleh karena itu kelestarian dari kelompok Pari dibandingkan vivipar dan ovovivipar. Faktor ini harus terus dijaga, agar dapat dinikmati lingkungan seperti habitat, jumlah makanan
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