Department of Materials Science and Engineering

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Department of Materials Science and Engineering Annual Report 2011 Annual Report NTNU – Innovation and Creativity The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim represents academic eminence in technology and the natural sciences as well as in other academic disciplines ranging from the social sciences, 2011 Annual Report the arts, medicine, architecture to fine arts. Cross-disciplinary cooperation results in ideas no one else has thought of, and creative solutions that change our daily lives.

Department of Materials Science and Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway

www.ntnu.edu Extracurricular Activities

22nd International Oil Field Chemistry Symposium, Geilo, Fray International Symposium, Cancun, Mexico, Norway, March 27-30, 2011. Chairman. Presentation on: November 27 - December 1, 2011. Keynote lecture on: “Potential for improved well productivity through utilization “Thermodynamic characterization of molten salts by of sand consolidation technology”. vapour pressure”.

Member of the TEKNA Oil field chemistry symposium The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo, board. Conference Chairman for the conference in March Norway, December 12, 2011. Memorial speech on Terkel 2011 and in a program committee meeting in Oslo, October Rosenqvist. 19, 2011.

ICE-HT, FORTH Patras, Greece, June 18 - July 7, 2011. Study visit.

Project meeting with Statoil and M-I SWACO, August 12, Table of Contents 2011. Planning sand consolidation with the QNC technology developed by Temasi AS for the Heidrun field.

Editorial ...... 3 Project meetings with Statoil and Sintef Petroleum Professor emeritus Terkel Rosenqvist in memory ...... 5 Research, on the understanding of scale formation under International conferences and courses ...... 6 turbulent flow conditions, Stjørdal, Norway, August 17, Science stories ...... 13 2011. Publications in international peer review journals, books and patents ...... 30

Conference proceedings, other reports and publications ...... 35 Presentations of scale prediction data for the Culzean field,

Laboratories and equipment ...... 37 Mærsk, Copenhagen, September 14, 2011.

Chemistry Building II (KII)-seminars, energy and materials ...... 43 International MultiScale courses, Exprogroup AS, Guest lecturers ...... 45 Haugesund, Norway, September 5-8, 2011, Petrobras, Rio PhD seminar series on aluminium ...... 46 de Janeiro, Brazil, for the flow assurance group at Cenpes, Staff ...... 47 November 21-25, 2011 and at Petrobras University, Rio de Graduate studies ...... 51 Janeiro, Brazil, November 28 - December 2, 2011. PhD projects in progress ...... 59

PhD projects co-supervised in other departments ...... 63 Harald A. Øye Chairman of the Technical Committee ISO TC 226 Course program ...... 64 (Materials for the Production of Primary Aluminium). M.Sc. students ...... 66 Graduated M.Sc. students with titles of their diploma works ...... 68 TMS 2011, Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, February Extracurricular activities ...... 71 27 - March 4, 2011.

ISO Meeting, Standard Norge and NTVA Industrial Council, Oslo, Norway, March 8, 2011.

ISO/TC 226 Meeting, Bratislava, Slovakia, April 5-9, 2011.

The 15th Course on Fundamentals and their Application in Aluminium Production, Trondheim, Norway, May 9-20, 2011. Director.

Picture on front page: Samples for powder x-ray diffraction. Hydro Aluminium, Sunndal Verk, Norway, May 11, 2011. Photo: Julian Tolchard. Plant visit.

The 30th International Course on Process Metallurgy of Aluminium. Trondheim, Norway, May 23-27, 2011. Director Annual report for and Lecturer on: “The principles of aluminium production”, Department of Materials Science and Engineering “Safe behaviour in the potroom” and “Cathode failure and Norwegian University of Science and Technology cell service life for modern cells”. NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway Internet address: http://www.ntnu.edu/mse Molten Salts 9, Trondheim, Norway, June 5-9, 2011. Lecture on: “Early times in molten salt research”.

Third International Congress Non-Ferrous Metal 2011, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, September 7-8, 2011. Lecture on: “Health, outer and inner environment and safety”. The editor thanks RUSAL Khakas Aluminium Smelter, Sajanogorsk, Russia, ✔ Brit Wenche Meland, Hilde Martinsen Nordø, Elin Kaasen and Hege Knutsdatter November 21-26, 2011. Project meeting. Johnsen for collecting the administrative data and taking care of the process of printing the report. ✔ Skipnes Kommunikasjon AS for printing.

79 From the editors

Department of Materials Science and Engineering equal to 7 full courses, and instead open up for two continues to produce exiting scientific results at a new courses, “Steel Offshore” and “Resources, Energy high rate. Some of the activities are highlighted in and Environment”. Also, our two courses covering this year’s report. Research, teaching and the many electrolysis of light metals are merged into one administrative tasks related to operating a flourishing course, “Electrolysis of Light Metals”. Further, the two department is only possible by a cooperative effort international master programs are merged into one from many dedicated people, and dedication is a key new program called MSc in Light Metals, Silicon and word in describing the people at the Department. Ferroalloy Production.

Most of the year, Knut Marthinsen has acted as Head The Department operates a large variety of of Department as Arne Petter Ratvik temporarily was laboratories, often in cooperation with SINTEF, our heading Department of Chemistry. The Department main research partner. The process of establishing wants to acknowledge this exceptional effort by Knut, a new laboratory infrastructure (Solbygg), mainly to who also had to manage his other responsibilities accommodate expansions within research on solar during this period. energy, unfortunately came to a standstill in 2010. To compensate, a joint decision of SINTEF and NTNU to Excellent student recruitment to our programs establish a silicon crystallization laboratory within continued in 2011. Unfortunately, we see that many the existing smelting metallurgy pilot laboratory was students drop out early in the study. This seems to be taken. The building of the crystallization laboratory a general trend at the University, although, with some was accomplished during 2011 after several contractor variations between study programs. Counteracting delays. In spite of much frustration during the this trend is a priority, however, the lack of identified construction period we now have a top laboratory, see causes makes reversing this trend challenging. separate presentation in this report.

2011 became a challenging year with respect to Health, safety and environment (HSE) continue to teaching all our courses. Several employees were be a high priority at the Department and significant on maternity leave in addition to sabbaticals. Hence, resources is being used to improve our routines as several temporary lecturers had to be hired for well as improving safety issues in our laboratories. selected courses to prevent excess workload on our To overcome some of the challenges of being an open staff. university, we are now in the process of installing card keys in all our laboratories to prevent unauthorized The many good master students, PhD candidates access. Also the master students are now required to do and post docs contribute significantly to most of the a risk assessment as part of their master thesis work. scientific production at the Department. The majority of the research activities are a result of successful Several members of the Department were applications in competitive calls, many in cooperation recognized for extraordinary contributions in 2011. with industry and our research partners. All these Professor Øystein Grong received the “Comfort A. successful efforts are the reason we can invest in Adams Lecture Award” from the American Welding new laboratory equipment and scientific instruments Society (AWS) for his development of the Hybond needed to achieve high quality results. welding method. Espen Tjønneland Wefring received the Bardal award for excellent student work within The Department continues to look at ways to ecological aspects of material technology. The price reduce the teaching workload while at the same time was as a result of his master thesis: “Nanostructuring not compromising the overall quality of the study of oxygen permeable membranes by chemical etching programs. This year it was decided to terminate the techniques”. His supervisor was Kjell Wiik. Vegar “Specialization Course” consisting of 14 modules, Øygarden, Carl Erik Lie Foss, Julian Tolchard and

3 From the editors

Espen Wefring were recognized for having the best Research Group with topics related to manufacturing stand at the Researchers’ Night with “Svevetog og of bilayer ceramic structures. Kjemi” (Levitating Train and Chemistry). The best student award at the Faculty of Natural Sciences Chief Engineer Delphine Leroy started in our and Technology went to Håvard Mølnås. He followed technical group in July. She has an engineering degree the study program Chemical Engineering and Bio from ENSIACET, France, and a master degree in technology with main profile Materials Chemistry and process metallurgy from NTNU. Professor Otto Lohne Energy Technology. retired in 2011 when he reached 70 years of age. An important supplement to the permanent scientific staff Scientific staff at the Department is also involved is the adjunct professors. The department currently in running strategic programs at NTNU. Hans Jørgen has 14 adjunct professors, most of them externally Roven is heading the Strategic Area Materials and funded. In 2011 three contracts were renewed, Gabriella Tranell is heading the Centre for Renewable Halvard Tveit (Elkem), Ola Jensrud (SINTEF Raufoss Energy (SFFE). Manufacturing) and Oddvin Reiso (Hydro). Two new Adjunct Professors were appointed, Dr. Otto R. Lunder, In 2011 the Department was involved in arranging working at SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, and Dr. several courses and conferences. Molten Salts Trond Furu, Senior Advisor at Hydro Downstream R&D. Chemistry and Technology, MS9, was held in Dr. Otto R. Lunder, has his specialization in corrosion Trondheim in June. The conference was hosted and surface technology of light metals. Dr. Trond Furu by NTNU and SINTEF with Professor Geir Martin has his specialization in thermomechanical processing Haarberg as chair of the organizing committee. The of aluminium. Dr. Morten Sørlie (Alcoa) and Dr. Olaf 11th International Summer School on Aluminium Engler (Hydro) both ended their contracts in 2011. Alloy Technology, arranged by NTNU and SINTEF, and chaired by Professor Knut Marthinsen, attracted The annual report has the same outline as previous more than 70 participants. The course gives a years. The first part comprises short reports on some comprehensive overview of the state of the art in of the current research at the Department, the annual aluminium alloy technology with lectures focusing list of publications in scientific journals and conference on basic metallurgy and mechanics controlling the proceedings and the laboratory infrastructure. This is evolution of microstructure and properties during intended to give external readers an impression of our industrial processing. About 50 participants attended research activities. The second part, which comprises the Fourth Chinese–Norwegian Symposium on Light an overview of the staff, master- and PhD-students Metals and New Energy (4th CNS 2011), arranged and extracurricular activities at the Department, is by the Strategic Area Materials, NTNU, and The presenting a comprehensive overview of our annual Joint Research Centre between Shanghai Jiao Tong activity and is more intended for the archives. University and NTNU on Light Metals and New Energy Strategic Area, with Professor Hans J. Roven and Finally we would like to acknowledge the scientific Professor Wenjiang Ding as chairs. staff for their contribution to this report. In particular we would like to acknowledge Secretary Hege Professor George Scherer, Princeton University, Knutsdatter Johnsen and other members of the has been appointed as Onsager Professor for 2011. administrative staff for their efforts. He will work in The Inorganic Materials and Ceramics

NTNU, February 2012 Arne Petter Ratvik Knut Marthinsen

4 Professor emeritus Terkel Rosenqvist in memory

Professor emeritus, Dr. techn. Terkel Nissen Rosenqvist died April 1, 2011, almost 90 years old. By this a long and active life as a researcher and communicator in thermodynamics and chemistry of metallurgical processes had its end, but his scientific contributions live on in well-documented publications and reports, as well as in the internationally acclaimed textbook “Principles of Extractive Metallurgy”, Mc-Graw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1974, 2nd edition in 1983.

Terkel Rosenqvist was born in Asker on October Photo: Melinda Gaal 2, 1921. Already at the age of barely 17 years he began studies in chemistry at the University of Oslo and graduated in 1943. In subsequent years he was employed at various manufacturing companies and educational institutions, and also served as lecturer at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) in 1945, before being an instructor from 1947 and assistant professor from 1950 at the University of Chicago. He was appointed as an acting docent at the Norwegian The issue of building a smelter in Tyssedal for Institute of Technology in 1952. Here he delivered for the processing of Norwegian ilmenite concentrate evaluation the thesis “Magnetic and crystallographic to a pure iron product and a slag rich in titanium studies of higher antimonides of iron, cobalt and emerged in the early 1980s. To obtain fundamental nickel”, which was honored with the degree Dr. techn. knowledge of such slags, and to search for possible in 1954. The following year he was appointed full further treatments to refine such slags to synthetic professor of metallurgy at the Metallurgical Institute, rutile of high purity was a central theme of Terkel NTH, now the Department of Materials Science and Rosenqvist’s research over the last 25 years of his life. Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science Unfortunately, he did not manage to reach his goals and Technology (NTNU). with this rutile project.

The young and very active professor achieved His enthusiasm and clear thinking will be greatly wide recognition for e.g. his fundamental studies missed. of sulphides thermodynamics applied to the pyro- metallurgical processes for the production of copper, cobalt and nickel. In 1978, Rosenqvist was honored with membership in The Fellowship Class by The Metallurgical Society of AIME. He expanded its international network of contacts and influences brought by attending conferences and through involvement as a guest professor at three different and reputable universities in the United States. He also served as a UNESCO expert on the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, where he also found time for writing the aforementioned textbook.

5 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND COURSES

The Eleventh International Summer School on Aluminium Alloys (ISS11), Trondheim, Norway, June 20-24, 2011

The Eleventh International Summer School on lectures constituted a nice mixture of fundamental and Aluminium Alloys was organised by NTNU and SINTEF basic theory, applications, modelling and simulations at Pirsenteret, June 20-24, 2011. The history of the and important aspects directly related to industrial Trondheim Summer Schools on Aluminum Alloys practice. goes back to 1991. Since then the Trondheim Summer School on Aluminium Alloy Technology has gained an The 2011 summer school attracted 73 participants/ international reputation, attracting a large number lecturers from twelve countries: China, Japan, Canada, of participants and distinguished lectures from all The Netherlands, France, Germany, Belgium, Austria, over the world. The success is very much due to Poland, UK, Sweden and Norway. Three types of the enthusiasm and efforts of Professor Erik Nes, participants were present: who was the “founder” and the driving force of the Trondheim Al Summer School up till recently. Erik is • Personnel working in aluminium production now formally retired and has left the responsibility for plants, rolling mills and extrusion plants as well as the summer school to some of his younger colleagues. industrial R&D centres This year’s summer school was thus chaired by • Personnel involved in manufacturing, product Professor Knut Marthinsen. development and design • Graduate students and university scientists who are The Eleventh International Summer School on specialising in materials and who want to broaden Aluminium Alloys represented state of the art in their background in aluminium alloy technology aluminium alloy technology. The 16 lecturers are renowned international and national experts from The special topics of the 2011 summer school universities and the aluminium industry around the were “Thermo-mechanical processing and forming of world. The lectures focused on basic metallurgy and aluminium, ranging from casting and solidification to mechanics controlling the evolution of microstructure forming and formability of rolled sheets and extruded and properties during industrial processing. The profiles, with focus on microstructure-property relationships”.

The social events are an important part of the summer school, giving the participants the possibility to get together in a more informal setting than during the lectures, and to experience a little of Trondheim and its surroundings. A reception on the Pirsenteret terrace, a boat trip to Munkholmen Island with sightseeing on the island and a seafood meal, and last but not least the Summer School Dinner at the Grenaderen Restaurant are traditional elements.

Photo: Multifoto.no Photo:

Participants at the 11th International Summer School on Aluminium Alloys. Knut Marthinsen

6 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND COURSES

International Summer School on Light Alloy Castings

The 12th International Summer School on Aluminium Alloy Technology was organized jointly by the Department in cooperation with University of Padova, Italy and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA and was given in Vicenza, Italy, July 25-29, 2011. The Summer School, which has the theme “Light Alloy Castings: From Innovative Design to Advanced Applications” was taught by internationally leading experts in the area of solidification and casting and attracted students from Europe, USA, Asia and Australia. Photo: UnknownPhoto: Participants at the International Summer School on Light Alloy Castings.

7 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND COURSES

9th International Symposium on Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology (MS 9) Trondheim, Norway, June 5-9, 2011

The MS9 was held in Trondheim, Norway in June The MS9 had 115 attendees from 18 different 2011, and the technical sessions were staged at NTNU countries. There were 8 sessions including topics (“Realfagbygget”). The previous conference “8th covering fundamental, theoretical, experimental and International Conference on Molten Salt Chemistry applied aspects of molten salts. Included in MS9 was a and Technology - MS8” was held in Kobe, Japan in special symposium on the occasion of the 80th birthday October 2008. The first molten salt symposium was of Professor Douglas Inman, who has made valuable held in Kyoto, Japan in 1983, and since then these fundamental contributions to the field of molten salts symposia have served as an important meeting place over many decades. A special session on aluminium for the molten salt community. It is today probably electrowinning was included due to Norway’s strong the most important conference within molten salt position and long history of industrial activities and research. The MS9 conference was officially opened research related to this important process. Several on Monday 6th of June followed by speeches by people from the Norwegian aluminium industry took Unni Steinsmo, Head of SINTEF and Johan Hustad, part in this session. Other important sessions were Prorector of NTNU. related to electrochemical processing of spent nuclear Photo: Anne Støre, SINTEF Participants at the 9th International Symposium on Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology.

8 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND COURSES

fuel, development of new electrochemical processes The professional conference organiser “Din for producing metals and alloys, energy applications, Konferanse” was hired to assist in putting together the and the use of ionic liquids for electrochemistry. program. Also a few master students at NTNU took part in helping out during the conference. In addition There were 98 oral presentations and 19 poster to the technical program we had several activities presentations. Due to the traditional format of including an excursion to Munkholmen, guided tours spending four days on technical sessions (Monday in Trondheim and at Sverresborg open air museum. through Thursday) and one day (Friday) for a special On Monday evening we were invited by the mayor of excursion, there were up to three parallel sessions. Trondheim to attend a special organ concert in the However, each morning started with a plenary Nidaros Cathedral followed by a reception at the Arch presentation by some of the well-known scientists Bishop’s Residence. The conference banquet was in the field of molten salts. We were lucky to get held at Britannia, where formal and informal musical some of the big names such as Professor Yasuhiko events took place. On Friday we had the pleasure of Ito from Kyoto and Professor Donald Sadoway from visiting Hydro Aluminium, Sunndal plant. 44 persons MIT to give high level and very interesting lectures. took part in this very interesting event, which included A proceedings volume was also made by compiling bus transportation through Oppdal and back through about 70 papers related to the presentations at the Surnadal on the ferry boat. conference. This was distributed on USB memory sticks at the conference. Some of these papers will After the conference we received a lot of praise from be collected in a book dedicated to the achievements several attendees. We were also very lucky to enjoy of Professor Douglas Inman to be published in the nice weather with comfortable temperatures. The main second half of 2012. and long term effect of the conference is to show that Trondheim and NTNU still has a group of scientists The conference was co-organised by NTNU and doing significant contributions to the field of molten SINTEF, and the organising committee was as salt chemistry and technology. It is also our duty as a follows: member of the international molten salt family to take part in organising such events. Geir Martin Haarberg, NTNU Ana Maria Martinez, SINTEF The organisers received financial support from Karen Sende Osen, SINTEF Hydro Aluminium, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry Martha Bjerknes, NTNU and NTNU Strategic Area Materials. We spent some of these grants to support the expenses for travel and registration for young scientists.

Geir Martin Haarberg

9 Maglev train and chemistry – A price winning stand on Researchers’ Night 2011

The Researchers’ Night is a Europe-wide event bring- demonstrated how superconducting ceramic materials ing together the public at large and researchers once may be utilized in future Maglev (magnetic levitation) a year on the fourth Friday of September. In 2011 it train. The Maglev train is based on a superconductor

took place on September 23 in over 800 venues of 320 synthesized in house (YBa2Cu3O7-δ) while the rails are European cities in 32 countries. NTNU has since the constructed of neodymium-super magnets. Cooling the beginning arranged Researchers’ Night and this year superconductor below its critical point by liquid nitrogen, more than 1000 high school students joined the event. the train levitates and smoothly follows the magnetic rails seemingly frictionless. The “maglev-stand” demon While Professor Martin Ystenes gave a chemistry strated the concept of “edutainment” in an exemplary lecture and demonstrated spectacular experimental way and won the first price as the best stand in strong chemistry, another research group from our department competition with the 30 other spectacular stands.

Kjell Wiik Photo: Marianne SjøholtstrandPhoto: The price winning Maglev-team (white T-shirts) from left to right: Vegar Øygarden, Carl-Erik Foss and Espen T. Wefring. Julian Tolchard was absent during the photo session.

Visit of 6-years old to NTNU

The 6th of December we were so lucky get a visit of about 60 6-year old pupils from Singsaker Barneskole.

The visit was a co-operation between Material Technology and Biology. First, they were looking at bugs and plants. Next, the children got a 45 minute lecture of technology. The lecture was divided into three parts. The first part was spent on temperatures and the behaviour of matter. The transformation from ice, to water to steam was used as an example. Next, we discussed various metals and what the difference was between different metals. At the end we used liquid nitrogen (which is always a winner) to show how gas will change with temperature, how it will evaporate and how we can use it to smash roses to chips. As always, the children behaved exemplary, and we all enjoyed the visit.

Merete Tangstad Photo: UnknownPhoto:

11 NTNU – A strong presence in Qatar

Through its collaboration with Hydro, NTNU has been such as vanadium and nickel, and how these elements involved in activities related to the Qatalum Aluminium interact with the microstructure formation of the cast Plant, which opened in April 2010. The plant is owned extrusion ingots. The students have also studied the 50/50 by Hydro and Qatar Petroleum. In order to pro- significance of calcium and phosphorus in casting alloys, mote aluminium and materials education and research and how varying amounts of these elements influence at Qatar University, NTNU and Qatar University signed the microstructure and properties of these products. a MoU agreement in 2011, supported by Qatalum and Hydro. This MoU is the first agreement ever between Co-operation with Qatar University NTNU and an Arabic university, and the ambition is to The collaboration between the university in Doha, Hydro educate PhD and master students for future recruit- and Qatalum was established during the construction ment to Qatalum and other Qatar-based industries. of the new aluminium plant. Qatalum aims to increase This involvement also includes joint R&D projects the number of Qataris working in the company. Through between NTNU, Qatar University, Hydro and Qatalum. projects like this, one hopes to raise the level of competence regarding aluminium in Qatar, and thus ensure the Personnel from NTNU and Hydro have been visiting recruitment of Qataris to the country’s new aluminium Qatar on several occasions in 2011. During fall 2011, four industry. students from Qatar University and two female engineers from Qatalum visited Norway for three weeks. Apart from the mentioned six students and engineers The visit was part of a project investigating the micro- who have been visiting Norway, another three persons structure in cast alloys and extrusion ingots produced at from Qatar have been visiting our department. The col- Qatalum. The project is financed by the Qatar Foundation laborative project started in January 2011, and ended in and Qatalum, with Hydro and NTNU as partners provid- November. An important reason for visiting NTNU and ing supervisors and competence. Hydro Sunndalsøra was to give the students a thorough knowledge of the competence and equipment available As part of the project, they have studied possible influ- here at NTNU. The longer term intention is to recruit ence of the various raw materials used by Qatalum. The students from Qatar University to our international M.Sc. objective is to investigate the amount of trace elements, program in light metals and solar energy.

Hans Jørgen Roven Photo: Mr. Basheer Abdulrahman, Materials Mr. Technology Photo: University Qatar Unit, Project meeting in Qatar.

12 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Oxidation of methanol by dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

In our recent work with electrochemical impedance pathways). An alternative way is to simply increase the spectroscopy a multisine waveform is applied on top operating temperature. of a potential d.c. ramp. This way, a.c. components, and thus impedance spectra, can be extracted for Increasing the temperature beyond the boiling point all potentials swept over. We use this technique to of water significantly lowers the stability of the poison- perform kinetic studies of the electrooxidation of ing CO(ads) species. Thus it is of current interest to methanol (and other small organic molecules) at noble study the oxidation of methanol at elevated tempera- metal electrodes as a function of temperature. tures to detect any mechanistic changes. An autoclave set-up immersed in an oil bath allows for electro- Methanol oxidation at platinum electrodes has been chemical measurements up to 140°C with only a slight studied extensively over the last few decades due to increase in pressure. its promise as a fuel cell feed. A direct methanol fuel cell is highly desired from an energetic, and end-user Conventional electrochemical methods like based point of view, and has frequently been predicted voltammetry, potential steps and rotating disc to be the future dominating electrochemical energy electrode are used alone or together with a newly conversion device for small and medium-scaled appli developed dynamic electrochemical impedance cations. However, this has yet to be realized. Unfortun spectroscopy (dEIS) method. Impedance spectroscopy ately, methanol oxidation is a rather complicated has the advantage of effectively collecting kinetic process strongly inhibited by the slow kinetics mainly information over a broad range of system time introduced by the strong bond that forms between the constants, thus rapidly mapping the entire system surface and the reaction intermediate CO(ads). One (electrochemical reactions, charging/blocking effects, way to improve the performance of DMFC would be and diffusion processes). to develop an electrocatalyst that can either enhance the pathway through CO(ads) by lowering the stripping Figure 1 shows representative impedance spec- potential, or employ a catalyst that enhances the direct tra gathered during the positive going slow potential pathways through short-lived intermediates (parallel sweep voltammogram at room temperature (left) Figures: Kristian Per Dahlstrøm

Figure 1: Cyclic voltammograms for methanol oxidation at 1 mV s-1 at room temperature (left) and 80°C (right). Selected impedance spectra given during the positive sweep at respective potentials in the voltammogram. Note the absence of third quadrant behaviour at 80°C.

13 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

and 80°C (right). Clearly, the current increases with room temperature and an elevated temperature, even temperature since the kinetics overall is significantly though the shape of the voltammetric respons remains improved. Furthermore, looking closer at the imped- similar. ance spectra in the rising part of the voltammogram, the 3rd quadrant behaviour (implying the existence of a Identification of such mechanistic changes third time constant) visible at room temperature dis- have significant impact in the rational design of sappears at 80°C. This may imply a significant altera- electrocatalysts for fuel cell electrodes intended for tion in the mechanism for methanol oxidation between operation at temperatures close to, or beyond the boiling point of water.

Per Kristian Dahlstrøm and Frode Seland

14 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Characterization of the off-gas from aluminium electrolysis cells

To reduce the overall energy consumption in the production of primary aluminium, while at the same time increase the productivity, is a challenging task. One way to achieve reduced energy consumption is by heat recovery from the off-gas, a technology not yet implemented in primary aluminium production. Several challenges are recognized. Less dilution of Photo: Thor Anders Aarhaug Thor Photo: the process off-gas by air is required to increase the Figure 1: off-gas temperature, currently at about 120°C. Also, FTIR measurement equipment installed at fume treatment heat recovery in heat exchangers often results in plant for long term measurement of scrubbed gases from scale formation causing reduced performance and electrolysis cells. operational problems.

The current activity, which is part of the ROMA of operational parameters will be useful for both project, a Knowledge-building Project with optimizing cell performance and dry scrubbers and User Involvement (KMB), aims at developing an design and operation of heat exchangers. understanding of the off-gas from aluminium cells, and to relate both dust and gaseous compounds To determine the condensed fumes, which to a to operational parameters. New sampling and large degree occupy most of the submicron fractions, characterization methods have been implemented, both an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) is used, for in situ measurements of industrial cells and for allowing sampling of 12 different particle classes in laboratory investigations. the range of 7 nm - 10 µm. The principle is based on charging the particles in the gas flow and measure The work is focused in two directions, the origin the electrical signal on impactor plates arranged in and characterization of the condensed fumes cascade, allowing close to real time measurements and particulates and the origin and composition of the different particle size classes. Particles of the gaseous species. In the long run, a proper collected under different operational conditions is understanding of the total gas composition as function analysed statistically and, using suitable impactor Figure: Heiko GaertnerFigure: Heiko

Figure 2: Example of variation in process gas concentration. Left: COS concentration in raw gas at sampling locations 1 to 8– Right: Variations in dry scrubbed process gas; 15 hour measurement at sampling point after dry scrubber.

15 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Photo: Heiko Gaertner Heiko Photo: GaertnerFigure: Heiko

Figure 3: Figure 4: ELPI on mobile dilution rig – Particle measurements in fume An example of impactor current measurement during anode treatment plants. change.

plate substrates, characterized by means of SEM/ important for developing efficient processes for removal EDS, XRD and ICP-MS. Through characterization, the of contaminants. particle classes can be directly related to operational parameters. Most of the gaseous compounds in the off-gas are to some extent directly related to operational parameters, Exhaust gases are dry scrubbed with alumina e.g. the bath composition, current density, alumina (primary alumina) to capture fluorides. The alumina content, anode performance, anode cover material. (secondary alumina) from the dry cleaning process is Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used as feed to the electrolysis cells. Besides recycling developed as a versatile methodology for gas composition valuable fluorides, undesired impurity elements are analysis of more than ten gas components found in also returned to the cells, affecting both metal quality aluminium smelter exhaust gas. The measurements and current efficiency negatively. Hence, mapping are especially useful for understanding the formation of of the impurity distribution in the process fumes is greenhouse gases at various operational parameters.

Heiko Gaertner, Thor Anders Aarhaug and Arne Petter Ratvik

16 ELECTROCHEMISTRY Photo: Heiko Gaertner Heiko Photo:

Figure 5: SEM micrographs of size classified fume particles from aluminium electrolysis cells. Morphology depends on particle size in the fumes (from impactor stage 2 and 10). BSE (back-scattered electrons) picture shows location of impurity elements in coarse particle fractions (brighter appearance of heavy elements). Figure: Heiko GaertnerFigure: Heiko

Figure 6: Example of XRD analysis (left) and ICP-MS analysis results (right) of size classified particles - Changes in element concentrations from finer (Stage 4) to coarser particle fraction (stage11).

17 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Onsager professor 2011 – Professor George W. Scherer

In honor of the previous alumnus and Nobel Laure- ate Professor Lars Onsager, NTNU established The Lars Onsager Professorship in 1993 to award out- standing scientists in the scientific fields of Lars Onsager; Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. The Lars Onsager Professorship for 2011 was awarded to Dr. George W. Scherer, W. L. Knapp Professor of Photo: Jon Rismoen, NTNU Civil & Environmental Engineering, Princeton Uni- versity. Professor Scherer has spent all together three months at Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU.

During his stay at our department Professor Scherer has been involved in the research projects of several of the PhD students and post docs. These include engi- Professor George Scherer receives the Onsager Medal neering of vertical cracks in thermal barrier coatings from Dean of Faculty for Natural Sciences and Technology made by wet chemical approach, sintering of flat sup- Professor Bjørn Hafskjold. ported dense ceramic membranes, drying during tap casting as well as challenges related to the extrusion of ceramic tubes.

Professor George Scherer presented his public lecture titled “Protecting culture from nature – Materials science issues in conservation of stone”. Here examples from the Nidaros Cathedral was illustrating the

different deterioration mechanisms for stone and it was Photo: Julian Tolchard, NTNU explained how materials science can be used to solve these problems. He also presented several excellent lectures within the fields of drying of ceramic materials and films, sintering and crystallization of ceramics all central topics to the activities in our group.

It has been a great pleasure to have George in our group and we are grateful to the Onsager Committee for Professor George Scherer presenting a lecture on sintering. giving us this opportunity.

Mari-Ann Einarsrud

18 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Oxygen permeable membranes for oxygen and syngas production

High temperature dense ceramic membranes made from mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) perovskite oxides represent a significant potential as a reliable source for oxygen and syngas production. For this process to be industrially feasible, high oxygen

flux (target approx. 10 ml×min-1×cm-2) in combination Gurauskis Jonas Figure: with high stability at reducing conditions are required. Given the material composition there are two simple approaches to increase the oxygen permeation flux across a dense MIEC material. Firstly, reduce the bulk diffusion contribution by decreasing the thickness of the membrane below the critical value and, secondly, increase the surface area available for surface exchange reactions to take place. Figure 1: Final sintered layer thickness as a function of LSFTa colloi- In order to evaluate possible MIEC candidate materi- dal suspension solid loading. als reproducible conformation routes were established to obtain membrane structures with desired geometry and controlled microstructure. In this work thin film The oxygen transport properties (oxygen flux) of asymmetric membranes based on La0.2Sr0.8Fe0.8Ta 0.2O3-δ the membranes were characterized at temperatures (LSFTa) composition were produced to evaluate the between 800 and 1000°C varying the partial pres- phase stability and the effect of membrane structur- sure of oxygen at the permeate side. The oxygen flux ing. Porous supports were prepared by die pressing significantly increased with structuring of the permeate LSFTa powder with carbon black addition to promote surface, demonstrating that we are in a regime where the substrate porosity. Dense and defect free layers the oxygen flux is controlled by surface exchange pro- with thickness in the range of 15-60 µm were obtained cesses. Figure 3 shows that surface treatment improve by a single dip coating deposition, using colloidal LSFTa the permeation rate and that acid etching is the most suspensions (Fig. 1) and Figures 2a-b shows the LSFTa effective surface treatment in terms of enhancing the asymmetric membrane after final sintering resulting rate of oxygen permeation. Increasing the tempera- in a ∼20 µm thick dense functional layer. Modifications ture to 1000°C resulted in permeation rates close to of surface area on oxygen depletion side (permeate 9 ml⋅cm-2⋅min-1 signifying that these compositions side) were performed at micro- and nanoscale using are candidate materials both for oxygen and syngas additional porous surface structuring layer (Fig. 2d) as production. The project is financed by the Norwegian well as acid etching techniques (Fig. 2c). Research Council. (NFR/FRINAT, Project no.: 191358).

Jonas Gurauskis, Ørjan F. Lohne and Kjell Wiik

19 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Photo: Jonas Gurauskis Jonas Photo:

Figure 2: Micrographs of LSFTa based thin film asymmetric membranes. Reference membrane: (a) cross section and (b) top view. Surface structured membranes: (c) top view of acid etched membrane and (d) cross section of membrane with surface structuring layer. Illustration: Jonas Gurauskis Jonas Illustration: Figure 3: Oxygen fluxes at 900°C as a function of oxygen partial pressure corresponding to reference and surface modified LSFTa membranes.

20 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Development of ferro- and piezoelectric materials

Our studies on ferroic materials started back in the early 2000’s when ferroelastic properties of perovskite materials elaborated and this research has expanded into several types of ferroic materials and has become a significant part of the activities in The Inorganic Materials and Ceramics Research Group. The work covers the development of lead-free piezoelectric materials and searching for new compound systems and the exploration into multiferroic materials with more than one ferroic property. The work is financed by the Research Council of Norway and NTNU.

KNN-based materials Photo: Astri Bjørnetun Haugen, NTNU The development of new piezo/ferroelectric materi- Figure 1: SEM image of textured KNN material. als and technology has led to a significant number of industrial and commercial applications. Among these applications are high-dielectric-constant capacitors, be obtained in thin films. We are developing synthesis piezoelectric sonar and ultrasonic transducers, sensors routes for KNN-based films through deposition of and switches as well as ferroelectric thin-film memories aqueous precursor solutions. Texturing of these films to mention some. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based is studied by taking advantage of a molten salt flux. ceramic materials have been the most common material for these applications, however there is a huge interest New piezoelectric materials in lead-free piezoelectric/ferroelectric materials since Our group is also active in searching for new piezo PZT will be phased out because of the lead content. electric materials. Although the KNN-based piezo The most attractive materials to date to replace PZT ceramics possess so far the most promising combination are various modifications of alkali niobates (K,Na)NbO3 of electromechanical and enviromental properties, (KNN). The technological challenge of these materials many other ferroelectric lead-free systems still remain is to obtain fine-grained and dense ceramics, especially unexplored with respect to their piezoelectric capabilities. with high degree of preferential orientation of grains in Our major efforts here focus on ABO3 perovskites, with order to improve their electromechanical properties. mixed bismuth-alkali ions at A-sites and transitional metals on B-sites. These perovskites have a theoretical We have developed an aqueous spray pyrolysis route potential to posses high intrinsic strain that can be to high-quality sub-micron powders of these compo exploited in the converse piezoelectric effect. In practice, sitions. Further we have performed sintering studies this effect can be used in piezoelectric multilayer to develop dense materials and have shown that only actuators, whose numerous applications cover a wide slight modifications in the nominal stoichiometry range of devices realising micropositional principle, strongly affect the sintering. Textured KNN materials including medical instrumentation, ink jet printers, hard with a single crystal-like nature are further developed disk drives, fuel injectors, and many others. to prepare materials with enhanced physical properties. These textured materials are prepared by tape An example of such useful properties is shown in casting a mixture of sub-micron KNN powder and Figure 2, illustrating development of the strain and needle-like KNN particles (prepared by molten salt polarization loops in a sample of Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 - BiFeO3 synthesis). The needle-like particles are aligned during (0.75:0.25) bulk ceramics, when an external electric tape casting, and act as templates for further grain field of various amplitudes is applied. Both loops show growth, resulting in a textured material (Fig. 1) after a high level of functional response with no tendency to sintering. Enhanced piezoelectric properties can also saturation at high field amplitudes. Thus, the potential

21 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Figure 2: Strain (a) and polarization (b) response to electric

field in Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 – BiFeO3 (0.75:0.25) piezoelectric ceramics. Figure: Maxim Morozov

resource of this material has not been fully exploited Multiferroics within the range of applied electric field. Further Hexagonal manganites constitute a group of layered

increase of the electric field amplitude may result in transition metal oxides with stoichiometry RMnO3, dielectric breakdown. However, the working range of where R = Sc, Y, Ho…Lu. These compounds display electric field can still be further extended by reducing simultaneous ferroelectric and magnetic order, and thickness of the ceramic layer, as well as its conductivity. are hence also known as multiferroic materials, with Resolving these tasks requires a deeper knowledge of great potential for memory and sensor technology.

the material processing and properties. Our researches Hexagonal RMnO3 differ from ferroelectric perovskite on new lead-free systems have started recently and will oxides in terms of being improper ferroelectrics, remain one of our main subjects for the next years. and also strictly speaking ferrielectric meaning that the displacements of the R3+ cations are opposite of each other, but with a net electric dipole moment, as shown in the inset of Figure 3. A key question to ask about a potential material for electronic devices is how it behaves at the nanoscale when the technology is miniaturized. We have shown that the ferrielectric distortion of the Y3+ layer diminishes with decreasing particle size, but prevails down to 20 nm size, Figure

3 (a). In HoMnO3, the ferrielectric distortion of the Ho3+ layer was identified as the order parameter of the transition from the paraelectric high temperature phase, Figure 3 (b). The lattice parameters of hexagonal

YMnO3 and HoMnO3 were observed to depend strongly on the atmosphere at high temperature. This discovery has sparked fundamental experimental and theoretical

Figure: Sverre Magnus Selbach Sverre Magnus Figure: studies of the effect of oxygen stoichiometry in this Figure 3: important class of multiferroic materials. The ferrielectric distortion of the R3+ layer in hexagonal

RMnO3 is shown by arrows in the inset of (a). The size and temperature dependence of this ferrielectric distortion, Mari-Ann Einarsrud, Tor Grande,

giving rise to polarization, is given in panels (a) for YMnO3 Astri Bjørnetun Haugen, Maxim Morozov, Ky-Nam Pham,

and (b) for HoMnO3, respectively. Sverre Magnus Selbach and Espen Wefring

22 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Thick coating deposition by spray pyrolysis

The quest for power has led to the development solutions are sprayed on stainless steel substrates of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), a multi-layer heated at temperatures varying from 190°C to 280°C. component system applied on modern gas turbine engines to increase their operating temperature. The substrate temperature appears to be the most State-of-the-art TBCs are composed of a bond important parameter to control to achieve successful coat layer of NiCrAlY deposited on a nickel based deposition. Crack-free green coatings can only be superalloy, and a ceramic top layer of yttria-stabilized obtained in a suitable deposition temperature interval zirconia. The combination of TBCs and air cooling as illustrated in Figure 2, which corresponds to system decreases the temperature at the surface of the deposition of an ionic salt precipitate. Above a the superalloy of about 100°C to 300°C. Commercial maximum deposition temperature, oxides particles TBCs are currently applied by electron-beam physical impact the substrate and create a discontinuous vapor deposition or air plasma spraying, two complex loosely bonded coating, whereas below a minimum and expensive physical deposition processes. deposition temperature, a large amount of solvent remains in the green coating, resulting in a so-called A way to improve the fabrication of TBCs is to use “too-wet” film, which cracks and delaminates upon easier, more versatile and cost-effective methods further drying. such as wet chemistry deposition techniques. Among them, spray pyrolysis has gained increased interest in the last decade and appears very promising. Spray pyrolysis consists of the air blast atomization of a precursor solution towards a heated substrate. When used with aqueous solutions, it offers a safe and environmental friendly route to the fabrication of TBCs.

In this project, a home-made spray pyrolysis apparatus shown in Figure 1 has been designed and assembled. The unit consists of a spraying unit atomizing the precursor solution into fine droplets onto a heated substrate. Aqueous nitrate-based precursor Figure: Sophie Weber Figure 2: Schematic description of the deposition processes with increasing substrate temperature.

After decomposition of the nitrate species and

further heat-treatment, a porous La2Zr2O7 coating is formed with a typical thickness of ~ 200 µm (Fig. 3). The microstructure is composed of nanoparticles with a size of ~ 150 nm and nanopores. The porosity is

Figure: Sophie Weber deliberately introduced in the coating to reduce further the thermal conductivity. Designed cracks are also engineered in the coatings to improve the spallation Figure 1: life by increasing the strain tolerance caused by the Schematic drawing of the spray pyrolysis apparatus. thermal mismatch.

23 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Work is ongoing to better understand the cracking mechanisms and achieve enhanced coatings with desired properties.

Mari-Ann Einarsrud, Tor Grande, Hilde Lea Lein and Sophie Weber Photo: Sophie Weber, NTNU Figure 3: SEM micrograph of the surface morphology of a lanthanum zirconate coating deposited at 270°C, decomposed at 575°C and heat-treated at 1000°C for 2 h.

24 PHYSICAL METALLURGY Compensated solar grade silicon for photovoltaics

New production processes have been developed presence of both acceptor and donor species in and optimized over the last years for the production comparable amounts. of silicon feedstock for photovoltaic applications. The materials are generally produced through The motivation behind the present work was, metallurgical refining, and they have the advantage of therefore, to study the effect of compensated solar lower energy consumption than the standard process grade silicon feedstock on the bulk and cell properties (i.e. the Siemens process), and consequently lower of the materials thus produced, compared to the production cost. commonly used feedstock produced via the Siemens process. The materials studied in this work were Nevertheless, the drawback of these newly produced by Elkem Solar AS, which has developed a developed processes is the lower refining capability proprietary cost- and energy-effective process for the for doping species, especially for boron. A higher production of compensated solar grade silicon. boron concentration in the material leads to a lower base resistivity, which is not acceptable for solar cell Majority carrier mobility is one of the materials applications due to its negative impact of the cell properties measured in this work. As shown in performance. Figure 1, carrier mobility is strongly reduced at temperatures below 150 K, whereas the reduction at In order to overcome this limitation and increase high temperatures (above 250 K, i.e. the area of interest the base resistivity, the materials can be deliberately for photovoltaic applications) is much lower. These compensated through the addition of doping species of measurements show that, for these samples, the the opposite type, e.g. phosphorus. Compensation in contribution from lattice scattering is dominating over a solar cell material can be defined as the concurrent ionized impurity scattering at room temperature.

Chiara Modanese, Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg and Lars Arnberg

Figure 1: Temperature-dependent

majority carrier mobility, µmaj,Hall, as measured by the Hall-effect setup. Ingots A1 and A3 are cast from compensated feedstock, whereas ingot R6 is cast from electronic grade Si feedstock with B addition. CZ-ref is a reference mono-crystalline Figure: Chiara Modanese sample.

25 Physical Metallurgy

Laboratory for crystallisation of photovoltaic silicon

The Heliosi laboratory for crystallisation and characterisation of PV (photovoltaic) silicon has been expanded with a new facility for solidification. The new laboratory is equipped with one furnace for directional solidification of large ingots up to 150 kg and a Czochralski furnace for pulling of single crystal ingots up to 120 kg. In addition, a laboratory scale furnace for directional solidification is being designed and built and will be installed in the new crystallisation laboratory.

All the furnaces are financed by industry, SINTEF, NTNU and the Research Council. The development of the processes is carried out in the FME (Centre for Environment-Friendly Energy Research), The Norwegian Research Centre for Solar Cell Technology (www.solarunited.com), Eurostars and internal projects.

Important research goals are to 1) increase the material quality to give more efficient solar cells, and 2) reduce the production costs in order to make solar energy more competitive. Important aspects are also to reduce the energy payback time for silicon solar cells and to improve our general knowledge within the fields of crystallisation. The lab will be used actively in education of master and PhD students. Photo: Thor Nielsen, SINTEF The photo from the new lab shows a single crystal made by the Czochralski process with the furnace in the background. At present, three master students, one exchange student and four PhD students are working to optimize the Czochralski process and materials produced.

26 Physical Metallurgy

Engineering impurity behavior in raw feedstock materials for solar cells production

Sarah Bernardis defended her PhD thesis entitled “Engineering impurity behavior in the micron-scale in metallurgical-grade silicon production” at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, Cam- bridge, MA, USA) in July 2011. Sarah’s main adviser was Professor K.C. Russell. Committee members were Professor S.M. Allen (MIT), Associate Professor T. Buonassisi (MIT), and Associate Professor M. Di Sabatino Lundberg from Department of Materials Photo: E. Bernardis (private) Science and Engineering (DMSE), Norwegian Univer- Sarah Bernardis and Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg became sity of Science and Technology (NTNU). mothers in 2011. Marina Lundberg (left) was born on May 9th and Alice Lolli (right) on September 19th. Impurities are detrimental to silicon-based solar cells. A deeper understanding of their evolution, micro- scopic distributions, and oxidation states throughout During reduction, silica evolution is analyzed in parallel the refining processes may enable the discovery of to Fe. Fe is predominantly clustered in minerals which novel refining techniques. Using synchrotron-based influence its oxidation state. Contrary to thermodynamic microprobe techniques and bulk chemical analyses, expectation, Fe is oxidized until late in the reduction Sarah Bernardis has investigated Fe, Ti, and Ca start- process as the silica melt protects it from gases present ing from silicon- and carbon bearing raw feedstock in the furnace, hence minimizing its reduction. materials to metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si), via carbothermic reduction. After reduction, the initial low- to sub- ppmw concen trations measured in the precursor quartz increase The results show that before reduction, impurities are drastically in the metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si). present in distinct micron- and sub-micron-sized miner- The refining process is responsible for the increased als, frequently located at structural defects in Si-bearing contamination. Yet, most impurities are clustered at grain compounds. Chemical states vary, they are generally boundaries and a leaching process could remove them. oxidized. Impurity concentrations are directly correlated She has also been looking at new ways of purification, to the geological type of quartz; e.g. pegmatitic and hydro such as electrical fragmentation and leaching. Electrical thermal quartz have fewer impurities than quartzite. fragmentation and a leaching treatment are tested as a method to expose grain boundaries of “dirty” quartzite and to remove impurities. The selective fragmentation proves to be a very important step in removing impurities via leaching.

During her PhD, she spent one year at Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU, working with Associate Professor Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg and Professor Merete Tangstad. This work was partially supported by the Norwegian project BASIC. During her stay at NTNU, Sarah closely cooperated with PhD student Elena Dal Martello from DMSE. Photo: SarahPhoto: Bernardis/MIT An example of an X-ray micro-fluorescence map of a Si-bearing raw feedstock material. Sarah Bernardis and Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg

27 Physical Metallurgy

The effect of retained austenite combined with hydrogen in martensitic stainless steel

Low carbon martensitic stainless steels, or so called When this happens, hydrogen previously contained in “supermartensitic” stainless steels are commonly the austenite islands, will be released in the martensite used for pipelines and other components in the microstructure and may diffuse to potential crack oil and gas industry. They offer excellent strength initiation sites or any crack tip. The combined effect of and weldability together with good corrosion retained austenite and hydrogen may therefore lead to resistance against a mildly sour mix of oil, gas and embrittlement of the material during straining. water transported from subsea wells to production facilities. The austenite to martensite strain induced phase transformation has earlier been studied extensively at Supermartensitic stainless steels contain a certain the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. In amount of retained austenite in addition to the the work presented here, the effect of retained austenite martensitic microstructure, and this is regarded bene on hydrogen cracking was investigated by slow strain ficial because it increases toughness and ductility in rate tensile testing of standard round bar specimens that normal conditions. The retained austenite is produced had been heat treated in order to achieve different levels intentionally in pipe products by heat treatment at a of retained austenite. A significant effect of the retained temperature at which the alloy is partially transformed austenite was observed. Samples with high amounts to austenite, normally 600-700°C. of retained austenite experienced a much higher reduction in ductility after hydrogen charging than Retained austenite has much higher hydrogen solu samples with low amounts of retained austenite. The bility than martensite has because of its larger inter effect of retained austenite on hydrogen solubility was stitial lattice positions, and the hydrogen diffusion rate measured by charging small samples with hydrogen in is very slow in austenite compared to in martensite, an electrolyte. The effect of the austenite was significant, effectively trapping the hydrogen at room temperature. to a large extent explaining the tensile test results. The retained austenite will transform to martensite Particle precipitation was also found to have an effect on when the material is subjected to plastic straining. hydrogen solubility. Figure: Karl Solheim Gunnar

28 Physical Metallurgy Photo: Elena Bai EBSD (Electron backscatter Diffraction) analysis in weld coarse grained heat affected zone. Scan area 20 μm by 20 μm, step size 0.1 μm. The heat affected zone contained 4.5% retained austenite.

The most relevant conclusions from the work are: • Diffusion of hydrogen to the crack tip was aided by • The ductility of tensile test samples was greatly the transformation of austenite to martensite due reduced by the presence of retained austenite to plastic straining, releasing hydrogen into the in combination with hydrogen. The ductility was surrounding matrix. measured as reduction of area, RA, of round bar tensile test samples. The RA was approximately The effect of retained austenite is relevant for halved after hydrogen charging samples without components that are used in subsea applications with retained austenite, while it was reduced to less than cathodic protection where the austenite phase may be 20% of the original value for samples containing charged with hydrogen over time. If such a component more than approximately 10% retained austenite. is subjected to plastic strain in a point of increased • The effect of retained austenite was to a major stress such as a notch or material defect, hydrogen part attributed to the increased effective hydrogen induced cracking may occur. solubility in samples containing retained austenite.

Karl Gunnar Solheim and Jan Ketil Solberg

29 PUBLICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEW JOURNALS, BOOKS AND PATENTS

Electrochemistry Owe, L.-E.; Tsypkin, M.; Sunde, S.: The effect of phosphate on iridium oxide electrochemistry. Anawati; Diplas, S.; Holme, B.; Solberg, J.K.; Mathiesen, Electrochimica Acta 58 (2011) 231-237. R.; Walmsley, J.; Nisancioglu, K.: Surface characterization of heat treated AlPbCu model Rolseth, S.; Gudbrandsen, H.; Thonstad, J.: alloys. Low temperature aluminium electrolysis in a high Journal of The Electrochemical Society 158 (2011) density electrolyte. C178-C184. Aluminium (2011) 59-63.

Anawati; Diplas, S.; Nisancioglu, K.: Rørvik, S.; Lorentz, P.L.; Ratvik, A.P.: Effect of copper on anodic activity of aluminum-lead Determination of coke calcination level and anode baking model alloy in chloride solution. level – Application and reproducibility of L-sub-c based Journal of The Electrochemical Society 158 (2011) methods. C158-C163. Light Metals (2011) 841-846.

Bokach, D.; Gomez, J.L.F.; Tsypkin, M.; Ochal, P.; Endsjø, Skybakmoen, E.; Rørvik, S.; Solheim, A.; Holm, K.R.; I.C.; Tunold, R.; Sunde, S.; Seland, F.: Tiefenbach, P.; Østrem, Ø.: High-temperature electrochemical characterization of Measurement of cathode surface wear profiles by laser Ru core Pt shell fuel cell catalyst. scanning. Fuel Cells 11 (2011) 735-744. Light Metals (2011) 1061-1066.

Darab, M.; Sunde, S.; Thomassen, M.S.: Tunold, R.; Haarberg, G.M.; Osen, K.S.; Martinez, A.M.C.; The effect of synthesis methods on the electrochemical Sandnes, E.: activity and durability of carbon supported platinum Anode processes on carbon in chloride-oxide melts. nanoparticles as electrocatalysts for PEMFC. ECS Transactions 35 (2011) 1-9. ECS Transactions 41 (2011) 1067-1078. Yli-Rantala, E.; Pasanen, A.L.; Kauranen, P.; Ruiz, V.; Einarsrud, K.E.; Sandnes, E.: Borghei, M.; Kauppinen, E.; Oyarce, A.; Lindbergh, G.; Anodic voltage oscillations in Hall-Heroult cells. Lagergren, C.; Darab, M.; Sunde, S.; Thomassen, M.S.; Light Metals (2011) 555-560. Ma-Andersen, S.; Skou, E.: Graphitised carbon nanofibres as catalyst support for Haarberg, G.M.; Armoo, J.P.; Gudbrandsen, H.; PEMFC. Skybakmoen, E.; Solheim, A.; Jentoftsen, T.E.: Fuel Cells 11 (2011) 715-725. Current efficiency for aluminium deposition from molten cryolite-alumina electrolytes in a laboratory cell. Light Metals (2011) 461-463. EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY Kongstein, O.E.; Haarberg, G.M.; Thonstad, J.: Amondarain, Z.; Kolbeinsen, L.; Arana, J.L.: Anodic deposition of cobalt oxide during electrowinning Wetting behavior of sintered nanocrystalline powders by of cobalt in a chloride electrolyte. Armco Fe and 22CrNiMoV5-3 steel grade using sessile Journal of The Electrochemical Society 158 (2011) D77-D83. drop wettability technique. ISIJ International 51 (2011) 733-742. Kongstein, O.E.; Haarberg, G.M.; Thonstad, J.: Proton transport during electrodeposition of cobalt in Bao, S.; Kvithyld, A.; Engh, T.A.; Tangstad, M.: chloride electrolytes. Wettability of aluminium with SiC and graphite in ECS Transactions 33 (2011) 3-17. aluminium filtration. Light Metals (2011) 775-782. Ning, X.H.; Åsheim, H.; Ren, H.F.; Jiao, S.Q.; Zhu, H.M.: Preparation of titanium deposit in chloride melts. Bao, S.; Tang, K.; Kvithyld, A.; Tangstad, M.; Engh, T.A.: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. B, Process Wettability of aluminum on alumina. Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 42 (2011) Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. B, Process 1181-1187. Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 42 (2011) 1358-1366. Ochal, P.; Gomez, J.L.F.; Tsypkin, M.; Seland, F.; Sunde, S.; Muthuswamy, N.; Rønning, M.; Chen, D.; Garcia, S.; Kaali, P.; Perez-Madrigal, M.M.; Stromberg, E.; Aune, R.E.; Alayoglu, S.; Eichhorn, B.: Czel, G.; Karlsson, S.: CO stripping as an electrochemical tool for The influence of Ag+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ exchanged zeolite on characterization of Ru@Pt core-shell catalysts. antimicrobial and long term in vitro stability of medical Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 655 (2011) 140-146. grade polyether polyurethane. eXPRESS Polymer Letters 5 (2011) 1028-1040.

30 PUBLICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEW JOURNALS, BOOKS AND PATENTS

Kadkhodabeigi, M.; Tveit, H.; Johansen, S.T.: Microstructural characterization and electrical Modelling the tapping process in submerged arc properties of spray pyrolyzed conventionally sintered or furnaces used in high silicon alloys production. hot-pressed BaZrO3 and BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-delta. ISIJ International 51 (2011) 193-202. Solid State Ionics 182 (2011) 32-40.

Kennedy, M.W.; Akhtar, S.; Bakken, J.A.; Aune, R.E.: Eriksson, A.; Einarsrud, M.-A.; Grande, T.: Electromagnetically enhanced filtration of aluminum Materials science aspects relevant for high-temperature melts. electrochemistry. Light Metals (2011) 763-768. Solid State Electrochemistry II: Electrodes, Interfaces and Ceramic Membranes (2011) 415-465. Kennedy, M.W.; Akhtar, S.; Bakken, J.A.; Aune, R.E.: Review of classical design methods as applied to Fufa, S.M.; Hovde, P.J.; Jelle, B.P.; Rørvik, P.M.: aluminum billet heating with induction coils. Durability of nano-based treated wood exposed to EPD Congress (2011) 707-722. accelerated weathering. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Safarian, J.; Kolbeinsen, L.; Tangstad, M.: Durability of Building Materials and Components (2011) Liquidus of silicon binary systems. 367-374. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. B, Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 42 (2011) Gaertner, H.; Ratvik, A.P.; Aarhaug, T.A.: 852-874. Particulate emissions from electrolysis cells. Light Metals (2011) 345-350. Safarian, J.; Tangstad, M.: Phase diagram study of the Si-P system in Si-rich region. Haugen, A.B.; Kumakiri, I.; Simon, C.R.; Einarsrud, M.-A.:

Journal of Materials Research 26 (2011) 1494-1503. TiO2, TiO2/Ag and TiO2/Au photocatalysts prepared by spray pyrolysis. Stevens, D.; Kvithyld, A.; Engh, T.A.: Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31 (2011) 291-298. Oxidation of rolled and flash anodized 3000 aluminum in air, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide atmospheres. Hoang, K.D.; Geiker, M.R.; Justnes, H.; Myrdal, R.: Materials Science Forum 693 (2011) 63-70. Effect of chemical admixtures on early strength development of fly ash blended cement at low Stevens, D.; Kvithyld, A.; Engh, T.A.; Wilson, S.C.: temperature. Oxidation of AlMg in dry and humid atmosphere. Proceedings of XXI Nordic Concrete Research Symposium, Light Metals (2011) 719-724. Finland (2011) 273-276.

Zheng, S.-S.; Engh, T.A.; Tangstad, M.; Luo, X.-T.: Julukian, A.; Fadnes, T.; Raaen, S.; Balci, M.H.: Numerical simulation of phosphorus removal from Size effect on thermal desorption of CO from Pt silicon by induction vacuum refining. nanostructures on graphite. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 42A (2011) Journal of Applied Physics 109 (2011) 123503-1-123503-5. 2214-2225. Justnes, H.; Østnor, T.A.; Danner, T.A.: Zheng, S.-S.; Engh, T.A.; Tangstad, M.; Luo, X.-T.: Calcined marl as effective pozzolan. Separation of phosphorus from silicon by induction Proceedings of the International RILEM Conference on vacuum refining. Advances in Construction Materials Through Science and Separation and Purification Technology 82 (2011) 128-137. Engineering PRO 79 (2011) 651-658.

Zheng, S.-S.; Safarian, J.; Seok, S.; Kim, S.; Tangstad, M.; Kristiansen, T.; Mathisen, K.; Einarsrud, M.-A.; Bjørgen, Luo, X-T.: M.; Nicholson, D.G.: Elimination of phosphorus vaporizing from molten silicon Single-site copper by incorporation in ambient pressure at finite reduced pressure. dried silica aerogel and xerogel systems: An X-ray Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 21 absorption spectroscopy study. (2011) 697-702. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (2011) 19260- 19268.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Madaro, F.; Sæterli, R.; Tolchard, J.R.; Einarsrud, M.-A.; Holmestad, R.; Grande, T.: Bergum, K.; Okamoto, H.; Fjellvåg, H.; Grande, T.; Molten salt synthesis of K4Nb6O17, K2Nb4O11 and KNb3O8 Einarsrud, M.-A.; Selbach, S.M.: crystals with needle- or plate-like morphology. Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of CrysteEngComm 13 (2011) 1304-1313. nanocrystalline YMnO3. Dalton Transactions 40 (2011) 7583-7589. Madaro, F.; Tolchard, J.R.; Yu, Y.; Einarsrud, M.-A.; Grande, T.:

Synthesis of anisometric KNbO3 and K0.5Na0.5NbO3 single Dahl, P.I.; Lein, H.L.; Yu, Y.; Tolchard, J.R.; Grande, T.; crystals by chemical conversion of non-perovskite Einarsrud, M.-A.; Kjølseth, C.; Norby, T.; Haugsrud, R.: templates. CrysteEngComm 13 (2011) 1350-1359.

31 PUBLICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEW JOURNALS, BOOKS AND PATENTS

Osen, K.S.; Aarhaug, T.A.; Solheim, A.; Skybakmoen, E.; Bellmann, M.P.; Kaden, T.; Kressner-Kiel, D.; Friedl, J.; Sommerseth, C.: Möller, H.J.; Arnberg, L.: HF measurements inside an aluminium electrolysis cell. The impact of germanium doping on the dislocation Light Metals (2011). distribution in directional solidified mc-silicon. Journal of Crystal Growth 325 (2011) 1-4. Palcut, M.; Knibbe, R.A.; Wiik, K.; Grande, T.:

Cation interdiffusion between LaMnO3 and LaCoO3 Bellmann, M.P.; Meese, E.A.; Arnberg, L.: materials. Effect of accelerated crucible rotation on the segregation Solid State Ionics 202 (2011) 6-13. of impurities in vertical Bridgman growth of multicrystalline silicon. Psarrou, M.; Jøsang, L.O.; Sandengen, K.; Østvold, T.: Journal of Crystal Growth 318 (2011) 239-243. Carbon dioxide solubility and monoethylene glycol (MEG) degradation at MEG regeneration conditions. Bellmann, M.P.; Meese, E.A.; Syvertsen, M.; Solheim, A.; Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data 56 (2011) 4720- Sørheim, H.; Arnberg, L.: 4724. Silica versus silicon nitride crucible: Influence of thermophysical properties on the solidification of multi- Rørvik, P.M.; Grande, T.; Einarsrud, M.-A.: crystalline silicon by Bridgman technique. One-dimensional nanostructures of ferroelectric Journal of Crystal Growth 318 (2011) 265-268. perovskites. Advanced Materials 23 (2011) 4007-4034. Boulfrad, Y.; Stokkan, G.; M’Hamdi, M.; Øvrelid, E.J.; Arnberg, L.: Selbach, S.M.; Tybell, T.; Einarsrud, M.-A.; Grande, T.: Modeling of lifetime distribution in a multicrystalline

PbO-deficient PbTiO3: Mass transport, structural effects silicon ingot. and possibility for intrinsic screening of the ferroelectric Solid State Phenomena 178-179 (2011) 507-512. polarization. Applied Physics Letters 98 (2011). Brynjulfsen, I.; Arnberg, L.:

Nucleation of silicon on Si3N4 coated SiO2. Sola, A.M.; Fontaine, M.-L.; Larring, Y.; Bredesen, R.; Journal of Crystal Growth 331 (2011) 64-67. Syvertsen, G.E.; Lein, H.L.; Grande, T.; Huse, M.; Strand bakke, R.; Haugsrud, R.; Norby, T.: Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Walmsley, J.; Dumoulin, S.; Subbarayan, S.; Development of proton conducting SOFCs based on Nieto, S.A.; Skaret, P.C.; Roven, H.J.:

LaNbO4 electrolyte - Status in Norway. Quantitative analysis of grain refinement in titanium Fuel Cells 11 (2011) 17-25. during equal channel angular pressing. Scripta Materialia 64 (2011) 904-907. Sommerseth, C.; Osen, K.S.; Aarhaug, T.A.; Skybakmoen, E.; Solheim, A.; Rosenkilde, C.; Ratvik, A.P.: Chen, Y.; Roven, H.J.; Subbarayan, S.; Skaret, P.C.; Hjelen, Correlation between moisture and HF formation in the J.: aluminium process. Quantitative study of grain refinement in Al-Mg alloy Light Metals (2011). processed by equal channel angular pressing at cryogenic temperature. Weber, S.B.; Lein, H.L.; Einarsrud, M.-A.; Grande, T.: Materials Letters 65 (2011) 3472-3475. Deposition mechanisms of thick lanthanum zirconate coatings by spray pyrolysis. Chinga-Carrasco, G.; Yu, Y.; Diserud, O.H.: Journal of The American Ceramic Society 94 (2011) 4256- Quantitative electron microscopy of cellulosenanofibril 4262. structures from eucalyptus and pinus radiata kraft pulp fibers. Wærnhus, I.; Grande, T.; Wiik, K.: Microscopy and Microanalysis 17 (2011) 563-571.

Surface exchange of oxygen in La1 xSrxFeO3-δ (x=0, 0.1). Topics in Catalysis 54 (2011) 1009-1015. Cui, J.; Guo, W.; Roven, H.J.; Wang, Q.; Chen, Y.; Peng, T.: Recycling of aluminum scrap by severe plastic deformation. PHYSICAL METALLURGY Materials Science Forum 667-669 (2011) 1177-1182.

Arnberg, L.; Lundberg, M.D.S.; Øvrelid, E.J.: Cui, J.; Roven, H.J.: Solidification of silicon for electronic and solar Electronic waste. applications. Waste: A Handbook for Management (2011) 281-296. Journal of Light Metals 63 (2011) 38-42. Dal Martello, E.; Tranell, G.; Gaal, S.; Raaness, O.S.; Tang, Asadi, N.O.; M’Hamdi, M.; Jomâa, M.: K.; Arnberg, L.: Effect of crystal and crucible rotations on the interface Study of pellets and lumps as raw materials in silicon shape of czochralski grown silicon single crystals. production from quartz and silicon carbide. Journal of Crystal Growth 318 (2011) 173-177. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. B, Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 42 (2011) 939- 950.

32 PUBLICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEW JOURNALS, BOOKS AND PATENTS

Dal Martello, E.; Tranell, G.; Raaness, O.S.; Arnberg, L.: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, A 42A (2011) Combined XRD and XRF technique for the quantification 170-180. of the mass balance in a Si carbothermic production experiment. Modanese, C.; Lundberg, M.D.S.; Søiland, A.-K.; Arnberg, L.: ISIJ International 51 (2011) 1492-1496. Relationship between net doping density and resistivity of compensated mc-Si ingots. Denys, R.V.; Yartys, V.: Physica Status Solidi. C, Current Topics in Solid State Effect of magnesium on the crystal structure and Physics 8 (2011) 713-716. thermodynamics of the La3-xMgxNi9 hydrides. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) S540-S548. Modanese, C.; Lundberg, M.D.S.; Søiland, A.-K.; Peter, K.; Arnberg, L.: Dumoulin, S.; Friis, J.; Gouttebroze, S.; Holmedal, B.; Investigation of bulk and solar cell properties of ingots Marthinsen, K.: cast from compensated solar grade silicon. 3D crystal plasticity modelling of complex micro Progress in Photovoltaics 19 (2011) 45-53. structures in extruded products. AIP Conference Proceedings 1383 (2011) 322-329. Mohseni, P.; Solberg, J.K.; Akselsen, O.M.; Østby, E.: Application of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on Enstad, A.J.; Karlsen, M.; Astad, S.P.; Hjelen, J.; Solberg, facet crystallographic orientation studies in arctic steels. J.K.; Akselsen, O.M.; Østby, E.: Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Offshore EBSD characterization of arctic steel during in situ and Polar Engineering Conference (2011) 402-406. heating. Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Offshore Nærland, T.U.; Olaisen, B.R.; Arnberg, L.: and Polar Engineering Conference (2011) 28-32. Studying light soaking of solar cells by the use of solar simulator. Kivambe, M.M.; Stokkan, G.; Ervik, T.; Ryningen, B.; Lohne, O.: Solid State Phenomena 178-179 (2011) 435-440. TEM characterization of near sub-grain boundary dis locations in directionally solidified multicrystalline Parashar, U.K.; Kumar, V.; Bera, T.; Saxena, P.S.; Nath, G.; silicon. Srivastava, S.K.; Giri, R.; Srivastava, A.: Solid State Phenomena 178-179 (2011) 307-312. Study of mechanism of enhanced antibacterial activity by green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Kivambe, M.M.; Stokkan, G.; Ervik, T.; Ryningen, B.; Lohne, O.: Nanotechnology 22 (2011). The microstructure of dislocation clusters in industrial directionally solidified multicrystalline silicon. Pedersen, J.H.; Astad, S.P.; Karlsen, M.; Hjelen, J.; Journal of Applied Physics 110 (2011) 063524-1-063524-5. Solberg, J.K.; Akselsen, O.M.; Østby, E.: In situ EBSD investigation of arctic steel at sub-zero Kolar, M.; Pedersen, K.O.; Gulbrandsen-Dahl, S.; temperatures. Teichmann, K.; Marthinsen, K.: Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Offshore Effect of pre-deformation on mechanical response of an and Polar Engineering Conference (2011) 24-27. artificially aged Al-Mg-Si alloy. Materials Transactions 52 (2011) 1356-1362. Peng, T.; Wang, Q.; Lin, J.; Liu, M.; Roven, H.J.: Microstructure and enhanced mechanical properties of

Krüger, L.; Schwartz, F.; Martin, U.; Roven, H.J.: an Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zr alloy processed by cyclic extrusion and Strain rate effects on the flow behaviour and compression. microstructure of ECAPed magnesium-alloys. Materials Science & Engineering: A 528 (2011) 1143-1148. Materials Science Forum 690 (2011) 323-326. Poletaev, A.A.; Denys, R.V.; Solberg, J.K.; Tarasov, B.P.; Lundberg, M.D.S.; Binetti, S.; Libal, J.; Acciarri, M.; Yartys, V.:

Nordmark, H.; Øvrelid, E.J.: Microstructural optimization of LaMg12 alloy for hydrogen Oxygen distribution on a multicrystalline silicon ingot storage. grown from upgraded metallurgical silicon. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) S633-S639. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95 (2011) 529-533. Ryningen, B.; Stokkan, G.; Kivambe, M.M.; Ervik, T.; Lohne, O.: Lundberg, M.D.S.; Dons, A.L.; Hinrichs, J.; Arnberg, L.: Growth of dislocation clusters during directional Determination of relative sensitivity factors for trace solidification of multicrystalline silicon ingots. element analysis of solar cell silicon by fast-flow glow Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 7703-7710. discharge mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B - Atomic Spectroscopy 66 Schempp, P.; Schwenk, C.; Rethmeier, M.; Cross, C.E.: (2011) 144-148. Weld metal grain refinement of aluminium alloy 5083 through controlled additions of Ti and B. Mathiesen, R.; Arnberg, L.; Li, Y.; Meier, V.; Schaffer, P.; Materialprüfung (München) 53 (2011) 604-609. Snigireva, I.; Snigirev, A.; Dahle, A.K.: X-ray videomicroscopy studies of eutectic Al-Si solidification in Al-Si-Cu.

33 PUBLICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL PEER REVIEW JOURNALS, BOOKS AND PATENTS

Skomedal, G.; Øvrelid, E.J.; Nieto, S.A.; Espallargas, N.: Williams, M.; Lototsky, M.V.; Davids, M.W.; Linkov, V.; Effect of slurry parameters on material removal rate Yartys, V.; Solberg, J.K.: in multi-wire sawing of silicon wafers: A tribological Chemical surface modification for the improvement of approach. the hydrogenation kinetics and poisoning resistance of Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers. TiFe. Part J, Journal of Engineering Tribology 225 (2011) 1023- Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) S770-S774. 1035. Wu, Y.; Lototsky, M.V.; Solberg, J.K.; Yartys, V.: Skorpa, R.; Bordiga, S.; Bleken, F.; Olsbye, U.; Arstad, B.; Microstructural evolution and improved hydrogenation- Tolchard, J.R.; Mathisen, K.; Svelle, S.; Bjørgen, M.: dehydrogenation kinetics of nanostructured melt-spun Assessing the surface sites of the large pore Mg-Ni-Mm alloys. 3-dimensional microporous material H-ITQ-7 using FT-IR Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) S640-S645. spectroscopy and molecular probes. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 141 (2011) 146-156. Wu, Y.; Xing, N.; Lu, Z.-C.; Han, W.; Zhou, S.X.; Solberg, J.K.; Yartys, V.:

Suwarno, S.; Solberg, J.K.; Yartys, V.; Krogh, B.: Microstructural evolution of melt-spun Mg-10Ni-2Mm Hydrogenation and microstructural study of melt-spun hydrogen storage alloy.

Ti0.8V0.2. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 21 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) S775-S778. (2011) 121-126.

Syverud, K.; Xhanari, K.; Chinga-Carrasco, G.; Yu, Y.; Yartys, V.; Denys, R.V.; Webb, C.J.; Mæhlen, J.P.; Gray, Stenius, P.J.: E.M.A.; Blach, T.; Isnard, O.; Barnsley, L.C.: Films made of cellulose nanofibrils: Surface modification High pressure in situ diffraction studies of metal- by adsorption of a cationic surfactant and characterization hydrogen systems. by computer-assisted electron microscopy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) S817-S822. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 13 (2011) 773-782. Zarubova, S.; Rane, S.P.; Yang, J.; Yu, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, D.; Sæterli, R.; Flage-Larsen, E.; Friis, J.; Løvvik, O.M.; Holmen, A.: Pacaud, J.; Marthinsen, K.; Holmestad, R.: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on hierarchically structured Experimental and theoretical study of electron density cobalt nanoparticle/carbon nanofiber/carbon felt

and structure factors in CoSb3. composites. Ultramicroscopy 111 (2011) 847-853. ChemSusChem 4 (2011) 935-942.

Takahashi, I.; Usami, N.; Mizuseki, H.; Kawazoe, Y.; Zhao, T.; Eiras, S.B.; Yu, Y.; Chen, D.; Holmen, A.; Rønning, Stokkan, G.; Nakajima, K.: M.: Impact of type of crystal defects in multicrystalline Si on Synthesis of supported catalysts by impregnation and electrical properties and interaction with impurities. calcination of low-temperature polymerizable metal- Journal of Applied Physics 109 (2011) 033504-1-033504-5. complexes. Topics in Catalysis 54 (2011) 1163-1174. Teichmann, K.; Marioara, C.D.; Andersen, S.J.; Pedersen, K.O.; Gulbrandsen-Dahl, S.; Kolar, M.; Holmestad, R.; Zhao, T.; Kvande, I.; Yu, Y.; Rønning, M.; Holmen, A.; Chen, Marthinsen, K.: D.: HRTEM study of the effect of deformation on the early Synthesis of platelet carbon nanofiber/carbon felt precipitation behaviour in an AA6060 Al-Mg-Si alloy. composite on in situ generated Ni-Cu nanoparticles. Philosophical Magazine 91 (2011) 3744-3754. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (2011) 1123-1133.

Vanhaecke, E.M.M.; Huang, F.; Yu, Y.; Rønning, M.; Holmen, A.S.; Chen, D.: Catalytic consequence of the interface between iron catalysts and foils in synthesis of aligned nanocarbons on foils. Topics in Catalysis 54 (2011) 986-997.

Westermann, I.; Snilsberg, K.E.; Sharifi, Z.; Hopperstad, O.S.; Marthinsen, K.; Holmedal, B.: Three-point bending of heat-treatable aluminum alloys: Influence of microstructure and texture on bendability and fracture behavior. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, A 42A (2011) 3386-3398.

34 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, OTHER REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

Bao, S.: Frosta, O.E.: Filtration of aluminium - Experiments, wetting, and Properties and production conditions affecting crack modelling. formation and propagation in carbon anodes. Doctoral thesis 2011:301. NTNU-trykk (2011). 204 pages. Doctoral thesis 2011:85. NTNU-trykk (2011). 176 pages.

Chauton, M.S.; Tranell, G.: Güleryüz, H.: Lys framtid med alger - Algeskall er perfekt bygget for Investigation of the mechanisms governing the deposition å utnytte alt sollys. Det kan gi oss effektive og billige of sol particles on a substrate. solceller. Doctoral thesis 2011:46. NTNU-trykk (2011). 155 pages. Gemini 4 (2011) 17-19. Hakvåg, S.; Lein, H.L.; Albertsen, E.H.; Larsen, E.B.: Cui, J.: TMT4110/TMT4115 Laboratoriekurs i generell kjemi. Solid state recycling of aluminium scrap and dross Tapir Akademisk Forlag (2011). 222 pages. characterization. Doctoral thesis 2011:325. NTNU-trykk (2011). 208 pages. Haakonsen, F.; Solberg, J.K.; Klevan, O.S.; van der Eijk, C.: Grain refinement of austenitic manganese steels. Delaleau, P.P.: AISTech 2011 Conference Proceedings 2 (2011) 763-771. Mesoscale modeling of dendritic growth during directional solidification of aluminium alloys. Kadkhodabeigi, M.: Doctoral thesis 2011:13. NTNU-trykk (2011). 120 pages. Doghouse for collection of tapping gas - Observations at Elkem Salten plant and numerical simulation. van der Eijk, C.; Haakonsen, F.; Klevan, O.S.; Grong, Ø.: SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (2011). 30 pages. Development of grain refiner alloys for steels. AISTech 2011 Conference Proceedings 2 (2011) 559-556. Kadkhodabeigi, M.: Modeling of tapping processes in submerged arc furnaces. Espelund, A.W.: Doctoral thesis 2011:149. NTNU-trykk (2011). 174 pages. Arkeologi og naturfag. Under dusken: Studentavisa i Trondheim (2011). Kennedy, M.W.; Akhtar, S.; Bakken, J.A.; Aune, R.E.: Analytical and experimental validation of Espelund, A.W.: electromagnetic simulations using COMSOL®, re Bergverksmuseene og kjemiåret 2011. inductance, induction heating and magnetic fields. Adresseavisen (2011). COMSOL Conference Proceedings CD (2011).

Espelund, A.W.: Kennedy, M.W.; Harris, C.; MacRae, A.: Jernet i Gauldalen, del 2. Risk weighted cash flow a communication tool for engineers Gauldalsminne. Årbok for Gauldal Historielag (2011) 87-96. and financial professionals on new technology projects. New Technology Implementation in Metallurgical Espelund, A.W.: Processes (2011) 431-443. Jernhistorien i Stjørdalen. Historielagene i Stjørdalsbygdene. Årbok nr 21 (2011) 99-108. Kolar, M.: The effect of pre-deformation on precipitation and Espelund, A.W.: mechanical properties during aging of Al-Mg-Si alloys. Jernvinna i Tolga og Os. Smiarbeid. Doctoral thesis 2011:84. NTNU-trykk (2011). 197 pages. Arketype forlag (2011). 220 pages. Myhr, O.R.; Grong, Ø.: Espelund, A.W.: Factors influencing heat flow in fusion welding. Norway as a bloomery iron producer. ASM Handbook, ASM International (2011). 14 pages. The Archaeometallurgy of Iron. Recent Developments in Archaeological and Scientific Research (2011) 87-98. Myhr, O.R.; Grong, Ø.: Modeling of metallurgical microstructure evolution in Espelund, A.W.: fusion welding. Siste om kolmiler. ASM Handbook, ASM International (2011). 21 pages. Adresseavisen (2011). Owe, L.-E.: Fleming, N.; Berge, E.; Ridene, M.; Østvold, T.; Jøsang, Characterisation of iridium oxides for acidic water L.O.; Rohde, H.C.: electrolysis. Controlled use of downhole calcium carbonate scaling Doctoral thesis 2011:190. NTNU-trykk (2011). 195 pages. for sand control: Laboratory & field results, Gullfaks. 9th SPE European Formation Damage Conference (2011).

35 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, OTHER REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

Poletaev, A.A.: Hydrogen storage in Mg-based alloys nanostructured by rapid solidification. Doctoral thesis 2011:197. NTNU-trykk (2011). 148 pages.

Seim, S.: Experimental investigations and phase relations in the

liquid FeTiO3-Ti2O3-TiO2 slag system. Doctoral thesis 2011:105. NTNU-trykk (2011). 271 pages.

Stokkan, G.; Lundberg, M.D.S.; Olaisen, B.R.; Søndenå, R.; Dahl, Ø.: Characterisation techniques for silicon solar cells. NTNU Trykk (2011). 210 pages.

Tan, J.: Anodic activation of aluminum by trace element tin. Doctoral thesis 2011:241. NTNU-trykk (2011). 160 pages.

Xiao, S.: Depolarized gas anodes for electrowinning in molten salts. Doctoral thesis 2011:130. NTNU-trykk (2011). 106 pages.

36 LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT

METALLOGRAPHY LABORATORY

Professor Jan Ketil Solberg has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Senior Engineer Pål Ulseth and Staff Engineer Torild Krogstad are responsible for the daily management. Location: AGV2: E-508, E-514, E-514A and E-520.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory consists of equipment for sampling, metallographic preparation, documentation and characterization of prepared surfaces in general for light microscopy but also for SEM and TEM. Hardness testing. Classical metallographic preparation equipment: Abrasive cutting, grinding and polishing. Mounting press, grinding and polishing machines, semi automatic preparation machines. Equipment for marking, precision cutting, ultrasonic cleaning and drying. We do electrolytic polishing of specimens to be examined in SEM/TEM. Several light microscopes with digital cameras with accompanying software for image analysis. Micro and macro hardness testers. Sigmascope for measuring electrical resistance.

HEAT TREATMENT LABORATORY

Professor Jan Ketil Solberg has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Senior Engineer Pål Ulseth is responsible for the daily management. Location: AGV2: A-441 and EK-007.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory is equipped with furnaces to heat treat materials. 4 muffle furnaces: Naberterm T > 1100°C, Naberterm T > 1280°C, Naberterm T > 1100°C air circulated and Heraus T > 750°C air circulated. Tube furnaces T > 1000 °C. 10 saltbaths for 300-600°C heat treatment and 5 oilbaths for the temperature range RT - 200°C. Abrasive cutting: 3 Discotomes.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE LABORATORY

Professor Jarle Hjelen and Professor Jan Ketil Solberg have overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Close cooperation with the Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering. Location: AGV2: F-361, F-362, F-369, F-370 and F-373.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory is equipped with several electron microscopes; SEM, FESEM, LVSEM, FIB, TEM and EPMA, as well as equipment for preparing specimens for these microscopes. JEM-2010 TEM with STEM unit, Oxford ISIS EDS, Gatan GIF200 Electron energy loss analysis: Characterization of crystal structure and micro/nano structures down to atomic level. FEI, FIB200: Preparation of specimens for SEM/EBSD and TEM. JEOL JXA-8500F EPMA, microprobe analyzer with 5 WDS, JED EDS, and Ocean Optics fiber-optic CL spectrometer (200 to 1100 nm) with xCLent software: Determination of local chemical composition and microstructures down to nano level. Zeiss ULTRA 55 Limited Edition FESEM with EDAX Pegasus XM2 EDS system, in-situ tensile sub stage (including moduls for heating and cooling), NORDIF UF-1000 EBSD detector: high resolution electron imaging, crystal orientation mapping, X-ray microanalysis, in-situ deformation at temperatures between -60ºC and +750ºC. Zeiss SUPRA 55 VP LVFESEM with Bruker 800 EDS system, NORDIF CD-200 EBSD with large area EBSD mapping function: high resolution electron imaging, X-ray microanalysis, EBSD mapping of large Si wafers. Hitachi SU-6600 FESEM with Bruker EDS, CL and NORDIF UF-1000 off-line EBSD system: high current FESEM for fast EDS and EBSD acquisition. 2 Jeol JSM 840 SEMs, one is equipped with an in-house made nano soldering unit, the other with a dedicatated on-line NORDIF EBSD system for Si wafer characterisation. Fischione: 200 dimpling grinder, 170 ultrasonic disk cutter, ion mill model 1010: specimen preparation for TEM. ION TECH ion sputter: Preparation of SEM specimens. Fischione plasma cleaner, model 1020: Cleaning of specimens prior to installation in SEM/TEM/Microprobe analyser. Agar turbo carbon coater: coating of non conducting SEM and EPMA specimens. Edwards sputter coater S150S: Au-coating of non conducting SEM/EPMA specimens. In-house made multifunction high vacuum pumping unit for testing of vacuum compatibility of specimens. Alcatel ASM He leak detection instrument.

37 LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT

MECHANICAL TESTING LABORATORY, METAL FORMING LABORATORY AND ROLLING&HOT TORSION LABORATORY

Professor Hans Jørgen Roven (mechanical testing, characterization and fatigue; metal forming; novel extrusion technology) and Professor Bjørn Holmedal (rolling and hot torsion) have overall scientific responsibility for the respective laboratories. The technical responsibility and operational drift of these labs are managed by Senior Engineer Pål C. Skaret. Location: AGV2: E-112, E-S004, E-S008 and A-K047.

Equipment (description and specification) The Mechanical Testing laboratory is equipped with modern units for tensile testing, fatigue, fracture toughness, compression, bending, simple shear, accelerated creep, superplastic properties, multi-scale strain measurements. The Metal Forming laboratory includes special equipment for nanostructuring metals by severe plastic deformation, formability tests, novel screw extrusion for metals, classical extrusion, forging, special pressure tests at high T, hydroforming at room temperature. The Rolling and Hot Torsion laboratory encompasses cold rolling and hot torsion testing. For mechanical characterization of metals and materials: Two servohydraulic computerized universal test machines (100 kN in tension/ compression): MTS 810 and MTS 880. The forming, formability and nanostructuring units include 1 manual hydraulic press (60 tons) and 1 computerized servohydraulic MTS 1000 kN press with a second biaxial servohydraulic actuator (100 kN). The press units have special tools for nanostructuring of metals such as equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), continuous ECAP, back-pressure ECAP, moderate – and high pressure torsion (MPT & HPT), but also special dies for hydroforming, formability testing and backward extrusion. Strain analyses and forming limit diagrams (FLDs) can be established based on automatic 3D strain analyses (ASAME) or digital speckle correlation analyses (DSCA). There are also special units for new extrusion technologies. The cold rolling mills are 1 servohydraulic one-stand (maximum 150 mm width) and 1 electricity powered small scale mill. A servohydraulic hot torsion unit is internally constructed and has computerized control and data acquisition.

METAL SOLIDIFICATION/CASTING LABORATORY

Professor Lars Arnberg has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: AGV2: K-007 and access to SINTEF Foundry laboratory, Richard Birkelands vei.

Equipment (description and specification) The Solidification laboratory has equipment for solidification experiments and aluminium alloy production. 3 resistance furnaces for melting 1-5 kg metal at temperature up to 1000°C. Computer equipment: Software for recording temperature during solidification. Melt viscosimeter: The equipment is used to measure rheological properties of partly solidified metal up to 1000°C. The foundry has an induction furnace for iron and steel with 100 kg capacity, a drop coil induction furnace and a resistance furnace for melting 100 kg of aluminium with rotary degassing equipment. There is also a low pressure casting unit with 150 kg melt capacity. The lab has also sand moulding facilities including core shooter and a sand/ resin mixing unit. Melt diagnostic equipment includes ALSPEC H hydrogen analyser PODFA, reduced pressure test and computer logging facilities.

SOLAR SILICON SOLIDIFICATION LABORATORY

Associate Professor Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: AGV2: GM-103.

Equipment (description and specification) The Heliosi-laboratory is a clean room class 10 000 (particles/foot3) and equipped for crystallization of high purity PV Si. Bridgman pilot scale furnace type Crystalox DS 250 for directional solidification of silicon ingots up to 12 kg Si. Typical size: Diameter: 250 mm, height: 100-120 mm. Equipment for protective crucibles coating including automatic coating and a muffle furnace for firing of the coating. A Cyberstar directional solidification furnace is used to produce square multicrystalline silicon ingots up to 125 kg weight. The laboratory is also equipped with a Ferrotech full scale Czochralski furnace for production of silicon monocrystals up to 80 kg.

CHARACTERIZATION OF SILICON – SOLAR CELL MATERIALS LABORATORY

Associate Professor Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg and Research Scientist Gaute Stokkan have overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: AGV2: GM-110, GM-104, GM-208 and E-418.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory consists of different activities of material characterization. Carrier lifetime measurements: QSSPC (quasi steady state photoconductance) and CDI (carrier density imaging). PVScan 6000: Maps dislocation density on etched surfaces over large areas. Infrared radiography: Shows inclusions and cracks in silicon. LBIC (Light Beam Induced Current): Local short circuit current of solar cells. Furnaces for high temperature annealing in protective atmosphere, T < 1400°C: Studies of stability of microstructure during annealing/cooling. GDMS (glow discharge mass spectrometer): Trace element analysis in Si and Al Concentrations down to ~ 1 ppb. FPP (four point probe) resistivity measurements: Control of resistivity and doping level. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy): Measures concentration of oxygen and carbon in silicon. Suns-Voc: Estimates IV-curves during and after cell processing.

38 LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT

SILICON SOLAR CELL – ETCHING LABORATORY

Associate Professor Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg and Research Scientist Gaute Stokkan have overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: AGV2: E-114.

Equipment (description and specification) This laboratory is dedicated to etching of silicon samples and wafers. Wet bench with temperature and flow control for: Cleaning, chemical polishing and defect etching using mainly acidic chemistries. Both standard processes such as Piranha and Standard clean, Sopori and CP4-etching on larger batches as well as dedicated non-standard small scale experiments can be performed. Most processes involve the use of hydrofluoric acid, therefore strict HSE regulations are enforced. Only trained personnel are allowed in this laboratory.

PROCESS METALLURGY/METALS PRODUCTION LABORATORY

Professor Merete Tangstad, Professor Leiv Kolbeinsen, Professor Ragnhild E. Aune and Associate Professor Gabriella Tranell have overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: AGV2: GM-118, E-118, E-204, E-214, “Smeltehallen”, K-013, K-020 and K-03x.

Equipment (description and specification) The major part of the equipment is high temperature furnaces used for developing and studying industrial high temperature processes, as refining of liquid metal and production of ferroalloys and silicon. In this, also characterization of raw materials to these processes is of importance. One phase furnace: 150 kW, top and bottom electrode. Inductotherm induction furnace: 75kW, 2000°C. Baltzer vacuum induction furnace: Low vacuum, 2000°C. “Blå” vacuum ind. furnace: High vacuum, 2000°C. Elotherm furnace: 500 kg, 2000°C. Crucible (Al) furnace. Electromagnetic furnace. Plasma rotary furnace: 20kg/h, >2000°C. PPM reactor. Versatile furnace: g scale, 2400°C. Tubefurnace 1: (red/ox). Graphite tube furnaces 1-3:/ g scale, 1650ºC. Tubefurnaces 2-3: g scale, 2400°C. DisVaDRI furnace: (red/inert), 500 g, 1200°C. TGA/DTA (lowtemp): 830. TGA/DTA (hightemp): 2400°C, 0,3g. El. res. furnace. Wettability furnaces: mg scale, 1800°C. Cold crucible furnace, meltspinner, muffle furnace, drier, mill, crushing equipment, sieves, axialpress.

DIFFRACTOMETER LABORATORY

Professor Bjørn Holmedal has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: AGV2: A-347.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory is equipped with a diffractometer, an instrument for measuring X-ray diffraction. In addition there is software for analyzing the metal texture, i.e. the statistical distribution of crystal orientations in a metal (pole figures, orientation distribution function (odf)). X-ray diffractometer: Siemens D5000. Texture software: Bruker.

CHEMISTRY BUILDING II STUDENTLABORATORY

B2-100, B2-114 and B2-169: Associate Professor Hilde Lea Lein has overall scientific responsibility. Senior Engineer Gunn Torill Wikdahl, Senior Engineer Elin Harboe Albertsen and Senior Engineer May Grete Sætran are responsible for the daily management. B2-117, B2-123 and B2-129: Associate Professor Hilde Lea Lein has overall scientific responsibility. Chief Engineer Eli Beate Larsen and Senior Engineer Elin Harboe Albertsen are responsible for the daily management. Location: B2 in “Realfagbygget”: B2-100, B2-114, B2-117, B2-123, B2-129 and B2-169 (student laboratories), B2-109, B2-116 and B2-130 (balance rooms), B2-132 (furnace room), B2-120 and B2-118 (storage rooms), B2-141 (preparation laboratory room), B2-111 and B2-116b (offices).

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratories are used for laboratory courses in general chemistry for 1st grade students, and are equipped with general equipment and instrumentation for this activity. 2 1200 degrees chamber furnaces, 50 pH- meters, 9 spectrophotometers, 90 volt meters, 12 power regulators, 9 drying cupboards, 12 centrifuges, 12 analytical balances and 6 balances.

39 LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT

LABORATORY FOR CERAMIC SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Professor Mari-Ann Einarsrud has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: Chemistry Building II: 001, 008, 011, 018, 022, 032B, 035, 107, 119 and 125. AGV2: Hot press laboratory.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory consists of equipment for ceramics processing and engineering: powder synthesis, powder handling, green body formation, firing and machining of ceramics. It is also equipped for the preparation of ceramic thin films and coatings. Spray pyrolyser: Pilot scale equipment for the manufacture of ceramic oxide powders, capacity of 10 kg per day. Wet chemical synthesis of ceramic and inorganic materials: Chemical synthesis equipment, ultrasonic bath, ultrasonic finger, rotavapor, autoclave for hydrothermal synthesis, autoclave for super critical drying, centrifuge, incubator. Handling, dispersion and milling of powder: Viscometer, rheometer, ball mills, planetary mill, drying cupboard. Manufacturing of films of ceramic and inorganic materials on substrates: Dip coaters, spray coaters, spin coater. Equipment for manufacture of green bodies of ceramic materials: Presses, laminating press, extruder, tapecaster. Drying, calcination and firing of ceramic materials: Chamber furnaces, tube furnaces, high temperature furnaces, hot presses, clean room furnaces and high pressure furnace. Grinding and polishing: Polishing equipment, grinding equipment, cutting tools.

LABORATORY FOR CERAMIC SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, CHARACTERIZATION

Professor Kjell Wiik has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: Chemistry Building II: 014, 018, 032B, 034B, 103 and 107. Perleporten: Lab.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory is equipped for the characterization of microstructural, thermal, physical, structural and mechanical properties of ceramics. Mechanical testing: Biaxial tester, beam bending of gels to measure mechanical strength and permeability, equipment for 4-points bending test and creep test of ceramic materials at temperatures up to 1100 degrees under controlled atmosphere. Thermal analysis: Thermogravimetric analysis equipment (TGA), thermogravimetric analysis equipment with attached mass spectrometer, differential thermoanalysis equipment (DTA, DSC), and dilatometers. Particle size/surface: Nitrogen adsorption equipment for measuring of surface area and pore size, particle size analyser, and He pycnometer. Transport and dielectric properties: Equipment for measuring electrical conductivity and conductivity relaxation, measuring of gas permeability, characterisation of fuel cells and characterisation of dielectric and piezoelectric properties (Ferrotester). Spectroscopi: FTIR, UV-Vis instruments and Impedance Spectroscopy (IS).

LABORATORY FOR POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTION

Professor Tor Grande has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Responsible departments are Department of Materials Science and Engineering and SINTEF Materials and Chemistry. Location: Chemistry Building II: 113.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory is equipped with four X-ray diffractometers for quantitative and qualitative X-ray diffraction of powder, films and monoliths at ambient temperature as well as low and high temperature under controlled atmosphere. Siemens

D5005, unit A: High resolution diffractometer (θ-2θ) with primary monochromator for CuKα1 radiation, scintillator detector. Siemens D5005, unit B: Diffractometer with secondary monochromator, scintillator detector and PSD detector, 40 position sample changer, high temperature camera and sample holder for capillary geometry, Göbel mirror and Soller slits for grazing incidence measurements. Bruker D8 Focus: Diffractometer with PSD detector (LynxEye), 9 position sample changer. Bruker D8 Advance: Diffractometer with PSD detector (Våntec-1), 9 position sample changer, high temperature camera, low temperature camera.

LABORATORY FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN CHEMISTRY BUILDING II

Professor Mari-Ann Einarsrud has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: Chemistry Building II: 033.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory is equipped with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and attached Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) system for element analysis, plus sample preparation equipment. Hitachi S-3400N SEM: Secondary Electron (SE), Environmental Secondary Electron (ESED) and Backscattered Electron (BSE), high and low vacuum modes. Oxford Instruments Aztec EDS: Rapid element analysis and mapping, measurement of thin film composition and thickness. Cressington 208 Carbon coater and Edwards S150 sputter coater (Gold). Leica light microscope.

40 LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT

LABORATORY FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Professor Svein Sunde and Associate Professor Frode Seland have overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: Chemistry Building II: 225, 223, 219, 215, 213, 207, 201 and 014.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory contains equipment for electrochemical measurements, synthesis and applied fuel cell work. Two UNIlab MBraun glove boxes: One for storage of special compounds and chemicals, and one for assembly and characterization of Li-ion batteries. One electrochemical set-up for experiments in controlled atmosphere (Par 273A with Solartron 1250 frequency analyzer). Cleaning of glassware and preparation of electrolytes: Dishwasher, hydrogen peroxide bath, hot plate, fume hood and MilliQ water installation (deionized water). Synthesis of electrocatalysts: Tubular furnace, ultrasonic bath, heating cabinet, technical scales, centrifuge, Zeta potential measuring equipment, PZC - auto titration equipment, stations for drying electrodes and electrode preparation. Standard Electrochemical measurement set-ups: Potentiostats, arbitrary function generators, computers with special software, water baths. Standard Electrochemical measurement set-ups for elevated temperature: Potentiostats, arbitrary function generators, computers with special software, autoclaves and heating cabinets. Electrochemical measurement set-up for rotating (ring) disk electrode: Potentiostats, RDE motors, shafts and electrodes of various compounds and design (Pine inst. Tacussel/Radiometer). Electrochemical measurement for impedance spectroscopy: Potentiostats, sine-wave generators, frequency response analyzers, computers with specialised software. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance: Potentiostats, frequency counter, faraday cage of special design and functionality (including reference quartz crystal), computer with specialised software. Spraying of electrodes and MEA preparation: Manual air brush of various sizes, automatic computer controlled spray stations, screen print, hot press, heating cabinets and analytical scale in an “environmental room”. Fuel cell activity: Three individual low temperature PEMFC test stations with load box, data loggers, humidifiers, flow controls, temperature controls, etc. Test station for high temperature PEMFC activity for small organic molecules including evaporator. Stack testing station, Sintalyzer, Ion chromatograph. Photoelectrochemistry: Potentiostats with arbitrary function generator and computer with specialised software. High power Xenon lamp, monochromator, lock-in amplifier, chopper. UV-vis. FTIR.

LABORATORY FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY (AFM/STM)

Professor Svein Sunde has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: Chemistry Building II: 003A.

Equipment (description and specification) The laboratory contains two atomic force microscopy / scanning probe microscopy installations (Agilent (2009) and Veeco) with electrochemical cell/environmental chamber, potentiostat and function generator for electrochemical measurements. Agilent SPM: Sample holders, SPM scanners, electrochemical cell and environmental chamber, air floating tables for noise rejections, ancillary hardware for operating the installations. Veeco SPM: Sample holders, SPM scanners, electrochemical cell, air floating tables for noise rejections, ancillary hardware for operating the installations.

LABORATORY FOR CORROSION AND SURFACE TECHNOLOGY

Professor Kemal Nisancioglu and Professor Geir Martin Haarberg have overall scientific responsibility for the laboratory. Location: Chemistry Building II: 001, 307, 313, 321 and 323.

Equipment (description and specification) Laboratories are organised both for teaching and research. Specimen preparation, metallography, optical microscopy, electrochemical testing and characterization, video equipment synchronised with electrochemical polarization equipment. Surface treatment and aqueous electrolysis: Etching, anodizing, metal deposition and winning, electroplating and polishing. Hydrogen penetration and diffusion in metals. Standardised corrosion testing: Autoclave testing, stress corrosion cracking, salt spray testing. Metallographic equipment (grinding/polishing), digital light microscope, various electrochemical testing/characterisation equipment, hydrogen-diffusion cells (Devanathan/Stachurski), autoclaves for corrosion tests at high pressure/temperature, tensioner for tension corrosion tests, salt spray cabinet, furnaces for heat treatment of samples and various workshop tools for cutting, sawing, drilling etc for sample preparation.

41 LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT

ELECTROLYSIS LABORATORY IN CHEMISTRY BUILDING II

Professor Geir Martin Haarberg has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: Chemistry Building II: 413 and 419.

Equipment (description and specification) Glove box (Braun): Dry argon athmosphere, and vacuum pump in room 419. Glove box (Vac): High temperature furnace for experiments in salt melts, room 413. Additional furnaces: For experiments in salt melts up to 1000 ºC, both traditional tube furnaces with water cooling, and “gold film” furnaces. Oil bath and teflon cell: With rotating electrode for studies of Fe-precipitation from hydroxide electrolytes at temperatures up to 120ºC. Vacuum equipment: With glassware and connections for salt treatment included vacuum pumps and diffusion pump. Electrochemical measuring equipment: Potensiostats with impedance measuring equipment.

LABORATORY FOR ELECTROLYSIS IN PILOTPLANT FACILITY

Professor Geir Martin Haarberg and Head of Department Arne Petter Ratvik have overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: Chemistry Building 5, ground floor.

Equipment (description and specification) High temperature furnaces, gas outlets (argon) and watercooling system, a small workshop for sawing and preparation of equipment for high temperature experiments, a storage room for equipment for high temperature experiments and chemicals, apparatus for the manufacture of anodes for aluminium electrolysis, apparatus with vacuum pump for manufacture of waterfree AlF3, some large furnaces for special experiments are situated in the ground floor, and electrochemical measuring equipment, mainly potentiostats with impedance measuring equipment.

CARBON LABORATORY

Head of Department Arne Petter Ratvik has overall scientific responsibility for the lab. Location: Chemistry Building II: 303 and Chemistry Hall: 101, 101C, 160, 164 and storage room 054.

Equipment (description and specification) Three electrolysis furnaces with temperature controllers: Hewlett-Packard 6269B DC, 6264B DC. Oxide feeding systems and power supplies: Eurotherm 902P, 2408, 2404. Hot air driers: Thermaks Series TS8000. Specific electrical resistivity: RDC-150. Air reactivity: RDC No. 599 - 145. Sodium expansion (Rapoport): RDC No. 497 - 193. Thermal conductivity: RDC

No. 178 - 190. Thermal dilatometry. Sodium vapor exposure. CO2- and air reactivity furnace. Roller mixer. Furnace for carbon sample baking: Nabertherm Mod N 150 H. Four hot air driers: Thermaks Series TS8000. Eirich mixer, 20 liter. Vibrocompactor: S130 Svedala A/S. Ball mill: Herzog – HSM100H. Crusher: Form + Test Prufsysteme 506/500/20 D-S. Fischer rammer: RDC No. 604 - 194. Two drilling stations: Strands type S 68. Six diamond saws: Struers labotom, Cuto 20 - Jeanwirtz, Steinadler, Conrad D - 38678, Clipper Majar, Delta - LB300. Jaw crusher: Retsch BB1. Hydraulic press: Lloyd Instruments Ltd, Type LR100K.

42 CHEMISTRY BUILDING II (KII)-SEMINARS, ENERGY AND MATERIALS Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fridays 12.30 in KII (Chemistry Building II) Seminar leader: Reidar Tunold

Speaker Topic January 28 Professor Tor Grande, Thermal expansion, chemical expansion, ferroelasticity

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. and valence state of Mn in Sr substituted LaMnO3±δ. February 4 Professor emeritus Terje Østvold, Sand stabilisation treatment of Gullfaks well C15. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. February 11 Chief Engineer Julian Tolchard, Introducing the Powder Diffraction Lab: Capabilities and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. recent research highlights. February 25

PhD student Guttorm E. Syvertsen, Effects of non-stoichiometry in LaNbO4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. March 4 PhD student Mustafa Hasan Balci, Wet chemical synthesis of silicon quantum dots. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. March 11 Stability of carbon-supported Pt-based PEMFC cathode Researcher Luis C. Colmenares R., catalysts under potential cycling conditions: An “ex-situ” SINTEF Materials and Chemistry. accelerated degradation test. March 18 PhD student Sophie Weber, Deposition of thick lanthanum zirconate coatings by spray Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. pyrolysis for thermal barrier application. March 25 Researcher Anders Ødegård, Metallic bipolar plates for PEMFC. SINTEF Materials and Chemistry. April 1 PhD student Lars-Erik Owe, Electrolyte-electrode interactions for oxygen evolution Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. catalysts. April 8 Researcher Magnus Thomassen, Development of a supported iridium catalyst for oxygen SINTEF Materials and Chemistry. evolution in PEM electrolysers. April 29 PhD Jafar Safarian, Liquidus of silicon binary systems. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. May 6 PhD student Per Kristian Dahlstrøm, Bulk CO oxidation: A comparison of modelling and experi- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. mental results. May 13 A simple electrochemical engineering approach for PhD student Marte Bjørnsdotter, measuring very slow rates of hydrogen entrainment and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. diffusion in metals. September 16 Professor emeritus Harald Øye, Health, environment and safety in the aluminium industry. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. September 23 Professor Noemí Elisabeth Walsöe de Reca, Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured ceramic Buenos Aires, Argentina. materials for SOFC. September 30 PhD student Ørjan Fossmark Lohne, Stable perovskites for oxygen seperation membranes – Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. Effect of B-site substitution.

43 Chemistry building II (KII)–seminars, Energy and Materials

October 7 PhD Julien Romann, Self-assembly of copper oxalate nanocrystals. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. October 14 PhD student Tor Olav Løveng Sunde, Deposition of transparent conducting indium tin oxide thin Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. films by aqueous sol-gel route. October 21 PhD student Suwarno Suwarno, Metal hydride for hydrogen sorption enhanced reforming. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. October 28 PhD Mikhail Tsypkin, Core-shell (M@Pd) electrocatalysts for formic acid Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. oxidation in fuel cells. November 4

PhD student Vegar Øygarden, LaCoO3-based cathode materials for proton conducting Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. solid oxide fuel cells (PC-SOFCs). November 11 PhD student Haitao Zhou, Preparation and characterization of nanostructured

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. Li2MSiO4 as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. November 18 PhD student Astri Bjørnetun Haugen, Lead-free piezo and ferroelectric materials based on

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. (KNa)NbO3. November 25 PhD Jonas Gurauskis, High temperature dense ceramic membranes: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. Structuring for higher performance. December 2 PhD student Sidsel Meli Hanetho, Synthesis and characterization of hybrid aminopropyl Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. silane coatings. December 16 Professor Dachamir Hotza, Reversible solid oxide fuel/electrolytic cells. Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil.

44 GUEST LECTURERS

Speaker Topic January 18 Dr. Charles Andre Gandin, Competition between primary solidification structures. Centre for Material Forming (ARMINES-CEMEF), France. April 6 Simple and direct interpretation of phase angles or Dr. Eric Vieil, derivation degrees in term of energy conservation vs. LEPMI/INPG, Grenoble, France. dissipation with formal graphs. April 29 Professor Bevis Hutchinson, KIMAB, Stockholm, Sweden. Examples of EBSD applications. June 9 Associate Professor Christopher S. Knee, Phase transitions in bismuth containing perovskites. Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. June 17 Professor George Scherer, Princeton University, New Jersey, Sintering of ceramics. USA. June 29 Dr. Hanna Elzanowska, University of Warsaw, Poland. Enzymatic and nucleic acid biosensors. August 18 Professor George Scherer, Drying during the processing of ceramic and inorganic Princeton University, New Jersey, USA. materials. September 23 Professor Noemí Elisabeth Walsöe de Reca, Synthesis and characterization of nano structured ceramic Buenos Aires, Argentina. materials for SOFC. December 16 Professor Dachamir Hotza, Reversible solid oxide fuel/electrolytic cells. Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil.

45 PHD SEMINAR SERIES ON ALUMINIUM

At the Department of Materials Science and Engineering there are a significant number of PhD projects on aluminium, addressing issues related to clean and energy efficient production, increased use of recycled metal, improved material properties etc. In order to encourage a closer interaction between the PhD students, which can be both useful and exciting, a series of PhD seminars have been arranged since fall semester 2009. The seminars are open to everyone, also to those who do research on aluminium at other departments at NTNU.

Speaker Topic January 20 PhD student Sarina Bao, Ceramic foam filtration efficiency calculation regarding Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. boundary layer. February 15 PhD student David Franke, Surface roughness of alkaline etched aluminium. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. March 15 PhD student Heiko Gaertner, Particulate emissions from electrolysis cells. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. May 11 PhD student Katharina Teichmann, Strain field simulations around precipitates in aluminium. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. June 8 PhD student Tomas Manik, Department of Materials Science Multi-scale modeling of transient behavior of metals after and Engineering, NTNU. strain-path changes. September 8 PhD student Sindre Bunkholt, The importance of subgrain growth in aluminium. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. October 20 PhD student Bronislav Novak, Aluminium carbide formation in aluminium electrolysis Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. cell. November 25 PhD student Köksal Kurt, Use of model alloys to predict activation of commercial Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. aluminium alloys by group IIIA-VA trace elements. December 19 PhD student Sapthagireesh Subbarayan, Novel applications of ECAP. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU. Photo: David Franke

46 STAFF

SCIENTIFIC STAFF Associate Professor, PhD Gabriella Tranell Professor emeritus Reidar Tunold Professor, PhD Lars Arnberg Professor emeritus Johan Kristian Tuset Professor, PhD Ragnhild Elizabeth Aune Adjunct Professor, Dr.ing. Halvard Tveit Professor emeritus Jon Arne Bakken Associate Professor, PhD Fride Vullum-Bruer Professor, Dr.ing. Mari-Ann Einarsrud Professor, Dr.ing. Kjell Wiik Professor emeritus, Dr.ing. Thorvald Abel Engh Adjunct Professor, PhD Volodymyr Yartys Adjunct Professor, PhD Olaf Engler Professor, Dr.ing. Martin Ystenes Professor emeritus Arne Wang Espelund Professor emeritus, Dr.techn. Terje Østvold Adjunct Professor, PhD Trond Furu, from August 15, 2011 Adjunct Associate Professor, Dr.ing. Eivind Johannes Øvrelid Professor, Dr.ing. Tor Grande Professor emeritus, Dr.techn. Harald Arnljot Øye Professor, Dr.ing. Øystein Grong Professor, Dr.scient. Jarle Hjelen TECHNICAL STAFF Professor, Dr.scient. Bjørn Holmedal Lecturer, Sigrid Hakvåg, 50 % position, from August 8, 2011 Senior Engineer Elin Harboe Albertsen Professor, Dr.ing. Geir Martin Haarberg Senior Engineer Harald Holm Adjunct Professor, Dr.ing. Ola Jensrud Senior Engineer Solveig Louise Sørli Jonassen Adjunct Professor, Dr.ing. Harald Justnes Senior Engineer Torild Krogstad Adjunct Professor, PhD Morten Karlsen Chief Engineer Eli Beate Larsen Professor, Dr.ing. Leiv Kolbeinsen Chief Engineer Delphine Leroy, from February 2, 2011 Lecturer, Eirin Kvalheim, from August 1, 2011 Senior Engineer Tor Arild Nilsen Professor, Dr.ing. Halvor Kvande, Senior Engineer Kjell Røkke 35 % position, from August 1, 2011 Chief Engineer Morten Raanes Associate Professor, Dr.ing. Hilde Lea Lein Senior Engineer Pål Skaret Professor, Dr.philos. Otto Lohne, emeritus from January, 2011 Senior Engineer May Grete Sætran Adjunct Professor, Dr.ing. Odd-Arne Lorentsen Chief Engineer Julian Tolchard Associate Professor, PhD Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg Chief Engineer Pål Ulseth Adjunct Professor, PhD Otto Lunder, from June 1, 2011 Senior Engineer Gunn Torill Wikdahl Professor, Dr.ing. Knut Marthinsen Chief Engineer Yingda Yu Adjunct Professor, PhD Mohammed M’Hamdi Professor emeritus, PhD Erik Nes ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF Professor, PhD Kemal Nisancioglu Professor emeritus Sverre Olsen Higher Executive Officer Martha Bjerknes Lecturer, Lars-Erik Owe, from August 14, 2011 Coordinator SFFE Kerstin Engelhardt, Adjunct Professor, Dr.techn. Oddvin Reiso from January 31, to July 5, 2011 Adjunct Professor, Dr.ing. Christian Rosenkilde Executive Officer Elsa Mari Florhaug, to June 6, 2011 Professor emeritus, Dr.techn. Terkel Rosenqvist, Higher Executive Officer SFFE, Ida Fuchs, to April, 2011 50 % position, from December 12, 2011 Professor, Dr.techn. Hans Jørgen Roven Head of Administration Trond Einar Hagen Professor emeritus, Dr.techn. Nils Ryum Senior Secretary Hege Knutsdatter Johnsen Associate Professor, PhD Frode Seland Higher Executive Officer Unni Keiseraas Professor, Dr.philos. Jan Ketil Solberg Higher Executive Officer Elin Synnøve Isaksen Kaasen Adjunct Professor, Asbjørn Solheim, to July 31, 2011 Higher Executive Officer Brit Wenche Meland Professor, Dr.techn. Svein Sunde Coordinator SFFE, Mali Mærk, Adjunct Professor, Dr.ing. Morten Sørlie 50 % position, from June 14, 2011 Professor, Dr.ing. Merete Tangstad Executive Officer Hilde Martinsen Nordø Professor emeritus, Dr.techn. Jomar Thonstad Head of Department, Dr.ing. Arne Petter Ratvik

47 Staff

RESEARCH SCIENTISTS Mahdi Darab Carl Erik Lie Foss M.Sc. Jan Martin Eriksen, from September 1, 2011 Heiko Gaertner M.Sc. Maria Psarrou Sidsel Meli Hanetho PhD Jafar Safarian-Dastjerdi Astri Bjørnetun Haugen Dr.ing. Gaute Stokkan Liudmila Igorevna Ilyukhina PhD Mikhail Tsypkin Lars Klemet Jakobsson PhD Harald Vestøl, 75 % position Nils Eivind Kamfjord Eirin Kvalheim, to April 30, 2011 GUEST PROFESSORS/RESEARCHERS Ørjan Fossmark Lohne Chiara Modanese M.Sc. Sarah Bernardis, to June 30, 2011 Peyman Mohseni M.Sc. Steven Darcy, to January 30, 2011 Mari Kirkebøen Næss M.Sc. Reza Khabazbeheshti, to June 1, 2011 Lars-Erik Owe, to August 13, 2011 Professor Manping Liu, from July 15 to October 31, 2011 Anita Reksten, from August 15, 2011 PhD Tokushige Manabu, from April 1, 2011 Malin Sletnes M.Sc. Petr Panek, from July to December, 2011 Dmitry Slizovskiy Professor George W. Scherer, June and August 2011 Øyvind Sunde Sortland, from August 22, 2011 Sapthagireesh Subbarayan POST DOCTORAL FELLOWS Tor Olav Løveng Sunde Guttorm Ernst Syvertsen PhD Shahid Akhtar Sophie Beatrice Weber PhD Yongjun Chen Øyvind Østrem PhD Annika Eriksson PhD Vanesa Gil Hernández RESEARCH FELLOWS Dr.ing. Sverre Gulbrandsen-Dahl, WITHOUT TEACHING DUTIES 50 % position, to May 31, 2011 PhD Jonas Gurauskis Omid Reza Noghabi Asadi PhD Emmanuel Hersent Antoine Autruffe, from March 23, 2011 PhD Ida Kero, from October 1, 2011 Mustafa Hasan Balci PhD Bin Lin Markus Bernhardt PhD Maxim Morozov, from May 3, 2011 Marte Bjørnsdotter PhD Erlend Nordstrand Yacine Boulfrad PhD Christopher Nwakwuo, from July 11, 2011 Ingvild Margrete Brynjulfsen PhD Stanka Tomovic Petrovic, 50 % position Thomas Brynjulfsen PhD Julien Romann, from August 1, 2011 Sindre Bunkholt PhD Sverre Magnus Selbach Xinzhi Chen PhD Kati Tschöpe Elena Dal Martello PhD Zhaohui Wang Tobias Alexander Danner Torunn Ervik SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANTS Jiregna Hirko Foggi David Franke Leif Olav Jøsang Jørgen Furu, to September 21, 2011 Darcy Wayne Stevens, to May 25, 2011 Mark William Kennedy Kira Turkova, 30 % position Egil Krystad Hasan Güleryüz, to April 10, 2011 RESEARCH FELLOWS WITH TEACHING DUTIES Terje Hals Mehdi Kadkhodabeigi, to April 30, 2011 Astrid Bakken Svetlana Kalyavina Sarina Bao Nils Eivind Kamfjord Jirang Cui, to November 15, 2011 Maulid Kivambe Per Kristian Dahlstrøm Jeffery Kline

48 Staff

Michal Kolar, to January 31, 2011 UNDERGRADUATE ASSISTANTS Michal Ksiazek Spring semester Köksal Kurt, to May 17, 2011 Eirik Torbjørn Bakken Kim Blommedal Elizaveta Kuznetsova Tor Arne Buberg Stephen Lobo, from September 1, 2011 Elin Schonhovd Dæhlen Thomas Ludwig Kristian Engen Eide Kari Forthun Tomas Manik Torstein Grøstad Bronislav Novák Stian Gurrik Piotr Ochal Trond Arne Hassel Karen Marie Haug Vinothkumar Palanisamy Halvor Hoen Hersleth Ky-Nam Pham, from February 14, 2011 Guttorm André Hoff Bo Qin Cathrine Holager Thomas Holm Stian Seim, to January 28, 2011 Håvard Husby Esma Senel Lise Jemblie Camilla Sommerseth, from August 15, 2011 Joakim Johnsen Steinar Jørstad Suwarno Suwarno Ingrid Kummen Katharina Teichmann Sigrid Lædre Morten Tjelta Henriette Sæd Næss Gerhard Olsen Stefanus Lumban Tobing Nina Helene Omdahl Knut Omdal Tveito Petter Ottesen Govindaraj Nagaraj Vinayagam Kasper van de Pontseele Gjert H. Rosenlund Ning Wang Line Rydså Espen Tjønneland Wefring, from September 1, 2011 Trine Viveke Salvesen Saijun Xiao, to April 27, 2011 Gunnar Sande Martin Skovly Min Zha Camilla Sommerseth Kai Zhang, from March 18, 2011 Kjetil Bohman Sonerud Song Zhang, from May 18, 2011 Astri Sømme Kishia Stojcevska Søvik Qinglong Zhao Eivind Bruun Thorstensen Haitao Zhou Jonathan Økland Torstensen Agnieszka Zlotorowicz Åsmund Stenhaug Ueland Espen Tjønneland Wefring Vegard Øygarden Ole Jørgen Østensen

Fall semester Kim Allgot Kjetil Andersen Kim Blommedal Eirik Djuve Elin Schonhovd Dæhlen Espen Fanavoll Thea Cecilie Gjestvang Torstein Grøstad Alexander Rikstad Hansen Trond Arne Hassel Thomas Holm Aleksander Kolstad Veronica Liverud Krathe Axel Lødemel Holene Håvard Husby Øystein Høgsand Lise Jemblie Joakim Johnsen Reza Khabazbeheshti Ingrid Kummen Henrik Langdalen Rolf Heilemann Myhre Thong Xuan Nguyen Anne Marthe Nymark Gerhard Olsen

49 Staff

Kasper van de Pontseele DEPARTMENT BOARD Eva Rise Eivind Semb Martin J. Skovly Arne Petter Ratvik (head)/ Lars Moen Strømsnes Knut Marthinsen (head) Silje Sundal Trond Furu Erlend Sølvberg Malin Sletnes/ Astri Sømme Astrid Bakken Eivind Bruun Thorstensen Morten Raanes Åsmund Stenhaug Ueland Rudie Spooren Asbjørn Ulvestad Svein Sunde Therese Vadholm Truls Edvardsen Aarønes Substitutes Magnus Bru Ingeborg Kaus SUMMER STUDENTS Brit Wenche Meland Merete Tangstad Morten Tjelta Reza Khabezbeheshti Aud Wærnes Audun Bilsbak Helene Bjerke Øystein Gullbrekken Lone Sjursen Kleveland Synnøve Krog Magdalena Lau Johan Lilliestråle Christine Møinichen Anne Marthe Nymark Gerhard Olsen Petter Ottesen Alexander Page Siri Merete Ratvik Sissel Richardsen Line Rølvåg Sandra Helen Skjærvø Nicholas Smith Ines Sulentic Eivind Sæter Ruben Mathias Sæther Jørund Vangskåsen Sebastian Vedeler Petter Wibe Shuang Zhang

DEPARTMENT MANAGEMENT

Tor Grande/ Mari-Ann Einarsrud Øystein Grong Trond Einar Hagen Frode Seland Eli Beate Larsen Gunn Torill Wikdahl Leiv Kolbeinsen Arne Petter Ratvik (head)/ Knut Marthinsen (head) Bodil Drange Pedersen/ Synnøve Krog Line Teigen Døssland

50 GRADUATE STUDIES

PhD Degrees

During 2011, 90 PhD students have worked at Department of Materials Science and Engineering. 12 students have been awarded the degree PhD:

Pierre Delaleau: Mesoscale modeling of dendritic growth during directional solidification of aluminium alloys. Doctoral thesis 2011:13, IMT-report 2010:132. January 2011. Major subject: Physical metallurgy. Dr. lecture: Casting defects in aluminium alloys. Thesis advisor: Professor Lars Arnberg. Examination committee: Scientist Charles-André Gandin, Centre for Material Forming (ARMINES-CEMEF), France. Scientist Yanjun Li, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Norway. Professor Knut Marthinsen (chair). Summary: The development of metallic materials with specific properties requires controlled solidifi cation processes since the properties depend strongly on the microstructure. A better control of the microstructure requires a thorough understanding of the solidification process. A method to visualize developing microstructures in metallic alloys using synchrotron X-radiation has previously been developed at NTNU. In the present thesis, real time observations of solidification have been compared to existing theories and a model has been developed that describes the experiments. This model has been used to describe various solidification phenomena and has addressed grain motion during equiaxed solidification as well as columnar dendritic growth and shown good agreement between the model and experiments. Photo: Edith Delaleau Edith Photo: Pierre Delaleau and his supervisor Lars Arnberg after the PhD defence.

Odd Einar Frosta Properties and production conditions affecting crack formation and propagation in carbon anodes. Doctoral thesis 2011:85, IMT-report 2011:135. March 2011. Major subject: Inorganic chemistry. Dr. lecture: Technological milestones of 125 years aluminium production. Thesis advisor: Head of Department, Dr.ing. Arne Petter Ratvik. Co-supervisor: Dr.ing. Hogne Linga, Hydro Aluminium, Årdal, Norway. Examination committee: Dr. Markus W. Meier, R&D Carbon Ltd., Switzerland. Associate Professor Margaret Hyland, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Professor Tor Grande (chair). Summary: Carbon anodes used in the production of primary aluminium may weigh well above 1000 kg. As the anodes are consumed in the process they need to be replaced with new ones at regular intervals. When a new anode is immersed in the bath at 960°C, the anode is subjected to a severe thermal shock due to large temperature gradients arising before normal operation is established. As the baked anodes are inhomogeneous and anisotropic due to the raw materials and production process, the severe stress due to gradients may cause anode cracking. Anode cracking disturbs the performance of the cell, and increases operating costs and operator exposure to heat stress when broken parts have to be removed from the cell. In the present work a thermo-mechanical model has been developed to better understand the stress development and, hence, the mechanisms leading to anode fracture and crack propagation when a new anode is positioned in the cell. Core samples from industrial scale

51 Graduate studies

anodes were analysed and the results provided gradient plots of physical and mechanical properties. The Young’s modulus, tensile strength and strain were measured and calculated both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. The results were used as input to the model and together with a set of boundary conditions the thermal shock resistance is calculated. The highest main tensile stress occurs one hour after the anode is immersed in the cell and then seems to level out. The calculated stress is at a level where cracks may be initiated, matching the tensile strength tests. The results also points out critical factors to be observed during production of anodes. Michal Kolar The effect of pre-deformation on precipitation and mechanical properties during aging of Al-Mg-Si alloys – An experimental study. Doctoral thesis 2011:84, IMT-report 2011:134. March 2011. Major subject: Physical metallurgy. Dr. lecture: Aluminium in cars – Challenges and new trends. Thesis advisor: Professor Knut Marthinsen. Co-supervisors: Post.doc. Sverre Gulbrandsen-Dahl, Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU, Norway and Senior Scientist Ketill O. Pedersen, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Norway. Examination committee: Dr. Alexis Miroux, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. Senior Scientist, PhD Trond Furu, Hydro Aluminium Research and Technology Development, Norway. Professor Bjørn Holmedal (chair). Summary: The PhD work of Michal Kolar was related the effect of small deformations on the natural and artificial aging behaviour of two industrial aluminium alloys. The main focus has been on the mechanical properties response of these alloys, supplemented with microstructural and thermo-analytical investigations. The investigated alloys were AA6060 and AA6082 which both represent high volume production in the extrusion of alloys in Al-Mg-Si system. The objective of this work was to get a better understanding and quantitative description of the aging behaviour in the investigated alloys as a function of processing conditions. The amount of introduced deformation and storage at room temperature prior to artificial aging have a significant importance in industrial practice and they are often unavoidable in the manufacturing processing line. For many years there has been an extensive activity to characterize the precipitates in Al-Mg- Si alloys, and the structural characteristics and associated aging response as a function of alloy chemistry and heat treatment procedures are now generally well established. However, the complex interplay between deformation and precipitation and their combined effect on the aging behaviour and associated mechanical properties are generally less characterized and quantified. It is found that small, even very small, pre-deformations strongly affect the aging behaviour and associated tensile properties. Moreover, it has been found, that with the carefully chosen parameters of simultaneous deformation and aging one can reach mechanical properties superior to those following pre-deformation and subsequent aging (sequential mode). Further improvement in mechanical properties were achieved with use of a split aging procedure, when an additional aging after simultaneous mode of aging was performed in the way that after reaching the desired pre-deformation, the specimen was kept at the temperature with no prior change in temperature and aged for an additional time. Based on the work of this thesis, it may be concluded that small deformations prior to or together with artificial aging generally leads to improved strength of the investigated Al-Mg-Si alloys due to the combined effects of strain and precipitation hardening. The obtained results opens for designing new and innovative processing routes for extruded products to obtain optimized end properties. Photo: AuroraPhoto: Kristiansen From Michal Kolar’s defence.

52 Graduate studies

Hasan Güleryüz Investigation of the mechanisms governing the deposition of sol particles on a substrate. 2011:46, IMT-report 2011:133. April 2011. Major subject: Inorganic chemistry. Dr. lecture: Bioactive nanoscale sol-gel coatings for surface engineering of medical applications. Thesis advisor: Professor Mari-Ann Einarsrud. Co-supervisors: Professor Tor Grande, Claudine Filiatre, Université de Franche-Comté, France and Senior Scientist Ingeborg Kaus, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Norway. Examination committee: Dr. Lilianna Szyk-Warszynska, Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Cracow Research Centre of Molecular Catalysis and Soft Matter Chemistry, Poland. Professor Karl Petter Lillerud, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway. Professor Gisle Øye, Department of Chemical Engineering, NTNU (chair). Summary: Thin films are frequently deposited onto bulk materials to change the mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical or other properties of the materials surface. Desired properties can be obtained by tailoring the composition, structure and morphology of the thin films. To achieve this, fundamental understanding of the physics and chemistry of the thin film deposition is essential. The aim of this study was therefore to improve the fundamental understanding of the basic processes and forces that determine the success or failure of the preparation of defect free thin films based on sol-gel technology. In particular, the study focused on the thin-film formation, i.e. a study of the build-up of the first nanoparticle monolayers on a substrate and a basic study of the interactions between the sol particles and the first adsorbed layers. In Hasan Güleryüz’ thesis, the deposition of silica thin films were studied using a combination of in-situ gravimetric studies, AFM measurements, optical reflectometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. The deposition behavior of the thin films was found to be heavily dependant on the sol chemistry. The deposition of the films shows that surface interactions have decisive influence on the transport characteristics and the deposition behavior of the particles. The conditions that promote aggregation (low pH) in the sol also enhance deposition on the substrate. However, aggregation reduces the mobility of the particles leading to a slower deposition rate. The structure and topography of dried films were also reflected by the sol chemistry as the rigid and rough structures formed at pH=10 were strong enough to withstand drying stresses. On the contrary, the soft and compliant structure formed at lower pH collapses during drying and the film topography becomes smoother. Analysis of deposition kinetics and characterization of the sols and the films by means of associated chemistry makes it possible to estimate the structure of the deposited film. The project was a collaboration between The Inorganic Materials and Ceramics Research Group at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry and Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), France. Photo: Marianne Sjøholtstrand,Photo: NTNU. Hasan Güleryüz working in NTNU NanoLab.

Stian Seim Experimental investigations and phase relations in the liquid FeTiO3-Ti2O3-TiO2 slag system. Doctoral thesis 2011:105, IMT-report 2011:136. April 2011. Major subject: Extractive metallurgy. Dr. lecture: Ilmenite as an oxygen carrier in chemical-looping combustion. Thesis advisor: Professor Leiv Kolbeinsen. Co-supervisor: Professor emeritus Johan Kr. Tuset. Examination committee: Professor Chris Pistorius, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA. PhD Ørnulf Valla, former Technical Director, Tinfos AS, Norway. Associate Professor Gabriella Tranell (chair).

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Summary: This is a PhD project in “ROMA” (Resource Optimization and recovery in the Materials industry; Norwegian Research Council projeckt number: 182617/I40). The ilmenite smelting process in Tyssedal involves high titania slag located within the ternary

system FeTiO 3-Ti2O3-TiO2 in contact with metallic iron. A limited number of publications on experimental investigations on high titania slags above liquidus temperature, exist mainly due to the corrosive nature of the slag and the generally associated iron’s ability to form low melting alloys with refractory metals, makes the experimental work challenging. The aim of the work was to develop and verify a method to systematically investigate high titania slags above the liquidus temperature in laboratory scale, and thus provide data for better thermodynamic representation of this system. In total, 50 slag samples divided into four series have been successfully produced in a high frequency induction furnace which is equipped with a water cooled copper crucible (aka.: freeze-lining). A spectropyrometer was used to measure slag temperatures during experiments and cooling which also provided values for liquidus temperatures. Synthetic slag samples, both saturated and unsaturated with metallic iron, were produced from laboratory grade reactants. In addition two types of industrial slags were molten and saturated with metallic iron. The obtained slag samples were investigated and characterized by XRF and wet-chemical analyses, EPMA, XRD at both room and elevated temperatures and DTA/TGA. The effect of variations in the iron activity in the system was investigated by additions of nickel to the system. Ni will not enter the slag phase and iron activity in the whole system can thus be calculated on basis of analysis of the metal phase and thermodynamic data on the Fe-Ni system. During his last year of the project Stian Seim spent three months with Professor In-Ho Jung and his research group at the Department of Mining and Materials Engineering at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. This is the central place for development of the Fact-Sage program and databases for thermodynamic computations. There he used his data

together with existing parameters for the binary systems in the FeTiO3-Ti2O3-TiO2 system to make a new optimisation of the ternary system by inclusion of two new ternary parameters, and this work can therefore be summarised by these two parameters:

and the new proposed liquidus projection plots of the ternary system as shown above. Photo: Snorre Fjeldbo From Stian Seim’s PhD defence.

Saijun Xiao Depolarized gas anodes for electrowinning in molten salts. Doctoral thesis 2011:130, IMT-report 2011:137. April 2011. Major subject: Electrochemistry.

Dr. lecture: Production of iron by electrolysis. CO2-emissions and energy requirements compared with the existing process for iron and steel making. Thesis advisor: Professor Geir Martin Haarberg. Co-supervisors: Head of Department Dr.ing. Arne Petter Ratvik, Professor Hongmin Zhu, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China and Research Scientist Tommy Mokkelbost, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Norway. Examination committee: Professor George Chen, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. Docent Dr. Carina Lagergren, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. Professor emeritus Reidar Tunold (chair).

54 Graduate studies

Summary: Aluminium is produced by the Hall-Heroult process, which was patented in 1886. The annual production of primary aluminium is currently about 40 million tons. The process requires a lot of energy; at least 14 kWh/kg Al. Another drawback is that consumable carbon anodes are used. A lot of research is put into studying alternatives to reduce the energy consumption and

CO2 emissions.

In these studies a new concept for reducing the CO2 production and emissions, the anode

carbon consumption and the energy consumption by supplying methane (CH4) through the anodes during electrolysis was investigated. The background for the studies is the fact that Norway is a major producer of natural gas (methane), and this may be a sustainable use of the natural gas. The concept of using methane to change the anode process was successfully demonstrated in controlled laboratory experiments both in molten chloride electrolytes with dissolved oxides and in a molten salt mixture similar to the electrolyte used for aluminium production. A significant lowering of the anode potential of several hundred millivolts was observed. The use of an inert anode (tin oxide) for oxygen evolution was also found to work during supply of methane. Several papers have been published and many presentations have been given at international conferences. Photo: Geir Martin Geir HaarbergPhoto: Saijun Xiao and PhD student Rauan Meirbekova (at the back), Reykjavik University.

Mehdi Kadkhodabeigi Modeling of tapping processes in submerged arc furnaces. Doctoral thesis 2011:149, IMT-report 2010:138. June 2011. Major subject: Extractive metallurgy. Dr. lecture: Flow and segregation of solid raw material in submerged arc furnaces and the consequences for the process operation. Thesis advisor: Adjunct Professor Halvard Tveit. Co-supervisor: Principal Scientist Stein Tore Johansen, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Norway. Examination committee: Professor Aibing Yu, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. Dr.ing. Stein O. Wasbø, Manager Process Metallurgy Activities, Cybernetica AS, Norway. Professor Merete Tangstad (chair). Summary: The thesis has three main research areas. These are the tapping process of a silicon and FeSi submerged arc process, the modelling of a new hood for the cleaning of tapping gas and the modelling of the FeMn tapping process. The main achievement for the tapping of the silicon and the FeSi is a new understanding of the importance of the internal process pressure to the levelling of the melt towards the peripheri of the furnace. This important understanding is partly used to improve the tapping process and partly to get a better understanding why there is no back-reaction in the furnace the first 0.5-1 hour after tapping.

55 Graduate studies

The off-gas hood demonstrated a close cooperation between the candidate and the industry. The tapping gas from the silicon and FeSi furnaces is a well-known problem that may also create health problems for the operators. The modelling of the off-gas hood (“doghouse”) secured the design. The first industrial hood is built and seems to operate very well. The modelling of the FeMn tapping has given increased understanding of the behaviour of both the slag and the metal during tapping. This information will be used to improve the tapping as well as basic knowledge used for education of the operators. Lars-Erik Owe Characterization of iridium oxides for acidic water electrolysis. Doctoral thesis 2011:190, IMT-report 2011:139. June 2011. Major subject: Electrochemistry. Dr. lecture: Oxide structures in oxygen reduction. Thesis advisor: Professor Svein Sunde. Examination committee: Keith Scott, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, United Kingdom. PhD Hanna Elzanowska, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland. Associate Professor Frode Seland (chair). Summary: The PhD thesis deals with catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). For hydrogen production from renewable electrical energy sources PEMWE offers several advantages compared with traditional alkaline water electrolysis, such as high purity products, high current densities, compact design and lower energy consumption. The drawback is the higher losses (high overpotential) for the OER. Anodically formed iridium oxide films (AIROF) and both pure and mixed iridium oxide catalyst powders were studied. The influence of the electrolyte on the catalyst was shown to be more important than often believed. There was over a tenfold increase in the rate of the OER from the poorest electrolyte, phosphoric acid, to the best electrolytes, perchloric acid and trifluoromethanesulphonic acid. Also, it was found that even a small amount of chloride (less than 10 ppm) was detrimental to the stability of the catalyst. Mixed iridium-ruthenium oxide and iridium-tin oxide powder catalysts were prepared. The mixed catalyst behaved similar to what would be expected from a physical mixture of the pure catalysts, in other words no synergistic effects were observed. This point to it being difficult to make mixed catalysts with improved performance compared to pure iridium oxide, however it shows that a catalyst consisting of a thin layer of iridium oxide covering a cheap substrate should have the same performance as a pure iridium oxide catalyst, thus reducing the cost of the catalyst. Possible changes in the electrical conductivity of the catalyst as a function of the electrode potential were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The experimental results were compared to mathematical models, developed both for the AIROF and powder catalysts, to show that although conductivity changes could not be confirmed they could not be ruled out either. Photo: Tale Fjellanger Tale Photo: From Lars-Erik Owe’s defence.

Andrey Andreevich Hydrogen storage in Mg-based alloys nanostructured by rapid solidification. Poletaev Doctoral thesis thesis 2011:197, IMT-report 2011:140. September 2011. Major subject: Physical metallurgy. Dr. lecture: Nanostructured materials – How are they made, and what are they used for? Thesis advisor: Senior Scientist Volodymyr Yartys, Institute for Energy Technology, Norway. Co-supervisors: Professor Jan Ketil Solberg and PhD Boris Tarasov, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow. Examination committee: Professor Dr. Jacques Huot, Université du Québec é Trois-Rivières, Canada. Professor Dr. Dag Noréus, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden. Professor Leiv Kolbeinsen (chair).

56 Graduate studies

Summary: Andrey A. Poletaev was a PhD student funded by the East European Quota program through which education of students from other countries is supported by the Norwegian government. The work was aimed on studies of the effect of nanostructuring performed by Rapid Solidification and Reactive Ball Milling on the hydrogen absorption-desorption behaviour of the La-catalysed Mg-based systems for hydrogen storage in order to achieve the best hydrogenation performance in terms of maximum reversible hydrogen storage capacity and

fast kinetics of hydrogen charge and discharge. Particular systems in focus included LaMg12-H2

and LaMg11Ni-H2.The experimental work has been done at NTNU and at Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway and involved experiments performed at Swiss-Norwegian Beam Lines at European Synchrotron Research Facility, Grenoble, France. Results of the work were published in five papers presented in high impact scientific journals on materials science, including Acta Materialia (2), International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2) and Journal of Alloys and Compounds, and presented at the 12th International symposium on Metal Hydrogen Systems, Fundamentals and Applications in Moscow, Russia, in July 2010. Juan Tan Anodic activation of aluminum by trace element tin. Doctoral thesis 2011:241, IMT-report 2010:141. September 2011. Major subject: Electrochemistry. Dr. lecture: Significance of hydride formation to corrosion of aluminium in aqueous media. Thesis advisor: Professor Kemal Nisancioglu. Examination committee: Professor Sannakaisa Virtanen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen Nürnberg, Germany. Dr. Hugh Isaacs, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA. Professor Martin Ystenes (chair). Summary: The presence of trace elements such as Pb, Bi, In and Sn is known to cause anodic activation of aluminum in chloride solution due to segregation of these elements at the surface as a result of heat treatment. Activation causes significant negative shift in the corrosion potential and increase in the anodic current output in the potential region where aluminum is expected to be passive. The phenomenon is undesirable because it causes poor paint adhesion and filiform corrosion. This thesis work focuses on the effect of trace element Sn. Model binary alloys, containing 30-1000 ppm Sn were heat treated in the range 100 and 600°C and quenched in water or cooled in air. Optimal thermal segregation of Sn to the metal-oxide interface occurred by annealing at 300°C, resulting from a balance between high mobility of Sn in the liquid state and low solubility of Sn in aluminum. Thermal segregation of Sn at 300°C occurred in the form of nanoparticles and enrichment along certain crystallographic planes at the metal-oxide interface. The latter form was responsible for activation of aluminum alloy in chloride solution and independent of the bulk Sn concentration. Segregation of Sn also occurred in chloride solution by dealloying, contributing further to the activation of the AlSn. The activation mechanism of Al by Sn in chloride solution and during water quenching was attributed to the segregation of Sn in the form of a fluidised nanofilm at the metal-oxide interface, which destroys the passivity of the oxide film. Melting point depression caused by the nanosize thickness of the segregated film is envisaged as an important factor in maintaining the fluidized state of the film down to room temperature. Sarina Bao Filtration of aluminium – Experiments, wetting and modelling. Doctoral thesis thesis 2011:301, IMT-report 2011:142. November 2011. Major subject: Extractive metallurgy. Dr. lecture: Limits of metal recycling. Thesis advisor: Professor Merete Tangstad. Co-supervisor: Professor emeritus Thorvald Abel Engh. Examination committee: Professor Roderick Guthrie, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Canada. Dr. Jan Anders Sæter, Alcoa Mosjøen, Norway. Professor Ragnhild E. Aune (chair). Summary: The present work deals with the inclusion removal mechanism in aluminium filtration and the use of alternative filter materials. The wetting behaviour of inclusion-Al and Al-filter is measured in the laboratory. In filtration it is important that particles to be removed contact, or come close to the filter walls. Therefore the metal carrying the inclusions must come into close contact, i.e. wet the filter material. A systematic and comprehensive investigation of the wetting behaviour in the molten aluminium- filter system is presented. The wettability of the inclusion-Al may play a key role in aluminium filtration. Particles to be removed should ideally have poor wetting with aluminium and filter should has good wetting with aluminium.

Plant scale filtration experiments were carried out with Al2O3 and SiC industrial filters. A SiC filter gives better filtration efficiency. Filtration efficiency increases with particle size. SiC reacts with aluminium so slowly that no carbide inclusions were produced in the industrial

SiC filter with approximately 60% of SiC. SiC filters have better wetting than Al2O3 filters with aluminium. Thus SiC could be a good alternative filter material.

57 Graduate studies

A theoretical model is developed regarding the interceptional and gravitational collision considering the filter as a collection of branches (cylinders). A filtration efficiency equation is derived based on particle diameter, branch diameter, porosity, filter thickness, filter specific surface area, and Reynolds number. The filtration efficiency decreases with the flow rate until it reaches a minimum, and then increases. Gravitational collision must be taken into account at the lower flow rates. The greater the velocity the less time particles have to settle. Thus gravitational collision efficiency decays with increasing flow rate. The interceptional collision efficiency increases with the velocity since then more liquid and particles come into contact with the collector. Photo: Lufeng Zheng Lufeng Photo: Thorvald Abel Engh (co-supervisor), Sarina Bao and Roderick Guthrie (opponent) after the PhD defence.

Jirang Cui Solid state recycling of aluminium scrap and dross characterization. Doctoral thesis 2011:325, IMT-report 2011:145. Desember 2011. Major subject: Physical metallurgy. Dr. lecture: Rapid solidification of aluminium alloys – Technologies, opportunities and challenges. Thesis advisor: Professor Hans Jørgen Roven. Examination committee: Professor Bart Blanpain, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Associate Professor Emanuela Cerri, Dipartemento di Ingeneria dell´Innovazione, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy. Professor Merete Tangstad (chair). Summary: The aluminium recycling industry is facing several challenges, such as treatment and disposal of by-products, emissions control and requirements related to energy efficiency. Also, remelting of fine scrap, such as turnings and chips leads to significant metal loss. However, solid state recycling methods not involving remelting might offer higher metal yield and lower energy consumption than conventional recycling based on remelting. In a PhD project financed by the Research Council of Norway, solid state recycling of aluminium turnings was investigated by cold compaction and subsequent hot extrusion. In addition, Equal Channel Angular Pressing of hot extruded materials was used for evaluating

the microstructure and properties. Interestingly, the energy requirement and related CO2 emissions were calculated and discussed. Fully dense material was obtained from the turnings processed by hot extrusion at 500°C. Post extrusion ECAP showed improved mechanical properties and enhanced internal interface bonding. Oxides produced at the feedstock surfaces could be broken and re-distributed upon hot extrusion and especially after ECAP applying a high number of passes at elevated temperatures. As a consequence, ductility and mechanical strength, could be nearly as good as the conventional material counterparts. Energy requirement estimations for solid state recycling revealed that the pre-compaction process uses less than 7% of the energy required for the world’s best practice conventional remelting, and resulted in a 93% carbon dioxide equivalent emission reduction. Photo: Anne Kvithyld Anne Photo: From Jirang Cui’s PhD defence. Hans Jørgen Roven (supervisor), Merete Tangstad (administrator), Jirang Cui, Emanuela Cerri (opponent) and Bart Blanpain (opponent).

Graduate studies

PhD projects in progress

Name and Title Thesis advisor

Madhubabu Abburi Electrochemical texturing of Si-wafers in alkaline solutions. Kemal Nisancioglu Omid Reza Noghabi Asadi Modelling of Czochralski crystallization process for silicon single crystals. Mohammed M’Hamdi Antoine Autruffe Marisa Di Sabatino Segregation of impurities in PV silicon. Lundberg Astrid Bakken New alumina based membrane materials for batteries and fuel cells. Tor Grande Mustafa Hasan Balci Formation of silicon quantum dots via wet chemical and plasma enhanced chemical vapour Mari-Ann Einarsrud deposition methods for solar cell applications. Markus Bernhardt Development of high performance lightweight aggregates for concrete. Kjell Wiik Marte Bjørnsdotter Effect of surface conditions on hydrogen uptake during cathodic protection of steel in seawater. Kemal Nisancioglu Yacine Boulfrad Investigation of the edge zone of multicrystalline silicon ingots for solar cells. Eivind J. Øvrelid Stein Trygve Briskeby Electrocatalysts of noble metals supported on carbon nanofibres. Svein Sunde Ingvild Margrete Brynjulfsen Nucleation and growth of PV silicon during crystallization. Lars Arnberg Thomas Brynjulfsen Melting and reactivity of manganese ore agglomerates. Merete Tangstad Sindre Bunkholt Sub-grain growth, recovery kinetics and nucleation of recrystallization during annealing Knut Marthinsen of cold deformed recycled based aluminium alloys. Xinzhi Chen Dense ceramic membranes for gas separation-high temperature mechanical performance Tor Grande and chemical/mechanical stability. Per Kristian Dahlstrøm Electrooxidation of small organic molecules. Frode Seland Elena Dal Martello The influence of quartz, pellets and lumps on the production of SoG-Si. Gabriella Tranell Tobias Danner Mechanism of calcined clay as pozzolana. Harald Justnes Mahdi Darab Synthesis and durability enhancement of CNT based MEAs for PEMFC. Svein Sunde Ole-Kristian Eide IR and NMR spectroscopy of catalyst for olefin polymerization. Martin Ystenes Torunn Kringlen Ervik Formation, multiplication and reduction of dislocations in silicon for solar cells. Lars Arnberg Jiregna Hirko Foggi Lifetime modelling of overhead powerlines exposed to marine environments. Kemal Nisancioglu Carl Erik Lie Foss Carbon materials for improved stability of anodes for Li-ion batteries. Fride Vullum-Bruer David Franke Etching response of aluminium. Kemal Nisancioglu Jørgen Furu Remelting and recycling of aluminum scraps. Knut Marthinsen

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Heiko Gaertner Flue gas characteristics in aluminium reduction cells under various operational conditions. Arne Petter Ratvik Nils Håvard Giskeødegård Adhesion of organic functional groups on aluminium. Kemal Nisancioglu Nagaraj Vinayagam Govindaraj Development of light weight structural materials by accumulative roll bonding process. Bjørn Holmedal Terje Hals Novel exctrusion processing of aluminium materials. Hans Jørgen Roven Sidsel Meli Hanetho Coating and surface modification of multiphase pipelines. Mari-Ann Einarsrud Astri Bjørnetun Haugen

Lead-free ferro- and piezoelectric (K,Na)NbO3 -based materials. Mari-Ann Einarsrud Raimo Helenius High pressure die casting of light metals. Lars Arnberg Yu Hu Defects in monocrystalline silicon for solar cells. Lars Arnberg Liudmila Ilyukhina Rational design of mixed oxide catalysts for PEM water electrolysis. Svein Sunde Lars Klemet Jakobsson Removal of boron from metallurgical silicon through slag refining as a feedstock for the Merete Tangstad production of solar grade silicon. Svetlana Kalyavina Recovery of valuables from secondary alumina. Kjell Wiik Nils Eivind Kamfjord Mass and energy balances of the silicon process in order to improve environmental standard Halvard Tveit and diffusive emission. Kenji Kawaguchi

Electrocatalysis and novel functions of IrO2-based electrodes. Geir Martin Haarberg Mark William Kennedy Electromagnetically enhanced filtration of liquid aluminium. Ragnhild E. Aune Maulid Kivambe Formation and multiplication of dislocations in silicon for solar cells. Lars Arnberg Jeffery Kline Silicate slag structure and the analytical techniques utilized in the determination of slag Merete Tangstad structure. Egil Krystad Diffusion and mass transfer of boron during slag refining in the production of silicon for Gabriella Tranell photovoltaic application. Michal Ksiazek Thermal conductivity in ores. Merete Tangstad Köksal Kurt Effect of thermomechanical treatment on trace element segregation and electrochemical Kemal Nisancioglu activation of commercial and model aluminium alloys. Elizaveta Kuznetsova Influence of the mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction on PEM water electrolyser Svein Sunde durability. Eirin Kvalheim Electrode kinetics of anode processes on candidate inert anode materials for oxygen Geir Martin Haarberg evolution during electrowinning in molten salts. Sten Yngve Larsen Novel carbon materials in electrometallurgical applications. Morten Sørlie Jan Lindgård Alkali Silica Reactions (ASR) - performance based testing concept. Harald Justnes

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Stephen Lobo Gaseous reduction of ilmenite. Leiv Kolbeinsen Ørjan Fossmark Lohne The kinetics of surface exhange reactions in oxide based mixed conductors at reducing Kjell Wiik conditions and high temperatures. Thomas Ludwig Effect of trace elements in aluminium foundry alloys. Lars Arnberg Tomas Manik Multiscale modelling of microstructure and crystal plasticity of aluminium alloys. Bjørn Holmedal Chiara Modanese Impact of compensation on solar grade silicon for photovoltaics. Lars Arnberg Peyman Mohseni Brittle and ductile fracture of arctic steels. Jan Ketil Solberg Maria Førde Møll Production of high quality silicon, solidification processes. Product quality and yield versus Halvard Tveit operational parameters. Bronislav Novák Experimental investigation of the mechanism of carbon cathode wear in aluminium Tor Grande electrolysis. Tine Uberg Nærland Defect complexes in solar grade silicon. Lars Arnberg Mari Kirkebøen Næss Liquid Si- and Mn oxidation mechanisms and control. Gabriella Tranell Piotr Ochal Carbon-supported core-shell electrocatalysts for oxidation of small organic molecules. Svein Sunde Morten Andreas Onsrud Characterization of carbon cones and their application as electrode material in lithium ion Fride Vullum-Bruer batteries. Vinothkumar Palanisamy Microstructural characterization on shielded active gas forge weld steels. Jan Ketil Solberg Ky-Nam Pham Lead-free ferro- and piezoelectric KNN based thin films. Mari-Ann Einarsrud Anita Reksten Oxide catalyst for PEM and alkaline water electrolysis. Svein Sunde Magnus Rotan Phase composition, microstructure and resistance to attrition of alumina-based supports for Tor Grande Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. Espen Andre Rudberg Oxygen exchange on functional oxide membranes. Kemal Nisancioglu Stein Rørvik Migration effects in prebaked anodes. Arne Petter Ratvik Esma Senel Effect of trace elements on surface properties of aluminium alloys. Kemal Nisancioglu Malin Sletnes Wet chemical based methods for deposition of quantum dot structures and production of Mari-Ann Einarsrud hybrid materials for enhanced solar cell efficiency. Dmitry Slizovskiy Use of waste materials for ferromanganese production. Merete Tangstad Karl Gunnar Solheim The effect of HAZ microstructure on the utilization potential of 13%Cr flowlines. Jan Ketil Solberg Camilla Sommerseth Evaluate anode carbon qualities by electrochemical testing. Odd-Arne Lorentsen Øyvind Sunde Sortland B and P removal from Si utilizing natural gas. Merete Tangstad

61 Graduate studies

Sapthagireesh Subbarayan Nanostructuring of light metals; aluminium-magnesium bi-materials. Hans Jørgen Roven Tor Olav Løveng Sunde Thin films of transparent conducting oxides by wet chemical methods. Tor Grande Suwarno Suwarno Metal hydrides for hydrogen sorption enhanced reactor. Jan Ketil Solberg Guttorm Ernst Syvertsen Synthesis and characterisation of nanostructured fuel cells based on proton conducting Tor Grande oxides. Katharina Teichmann Precipitation in deformed Al-Mg-Si alloys. Knut Marthinsen Morten Tjelta Photoelectrochemical characterization of semiconductor electrodes. Svein Sunde Stefanus Lumban Tobing Spinel as coating material for SOFCs interconnect. Hilde Lea Lein Knut Omdal Tveito Modelling of macrosegregation formation during Direct-Chill casting of aluminium alloys – Mohammed M’Hamdi Influence of grain transport and mushy zone deformations. Ning Wang Softening behaviour of recycle based aluminium alloys during iso-thermal and non- Knut Marthinsen isothermal annealing and concurrent precipitation. Sophie Beatrice Weber Ceramic thermal barrier coatings. Mari-Ann Einarsrud Espen Tjønneland Wefring Synthesis and characterization of bismuth-based piezoelectric materials. Mari-Ann Einarsrud Min Zha Development and characterization of new types Al-Mg alloys processed by ECAP combined Hans Jørgen Roven with thermal treatments. Kai Zhang Crystal plasticity calculations of mechanical anisotropy. Bjørn Holmedal Song Zhang Research on mono-crystal silicon ingot for photovoltaic industrial. Gabriella Tranell Qinglong Zhao The influence of Mn, Fe and Si on work hardening of aluminium alloys. Bjørn Holmedal Haitao Zhou Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials for improved capacity Fride Vullum-Bruer in Li-ion batteries. Agnieszka Zlotorowicz Electrocatalysts for novel high-temperature PEM water electrolysis. Svein Sunde Øyvind Østrem Cathode wear in industrial aluminium electrolysis cells. Christian Rosenkilde Vegar Øygarden Chemical compatibility, degradation and performance of cathode material in proton Hilde Lea Lein conducting fuel cells. Ulf Roar Aakenes Industrialising of the Hymen Bonding method – From prototype to commercial process. Øystein Grong

62 Graduate studies

PhD projects co-supervised in other departments

Name and Title Thesis advisor

Minoodokht Arzpeima Sigbrit Karlsson (Royal Institute of Tech- A non-antibiotic approach to device related infections – Material properties, nology, Sweden) and Ragnhild E. Aune. processing, degradation and characterization of in-vivo and in-vitro exposed invasive medical devices. Reza Khabazbeheshti John-Are Moosberg-Bustnes (Norut), Optimization of gas-based iron production. Ross Wakelin (Norut) and Ragnhild E. Aune. Svetlana Ermakova Mårten Görnerup (Metsol AB, Sweden) and Measurement of slag amount after deslagging and the effect on steel quality. Ragnhild E. Aune. Tina Kristiansen Karina Mathisen (Department of Chemistry, Aerogels; a new class of materials for catalytic applications. NTNU) and Mari-Ann Einarsrud. Efstathios Ntafalias Petros G. Koutsoukos (Department of Investigation on the possibility to control water permeability of concrete. Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece) and Terje Østvold. Maria Psarrou Petros G. Koutsoukos (Department of Protecting soil from water erosion through precipitation of calcium phosphate. Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece) and Terje Østvold. Andreas Reiten Ragnvald Mathiesen (Department of Studies of structure dynamics in phase transitions by diffuse X-ray scattering. Physics, NTNU) and Tor Grande. Takeshi Saito Randi Holmestad (Department of Physics, Trace elements during recycling of 6xxx alloys and their effect on precipitation. NTNU), Calin Marioara (SINTEF), Jostein Røyset (Hydro) and Knut Marthinsen. Joalet Steenkamp Chris Pistorius (Carnegie Mellon University, Lining materials in the manganese industry. Pittsburgh, USA) and Merete Tangstad. Marit Takla Signe Kjelstrup (Department of Chemistry, On the lost work in the ferroalloy processes. NTNU) and Leiv Kolbeinsen. Nuria Tavera Valero Hallvard Svendsen (Department of

Corrosion by degradation products in amine-based CO2 capture units. Chemical Engineering, NTNU) and Kemal Nisancioglu. Fredrik Widerøe Torgeir Welo (Department of Engineering Novel extrusion technology and simulations. Design and Materials, NTNU) and Hans Jørgen Roven. Hege Zahl Grethe Wibetoe (University of Oslo) and Online characterisation of liquid metal by the use of atomic absorption Merete Tangstad. spectroscopy.

63 COURSE PROGRAM

Descriptions of the courses offered at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering are included in the University Course Catalogue that can be obtained from Student and Academic Section, NTNU. The present survey lists the courses given by our scientific staff.

Semester: S=Spring Title Passed/ Course no. A=Autumn Credits in parenthesis Lectures and exercise coordinators Started TMT4106 S General Chemistry (7.5) M. Ystenes 186/231 TMT4110 S General Chemistry (7.5) H.L. Lein 132/146 TMT4130 S Inorganic Chemistry (7.5) M.-A. Einarsrud 73/77 TMT4166 S Experimental Materials- and F. Seland, K. Wiik, G.M. Haarberg 41/43 Electro Chemistry (7.5) TMT4176 S Materials Technology 2 (7.5) B. Holmedal, H.J. Roven 22/25 TMT4206 S Fluid and Heat Transfer, Intr. Course (7.5) R.E. Aune 25/29 TMT4208 S Fluid and Heat Transfer, Adv. Course (7.5) L. Kolbeinsen 9/9 TMT4210 S Material and Process Modelling (7.5) K. Marthinsen 46/46 TMT4215 S Casting (7.5) L. Arnberg 25/30 TMT4245 S Functional Materials (7.5) F. Vullum-Bruer 20/21 TMT4252 S Electrochemistry (7.5) G.M. Haarberg 51/54 TMT4266 S Materials Techn.-Forming Light Metals (7.5) B. Holmedal, O. Jensrud, O. Reiso 3/5 TMT4275 S Thermodynamics and Phasediagrams (7.5) M. Tangstad 26/28 TMT4285 S Hydrogen Techn., Fuel/Solar Cells (7.5) S. Sunde 64/68 TMT4300 S Light and Electron Microscopy (7.5) J.K. Solberg, J. Hjelen 58/64 TMT4322 S Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Nanostructures S. Sunde, E. Øvrelid 22/24 (7.5) TMT4850 S Experts in Team (7.5) L. Kolbeinsen 24/24 TMT4900 S Spec. in Materials Chemistry and Several teachers at the department 22/22 Energy Techn., Master thesis (30.0) TMT4905 S Materials Technology, Master thesis (30.0) Several teachers at the department 24/24 TMT4910 S Nanotechnology, Master thesis (30.0) Several teachers at the department 6/6 TMT5100 S Electrolysis of Light Metals 2 (7.5) G.M. Haarberg, O.-A. Lorentsen 7/7 TMT4100 A General Chemistry (7.5) M. Ystenes 145/163 TMT4112 A General Chemistry (7.5) K. Wiik 205/230 TMT4115 A General Chemistry 1 (7.5) H. Karoliussen 92/99 TMT4122 A General and Organic Chemistry Laboratory S. Hakvåg 52/53 Course (7.5) TMT4145 A Ceramic Engineering (7.5) M.-A. Einarsrud 44/46 TMT4155 A Heterogen Equilibria/Phase Diagrams (7.5) H. Kvande, M. Tangstad 62/63 TMT4171 A Materials Technology 1 (7.5) L. Arnberg , H.J. Roven 30/31 TMT4177 A Materials Technology 3 (7.5) Ø. Grong, K. Marthinsen 18/18 TMT4185 A Materials Technology (7.5) J. Hjelen, L. Arnberg 70/71 TMT4222 A Mechanical Properties of Metals 1 (7.5) B. Holmedal 17/18 TMT4240 A Microstructure and Properties of Metals (7.5) J.K. Solberg 38/42 TMT4253 A Electrochemical Process- and L.-E. Owe 13/16 Energy Technology (7.5) TMT4255 A Corrosion and Corrosion Protection (7.5) K. Nisancioglu, R. Johnsen 34/36

64 Course Program

TMT4260 A Phase Transformations in Metals (7.5) K. Marthinsen, Ø. Grong 14/14 TMT4280 A Extractive Metallurgy (7.5) L. Kolbeinsen 10/10 TMT4292 A Materials- and Surface Chemistry (7.5) S. Sunde 24/30 TMT4305 A Electrometallurgy (7.5) G. Tranell, M. Tangstad, H. Tveit 5/7 TMT4320 A Nanomaterials (7.5) F. Vullum-Bruer 50/60 TMT4325 A Refining and Recycling of Metals (7.5) R.E. Aune 14/14 TMT4500 A Materials Technology, special project (15.0) Several teachers at the department 51/51 TMT4505 A Materials Technology, special course (7.5) Several teachers at the department 49/49 TMT4515 A Nanotechnology, specialization course (7.5) F. Vullum-Bruer 8/10 TMT5105 A Electrolysis of Light Metals 1 (7.5) E. Kvalheim 2/2 TMT5500 A Process Metallurgy and Several teachers at the department 6/6 Electrolysis, special project (15.0) TMT5505 A Process Metallurgy and Several teachers at the department 6/6 Electrolysis, special course (7.5) MT8101 S Semiconductor Electrochemistry (11.0) S. Sunde 6/6 MT8102 S Corrosion and Surface Technology (7.5) K. Nisancioglu 2/2 MT8200 S Advanced Chemical Metallurgy (7.5) L. Kolbeinsen 2/2 MT8206 S Iron and Steel Metallurgy (7.5) Ø. Grong 1/1 MT8209 S Failure Analysis of Metals (7.5) J.K. Solberg 3/3 MT8214 S Advanced Silicon – Solar Cells (7.5) M.D.S. Lundberg 9/9 MT8218 S Advanced Materials Science (7.5) K. Marthinsen 4/4 MT8300 S Electrolysis of Light Metals 2 (7.5) O.-A. Lorentsen 4/4 MT8301 S Carbon Materials Technology (7.5) M. Sørlie 7/7 MT8305 S Cement Chemistry (7.5) H. Justnes 5/5 MT8102 S Advanced Electrometallurgy (7.5) G. Tranell, M. Tangstad 1/1 MT8104 A Electrolysis of Light Metals 1 (7.5) E. Kvalheim 3/3 MT8108 A Mass Transfer (7.5) K. Nisancioglu 6/6 MT8201 A Advanced Electrometallurgy (7.5) G. Tranell, M. Tangstad 1/1 MT8208 A Fatigue of Metals (7.5) H.J. Roven 1/1 MT8210 A Advanced Solidification Metallurgy (7.5) L. Arnberg 3/3 MT8216 A Recrystallization and Texture (7.5) K. Marthinsen 2/2 MT8218 A Advanced Materials Science (7.5) M.-A. Einarsrud 6/6

65 M.Sc. STUDENTS

Master of Science in Materials 5th year Hanne Keseler Technology (5 years) Arya Bastiko Vanessa Valle Lopez Autumn semester Audun Bilsbak Natalia Maria Mazur 3rd year Erik Bjartnes Benedicte E. Nilssen David Dominikus Brennhaugen Ann Kristin Bjerkelund Mari Reidulff Rune Botnmark Brurok Jan Gaute Frydendahl Ellen-Kristin Raasok Mads Jonas Christensen Preben Kjos Gabrielsen Maiken Sandland Maren Kirknes Fossum Stian Gurrik Didrik Rene Småbråten Iver Gjerdevik Kristoffer Werner Hansen Marita Sætnan Torstein Grøstad Thomas Holm Elise Ramleth Østlie Magnus Gule Hans Husby Linda Berg Aas Trond Rypdal Henninen Torunn Hjulstad Iversen Adrian Christian Haaland Hedda Nordby Krogstad 4th year Jørgen Tandberg Iversen Kristian Larsen Kjetil Andersen Nils Nortier Jensen Thomas Larsen Tone Bukholm Magnus Austheim Krokstad Martin Borlaug Mathisen Elin Schonhovd Dæhlen Ola Myklatun Krossnes Bjarte Åstveit Nygård Dehlia Eide Kim Kristoffer Lorentzen Gunnar Sande Kari Forthun Joachim Mjelde Aleksander Rudolf Stoss Kristine Mari Lund Hansen Eirik Ottestad Espen Oldeide Strandheim Marius Hansen Magnus Sætersdal Remøe Erlend Sølvberg Kenneth Hole Kjetil Steen Rostad Astri Sømme Hanne Ekeberg Hove Tobias Rønneberg Andreas Torstensen Håvard Husby Erlend Andrè Sandvik Phung Hieu Dinh Tran Catalina Musinoi Torstein Jacob Stedje Jørund Vangskåsen Silje Kathrin Nesdal Gaute Stenerud Henriette Sæd Næss Kristoffer Tveit Strømmen Graduated Master of Eva Rise Erlend Næss Trøan Technology students Siri Marie Skaftun Therese Vadholm Eirik Belland Sandra Helen Skjærvø Tor Arne Buberg Belma Talic 4th year Jens Erik Davidsen Anne Elisabeth Thorstensen Jo Aunemo Sofie Drågen Sophie Caroline Utne Randi Berggren Solveig Egtvedt Stine Lund Walø Kim Blommedal Anne-Jorunn Enstad Tormod Østmoe Ingeborg Brede Ruth Oftedal Herikstad Magnus Bru Håkon Trygve Strøm Jørgensen 5th year Aleksander Coucheron Steinar Jørstad Helene Bjerke Lars Eriksen Steinar Lauvdal Kristin Roberta Brandt Kristian Fallrø Petter Ottesen Lene Marie Lysgaard Bristøl Espen Fanavoll Jonas Hovde Pedersen Marthe Emilie Melandsø Buan Trond Arne Hassel Mads Reiten Line Teigen Døssland Erik Hem Trine Viveke Salvesen Øystein Grøtting Øystein Høgsand Øystein Gullbrekken Audun Johanson Master of Science in Cathrine Selina Holager Kristian Berg Keilen Chemical Engineering and Lise Jemblie Pernille Kildahl Biotechnology, Specialization Ingrid Kummen Thomas Loland in Materials Chemistry and Dan Stræte Lagergren Thong Nguyen Energy Technology Ingrid Mattson Bodil Pedersen Autumn semester Christine Møinichen Trygve Schanche 3rd year Toril Nyhus Jaran Sele Christine Blom Anne Marthe Nymark Per Fredrik Tunestam Fredrik Hornkjøl Bø Gerhard Henning Olsen Asbjørn Ulvestad Duy Quang Che Mari Lovise Torp Madelen Mørk Frydenlund Marius Sunde Aase Marie Halvorsen Arne Hetland Tvedt Lise Helmine Haugesten Sandra Wika

66 M.Sc. Students

Graduated Master of Graduated Master of Master of Science Program Technology students Technology students in Silicon and Ferroalloy Spring semester Spring semester Production Inga Askestad Eivind Strand Dahle Autumn semester Inger Marie Bjørnevik Knut Ove Dahle 1st year Kai Erik Ekstrøm Atle Korsnes Lian Saeid N. Ghalati (Iran) Jarl Erik Morsund Flatøy Marius Slagsvold Zhejun Jin (China) Ragnhild Helene Gulbrandsen Shawn Wilson (Canada) (part time) Håkon A. Holm Gundersen Xinhao Zhang (China) Sigrid Lædre Master of Technology Håvard Mølnås in Master of Science in 2nd year Anita Reksten Chemical Engineering and Nicholas Smith (Canada) Kristian Grøtta Skorpen Biotechnology, Specialization Halfdan Kristoffer Småbråten in Materials Chemistry and Camilla Sommerseth Energy Technology (2 years) Graduated Master of Øyvind Sunde Sortland (Master Programme in Materials Technology students Jørgen Svendby Technology for Engineers) Spring semester Magnus Weberg Rajat Sharma (India) Espen Tjønneland Wefring Autumn semester Buhle Xakaleshe (South Africa) Ole Jørgen Østensen 2nd year Shuang Zhang (China) Åsne Århus Sissel Richardsen Line Katinka Rølvåg Ines Sulentic Master of Technology in Ivar Andrè Ødegård Materials Technology (2 years) (Master Programme in Materials Master of Science Program in Technology for Engineers) Light Metals Production

Autumn semester Autumn semester 1st year 1st year Frank Oliver Bakken Dian Adisty (Indonesia) Stig Rune Berg Yongpeng Li (China) Christina Rødsand Breivik Petter Gire Døhlie (part time) 2nd year Frank Arne Glimstad Maureen Bangu Isiko (Uganda) Sander V. Isungset Dian Mughni Fe Muhaimin (Indonesia) Erlend Krogstad Ahmet Oguz Tezel (Turkey) Eirik Mauland Kexu Zhang (China) Egil Solberg Camilla Stridsklev Graduated Master of Magnus Tyrhaug Technology students Spring semester 2nd year Lord Famiyeh (Ghana) Morten Dahlstrøm Behzad Mirzaei (Iran) Jonas Einan Ali Tabeshian (Iran) Martin Fossum Chen Wu (China) Anders Welde Gjønnes (part time) Amin Hossein Zavieh (Iran) Christian Grødahl Johanna Hansen Phillip Juven Vivian Koien Lasse Roaas Truls Sætran Trond Erik Tollefsen Petter Wibe

67 GRADUATED M.Sc. STUDENTS WITH TITLES OF THEIR DIPLOMA WORKS

ELECTROCHEMISTRY Name and title Supervisor Eirik Belland Alternating current corrosion of carbon steel. Professor Kemal Nisancioglu Solveig Egtvedt Thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA) with cathodic protection as Professor Kemal Nisancioglu corrosion protection for steel in natural seawater. Ragnhild Helene Gulbrandsen Electrochemical reactions of carboxylic acids and product Associate Professor Frode Seland identification. Håkon A. Holm Gundersen High temperature cathodic disbonding of organic coatings on Professor Kemal Nisancioglu submerged steel structures. Sigrid Lædre Investigation of metallic bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells. Associate Professor Frode Seland Jørgen Svendby Comparison between microstructure parameters and electrochemical Professor Svein Sunde performance of Ni-CGO anodes in SOFC subjected to redox-cycling. Katrine Dretvik Sandbakken Synthesis and characterization of catalysts for water electrolysis. Professor Svein Sunde Magnus Weberg Corrosion properties of various low-temperature supersaturated Professor Kemal Nisancioglu stainless steel.

EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY Name and title Supervisor Jens Erik Davidsen Formation of silicon carbide in the silicomanganese process. Professor Merete Tangstad Robert Frizsch Filtration of aluminium melts using Ceramic Foam Filters (CFF) and Professor Ragnhild E. Aune electromagnetic field. Steinar Jørstad Reduction of pelletized Tyssedal ilmenite and the effect of changing Professor Leiv Kolbeinsen gas composition and flow, pellet size and pre oxidation condition. Håvard Mølnås Compatibility study of carbon-based refractory materials utilized in Professor Merete Tangstad silicomanganese production furnaces. Petter Ottesen Processing and characterisation of diatoms for light harvesting Associate Professor Gabriella Tranell materials in solar cells. Camilla Sommerseth HF formation upon addition of different industrial aluminas to Adjunct Associate Professor Christian Rosenkilde cryolitic baths. Ole Jørgen Østensen Upgrading off-grades from the silicon process. Associate Professor Gabriella Tranell

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Name and title Supervisor Inga Askestad Ceramic thermal barrier coatings of yttria stabilized zirconia made Professor Mari-Ann Einarsrud by spray pyrolysis.

68 GRADUATED M.Sc. STUDENTS WITH TITLES OF THEIR DIPLOMA WORKS

Inger Marie Bjørnevik Stability and compatibility of fuel cells based on proton conducting Associate Professor Hilde Lea Lein materials. Håkon Trygve Strøm Jørgensen Oxidation of silicon in aqueous media. Professor Mari-Ann Einarsrud Kai Erik Ekstrøm Growth and characterization of silicon nanowires for solar cell ap- Adjunct Associate Professor Eivind Øvrelid plications. Urd Sæther Olden Wet chemical synthesis of silicon quantum dots for enhanced solar Professor Mari-Ann Einarsrud efficiency. Anita Reksten

Hydrothermal synthesis of LaFeO3. Professor Tor Grande Øyvind Sunde Sortland Wet chemical synthesis of materials for intermediate band solar Associate Professor Fride Vullum-Bruer cells. Espen Tjønneland Wefring Nanostructuring of oxygen permeable membranes by chemical Professor Kjell Wiik etching techniques. Åsne Århus Wet-chemical deposition of silicon quantum dots for enhanced solar Professor Mari-Ann Einarsrud cell efficiency.

PHYSICAL METALLURGY Name and title Supervisor Tor Arne Buberg Case hardening of hardox 450 steel for increased ballistic strength. Professor Jan Ketil Solberg Eivind Strand Dahle Grain refinement of high alloyed steel with cerium addition. Professor Øystein Grong Knut Ove Dahle The susceptibility of grade 70 anchor chain steel to HISC. Professor Jan Ketil Solberg Sofie Drågen Internal corrosion of carbon steel pipelines in connection with trans- Professor Roy Johnsen, Department of Engineering port of CO2. Design and Materials Anne-Jorunn Enstad EBSD characterization of an HSLA steel during in situ heating. Professor Jarle Hjelen Jarl Erik Morsund Flatøy Recovery and recrystallization behavior of a selection of AlMn-model Professor Knut Marthinsen alloys. Ruth Oftedal Herikstad Thermal forge welding simulations. Professor Jan Ketil Solberg Steinar Lauvdal Experimental studies of cold roll bonded aluminum alloys. Professor Bjørn Holmedal Atle Korsnes Lian Combination of self-shielded and gas-shielded flux-cored arc welding. Adjunct Professor Odd Magne Akselsen, Depart- ment of Engineering Design and Materials Jonas Hovde Pedersen In situ tensile tests with EBSD characterization of HSLA steel at Professor Jarle Hjelen room temperature and -60°C. Mads Reiten Numerical modeling of back-annealing behavior of selected Professor Knut Marthinsen aluminium alloys. Trine Viveke Salvesen Initiation of brittle fracture in a 420 MPa arctic steel. Professor Jan Ketil Solberg Ragne Marie Skarra The effect of pulse plasma surface treatment on the corrosion Professor Roy Johnsen, Department of Engineering properties of Inconel 718. Design and Materials

69 GRADUATED M.Sc. STUDENTS WITH TITLES OF THEIR DIPLOMA WORKS

Kristian Grøtta Skorpen Characterization of extruded aluminium. Professor Hans Jørgen Roven Marius Slagsvold Effect of Fe and Si content in aluminium alloys as a result of Professor Bjørn Holmedal increased recycling. Halfdan Kristoffer Småbråten Characterization of precipitates at maximum hardness and overaged Professor Knut Marthinsen conditions in Al-Mg-Si alloys.

NANOTECHNOLOGY Name and title Supervisor Dag Håkon Andre Åsmundhavn Haneberg A finite-size study on samarium-substituted bismuth ferrite. Professor Tor Grande Oddmund Hatling Multiferroic, magnetoelectric nanoparticles. Professor Tor Grande Susanne Helland Electrical characterization of amorphous silicon nitride passivation Adjunct Associate Professor Eivind Øvrelid layers for crystalline silicon solar cells. Marius Uv Nagell Carbon nanocones as electrode material in lithium ion batteries. Associate Professor Fride Vullum-Bruer Anne Kirsti Noren Characterization of structure and optical properties of diatoms for Associate Professor Gabriella Tranell improved solar cell efficiency. Jon Martinsen Strand Production of lead-free electroceramics. Professor Kjell Wiik

MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAMME IN LIGHT METALS PRODUCTION Name and title Supervisor Wu Chen

Depolarized gas anodes based on SnO2 for electrowinning of Professor Geir Martin Haarberg aluminium in molten cryolite. Behzad Mirzaei Oxide hydrogen interaction and porosity development in Al-Si Professor Ragnhild E. Aune foundry alloys. Lord Famiyeh Electrodeposition of silicon in fluoride melts. Professor Geir Martin Haarberg Amin Hossein Zavieh Optimization and modeling of electrode structure and composition Associate Professor Frode Seland for novel PEM water electrolyser MEAs. Ali Tabeshian Production and characterization of advanced bulk metallic glasses Professor Ragnhild E. Aune for hip implant applications. Mojtaba Taghadosi Multi-scale strain measurements vs. grain size in aluminium. Professor Hans Jørgen Roven

MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAMME IN SILICON AND FERROALLOY PRODUCTION Name and title Supervisor Rajat Sharma Investigation of inclusion characteristics in LCAK calcium treated Professor Ragnhild E. Aune steel. Buhle Xakalashe Removal of phosphorus from silicon melts by vacuum refining. Professor Merete Tangstad Shuang Zhang B diffusion in slag during slag refining for solar grade silicon. Associate Professor Gabriella Tranell

70 EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES,

Honours, Participation in Courses, Conferences, Lectures and Study Visits

Elin Harboe Albertsen Marte Bjørnsdotter Oral English Course, Eastbourne, England, October 23-28, 9th ESEE (European Symposium on Electrochemical 2011. Engineering), Chania, Greece, June 19-23, 2011. Presentation on: “A simple electrochemical engineering Lars Arnberg approach for measuring very slow rates of hydrogen Affiliate Professor at the Department of Mechanical entrainment and diffusion in metals”. Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA. Eurocorr, Stockholm, Sweden, September 4-8, 2011. Member of the Norwegian Program Board for Synchrotron Presentation on: “A simple method for measuring hydrogen and Neutron Research, the ESA Physical Sciences Work entrainment and diffusion in stainless steel”. Group and the International Advisory Board of the EPSEC Center for Innovative Manufacturing in Liquid Metal 220th ECS Meeting, Boston, USA, October 9-14, 2011. Engineering. Presentation on: “A simple approach for measuring slow rates of hydrogen entrainment and diffusion in metals”. MONOLOCO project meeting, Oslo, Norway, February 11, 2011. Xinzhi Chen 2nd Trondheim Gas Technology Conference, Trondheim, Project meeting, Hydro Aluminium, Sunndalsøra, Norway, Norway, November 2-3, 2011. Presentation on: “Mechanical

March 18, 2011. properties of La2NiO4 gas separation membranes by tape casting”. ESA, Nordwijk, Holland, April 18-19, 2011. Physical Sciences work group. Marisa Di Sabatino Lundberg Norwegian-French-Seminar, January 24-25, 2011. IMT Casting/Solidification Group Seminar, Lofoten, Presentation on: “Crystallization and characterization of Norway, May 18-22, 2011. silicon solar cells”.

SYNKNØYT Program Board Meeting, Oslo, Norway, June SEEIT Workshop, NTNU, February 3, 2011. NTNU 7, 2011. presentation.

NORCAST, Arendal, Norway, June 9-10, 2011. PEDUP-Course, Spring 2011.

11th International Summer School of Aluminium Alloy FME-Characterization Seminar, March 24, 2011. Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 20-22, 2011. Presentation on: “Comparative study of GDMS and SIMS”.

5th International Workshop on Crystal Growth Technology, TEM-Seminar on Solar Cells, March 30, 2011. Berlin, Germany, June 26-30, 2011. Invited lecture on: “State-of-the-art growth of silicon for PV applications”. Otto-Seminar, Trondheim, Norway, March 31, 2011.

12th International Summer School on Aluminium Alloy Presentation for the PV group of Professor Tonio Technology, Vicenza, Italy, July 25-29, 2011. Buonassisi, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA, July 28, 2011.

Project discussions, Hydro Aluminium Sunndalsøra, PhD defence, Sarah Bernardis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA, Norway, August 17, 2011. July 29, 2011. Member of the PhD committee.

KMB project meeting, IFE, Kjeller, Norway, September 1, Mari-Ann Einarsrud 2011. RIKEN Nanophotonics Laboratory, Saitama, Japan, March 7, 2011. Study visit. ESA, Nordwijk, Holland, October 20-21, 2011. Physical Sciences work group. KIFEE Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, March 9-11, 2011. Lecture on: “Ceramic processing of proton conductors for Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, membrane technology”. October 28, 2011. Opponent dissertation Karin Gong. Member of committee for lic. degree defence, Department 65th International Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm Cells, Boston, USA, November 1-3, 2011. University, Sweden, March 23, 2011.

John Hunt International Symposium, Brunel University, Proton Conductor Workshop, University of Oslo, Norway, London, December 12-13, 2011. Invited lecture on: “X-ray May 16, 2011. imaging of solidification microstructures”. Committee to evaluate applications for Swedish Research LIME, International Advisory Group, Brunel University, Council, Stockholm, Sweden, August 29-30, 2011. London, England, December 14, 2011.

71 Extracurricular Activities

Norway-China Workshop on Nanotechnology for International Discussion Meeting on Thermoelectrics (Renewable) Energy Materials, Trondheim, Norway, August and Related Functional Materials, Helsinki, Finland, 31, 2011. Invited lecture on: “Proton conducting oxides for June 15-17, 2011. Invited lecture on: “Synthesis, stability solid oxide fuel cells and membrane reactors”. and composition control of multiferroic and ferroelectric perovskite materials”. Fabpro project meeting, Oslo, Norway, September 26, 2011. 12th International Conference of European Ceramic Society, Washington Mills, Orkanger, Norway, November 7, 2011. Stockholm, Sweden, June 19-23, 2011. Invited lecture on: Study visit. “Cation mobility in oxide materials applied in solid oxide fuel cells and gas permeable membranes”. Torunn Ervik 26th EU PVSEC, Hamburg, Germany, September 5-9, 2011. 18th International Conference Solid State Ionics, Warsaw, Poster on: “Dislocation formation at Σ=27a boundaries in Poland, July 3-8, 2011. Invited lecture on: “Slow relaxation, multicrystalline silicon for solar cells”. chemical expansion and ferroelastic transition in LSM”.

5th International Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Cells, CSSC-5, Boston, USA, November 1-3, 2011. Lausanne, Switzerland, August 1 - December 31, 2011. Presentation on: “High temperature annealing of bent Sabbatical leave. Invited lecture on: “Cation mobility in multicrystalline silicon rods”. functional oxide materials”.

Tor Grande 8th International Latin American Conference Powder Member of the Board of The Faculty of Natural Sciences Technology, Florianopolis, Brazil, November 6-9, 2011. and Technology and represented NTNU in the Executive Invited lecture on: “Cation mobility in oxide materials Board of The Norwegian Research Centre for Solar Cell applied in solid oxide fuel cells and gas permeable Technology and the steering committee of the KMB-project membranes”. ROMA until August 2011. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Chairman of the Board of the start-up company Cerpotech. Brazil, November 10, 2011. Visit.

Department Seminar, Selbu, Norway, January 5-6, 2011. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland, December 8, 2011. Visit. Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany, February 18, 2011. Visit. Vanesa Gil 7th Petite Workshop on the Defect Chemical Nature of Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan, March 5, Energy Materials, Storaas, Kongsberg, Norway, March 14- 2011. Visit. Lecture on: “Research on ferroelectric and 17, 2011. Poster on: “Supported dense ceramic membranes

multiferroic materials”. of La6-xWO12-d based materials”.

The 5th KIFEE Symposium on Environment, Energy, ECerS XII, Stockholm, Sweden, June 23, 2011. Presentation

Materials and Education, Kyoto, Japan, March 6-9, 2011. on: “Supported dense ceramic membranes of La6-xWO12-d Invited lecture on: “Oxide materials for fuel cells and gas based materials”. permeable membranes”. Jarle Hjelen 7th Petite Workshop Defect Chemical Nature of Energy Parameter AB, Stockholm, Sweden, April 5-7, 2011. Materials, Kongsberg, Norway, March 15-17, 2011. Invited Course. lecture on: “Cation mobility in oxygen ion conductors”. Swerea KIMAB, Stockholm, Sweden, April 7, 2011. Meeting. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, April 6-7, 2011. Visit. Lecture on: 21st International Offshore and Polar Engineering “Synthesis, stability and composition control of multiferroic Conference, June 19-24, 2011, Maui, Hawaii, USA. Lectures and ferroelectric perovskite materials”. on: “EBSD characterization of arctic steel during in situ heating” and “In situ EBSD investigation of arctic steel at Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), sub-zero temperatures”. Zürich, Switzerland, April 8, 2011. Visit. Jeol Demo Lab., Paris, France, July 11-12, 2011. Meeting. MRS Spring Meeting 2011, San Francisco, USA, April 24-29, 2011. Invited lecture on: “Synthesis, stability and BLG Productions, London, England, August 3, 2011. composition control of multiferroic and ferroelectric Meeting. perovskite materials”. Lecture on: “On the stability of high temperature electrochemical devices”. The Fourth Chinese-Norwegian Symposium on Light Metals and New Energy, August 24-26, 2011, Trondheim, Annual Meeting and General Assembly Meeting, The Norway. Lecture on: “Material characterisation by EBSD Norwegian Research Centre for Solar Cell Technology, mapping during in-situ thermo-mechanical treatments – Oslo, Norway, May 4-5, 2011. Development of ultrafast EBSP acquisition”, “Quantitative analysis of grain refinement in titanium processed by Strategy Seminar and Board Meeting, Faculty of Natural severe plastic deformation” and “EM Lab overview Science and Technology, NTNU, Stjørdal, Norway, May introduction - Characterization of morphology and 12-13, 2011. microstructure of different kinds of materials”.

72 Extracurricular Activities

Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France, October 4, 2011. 10th Australasian Aluminium Smelting Technology Meeting. Conference, Launceston, Australia, October 9-14, 2011. Two presentations. Geir Martin Haarberg University of Science and Technology Beijing, China, Molten Salt Symposium, Molten Salt Committee, The January 12, 2011. Visit and presentation. Electrochemical Society, Japan, October 21, 2011.

TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, USA, March 2011. Shinetsu Company, Takefu, Japan, October 27, 2011. Visit Presentation. and presentation.

Reactive Metal Workshop, Caltech, Pasadena, USA, Kyoto University, Japan, November 10, 2011. Visit and March 2011. Presentation. presentation.

KIFEE Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, March 8-11, 2011. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, November 17-18, Presentation. 2011. Visit and presentation.

Electrochemical Society Spring Meeting, Montreal, The 43rd Molten Salt Conference, The Molten Salt Canada, May 2011. Presentation. Committee, The Electrochemical Society, Japan, Osaka, November 21-22, 2011. Invited presentation. Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology - MS9, Trondheim, Norway, June 2011. Presentation. Iwate University, Morioka, Japan, November 25, 2011. Visit and presentation. Titanium World Congress, Beijing, China, June 2011. Presentation. Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan, December 9, 2011. Visit and presentation. MSDG Summer Meeting, Cambridge, United Kingdom, July 2011. Presentation. MSDG Christmas Meeting, London, United Kingdom, December 2011. Presentation. Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, August 1, 2011. Visit and presentation. Lars Klemet Jakobsson Materials Production and Recycling Engineering Lab., Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Department of Materials and Environmental Science, China, August 2, 2011. Visit. Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, September 27 - Desember 22, 2011. Study visit. Wuhan Technical University, China, August 2, 2011. Visit. Fray International Symposium, Cancun, Mexico, November South Central University, Changsha, China, August 4, 2011. 27 - Desember 1, 2011. Visit and presentation. Elizaveta Kuznetsova Hunan University, Changsha, China, August 5, 2011. Visit. Liblice Castle, Prague, Czech Republic, January 24- 26, 2011. Training course on: “Nanoparticles and Northeastern University, Shenyang, China, August 7, 2011. nanostructures for electrocatalytic reactions”. Visit and presentation. HASYLAB, Hamburg, Germany, May 2011. Synchrotron Nanshan Aluminium, Yantai, Shandong, China, August 10, experiments. Study visit. 2011. Visit and presentation. Gothenburg, Sweden, August 2011. Training course on: University of Science and Technology Beijing, China, “Theoretical electrochemistry and DFT modelling”. August 25, 2011. Visit. Nordic Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Conference 2011, Malmö, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, Sweden, October, 2011. Oral presentation. China, August 28, 2011. Visit. NSLS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, October University of Tokyo, Japan, August 31, 2011. Visit. 2011. Synchrotron experiments. Study visit.

Yamanashi University, Kofu, Japan, September 8, 2011. Visit. Electrocatalysis, Present and Future, Alicante, Spain, November 2011. Oral presentation. International Society of Electrochemistry Annual Meeting, Niigata, Japan, September 2011. Presentation. Eli Beate Larsen “IØ6502 Økonomi og verdiskaping”, NTNU Videre, REMT 2011 - International Symposium on Renewable Trondheim, Norway. Spring semester 2011. Course. Energy and Materials Tailoring, Kyoto, Japan, September 18-19, 2011. Presentation. “PK6200 Praktisk prosjektledelse”, NTNU Videre, Trondheim, Norway. Spring semester 2011. Course. Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, September 26, 2011. Visit and presentation.

73 Extracurricular Activities

Otto Lohne NTNU/SINTEF SIMLab-Seminar at Statoil Rotvoll, Norway, GAK-Lunch, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, February 24, March 17-18, 2011. 2011. “Silicon solar cells – A future industrial product from Trøndelag”. NFR BIP KK (Nucleation Control for Optimized properties) bi-annual project meeting at SINTEF Raufoss Meeting with representatives from the political party Manufacturing, Norway, March 21-22, 2011. Venstre in May 2011. “Co-operation between industrial companies in Trøndelag on the material silicon”. PhD defence, Michal Kolar, DMSE, NTNU, March 28, 2011. Thesis title: “The effect of pre-deformation on precipitation Seminar with REC in Porsgrunn, Norway, June 17, 2011. and mechanical properties during aging of Al-Mg-Si- Presentation on: “A presentation of the silicon activities at alloys”. Main supervisor. NTNU”. Member of the NTNU internal committee to evaluate Museum of the Archbishop’s Palace, Trondheim, Norway. the pedagogical qualifications of and to interview invited Guiding and striking of mediaeval coins for students at candidate for Adjunct Professorship in Materials Science The International Summer School on Aluminium Alloy and Engineering – Light metals surface technology and Technology in June and The Numismatic Society of corrosion, April 5, 2011. Trøndelag in October. NFR KMB MoReAL (Modelling towards Recycling Friendly Rotary meeting, Nidarvoll, Trondheim, Norway, November Aluminium Alloys) bi-annual project meeting at NTNU/ 29, 2011. “Silicon solar cells – A future product from SINTEF, April 12, 2011. Trøndelag”. Hosting the BIP RIRA (Remelting and Inclusion Refining of Otto Lohne, Pål Ulseth and Jon Anders Risvaag (VM) Aluminium) bi-annual project meeting at NTNU/SINTEF, collaborated with journalist Lisa Olstad on two articles in May 3-4, 2011. GEMINI: “The Archbishop’s Mint” (Spring: in Norwegian, Fall: in English). Member of the NTNU internal committee to evaluate the pedagogical qualifications of and to interview invited Evaluated external project applications for Innovasjon candidate for Adjunct Professorship in Materials Science and Norge, Skien, Norway, October 2011. Engineering – Thermo-mechanical processing, May 24, 2011.

Knut Marthinsen Chairing the 11th Trondheim International Summer School Acting Head of Department, Department of Materials on Aluminium Alloy Technology (ISS11), co-organised Science and Engineering, January 10 - October 31, 2011. by NTNU and SINTEF, Pirsenteret, Trondheim, Norway, June 20-24, 2011. Lecture on: “Alloy and substructure Member of the International Committee for the Joint strengthening experimental overview and modelling International Conferences on Recrystallization and Grain treatments”. Growth (ReX&GG), the International Committee for the International Conferences of Aluminium Alloys (ICAA) Administrator and member of the Expert Committee to and member of the International Advisory Committee evaluate the applicants for the associate/full professorship for THERMEC conferences (International Conference on in materials chemistry at the Department of Materials Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials). Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology. Report delivered May 6, 2011. Interview with Member (NTNU’s representative) in the Steering selected candidates June 28-29, 2011. Committee for the BIP NFR projects “Nucleation Control for Optimized properties” and RIRA (Remelting and Thermec’2011, International Conference on Manufacturing Inclusion Refining of Aluminium) and the NFR KMB project of Advanced Materials, Berlin, Germany, August 1-5, “Defect Engineering for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells”. 2011. Topics coordinator and Session Chairman for the Aluminium Alloys session. Invited lecture on: “The Leader of the focus area “Light Materials” under the combined effect of deformation and aging on mechanical Strategic Area Materials (TSO Materials) at NTNU, properties of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy”. and is Deputy member to the Board of Research and PhD education at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Member of the NTNU internal committee to evaluate Technology, NTNU. the pedagogical qualifications of and to interview invited candidate for full Professorship in Materials Science and Project Leader for Strategic University Program (SUP): Engineering – Aluminium casting and solidification, August Innovation in light metals processing and manufacture 10, 2011. involving the use of severe plastic deformation for nanostructuring, mechanical alloying and interfacial bonding The Fourth Chinese-Norwegian Symposium on Light (Improvement), a collaboration project between Dept. of Metals and New Energy (4th CNS 2011), Trondheim, Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE), Dept. of Physics Norway, August, 24-26, 2011. Member of the organizing (IFY), NTNU, and SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (2009-2013). committee and invited lecture on: “Combined effect of deformation and precipitation on tensile properties of an PhD defence, Pierre Delaleau, DMSE, NTNU, January Al-Mg-Si alloy”. 19, 2011. Thesis title: “Meso-scale modelling of dendritic growth during directional solidification of aluminium alloy”. PhD defence, Malin Torsæter, Department of Physics, Administrator and member of the evaluation committee. NTNU, September 5, 2011. Thesis title: “Quantitative

74 Extracurricular Activities

studies of clustering and precipitation in Al-Mg-Si(-Cu) 5th Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Workshop, Boston, alloys”. Administrator and member of the evaluation USA, November 1-3, 2011. Co-author of presentation: committee. “Temperature-dependent Hall-effect measurements of p-type multicrystalline compensated solar grade silicon”. NFR BIP KK (Nucleation Control for Optimized properties) bi-annual project meeting at Hydro Al, R&D Center, Kemal Nisancioglu Sunndalsøra, Norway, September 12-13, 2011. 10th International Symposium on the Passivation of Metals and Semi-Conductors and the Properties of Thin Oxide PhD defence, Ida Westermann, Department of Structural Layers (Passivity 10), Florianopolis, Brazil, April 10-14, Engineering (SimLab), September 30, 2011. Thesis title: 2011. Plenary lecture on: “Significance of continuous “Work hardening behaviour of age-hardenable Al-Zn-Mg-(- nanosegregations in localized corrosion of aluminum Cu) alloys”. Co-supervisor. alloys”.

EU Conference on Future Materials for the Grand Norwegian member of European Federation of Chemical Challenges of our time (FUMAT 2011), Warsawa, Poland, Engineers Working Party on Electrochemical Engineering September 22-23, 2011. (ESEE), participated in the 9th Symposium of ESEE, Chania, Greece, June 19-23, 2011. Presentation (Marte NFR KMB MoReAL (Modelling towards Recycling Friendly Bjørnsdotter): “A simple electrochemical engineering Aluminium Alloys) bi-annual project meeting at NTNU/ approach for measuring very slow rates of hydrogen SINTEF, October 20-21, 2011. entrainment and diffusion in metals”.

India-NTNU 2011 Seminar, Aluminium Technology Towards EUROCORR 2011, Stockholm, Sweden, September 4-8, New Challenges, NTNU, October 5-6, 2011. Invited lecture 2011. Presentation (Marte Bjørnsdotter): “A simple method on: “Through process modelling of aluminium alloys”. for measuring hydrogen entrainment and diffusion in stainless steel”. First European Conference on Aluminium Alloys (ECAA 2011), Bremen, Germany, October 5-7, 2011. Lecture on: 62nd Annual Meeting of the International Society of “Effect of deformation on aging behaviour and mechanical Electrochemistry, Niigata, Japan, September 11-16, 2011. properties of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy”. Keynote lecture on: “Oxidation of aluminum containing group IIIA-VA elements during cooling in water after heat NTNU-SINTEF-Hydro-Day, Lerchendal Gård, Trondheim, treatment”. Norway, October 17, 2011. Discussions at management level on strategic collaboration between NTNU, SINTEF 220th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Boston, USA, and Hydro. October 9-14, 2011. Presentations: (Marte Bjørnsdotter) “A simple approach for measuring slow rates of hydrogen NFR KMB Defect Engineering Project meeting at NTNU/ entrainment and diffusion in metals”, (Esma Senel) “Anodic SINTEF, November 22, 2011. activation and embrittlement of AlGa and AlGaPb alloys by enrichment of gallium during alkaline etching”, (David NFR BIP RIRA (Remelting and Inclusion Refining of Franke) “Alkaline etching response of AlZn model alloys”. Aluminium) bi-annual project meeting at NTNU/SINTEF, November 29-30, 2011. Lars-Erik Owe WELTEM project meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark, April PhD defence, Ke Huang, MINES ParisTech - Center for 28-29, 2011. Materials Forming (CEMEF), Sophia Antipolis, France, December 14-15, 2011. Member of the evaluation HyPilot Workshop, The Research Council of Norway, Oslo, committee and “Rapporteur”. Norway, December 8, 2011.

External expert evaluator for the French Research Council Arne Petter Ratvik Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) within the Blanch Acting Head of Department, Department of Chemistry, International Programme I. January - October, 2011.

Referee for several renowned international journals Member of the Steering Committee for “Solbygg 0” in materials science and engineering with peer review (Laboratory for solar silicon crystallization). system. Member of the Steering Committee of the following Chiara Modanese projects; SEAL, MOREAL, FME Solar United (from August), Solidification Group Seminar, Lofoten, Norway, May 2011. Carbatt and FabPro. Seminar: “Impact of a two-step heat treatment on the distribution of impurities in mc-Si”. Member of the Steering Committee of GEMINI Centre TEM, PV-Solar Cell Materials. Course, ELEMENT GD Users’ Meeting at Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany, June 14-17, 2011. Department seminar, Selbu, Norway, January 5-6, 2011. “Introduction” (strategy plan, work plan and focused 26th EU-Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, topics). September 2011. Co-author of presentation: “Model for distribution of dissolved oxygen in directionally solidified NTNU Management Meeting, participated in “Strategibad”, silicon”. Røros, Norway, January 25-26, 2011.

75 Extracurricular Activities

NTNU NT – Sintef M&C Management Meeting, Lerkendal, Referee for journals: Materials Science and Engineering Trondheim, Norway, February 15, 2011. A, Metallurgical Transactions A, International Journal of Materials Research, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, USA, February Materials and Structures, Acta Materialia, Scripta 27 - March 3, 2011. Materialia, Journal of Chemical Compounds, Materials Forum and Computational Materials Science, La Department of Chemistry seminar, Brekstad, Norway, Metallurgia Italiana. April 28-29, 2011. “Introduction to Strategy for Research and Education”. Member in the Scientific Committee of La Metallurgia Italiana, the official journal of the Italian Metallurgical ROMA PhD Meeting, Årdal, Norway, May 4, 2011. Association.

Strategy Meeting, Department of Metallurgy, SINTEF M&C, Mentor for female postgraduates as part of the NTNU Jægtvolden, Norway, May 11-12, 2011. female recruitment program, 2011.

Strategy Meeting, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Granted three PhD student projects for the Joint Research Technology, NTNU, Hell, Norway, May 25-26, 2011. Center (JRC), NTNU - Chongqing University, by the Rector, NTNU. KMB ROMA project excursion, Hydro Sunndal and Wacker Holla, Norway, June 14-15, 2011. Granted two PhD students projects and one postdoc for the Joint Research Center (JRC), NTNU - Shanghai Jiao Tong KMB ROMA project meeting with Alstom, Oslo, Norway, University, by the Rector, NTNU. June 22, 2011. Granted support money from the Ministry of Trade and Meeting with Hydro, Årdalstangen, Norway, August 24, Industry, through the Rector, NTNU, for China JRC 2011. colaboration development.

Meeting with Head of Departments, NTNU, Hell, Norway, Aluminium Roadmap Meetings between Norsk Hydro, September 13-14, 2011. SINTEF and NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, January 17 and December 20, 2011. Seminar meeting with “rød-grønn” section of the Standing Committee on Business and Industry (Næringskomiteen), 1st Panel meeting, ERC Starting & Consolidator Grants, Stortinget, “NTNU og solindustrien” (NTNU and the Solar European Research Council, Brussels, January 25-28, Industry), Oslo, Norway, November 16, 2011. 2011.

SALSA Seminar and Steering Committee Meeting, Vækerø, Hosting visiting Researcher Grigorios Itskos from National Oslo, Norway, November 23-24, 2011. Technical University of Athens, Greece, at DMSE, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, February 1 - March 31, 2011. FME Solar United Steering Committee Meeting at IFE, Lillestrøm, Norway, November 25, 2011. Qatar University, Materials Technology Unit, Doha, Qatar, February 6-9, 2011. Meetings and student seminars. Hans Jørgen Roven Head of the Strategic Area Materials at NTNU. Professor in Arranging web-lecture for Qatar University students, Physical Metallurgy and responsible for the Severe Plastic DMSE Professor Lars Arnberg (lecturer), Trondheim - Deformation (SPD) Nanostructuring Group at the DMSE. Doha, February 29, 2011.

Member of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Visiting exchange BSc students Ms. Chai Yuchao and Sciences (NTVA) and Member of the Royal Norwegian Ms. Wang Zhiqin under the JRC with Shanghai Jiao Tong Society of Sciences and Letters (DKNVS). University, undertaking individual research projects, DMSE, NTNU, March 1 - May 25, 2011. Officially appointed ‘Guest Professor’ to Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China, 2007 - 2013. The 5th International Conference on Nanostructured Materials by SPD (NanoSPD 5), Nanjing, China, March Assigned expert peer-reviewer to the European Research 20-25, 2011. Invited talk: “Super high strength aluminium Council (ERC) under the ‘Starting Grants’ section of the alloys”. Session Chair. Ideas programme. Peer-reviewer to four different national Research Council’s in Europe and North-America. Meeting Joint Research Center, JRC SJTU - NTNU staff members, Nanjing, China, March 23, 2011. Member of the www.nanospd.org promoting international research collaboration on bulk nanostructured materials Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Department of and Head of FORMLAB, the forming, new forming Materials Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, technology and mechanical testing laboratories at the April 1, 2011. Visit. DMSE. Dialog meeting Strategic Area Materials and NTNU NTNU responsible for the Joint Research Center (JRC) leadership, presentation of Materials activities at NTNU between Shanghai Jiao Tong University and NTNU, and the and recommendations for the future, NTNU, Trondheim, JRC between Chongqing University and NTNU. Norway, April 29, 2011.

76 Extracurricular Activities

2nd Panel meeting, ERC Starting & Consolidator Grants, Participating the ‘Indian Week’ dinner hosted by the Indian European Research Council, Brussels, Belgium, May 10- Ambassador to Norway, Trondheim, October 7, 2011. 13, 2011. Participating the Hydro Dinner, Britannia Hotel, October PhD defence, Mehdi Shirani, Department of Engineering 16, 2011, and the Hydro Day, Lerchendal Gård, Trondheim, Design and Materials, Faculty of Engineering Science Norway, October 17, 2011. and Technology, NTNU, June 15, 2011. Thesis title: “Probabilistic and defect tolerant fatigue assessment of Qatar University, Materials Technology Unit, Qatar, wind turbine castings”. Administrator. November 19-25, 2011. Visit, joint student project discussions and meeting. Poster session at the Qatar The 11th International Summer School Aluminium Alloy Foundation Annual Research Forum (November 20-22): Technology, Pirsenteret, Trondheim, Norway, June 20-24, Joint student poster: “Investigating the effect of trace 2011. Member Organizing Committee. elements on the properties of aluminium products”.

Meeting Joint Research Center, JRC SJTU - NTNU, Aluminium Symposium, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, Trondheim, Norway, June 20, 2011. November 24, 2011. Invited lecture: “Aluminium – The wonder metal”. Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, June 25-29, 2011. Visit, project meetings, BSc student supervision. Official Audit and Strategy involvement, Materials research and education at Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, December Hosting visiting Professor Manping Liu from Jiangsu 4-8, 2011. University, China, at DMSE, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, July 13 - September 30, 2011. PhD defence, Jirang Cui, DMSE, NTNU, December 21, 2011. Thesis title: “Solid state recycling of aluminium scrap and Meeting Joint Research Center, JRC SJTU - NTNU, NTNU, dross characterization”. Supervisor. Trondheim, Norway, August 23, 2011. Frode Seland The 4th Chinese-Norwegian Symposium on Light Metals COST543 Seminar, Budapest, Hungary, May 10-13, 2011. and New Energy, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, August 23-26, Co-author of presentation: “Electrocatalysis for small 2011. Symposium Chair and Organizer. organic molecules”.

The 4th Chinese-Norwegian Symposium on Light Metals PhD defence, Lars Erik Owe, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, and New Energy, Norwegian University of Science and June 30, 2011. Thesis title: “Characterisation of iridium Technology, Trondheim, Norway, August 24, 2011. Plenum oxides for acidic water electrolysis”. Administrator of the lecture on: “Welcome Speech & Historical Overview of the committee. Chinese-Norwegian Symposium Light Metals Series”. The Scandinavia – Japan Sasakawa Foundation, University Meeting Joint Research Center, JRC Chongqing University of Tokyo and Yamanashi University, Japan, September 7-9, - NTNU, Nova Konferansesenter, Trondheim, August 26, 2011. Visit. 2011. 62nd ISE Meeting, Niigata, Japan, September 11-16, 2011. Hosting four male BSc students from Qatar University (QU) Co-author of presentation: “Electrooxidation of small and two female engineers from the Qatar based aluminium organic molecules at Pt based electrodes”. melter Qatalum, part of QU-NTNU-Qatalum-Hydro cooperation project financed by Qatar Foundation under Esma Senel the UREP program, DMSE, NTNU, Trondheim, September SALSA Seminar on Trace Elements in Aluminium, Hydro 4-25, 2011. Aluminium, Karmøy, August 22-23, 2011. Presentation on: “Effect of trace elements Ga, Sn and Pb on the surface Hosting Assistant Research Professor Reza Javaherdashti properties of Al alloys”. from Materials Technology Unit, Qatar University, at DMSE, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, September 18-25, 2011. Electrochemical Society Fall Meeting, Boston, USA, October 9-14, 2011. Presentation on: “Anodic activation and Member Scientific Evaluation Panel to KU Leuven; Science, embrittlement of AlGa and AlGaPb alloys by enrichment of Engineering and Technology Group Research Assessment, gallium during alkaline etching”. Leuven, Belgium, September 18-20, 2011. Jan Ketil Solberg Meeting Joint Research Center, JRC NTNU - Shanghai Jiao Reviewer for Journal of Materials Science, Surface and Tong University, Shanghai, China, September 29, 2011. Coatings Technology and International Journal of Impact Engineering. Meeting Joint Research Center, JRC NTNU - Shanghai Jiao Tong University, discussions and plans for Double MSc Aker Solutions, Lysaker, Norway, January 10 and 19, 2011. degree Program in Materials Science and Technology, Meetings in project “Microstructure of F22.steel - clip Shanghai, China, September 30 - October 1, 2011. connector”.

Organizer and co-chairman, Bilateral Workshop (jointly Statoil, Rotvoll, Norway, January 31, February 16, March 9 between NTNU and Norsk Hydro, Dr. Trond Furu, and 28, May 10 and 31, September 21, October 19, November co-chairman): “Aluminium technology towards new 16, 2011. Status meetings in Renergi-BIP project “An challenges”, as part of the ‘Indian Week 2011’ at NTNU, integrated process for hydrogen production and generation”. Trondheim, Norway, October 5-6, 2011.

77 Extracurricular Activities

AMR Engineering AS, Trondheim, Norway, February Norway-China Workshop on Nanotechnology for 3, April 13, May 5, September 27, November 7, 2011. (Renewable) Energy Materials, Lerchendal Gård, NTNU, Status meetings in project “Microstructural modelling of Trondheim, Norway, August 31 - September 1, 2011. shielded active gas forge welding process for oil and gas applications”. Lecture on nanotechnology for chemistry, biology and physics teachers from Atlanten videregående skole, AISTech 2011 Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, May Trondheim, Norway, October 28, 2011. Lecture on: 2-5, 2011. Co-author of presentation: “Grain refinement of “Nanoteknologi”. austenitic manganese steels”. Norwegian Battery Workshop, Forskningssenteret, Twenty-First International Offshore and Polar Engineering Porsgrunn, Norway, November 9, 2011. Lecture on: “Li-ion Conference, Maui, Hawaii, USA, June 19-24, 2011. Co- battery activities at NTNU”. author of presentations: “EBSD characterization of arctic steel during in situ heating”, “In situ EBSD investigation of 6th Annual NTNU NanoLab Meeting, NTNU, Trondheim, arctic steel at sub-zero temperatures”, and “Application Norway, November 16, 2011. of electron backscatter diffraction (EBDS) on facet crystallographic orientation studies in arctic steels”. Kjell Wiik The European Ceramic Society Council Meeting, International Conference on Hydrogen Production (ICH2- Stockholm, Sweden, June 19, 2011. 11), Thessaloniki, Greece, June 19-22, 2011. Co-author of presentation: “Selective hydrogen absorption from ECerS XII, 12th Conference of the European Ceramic gaseous mixtures by the bcc Ti-V alloys”. Society, Stockholm, Sweden. June 19-23, 2011. Poster on: “Processing of functional layer of LSFTa membrane for Member of scientific committee, professorship in Materials oxygen gas separation”. Technology, Høgskolen i Buskerud, Norway, August 2011. The 18th Solid State Ionics Conference, Warsaw, Poland, The Fourth Chinese-Norwegian Symposium on Light July 3-8, 2011. Lecture on: “Conductivity, non stoichiometry

Metals and New Energy, Trondheim, Norway, October and oxygen transport properties of BaxSr1-xC00.8Fe0.2O3-d 24-28, 2011. Co-author of presentations: “Microstructure (x=0, 0.2 and 0.5)”. and hydrogen storage properties of as cast and rapidly solidified Ti rich Ti-V alloys” and “EM Lab overview Researcher’s Night, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, introduction – Characterization of morphology and September 23, 2011. Poster/stand on: “Svevetog og kjemi/ microstructure of different kinds of materials”. Stand nr. 7”, Price winning stand (1st price).

Further education course in “Metallic Alloys”, NTNU, Dr.philos defence, Ketil Svinning, Faculty of Science and Trondheim, Norway, December 12-15, 2011. Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, September 29-30, 2011. Administrative leader for the committee. Camilla Sommerseth TMS 2011, San Diego, California, USA. February 27 - March Project meeting (COIN), Technische Universität 3, 2011. Presentation. Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Keramik, Glas- und Baustoftechnik, Freiberg, Germany, October 6-7, 2011. Jomar Thonstad TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, USA, February Presented as “The Chemist of the Month” in November 27 - March 3, 2011. Co-author of paper. 2011. Own research presented on the Faculty of Natural Science and Technology’s web-site. (www.ntnu.no/nt/ International Soc. Electrochemistry, Spring Meeting, kjemiaaret2011/kjemiker). Turku, Finland, May 8-12, 2011. Co-author of paper. Terje Østvold 9th International Symposium on Molten Salt Chemistry and Project meeting with Lundin Norway on top side scale Technology, Trondheim, June 5-9, 2011. Presented two prediction for the Luno Field, January 26 and December 29, papers. 2011.

AGH – University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Project and board meetings related to “Sand stabilisation Poland, June 14 and December 16, 2011. Project meetings. and water proofing of tunnels”. This project is operated by the spin-off company Temasi AS where Terje Østvold is the Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia, July 7 manager. Project meetings: Stavanger with Schlumberger and November 4, 2011. Project meetings. June 14. Oslo with Radcon Scandinavia January 26-27, March 4, June 3, August 12, December 19, 2011. Non-Ferrous Metals Congress, Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, September 4-8, 2011. Gave two seminars on inert anodes. Statoil, Stjørdal and Rotvoll, Norway, January 31, February 18, May 11 and 18, August 12 and 17, September 9, Fride Vullum-Bruer November 17, 2011. Project meetings varying research International Conference on Solid State Ionics, Warsaw, projects. Poland, July 3-8, 2011. PhD student Haitao Zhou presented a poster: “PVA-assisted combustion synthesis and Det Norske Oljeselskap, Oslo, Norway, February 5, 2011.

characterization of porous nanocomposite Li2FeSiO4/C”. Project meeting on scale prediction for the Draupne field.

78 Extracurricular Activities

Project meetings with M-I SWACO and Schlumberger on RUSAL Khakas Aluminium Smelter, Sajanogorsk, Russia, sand stabilization, Stavanger, Norway, March 24 and June November 21-26, 2011. Project meeting. 14, 2011. Fray International Symposium, Cancun, Mexico, 22nd International Oil Field Chemistry Symposium, Geilo, November 27 - December 1, 2011. Keynote lecture on: Norway, March 27-30, 2011. Chairman. Presentation on: “Thermodynamic characterization of molten salts by “Potential for improved well productivity through utilization vapour pressure”. of sand consolidation technology”. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo, Member of the TEKNA Oil field chemistry symposium Norway, December 12, 2011. Memorial speech on Terkel board. Conference Chairman for the conference in March Rosenqvist. 2011 and in a program committee meeting in Oslo, October 19, 2011. Table of Contents ICE-HT, FORTH Patras, Greece, June 18 - July 7, 2011. Study visit.

Editorial ...... 3 Project meeting with Statoil and M-I SWACO, August 12, Professor emeritus Terkel Rosenqvist in memory ...... 5 2011. Planning sand consolidation with the QNC technology International conferences and courses ...... 6 developed by Temasi AS for the Heidrun field. Science stories ...... 13 Publications in international peer review journals, books and patents ...... 30 Project meetings with Statoil and Sintef Petroleum Conference proceedings, other reports and publications ...... 35 Research, on the understanding of scale formation under

Laboratories and equipment ...... 37 turbulent flow conditions, Stjørdal, Norway, August 17, 2011. Chemistry Building II (KII)-seminars, energy and materials ...... 43

Guest lecturers ...... 45 Presentations of scale prediction data for the Culzean field, PhD seminar series on aluminium ...... 46 Mærsk, Copenhagen, September 14, 2011. Staff ...... 47 Graduate studies ...... 51 International MultiScale courses, Exprogroup AS, PhD projects in progress ...... 59 Haugesund, Norway, September 5-8, 2011, Petrobras, Rio

PhD projects co-supervised in other departments ...... 63 de Janeiro, Brazil, for the flow assurance group at Cenpes, November 21-25, 2011 and at Petrobras University, Rio de Course program ...... 64 Janeiro, Brazil, November 28 - December 2, 2011. M.Sc. students ...... 66 Graduated M.Sc. students with titles of their diploma works ...... 68 Harald A. Øye Extracurricular activities ...... 71 Chairman of the Technical Committee ISO TC 226 (Materials for the Production of Primary Aluminium).

TMS 2011, Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, February 27 - March 4, 2011.

ISO Meeting, Standard Norge and NTVA Industrial Council, Oslo, Norway, March 8, 2011.

ISO/TC 226 Meeting, Bratislava, Slovakia, April 5-9, 2011.

Picture on front page: Samples for powder x-ray diffraction. The 15th Course on Fundamentals and their Application Photo: Julian Tolchard. in Aluminium Production, Trondheim, Norway, May 9-20, 2011. Director.

Hydro Aluminium, Sunndal Verk, Norway, May 11, 2011. Annual report for Plant visit. Department of Materials Science and Engineering th Norwegian University of Science and Technology The 30 International Course on Process Metallurgy of NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway Aluminium. Trondheim, Norway, May 23-27, 2011. Director Internet address: http://www.ntnu.edu/mse and Lecturer on: “The principles of aluminium production”, “Safe behaviour in the potroom” and “Cathode failure and cell service life for modern cells”.

Molten Salts 9, Trondheim, Norway, June 5-9, 2011. Lecture on: “Early times in molten salt research”. The editor thanks Third International Congress Non-Ferrous Metal 2011, ✔ Brit Wenche Meland, Hilde Martinsen Nordø, Elin Kaasen and Hege Knutsdatter Krasnoyarsk, Russia, September 7-8, 2011. Lecture on: Johnsen for collecting the administrative data and taking care of the process of “Health, outer and inner environment and safety”. printing the report. ✔ Skipnes Kommunikasjon AS for printing.

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Department of Materials Science and Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway