Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15544-2 — Islam Instrumentalized Jean-Philippe Platteau Index More Information

Index

abaya, 432 customs, 141 Abbas, H., 212, 214–22, 465 jihad, 214 Abbas, shah of Iran, 163, 165, 166 millat, 140 Abbasid nationalism, 285 caliph, 239 peasantry, 404 caliphate, 120 resistance, 142, 219 caliphs, 120 rulers, 138, 142, 400 dynasty, 454 state, 141, 179 era, 120, 123, 164, 454 territory, 276 rulers, 92, 128, 453 ulama, 137 underground movement, 119 warrior elite, 125 Abbasids, 5, 119, 164, 186, 289, 437, 453 Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 170 Abbud, Ibrahim, 203, 204 Afghanistan, viii, x, 9, 31, 104, 116, 125, 126, Abd al-Mumin, 139 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 146, 166, 178, 179, Abdelkader, 275 192, 213, 214, 220, 221, 222, 228, 264, 276, Abduh, Muhammad, 278 285, 292, 299, 309, 316, 317–21, 352, Abdul Wahab, 133 400–6, 408, 410, 431, 449, 452, 454, 456, Abdülhamit, 376 457, 467 Abdullah,Saudiking,442 Afghans, 102 Abi Talib, 117 Alaq, Michel, 234, 235 Abrahamian, E., 166, 465 Afonso II, king of Portugal, 51 Abu Bakr, 117, 122 Africa, 214, 282 Aceh, 277, 421 East, 105 Acemoglu, D., 12, 26, 27, 148, 413, 465 North, 279 Act of Supremacy, 56 Northwestern, 285 Adam Smith, 21 sub-Saharan, 3, 280 adat, 106, 107, 131, 279, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422 Africanization of Islam, 105 Addis Ababa, accord of, 205 Aghlabi, 121 Adelkhah, F., 306, 465 agnatic lineages, 459 Aden, 353 Ahmad, E., 465 Adi Granth, 332 Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, 210 Adler, A., 465 Ahmad, Muhammad, 179 adliyya courts, 175 Ahmadi sect, 210, 212, 213, 217, 232, 334 Adrian IV, pope, 51 Ahmed, R., 130, 186, 248, 471, 490 Afghan Aidoo, J., 488 communists, 213 Akbar, Mughal emperor, 103, 132, 271, 272

497

498 Index

Akhbari school, 168 al-Hakim, Boubaker, 255 al Azhar, 197 Al-hamla al-imaniyya, 240 al Qaeda, 292 al-Huda, Bint, 239 Al Sabah family, 157 Al-Husseini, W., 257, 466 al Saud, Abd al Aziz ibn, 269, 270 Ali, 112 al Saud, Abd el-Aziz Ibn, 269 Ali, Hussein ibn, x, 87, 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, al Sauds, 266 142, 167, 190, 191, 225, 241, 269 al Turabi, Hassan, 204, 205, 206, 207 al-Issawi, Rai, 248 al-Afghani, Jamar al-Din, 170 al-Jafari, Ibrahim, 247 al-Assad, Bashar, 254–5, 263 al-Jihad, 196, 197, 292 al-Assad, Hafez, 252–3 al-Jolani, Abou al-Fateh, 255 al-Assad, Maher, 254 al-Kanemi, 281 Alawite Allawi, A., 288, 466 community, 235, 252, 305 Allawi, Ayad, 247 identity, 252 All-Ceylon Buddhist Congress, 339, 340 oicer caste, 235 al-Mahdi army, 247 Alawites, 252, 253 al-Mahdi, Sadiq, 206, 207 al-Azam Mosque, 242 almajiri schools, 301 al-Azhar, 152, 162, 189, 194, 199, 200, 201, 224, al-Maliki, Nuri, 93, 247, 248 257 al-Mansur, imam, 180 al-Baghdadi, Abou Bakr, 250 al-Mawardi, 117 al-Bakr, 237 al-Mihna, 119 Albania, 463 Almohad Albanian regiment, 161 dynasty, 139 al-Banna, Hassan, 89, 189, 241, 282, 466 empire, 139 al-Bashir, 208–9 rulers, 139 al-Buti, Sa’id, 253 Almoravid al-Da’wa, 192, 239, 240, 247 rulers, 139 Aldashev, G., 2, 22, 23, 24, 107, 411, 413, 465 al-Muizz, 121 Aleppo, 162, 252, 253, 254, 255, 305 al-Mutlaq, Saleh, 249 Alesina, A., 466 al-Nimeiri, Jaafar, 203–7 Alevis, 358, 368, 370 al-Qaeda, 10, 89, 249, 250, 255, 317, 318, 320 Alexander I, tsar of Russia, 61 al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQMI), 285 Alexander II, pope, 51 al-Rahman, Ahmad Abd, 204 Alexander, C., 51, 61, 379, 380, 381, 389, 391, Al-Rasheed, M., 268, 466 466 al-Raziq, Ali Abd, 200 Alexandria, 277 Alsace, 66 Alexis, tsar of Russia, 295 al-Sadr, Muqtada, 184, 247 Algar, H., 166, 466 al-Sadr, Musa, 252 Algeria, 11, 31, 104, 188, 223–9, 256, 262, 318, al-Said, Nuri, 236 393, 444, 445 al-Saud, Abd al Aziz ibn, 270 Northern, 279 al-Shabibi, Sinan, 248 Southern, 280 Al-Shamat, H. A., 466 Algerian al-Shamat, Hania Abou, 354 army, 228 al-Sirhindi, Ahmad, 271, 274 constitution, 224, 257 al-Sisi, 200, 201–2, 203, 263, 284 socialism, 223 al-Sistani, 183, 184 al-Ghannouchi, Rachid, 389, 390 al-Sistani, Ali, 243 al-Ghazali, 127, 144 al-Suri, Abu Mus’ab, 255 al-Haji, Sidi Sadok, 279 al-Turabi, Hassan, 204, 208, 209 al-Hajji Umar, 124, 280 Alva, duke of, 44

Index 499

Alvarez, M. E., 29, 488 appellate court, 134 al-Wahhab, Ibn Abd, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, Appleby, R. S., 474, 475, 480, 482, 486, 488, 283, 451 489, 491 al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad, 247 Aquil, F., 299, 466 al-Zahir, 121 Aquinas, Thomas, 51 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 250, 283, 292 Arab Amanullah, x, 138, 179, 352, 400–2, 405, 407, armies, 320, 449 408 civilization, 287, 448, 449 American colonialism, 203 army, 270 nationalism, 26, 234, 290, 316, 318 revolution, 130 Arab Socialist Union, 191 American University in Cairo, 202 Arab Spring, x, 200, 201, 227, 308, 378, 398, Amin Bey, 379 404, 407, 442 Amin, Galal, 290 Arabia, 117, 118 Amirul Mominin, 221 Eastern, 164 Amritsar, 330, 332, 333 pre-Islamic, 112 Amsden, A., 14, 466 Western, 99 Amsterdam, 35, 36, 44 Arabian Peninsula, 122, 269, 286 Amu river, 319 Arabization, 91, 203, 208, 224, 225, 226 Amzian, Muhammas, 280 Arabism, 209, 223, 224, 233, 234, 235, 236, 239, Anabaptism, 43, 45, 48, 62, 84 243, 244, 252, 253, 262, 443 Anatolia, 165, 356, 357, 455 Arab-Israeli conlict, 26, 236, 320 Western, 356 Arafat, Yasser, 253, 318 Anatolian Arango, T, 183 businessmen, 374, 375 Arjomand, S. A., 120, 166, 466 nomadic tribes, 164 Arkoun, M., 127, 466 waqfs, 437 Armenian Anbar province, 244 genocide, 349 Ancient Régime, 363 Armenians, 104, 356, 358, 411 Andalus, 97 Arminianism, 45, 47 Anderson, M. S., 41, 42, 46, 48, 54, Arminius, Jacobius, 47 466 Armstrong, K., 58, 59, 66, 116, 117, 139, 161, Anderson, P., 126, 466 325, 359, 466 Anglicanism, 51, 56, 58, 84, 282 Arrunada, B., 38, 466 Anglo-Afghan wars, 138 Artois, 44 Anglo-Egyptian army, 179, 282 Aryans, 357 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, 190 asabiyya, 453 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 172 Asgiriya, 342 An-Na’im, A. A., 93, 100, 102, 118–22, 125–8, Asharites, 119 131–5, 137, 273, 330, 328, 466 Asia, 1, 14, 15, 29, 101, 106, 111, 120, 125, 214, Ansar Beit al-Maqdis, 202 295, 316, 318, 343, 357, 370, 431, 467 Ansar Eddine, 285 Central, 91, 101, 130, 160, 318, 319, 353, Ansar sect, 204, 206, 207 373, 454 Ansar-Sunnah sect, 206 Inner, 275 anti-Americanism, 220 South, 101, 102, 105, 211, 271 Antichrist, 295 Southeast, 271, 277 Antwerp, 20, 35, 36, 42, 43, 54, 67, 79 Askiya Muhammad Ture, 123 Aoki, M., 22, 466 Aslund,˚ A., 396, 466 apostasy, 122, 206, 208, 258, 262, 353, 384 Assaad, R., 308, 467 apostasy in Islam, 88 Assad, 192, 253 apostolic rights, 60 Astrakhan, 361

500 Index

Aswami League, 256 Baathist regime, 246, 305 Asyut, 192 Bab, 177 Atallah, S., 157, 158, 269, 270, 467 Baba Gurbachan Singh, 334 Atatürk, 31, 230, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, Babar, emperor of India, 328 361, 366, 368, 369, 376, 378, 383, 385, 407, Babism, 177 409, 424, 442 Babri Masjid mosque, 328 atheism, 10, 63, 192, 233, 241, 258, 284, 334, Bach, K. H., 111, 467 403, 405 Badie, B., 90, 467 Attila, 357 Badr Brigade, 247 Atwan, A. B., 249, 467 Baga country, 306 Augsburg Confession, 41 Baggara people, 209 Augsburg principle, 53 Baghdad, 96, 119, 121, 236, 242, 245 Augustine, 49, 50, 144 Bahadur, Tegh, 333 Augustinian tradition, 51, 61 Bahai believers, 232 Aung San Suu Kyi, 345 Bahai sect, 334 Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor, 103, 132, 133, bai’a, 382 272, 333 Bakr, Haji, 250 Auriol, E., 147, 152, 441, 407, 467 Baldwin, R., 38, 485 Austen, R., 106, 467 Balkan Austin, 467, 470, 482 heartland, 455 Austin, G., 21 Muslims, 358 autocracy Balkans, 373 kleptocratic, predatory, 13, 14, 159, 185, 186, Baloch tribes, 213 187, 188, 395, 396, 397, 444, 445 Balochistan, 213 liberal, 13, 14 Baltic region, 36, 66 Averroes, 97 Baluchistan, 166, 212, 223 Avicenna, 170 Bamako, 280 Avignon, popes of, 51 Bambara Avineri, S., 90, 467 people, 124 Avvakum, 295 Bandaranaike, 338 Axis powers, 364 Bandaranaike-Chelvanayagam pact, 338, Axworthy, M., 166, 168, 170, 171, 184, 467 342 Ayacucho, 310 Bangladesh, 216, 256 ayatollah Bano, M., 467 regime, 239, 439 Banten, 277 ayatollahs, 177, 182, 183, 184, 274, 452 Banu Maqil, 179 Ayn Jalut, 120 Baptists, 48 Ayodhya, 328, 330 Baram, A., 234, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, pogrom, 328 243, 244, 245, 246, 250, 251, 467 temple, 328, 330 Bardhan, P., 29, 467 Ayub Khan, 211 Barelvis, 23, 216, 315 Ayubi, N., 91, 192, 193, 195, 196, 204–8, 253, Barelwi 268, 270, 289, 293, 300, 348, 349, 467 Sayyid Ahmad, 276 Ayyub, 140 Barield, T., 137, 138, 140–1, 285, 309, 401–6, Ayyubids, 120 467 Azerbaidzhan, 104, 164 Barro, R. J., 24, 467 Aziz, Abdul, 432 Barzun, J., 46, 84, 467 Aziz, Tarek, 242 Basra, 236 bast, 146 Baath movement, 223 Batatu, H., 237, 253, 467 Baath Party, 234, 235, 237, 242 Bates, R., 64, 66, 156, 467, 487 Baathism, 232–5 Bavaria, 58

Index 501

Bayar, Celal, 373 Beys, 135 Bayar, Y., 376, 467 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) of India, 329 Bayat, A., 301, 467 Bhatti, I., 217, 481 Bayle, P., 63 Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh, 330, 333 Baz, Abd al Aziz bin, 270 Bhutto, Benazir, 221 bazaaris, 170 Bhutto, Zulikar Ali, 212–15, 218 Beau, N., 396, 468 Bible, 427 Becker, S., 37, 468 bid’a, 433 Beckerian approach, 22 bidding war, 186, 260, 445 Bedoucha, G., 110, 468 bigamy, 238 Bedouin bin Laden, Osama, 10, 89, 209, 250, 270, 292, communities, 455 318, 321, 406 tribal culture, 91 Binzel, C., 301, 308, 467, 469 tribes, 93, 116, 117 Birgili Mehmet Efendi, 273 Beg, Aslam, 220 Bishops’ Wars, 65 Behbehani, 171 Bitar, Salah al Din, 234 Beirut, 277 Bizerte, 380 Bektashis, 358, 370 Black Death, 74 Belge, C., 361, 468 Black Turks, 366, 371 Belgium, 35, 42, 44, 378 blasphemy crime, 232, 258, 272, 315, Believer-President, 196 336 Believing Youth, 178 Blasphemy Law, 217, 222 Belloc, M., 52, 468 Blaydes, L., 16, 17, 154, 155, 469 belly dancing, 195, 196 Bloch, M., 65, 72, 73, 458, 469 Beloucif, S., 89, 97, 468 Blom, P., 75, 469 Ben Achour, Y., 382, 468 blood feuds, 73, 458 Ben Ali, Zine al-Abidine, 378, 389, 391, 407, Board of Higher Education, Turkey, 408, 409, 423, 442 369 Ben Bella, 223, 224 Bobrovnikov, V., 61, 275, 276, 469 Bengal, 102 Bodhipujas, 342 Bengali forces, 211 Boko Haram, 285, 301 Bennabi, Malek, 226 Bolshevik Benraad, M., 184, 241, 245, 250, allies, 353 468 plot, 438 Ben Salah, 380, 381 revolution, 297, 353, 425 Ben Yusuf, Salah, 379, 380, 382, 388 Bonney, R., 64, 181, 469 Berber, 99 Boone, C., 124, 457, 469 colonial policy, 312 Bornu kingdom, 281 customs, 139 Bosker, M., 435, 469 law, 100, 108 Bosporus, 296 people, 100, 104, 108, 179, 224, 226, Böszörmenyi, Zoltan, 309 266 Botticini, M., 27, 28, 469 Berber-Somali people, 105 Bouamama, S., 224, 225, 226–8, 469 Berdyaev, N. A., 12, 297, 468 Boubekeur, A., 306, 469 Berkes, N., 364, 468 Bouhouche, A., 224, 228, 482 Berkey, J. P., 87, 88, 89, 92, 96, 99, 101, Bouira, 228 112, 118, 127, 164, 432, 437, 453, Boumedienne, 224–7, 229 468 Bourbon dynasty, 425 Berman, C. E., 400, 468 Bourguiba, Habib, x, 31, 352, 378–91, 392, 393, Berman, E., 22, 303, 304, 468, 479 395, 396, 399, 400, 407, 408, 409, 416, 423, Berman, H. J., 70, 468 424, 442 Bernheim, D. B., 107, 468 Boutelika, Abdelaziz, 229

502 Index

Bove, V., 148, 469 Burgundy, 44 Bowen, J., 95, 99, 106, 107, 278, 354, 418–22, Buringh, E., 435 469 Burundi, 110 Bowler, G. Q., 42, 481 Bush, George W., 2, 320, 447 Bowles, S., 428, 469 Butto, Benazir, 220 Brabant, 44, 67 Byzantine Brahmans, 272 empire, 120, 130, 142, 145, 437, 453 Braudel, F., 45, 469 legacy, 296 Bremen, 66 monarchy, 119 Brenner, R., 105, 469, 470, 475 Byzantium, 42, 50, 60, 463 Briggs, R., 41, 46, 75, 470 British Caesar, 49, 50, 86, 87, 144 colonialism, 189, 204, 236, 259, 269, 274, Cairo, 121, 162, 194, 202, 224, 293, 300, 379, 276, 315–17, 400, 456 429, 467, 485 power, 141, 190 caliphate, 43, 97, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, Protectorates, 353 122, 123, 132, 139, 272 BritishIsles,73 Calvin, 15, 37, 40, 41, 82, 83 Bromley, D. G., 481 Calvinism, 41, 45, 47, 48, 54, 84 Brooks, G., 22, 470 Dutch, 47, 60 Brotherhood of the Scythe Cross, 309 French, 57 Brown, C., 112, 230, 232, 470, 482 Calvinist, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 54, 58, 59, Brubaker, L., 43, 470 60 Brumberg, D., 395, 398, 399, 470 rebellion, 54 Brussels, 44, 45, 484 Camau, M., 382, 384, 468, 470 Buchan, J., 112, 177, 470 Camic, C., 38, 470 Budapest, 309 Cammack, M. E., 106, 470 Buddharakkhita, Mapitgama, 337 Campaign for the Faith, 240, 243, 246, 251, Buddhism, 1, 15, 21, 277, 346 443 Buddhist Camp David Agreement, 194 civilization, 341 canon law, 51, 69, 70, 71, 88 democracy, 339 Canterbury, archbishop of, 51, 145 doctrine, 336 Cantoni, D., 17, 37, 470 ethics, 339 Cantor, N. F., 49, 56, 65, 266, 470 festivals, 339 Capitulations, 355 fundamentalism, 31 Carolingian Empire, 73, 459 monastic colleges, 341 Carolingians, 50 nationalism, 337, 341 Carvalho, J.-P., 22, 39, 40, 78, 301, 303, 304, radical monks, 336, 342, 343, 347 307, 308, 469, 470 religion, 339, 344 Casey, William, 318, 319 schools, 336, 339 Cathars, 53 temples, 341 Catherine II, empress of Russia, 60, 61 way of life, 339 Catholic welfare state, 344 church, 3, 30, 40, 43, 46, 49, 50, 55, 66, 68, Buddhist Committee of Inquiry, 340 71, 74, 82, 84, 90, 98, 144, 187, 319, 336, Buddhist Protection Centre, Thailand, 363, 425, 431, 459–60, 462, 463 346 revolt, 57 Buddhist Theosophical Society, 336, Catholic countries, 17, 154 339 Catholicism, 3, 13, 17, 20, 24, 30, 35, 40, 43–9, Budha Issara, 346 66, 68, 70–2, 73–7, 82, 84, 85, 90, 98, 144, Bukhara, 139, 275 145, 150, 154, 187, 231, 275, 282, 336, 337, Bulgaria, 463 340, 363, 425, 431 Burgat, F., 390, 470 Catholics, 25, 34, 54, 84, 144, 319

Index 503

Caucasus, 104, 111, 160, 275, 456, 473 Civil Code, 353 Cavanaugh, W., 20, 47, 51, 58, 81, 90, 470 civil law, 88 Celtic districts, 73 civilization cemaat, 373 Eurasian, 447, 449 cemevis, 370 Far Eastern, 357 Cevdet, Abdullah, 357 Claeys, P., 487 Ceylon Union of Monks, 337 clannism, 9, 453, 457 Chaara, I., 100, 311, 411, 416, 417, 465, 471 Clark, V., 180, 276, 471 Chachoua, K., 108, 226, 471 clash of civilizations, 2, 439, 447–8 Chadli, 227–9 classic Islamic system, 15 Chambers, R. L., 376, 471 clericalism, 46 Champions of Jerusalem, 202 clerics Chaney, E., 16, 154, 469, 471 oicial, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 30, 149, 152, 177, 182, Charlemagne, 50 260, 261, 323, 335, 407, 440 Charles I, king of England, 46, 65 radical, 183, 186, 261, 440 Charles V, 43, 44, 55, 58, 67 radicalised, 261 Chechen tribes, 275 self-appointed, 6, 7, 30, 160, 176, 178, 186, Chechnya, 275, 319, 321 260, 266, 445 Cheibub, J. A., 29, 488 state-appointed, 160, 176, 178, 186 Chen, D., 471 Cleveland, W. L., 92, 96, 133, 166, 167, 168, Cheney, Dick, 448 170, 171, 174, 471 China, 75, 357, 449, 455, 461 Clover, C., 471 Sung dynasty, 21 club good, 40 Chinese club membership, 22 imperialism, 275 Coates, R., 295, 471 Chinghis-Khan, 181, 357 Code of Personal Status, Tunisia, 417 Chistis, 102, 127 Cohen, A., 22, 471 Choiruzzada, S. A., 232, 471 Cohen, B., 381, 382, 471 Christ, 41, 42, 49, 74, 81, 89 Cohen, H., 39 Christendom, 62 Cohen, S. P., 215, 218–20, 471 medieval, 46 Cold War, 318 Christian Collins, J. B., 471 communities, 181, 231, 236 Colombo, 337, 338, 341 doctrine, 75, 462 colonate system, 72 evangelists, 281 colonialism, 275, 293, 448 missionaries, 282, 336 European, 274, 286 political theology, 81 Commander of the Congregation of the Christian Coalition, 319 Believers, 243 Christian Right, 319 Commission for Islamization of the Economy, Christian Scientists, 84 Pakistan, 217 Christianity, 2, 3, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 30, 33, Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 49, 50, 53, 62, 69, 71, 76, thePreventionofVice,268 81, 85, 86, 87, 88–91, 95, 96, 104, 105, 115, Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf, 144, 150, 154, 181, 210, 277, 281, 282, 313, 447 319, 323, 345, 346, 350, 358, 363, 364, 431, Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 439, 440, 450, 455, 460, 462 360 Christianization, 312 common law courts, 65 church estates, 58 communism, 11, 12, 192, 231, 235, 282, 293, church prohibitions, 71 296, 316–19, 367, 369, 396, 447, 449, 463 CIA, 230, 285, 319, 321 Communist Party of Tunisia, 381 Circassians, 358 communists, 190, 191, 230–1, 309, 390, 400 Cisjordania, 257 Comolli, V., 301, 471

504 Index

Conakry, 280 Crystal, J., 157, 472 Concordat of Worms, 51 cultural markers, 310 concubinage, 69, 459 Curtis, M., 316, 472 Condé, Henry of, 59 Curzon, 169 Confucianism, 21, 455 customary Chu Hsi, 21 authority, 411, 412 Neo-confucianism, 21 law, 99, 104–9, 114, 131, 141, 187, 204, 245, Congress of the Regional Command of the 401, 411 Bath, 240 Pashtun customary law, 406 Congress Party of India, 330 czarism, 438 Congress, U.S., 199 Conseil National des Libertés en Tunisie Dacca, 332 (CNLT), 393 Daftary, F., 93, 472 Conseil Supérieur Islamique of Algeria, dagaba, 339 224 Dagestan, 166, 275, 319 Constantine, 49, 81, 227 Dale, S. F., 472 Constantinople, 145, 296 Dalmasso, E., 311, 472 Constitutional Court of Turkey, 368, 373 Daly City, 320 constitutionalism, 130, 172 Damas, 118, 119, 120, 128, 162, 180, 234, 254, Cook, S. A., 90, 189–99, 235, 471 256, 276, 429 Cooper, B., 110, 306, 471 Damdami Taksal, 334 co-option of clerics, 6, 7, 8, 19, 144, 147–50, dan Fodio, 281 153, 154, 185, 261, 262, 263, 385, 440 Danielson, 296 Coptic Danish church, 17, 79, 91, 155, 195 clergy, 55 monasteries, 293 Daoud Mohammad, 137, 146, 213 corporatist bodies, 303 Dar al-Ifta, 162 Co¸sgel, M., 13, 130, 186, 433, 434, 471 Dara Shikoh, 132, 133, 272 Côte d’Ivoire, 109, 305 Darby, G., 44, 54, 472, 484, 487, 492 Coulson, N. J., 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 104, 106, Darfur, 208 108, 117, 126, 127, 128, 129, 353, 354, 407, Darke, D., 256, 472 452, 471 Das, Amar, 332 Council of Islamic Ideology, Pakistan, 217 Das, Arjun, 332 Council of Nicée II, 43 Daultana, Mumtaz, 210 Council of Trent, 46, 52, 84 Davidson, B., 123, 124, 472 Counter-Reformation, 35, 46 Davis, E., 236, 237, 472, 493 courts Dawisha, A., 233, 235, 236, 237, 239, 244–7, emergency, 206 290, 449, 472 of Complaints, 129 Dawisha, K., 396 Crecelius, D., 472 de la Croix, D., 461 Crimea, 274 De La Croix, D., 472 Criminal Bill, 206 De Mesquita, B., 148, 472 Criminal Code of 1969, Iraq, 244 De Mesquita, B. B., 148 Criminal Military Code of Palestine, 257 De Reuter, Julius, 169 Cromwell, Thomas, 56 De Waal, A., 104, 111, 205, 206, 208, 472, crony capitalism, 378, 396 473 Crooke, A., 89, 90, 286, 287, 320, 452, 472 de-Ba’athiication, 247, 249 Crouch, H., 230, 472 Declaration of Khalistan, 333 Cruikshank, P., 302, 491 deep state, 11, 191, 201, 256, 262, 372, 375, 394, Cruise O’Brien, D. B., 124, 472 445 Crusades, 227, 293, 454 Deera, 254

Index 505

Delhi, 102, 276, 333 Republic, 36, 54, 66 sultanate, 103 revolt, 53, 59 Dellys, 228 rule, 230 Demirel, Süleyman, 367, 371 Dutch States General, 66 democracy, 13 Dyula people, 105 Democratic Party of Turkey (DP), 365, 366, Dzivar, shrine of, 104 367 Democratic Union Party, 208 Eastern Orthodox Church, 1, 12, 13, 60, 85, Democratic Unionist Party of Sudan, 204 144, 145, 295, 425, 463 Deobandi Ebu’s Su’ud, 432 college, 276 Ecclesiastical Appointments Act, 56 revivalism, 316 Eckstein, Z., 27, 28, 469 school, 315 economic opening, 191 school of Islam, 216 Economist, 3, 4, 65, 76, 100, 102, 178, 197, 199, Deobandis, 23, 216 200, 201, 203, 206, 209, 229, 232, 233, 249, Deobandism, 216, 405 250, 256, 258, 259, 315, 331, 345, 373, 374, Dersim, 358 399, 400, 432, 434, 442, 494 Desai, M., 326, 472 Edward I, king of England, 56 Desai, R. M., 472 Eelam, Tamil homeland, 340 Deshapremi Janatha Vijayaparaya, 342 Egmont (count), 59 Devotees of Islam, 319 Egypt, 3, 11, 17, 19, 31, 91, 98, 120, 121, 123, Dhammayuttika Nikaya, 345 125, 145, 152, 176, 188, 189–203, 204, dharmadesanaya, 342 226, 227, 256, 258, 262, 263, 266, 274, 280, Dharmapala, 336 281, 292–5, 299–305, 308, 313, 317, 353, discrimination 354, 395, 399, 415, 429, 444, 445, 448, anti-Hindu, 272 450 divan, 134 Department of Moral Afairs, 202 divorce, 69, 95, 106, 239, 354, 383, 410, 416, Ministry of Religious Afairs, 201 417, 418, 420, 423, 459 Ottoman, viii, 160, 182 Diyanet, 360, 366, 369 Upper, 300 Dodge, T., 247, 248, 249, 473 Egyptian Doepke, M., 36, 461, 472, 473 army, 193, 203, 289 domestic service, life-cycle, 74 immigrants, 271 Donner, F. M., 117, 453, 473 Islamic reformers, 273 Doppelhofer, G., 24 Eisenstein, E. L., 34 Dowell, W., 390, 470 El-Afendi, A., 95, 97, 205, 206, 473 Drago, F., 52, 468 el-Fassi, Allal, 312 Dreyfuss, R., 192, 193, 228, 317–19, 447, 448, El Ghazali, Egyptian imam, 227 473 El Kenz, D., 59, 66, 473 Dry Zone, Sri Lanka, 341 El Mansour, M., 135, 136, 146, 160, 473 Duby, G., 56, 72, 473 El Moudjahid, 224 Dufy, E., 41, 209, 473 El Sheikh, M., 202, 481 Dufy Toft, M., 66, 90, 205, 208 Elizabeth, queen of England, 56 Durand Line, 213, 214 Ellis, S., 473 Durand, Mortimer, 213 Elphinstone, M., 132, 133, 473 Durkheim, E., 315, 473 Elster, J., 349, 473 Durlauf, S. M., 24, 473 Emden, synod of, 47 Durrani tribe, 403 emir, 121, 137, 139, 140, 157, 158, 220, 275, Dutch, 66 281, 401, 402 churches, 45 emir al-muminin, 179, 221 colonial power, 277–9 Emir ul-Monineen, 221, 406

506 Index

Emirates, 353 family Enderlin, C., 318, 473 extended, 457 enforcement, 15, 22 laws, 3, 262, 299, 311, 360, 383, 419 environment, 31, 426, 438 matters, 99, 204, 278, 401, 410, 423, 442, Engels, Friedrich, 349 455, 458, 463 England, 36, 37, 41, 45, 48, 51, 55–7, 63–6, 68, nuclear, 238, 383, 461 77, 80, 82, 145, 157, 169, 178, 433, 456, Family Code, Algeria, 227 460 Family Code, Morocco, 416, 417 Anglo-Saxon, 65 Family Law Ordinance of Pakistan, 211 Church of, 56 Fancelli, S., 474 English Crown, 84 Faraj, Abd al-Salam, 292 English Parliament, 65 farangi, 140 enlightened despotism, 31, 423 Farnese, 36 Enlightenment Faruk, king of Egypt, 189, 282, 448 Early, vii, 30, 33, 62, 63, 64, 75, 76, 79, 460 Fatah, 257, 318 mainstream, 63, 70, 77, 233, 234, 288 Fatimid Ensminger, J., 473 dynasty, 139 Episcopal see cities, 51, 52 kingdom, 121 Eraly, A., 132, 133, 332, 473 Fatimids, 121 Erasmus, 83 fatwa, 7, 8, 13, 92, 97, 98, 128, 131, 133, 138, Erbakan, Necmettin, 367, 371, 372 140, 144, 162, 163, 170, 172, 181, 187, 194, Erdogan,˘ Recep Tayyip, 355, 370, 372, 373, 197, 199, 202, 252, 260, 270, 384, 386, 401, 374, 377, 378, 442 429, 431, 432, 440, 445 Ergenekon, 372 fawda, 128 Erlihy, D., 473 Faysal, king of Iraq, 236 Eshkevari, 112 Febvre, L., 34, 474 Esposito, J., 195, 473 Federal Party, 338 ethnic-Chinese minority, 259 Federal Sharia Court of Pakistan, 217, 218 ethnic-Indian minority, 259 Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan, eunuchs, 455 223 Euphrates region, 178 Feener, R. M., 106, 470 Europe, 51, 439 Feldman, N., 131, 267, 268, 269, 270, 432, Central, 52, 58, 84 474 Eastern, 40, 84, 183, 294 Ferjani, M. C., 288, 474 Northwestern, 52, 71, 72, 74, 75, 79 Fertile Crescent, 119 Southeastern, 27 feudalism, 38, 72, 73, 79, 457, 459, 460 Western, vii, xi, 12, 16, 19, 30, 32, 33, 49, 62, Fez, 136, 312 67–71, 76, 78–80, 153, 155, 273, 294, 321, Fida’iyyin, 244 359, 364, 426, 427, 434, 453, 455–61, 462, Fighting Vanguard, 253, 255 463 Filiu, J.-P., 97, 198, 202, 229, 254, 255, 256, 373, Evangelical movement, 82, 84, 310 474 Eversley, D. E. C., 476 Finke, L., 22 Evkaf, 360 Finkel, C., 100, 121, 123, 161, 177, 273, Evren, Kenan, 368, 369, 370 474 excommunication, 57, 187, 192 iqh, 99, 267, 419, 420, 421, 424 exodus, 192 Fish, S., 26, 474 itna, 128, 253 Facchini, F., 51, 89, 121, 474 Fivers, 164 Fafchamps, M., 22, 474 Flanders, 44, 67 Fage, J. D., 108, 124, 474 Flemish, 36, 54 Falluja, 255 Floor, W., 166, 174, 175, 430, 474

Index 507

folk Islam, 315 Gadallah, M., 308, 467 food riots, 195, 204 Gaddai, Muammar, 450 Forum Démocratique pour le Travail et les Galata, 429 Libertés (FDTL), 393 Galbiati, R., 52, 468 Fouta-Djalon, 124 Galileo, 76, 82 France, 34, 51, 52, 55–9, 66–9, 77, 78, 194, 321, Gandhi, Indira, 330 353, 357, 363, 379, 415, 424, 433, 450, 456, Gandhi, Rajiv, 330 462, 491 Ganesha, 326, 327 Napoleonic, 61 Gantet, C., 59, 66, 473 Francis II, king of France, 59 Gao, 123 Franco-Habsburg war, 59 Gaspart, F., 110, 474 Francophone elites, 226 Gayo highlands, 419 Franklin, S., 474 Gaza Strip, 257, 301 Free Oicers, 189, 190, 274 Geertz, C., 312, 416, 474 Free Republican Party of Turkey (FRP), Geiger, A., 39 359 Geisser, V., 384, 470 French Gellner, E., 108, 359, 363, 474 army, 202, 379, 380 Genc, K., 377, 475 authorities, 415 Geneva, 15, 82, 83 Code for Commercial Procedure, 353 Genghisid Code of Maritime Commerce, 353 descent, 139 colonialism, 160, 162, 224, 226, 235, 280, rule, 139 312 Georgians, 104, 358 Commercial Code, 353, 360 Gerges, F., 241, 248, 249, 283, 284, 293, 317, monarchy, 130 318, 319, 320, 321, 475 nationality in Tunisia, 384 German Penal Code, 353 emperors, 60 Protectorates, 353 tribes, 460 Revolution, 77, 130, 363 Germany, 15, 34, 37, 39, 45, 55, 60, 78, 294, Royal Edict, 77 295, 378, 433 wars of religion, 59 Ghalzeh Afghan tribe, 166 Frey, F. W., 357, 376, 474 Ghannouchi, Rachid, 391, 392, 398 Friday sermons, 242 Gharawi, Mahdi, 248 Friedrich II von Hohenstaufen, 121 Ghaznavid Front de Libération Nationale of Algeria, 224, empire, 454 225, 228 Ghent, 35, 42, 43, 54 Front Islamique du Salut of Algeria, 226, 227, Ghilzai tribe, 403 228 Ghose, A., 388, 488 Frykenberg, R. E., 324, 326, 474 gift exchange, 22 Fuad, king of Egypt, 189 Gilsenan, M., 195, 301, 475 Fukuyama, F., 17, 51, 70, 117, 120, 122, 123, Gilson Miller, S., 473 453–60, 462, 463, 474 Ginsburgh, V., 488 Fulani Giuliano, P., 466 conquests, 106 Gleave, R., 92, 166, 170, 175, 475, 480, people, 106, 124, 281 485 fundamentalism, 82, 85, 115, 291, 314, 319, Glorious Revolution, 57, 59, 64, 346, 347, 349, 368 66 American, 82 Gofman, D., 96, 100, 133, 177, 273, 428, Fur people, 209 475 Fustat, 118 Gökalp, Ziya, 357 Fuuta Tooro, 280 Gold, D., 327, 475

508 Index

Golden Age, 324 Gülenist movement, 373 Goldwater, Barry, 320 Gulf countries, 241, 448 Göle, N., 306, 362, 370, 376, 475 Gulf wars, 178, 196, 240, 241, 292, 448 Gomaa, Ali, 199, 202 Gunananda, 336 Goody, J., 49, 50, 67–71, 72, 433, 459, 462, 475, Gunn, S., 53, 476 477 Gürbey, S., 376, 476 Gordillo, G., 487 gurus, 348 Gordon Riots, 77 Gustav Adolf, king of Sweden, 55, 58 Gorski, P. S., 38, 470, 475 Gustav Vasa, king of Sweden, 55 Govind, Har, 332 Guzman, Abimael, 309 Grand Mosque, Saudi Arabia, 270 Grandguillaume, G., 226, 475 Haashi, Abdiqani Dahir, 282 Great Council, 67 Habibie, 232 Great Privilege, 53 Habsburg empire, 58 Great Russians, 295 Habsburgs, 43, 58 Great Schism, 153 Austrian, 66 Greece, 295 Spanish, 44 Greeks, 356, 357, 358, 411 Habus assets, 385 Greengrass, M., 36, 41, 44, 54, 55, 66, 84, Habus Council, 383, 385 475 Haddad, F., 247, 476 Gregoire, E., 306 hadith, 92, 96, 102, 112, 216, 241, 267, 279, Grégoire, E., 475 437 Gregorian Hadjadj, B., 223–6, 476 calendar, 362 Haenni, P., 476 reforms, 50, 72, 73, 459, 462, 464 Hagen, E. E., 476 Gregory I, pope, 68, 69, 79, 459, 464 Haghia Sophia, 377 Gregory II, pope, 79 Hainault, 44 Gregory VII, or Gregorius VII, pope, 50, 51, hajj, 117 69, 70, 459 Hajnal, J., 74, 476 Gregory XIII, pope, 54 Hakim, Abd al-Aziz, 247 Greif, A., 12, 22, 87, 428, 455, 460, 461, 475, Hakim (al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah), 121 476 Hakimiyya, 283 Greil, A. L., 481 Haldon, J., 43, 470 Grey Wolves, 368 Hallaq, W. B., 131, 476 Griswold, E., 82, 277, 281, 282, 476 Halliday, F., 173, 467, 476 Groningen, 44 Hama, 253, 305 Grosjean, P., 27, 476 rebellion, 253 Grotius, Hugo, 47 Hamas, 89, 257, 313, 318 Groupe Islamiste Armé (GIA), 228 Hamas of Iraq, 249 Guardians of Morality and Advocates of the Hammoudi, A., 485, 494 Good, 208 Hampson, N., 64, 476 guilds, 67, 461 Han dynasty, 455 Guinea, 124, 280, 306 Hanbal, Ibn, viii, 142, 180, 266, 285 Guirkinger, C., 458, 462, 476 Hanbali school, 93 Guise, 59 Hanei Guiso, 476 jurisprudence, 272 Guiso, L., 24 law of inheritance, 432 Gujarat, 328, 331 school, 23, 93, 99, 216, 360, 383 Gül, Abdullah, 355, 373 Hanei, H., 195, 476 Gul, Hamid, 221 Hanioglu,˘ M. S., 357, 477 Gülen, Fethullah, 373 Hanna, N., 429, 477

Index 509

Hanumantha, 327 Hijaz province, 269, 271 Haqqani, H., 210, 211–18, 221, 223, 477 Hill, C., 34, 35, 41, 45, 48, 478 Harik, J. P., 302, 477 Hillenbrand, C., 474 Harold II, king of England, 51 Hindu Harris, S., 3, 64, 477 customs, 300 Harris, T., 57 nationalism, 316 Hart, K., 477 nobles, 125 Hartman, M. S., 71, 73–5, 477 pilgrims, 272 Hashemi, 248, 249 rituals, 299 Hashemites, 117, 236 Hindu right, 313, 325, 327, 329, 330 Hashim, House of, 119 Hinduism, 1, 15, 24, 25, 101–3, 271, 277, Hasina, Sheikh, 256 323–7, 331, 332, 346, 439 Hassan II, 416 fundamentalism, 31 Hassan, G. S., 87, 313, 477 militia, 331 Hatina, M., 200, 477 Hindus, 132, 272, 277, 316, 325, 327, 328, 329, Hausa people, 21, 105, 106 330, 331 Hausaland, 281 Hinnebusch, R. A., 253, 478 Hawza, 184 Hirashima, S., 492 Hayami, Y., 21, 477 Hitler, Adolf, 349 Hazan, M., 458, 477 Hittite Hazaras, 405 empire, 357 Heads of Agreement, 190, 274 hiyal, 431 Hekhmatyar, Gulbuddin, 213, 214, Hizb al-Nahda, 392, 393, 398, 399, 400 285 Hizb ut-Tahrir, 319 Helmke, G., 431, 432, 477 Hizbullah, 256, 313 Henry II, king of France, 58, 59 Hodgson, M. G. S., 117, 163, 165, 171, 454, Henry III, king of England, 56, 65 478 Henry IV, king of France, 51 Hofman, P. T., 43, 50, 64 HenryV,HolyRomanEmperor,51 Hokayem, E., 254, 478 Henry VIII, king of England, 55, 56 Holland, 67, 488 Henry, C. M., 477 States of, 67 Heraclides, 42 Holy Roman Empire, 49, 50 heresy, 35, 53, 88, 137, 273, 433 Holy Spirit, 310 Heretz, L., 295, 296, 477 Holy Trinity Herlihy, D., 72 Sunni-Muslim-Turk, 358, 378 Hero of the Crossing, 193 holy war, 142, 181, 275, 281 Herzen, 296 Homs, 254 Hesb al-Da’wa, 286 Honorius III, pope, 51 heterogeneity of clerics, 154 Hopkins, A. G., 22, 478 Hettige, S. T., 340, 477 Hopkins, N., 301, 478 Heuze, G., 327, 329, 477 Hornes (count), 59 Heydarian, R. J., 477 Horowitz, D., 478 Hezbollah, 287, 302 Houphouët-Boigny, 305 Hibou, B., 394, 395, 396, 477 Hourani, A., 116, 117, 119, 125, 126, 128, 134, Hicks, J., 38, 477 158, 167, 181, 187, 233, 267, 284, 289, 290, Hidden Imam, 168, 170, 174, 177, 184 299, 305, 307, 327, 478 Higgins, B., 38, 477 Houthis, 177, 178 High Court of Justice of Tunisia, 380 Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, 317 high Islam, 7, 9, 17, 30, 91, 108, 113, 114, 115, Huda-Par, 256 273, 311, 362, 410, 440, 445 Hudood Ordinances, 217 Hijaz, 269, 270 Hudson, M. C., 90, 253, 478

510 Index

hudud, 205, 258, 259 383, 410, 412, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 427, Huguenots, 57, 59, 77 431, 432, 437, 452, 455, 460 Calvinist, 59 iniquitous prince, 195, 292 Humayun, 133 Innocent III, pope, 51, 56 Hungary, 60, 294, 295, 310, 312 innovations in Islam, 432–4 Huntington, S., 2, 89, 90, 445, 447, 448, 478 Inquisition hurm, 135, 136, 145, 146 Catholic, 53 Hussain, S., 490 Communist, 12 Hussain, Z., 214, 215, 219, 220, 221, 222, 478 Muslim, 119 Hussein Kamil, 243 Protestant, 83 Hussein, Saddam, 178, 197, 238–50, 255, 261, Insel, A., 372, 373, 479 270, 287, 292, 301, 443, 457 institutional trap theory, 15, 18, 31, 427–31 Hussein, Uday, 244, 245 interest rate in Islam, 430, 435 Husseinid monarchy, 379, 382 Internal Security Act of Malaysia, 259 Huuhtanen, H., 302, 478 International Monetary Fund, 193, 227, 389, hybridization of Islam, 100, 114 395 Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate (ISI), Iannaccone, L. R., 22, 303, 478, 479, 491 214, 220, 221, 285, 405 Ibrahim, S. E., 26, 196, 313, 479 Investiture Controversy, 50 Ibrahimi, Ahmed Taleb, 226 ioj, 177 iconoclasm, 42, 56, 280 Iran, 19, 30, 87, 104, 112, 119, 138, 139, 156, Idlib province, 255 182, 184, 197, 239, 240, 243, 263, 317–20, Idrisid dynasty, 139 330, 442, 443, 448, 452, 456 Idrisis, 136 economy, 183 ijma, 92, 93, 94 Islamic Republic, 113, 183, 184 ijtihad, 92, 94, 167, 168, 241, 300, 383, 386, Islamic reformers, 273 387, 408, 416 nationalism, 318 closure of, 113, 383 revolution, 9, 171, 231, 250, 251, 287, Ikhwan Bedouins, 266, 269, 270 368 Ilife, J., 180, 479 post-Safavid, 160, 163–76 Ȋmam-Hatip schools, 360 theocracy, 160 imamate state, 275 Iraq, 31, 82, 178, 183, 188, 197, 223, 229, Imber, C., 130, 133, 479 235–52, 261, 269, 292, 319, 322, 395, 443, ˙Inalcık, H., 133, 360, 376, 479 447, 448, 450, 454, 455, 457 India, x, 31, 102, 103, 104, 125, 127, 132, 166, army, 197, 244, 251 211, 213, 221, 223, 264, 271, 272, 274, 276, Southern, 166 287, 289, 290, 313, 314, 316, 324–34, 336, Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), 237 342, 347, 353, 449, 461, 462, 474, 495 Iraqi High Electoral Council, 247 Army, 219 Iraqi National Movement, 247 converts, 125 Iraqiyya, 247 Indian Ocean, 273, 277 Ireland, 80 Indonesia, ix, xi, 31, 106, 111, 188, 232, 262, Irfan, H., 217, 218, 479 277, 278, 281, 299, 352, 406, 418–22, 423, Isfahan, 163, 166, 170 446 Isfahânî, ash-Sharîa, 178 Indonesian Compilation of Islamic Law, Islamic Indonesia, 420, 421, 422 banks, 430 Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement, 342 contract law, 427 Industrial Revolution, 12, 460, 461 courts, 92, 106, 218, 258, 383, 415, 418, initah, 191, 193 424 inheritance, 4, 68, 69, 70, 95, 97, 105, 106, jurisprudence, 93, 94, 98, 99, 106, 130, 187, 108–11, 114, 116, 129, 173, 238, 278, 354, 207, 424, 430, 446

Index 511

reformers, 273, 280 Jabhat Al-Nusra, 255 revivalism, 287–94 Jabir, Ahmad, 157 veil, 306 Jackson, T., 413, 465 zealotry, 219 Jadi, Salah, 252 Islamic Bloc, 303 Jadids, 353 Islamic Charter Front of Sudan, 204 Jafna, 338, 340 Islamic Community, Egypt, 193 Jahan, Shah, 132, 272 Islamic Democratic Alliance of Pakistan, 221 Jahangir, Mughal emperor, 332 Islamic Opinion, 194 jahiliyya, 240, 284 Islamic Order, 207 Jahl, Abu, 289 Islamic penalties law, 208 Jakarta, 231, 232 Islamic State (ISIS), 82, 248–50, 255, 284 Jama’at Islamiyya, 192, 195, 196, 197 Islamic Student Movement of Egypt, 349 Jama’at-i-Islami (JI), 211–13, 215, 221 Islamic Welfare Party of Turkey (WP), 371 JamesI,kingofEngland,46 Islamization, ix, 91, 105, 106, 108, 127, 139, James II, king of England, 66 192, 203, 208, 213, 215, 226, 229, 240, 242, Jamil, V., 388, 488 246, 257, 260 Jana Sangh, 329 Islamism, 11, 31, 115, 179, 200, 276, 282, 287, Janata Party of India, 330 293, 297, 311, 318, 355, 368, 394, 400 Janos, A., 60, 294, 295, 309, 310, 312, 479 against colonialism, 274–83 Japan, 21, 374 Islamist Japanese occupation, 230 irebrands, 259 Jasmine Revolution, 398 ideologies, 9, 265, 290, 451 Jati,SunanGunung,277 journalists, 215 Java, 106, 277, 279, 418, 420 leaders, x, 207, 308–11, 392 west, 277 militants, 242, 300, 348, 398 Javanese law, 106 militia, 208 Jayawardene, J. R., 341, 342 movements, 10, 11, 30, 31, 48, 60, 82, 103, Jedda, 429, 432 115, 160, 187, 188, 195, 213, 215, 228, 231, Jeferson, Thomas, 84 240, 260, 261, 264, 266, 285, 297, 302, 307, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 84 308, 311, 315, 317, 347, 366, 369, 374, 378, Jerusalem, 121, 194, 289, 429, 448 390, 409, 449, 450, 464 Jesus, 210, 234 parties, 405 Jews, 28, 39, 40, 84, 99, 166, 194, 236, 310, 324, political parties, 222 358, 411, 427 Islamist Republic in Algeria, 227 Iraqi, 236 Isma’il, shah of Iran, 165 religious norms, 28 Ismail, shah of Iran, 164 Jidda, 270 Ismailis, 121, 164 jihad, 10, 123, 124, 140, 142, 172, 178, 180–2, Israel, 10, 19, 49, 193, 194, 197, 257, 263, 264, 210, 241, 250, 253, 267, 269, 270, 279, 281, 274, 287, 290, 293, 318, 320, 448, 449, 283, 284, 292, 302, 309, 317, 318, 350, 386, 479 387, 403, 404 Israel, J., 62, 63, 64, 70 Afghan, 319 Israel-Palestine conlict, 263, 264 attacks, 442 Issawi, C., 430, 479 ideology, 309 Istanbul, 366, 371, 372, 429, 442 political, 292 Italian Jihad Command, 231 penal code, 360 Jihad State, 280 Italian states, 55 jihadism, 320, 434 Italy, 35, 51, 402, 433, 462 Jilani Khan, Ghulam, 214 Iyer, S., 2, 19, 479 Jinnah, 209, 210 Iyigun, M., 461, 476 jizja, 272

512 Index

John, king of England, 51, 56, 64 Kaya, A., 357, 358, 363, 369, 370, 376, 377, 480 Johnson, D. H., 206, 208 Kazakh steppe, 61 Johnson, S., 26, 27, 52, 53, 78, 465, 479 Kazakhstan, 60 Johor, 277 Kazan, 61, 274 joint-stock companies, 429 Kazhaks, 130 Jok, M. J., 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 479 Keay, J., 272, 480 Jomo, K. S., 480 Keddie, N., 104, 137, 142, 163–71, 173–5, 177, Jones, B., 282, 479 472, 480 Jones, O. B., 211, 235 Keefer, P., 490 Jordan, 318, 395, 448 Kelantan state, Malaysia, 258 Joyous Entry, 35 Kelanya temple, 337 Judaism, 14, 28, 39, 40, 49, 71, 78, 87, 96, 313, Kemalism, 369, 375 439 activists, 357 Juhayman al-Utaibi, Juhayman, 270 bureaucracy, 409 Jumblatt,Kamal,253 dictatorship, 364 Justice and Accountability Commission, 247 elite, 375 Justice and Development Party (PJD) of fervor, 377 Morocco, 311 forces, 358 Justice and Development Party of Turkey ideology, 375, 409 (AKP), 355, 370, 372–8, 442 leaders, 356, 359 Justice Party of Turkey (JP), 366, 367 legacy, 365 Juula people, 21, 105 policies, 358, 372 JVP reforms, 355–64, 408, 409 activists, 343 regime, 442 monks, 343 Republic, x, 360, 363, 364 revolution, 375 Kabah, 117 state, 201, 372, 377 Kabir, Amir, 174 traditions, 366 Kabul, 137, 146, 213, 285, 332, 401, 402, 403, Kemalists, 411 406 Kennedy, P., 480 Kabylia, 104, 108, 226 Kenya, 110 Kadizade, Mehmed, 273 Kepel, G., 87, 90, 98, 128, 135, 188, 193, 194, Kadizadelis, 273 195, 196, 199, 277, 283, 284, 288, 292–3, rebellion, 294 300, 480 Kafadar, C., 133, 479 Kermeli, E., 92, 475, 480, 485 Kahan, D. M., 414, 479 Keyes, C. F., 343, 344, 480 Kairouan, 386 Khaddai, Muammar, 321 Kakar, S., 1, 140, 287, 288, 290, 291, 298, 307, Khalid, A., 101, 126, 131, 137, 139, 267, 269, 314, 315, 323, 328, 329, 331, 480 276, 286, 291, 353, 480 Kali Age, 324 Khalid, Muhammad Khalid, 200 Kandiyoti, D., 357, 480 Khalistan, 333 Kandy, 342 Khamenei, Ali, 184 kanun, 134 Khan, M. H., 14, 139, 140, 217, 480, 481 Kaplan, B. J., 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, Khan, Mirza Hosain, 169 55, 57, 76, 480 khan, of Afghanistan, 104 Karbala, 118, 241 Kharijites, 117, 453 Kargil, 222 Kharkhordin, O., 63 Kasaba, R., 474 Khartoum, 179, 205, 206, 207, 209 Kashmir, 219, 220, 221, 222, 330, 332 Khasso, 124 Kassir, S., 289, 313, 480 khatibs, 61 Katouzian, H., 166, 167, 170, 480 Khatmiya sect, 204, 206, 207

Index 513

Khayr al-Din, 135 Laabas, B., 224, 228, 482 Khentash, Bu, 279 Labour Party of Egypt, 198 Khomeini, 87, 112, 113, 172, 184, 240, 250, Lahore, 213, 277 286, 443 Laitin, D., 482 Khoury, P. S., 478 Lal, D., 50, 69, 70, 86, 87, 90, 126, 144, 300, khul, 106 326, 482 Khurâsâni, 172 Lambton, A., 482 Kinross, P., 356, 361, 362, 481 Landes, D., 34, 88, 433, 482 kinship relations, 68–73, 106, 111, 118, 122, Lane-Fox, R., 49, 69, 482 142, 299, 323, 354, 420, 452–61 Langton, Stephen, 56 Kirkpatrick, D. D., 202, 481 Languedoc, 53 Kissinger, Henry, 194 Lanka Eksath Bhikkhu Mandalaya (LEBM), Kitching, G., 296, 297, 481 337 Kivimäki, T., 87, 89, 313, 477, 478 Lapidus, I., 101–5, 111, 119, 120, 123–7, 134, Kizenko, N., 295, 481 135, 139, 161, 162, 165, 169, 170, 173, 174, Knysh, A., 481 179, 180, 205, 224, 225, 228–31, 267, 272, Koenigsberger, H. G., 42, 481 274, 276, 278–80, 286, 291, 299, 353, 454, Koga, J., 148, 481 482 Kokand, 275 Laslett, P., 483 Koko, 306 Latin America, 1, 12, 17, 29 Konya, 368 Lattakia, 254 Kopelowitz, E., 81, 481 Launay, R., 306, 483 Korotayev, A. V., 460, 481 Laurent, J. P., 483 Kosovo, 463 Law of Personal Status, 238, 246 Kourtellos, A., 24, 473 Law of Shame, 195 Koutiala, 108 Layachi, A., 223, 483 Koyama, M., 39, 40, 52, 53, 78, 431, 438, 462, Le Gof, J., 50, 483 470, 479, 481 League of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals Krishna, 326 (ICMI), 232 Kufa, 118 League of Nations, 236 kufar, 180, 241 Lebanon, 252, 253, 286, 287, 302, 455 Kuftaro, Ahmad, 253 Lee, R., 19, 92, 112–13, 118, 130, 163, 165, 167, Kumar, K. B., 461, 481 177, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 200, 202, 203, Kunta 267, 268, 270–1, 354, 483 people, 124 left Destourians, 390 Kuran, T., 15, 18, 31, 87, 96, 130, 136, 137, 411, left-wing opposition, 11, 14, 186, 187, 197, 211, 426–32, 435–8, 442, 454, 455, 461, 481, 227–8, 229, 230, 260, 319, 368, 369, 444, 482 445 Kurdish legal and cultural pluralism, 446 provinces, 456 legal dualism, 238 rebellion, 362 legal personhood, 427, 458, 460 region, 256 legal pluralism, 352, 406, 411, 413, 419, 422, separatism, 368 424, 446, 463 Kurds, 104, 235, 247, 358 Legalism in China, 455 Kuru, A., 84, 360, 361, 363, 364, 368, 369, Leibniz, G., 63 371–3, 376, 425, 482 Lemarchand, R., 187, 314, 483 Kuwait, 11, 157, 197, 240, 241, 243, 244, 251, Lenin, 235 258, 261, 270, 287, 292, 318, 395, 443, 449 Leo III the Isaurian, 42 Leonetti, I., 483 La Ferrara, E., 107, 482 levirate, 69, 459 La Porta, R., 24, 482 Levistky, S., 431, 432

514 Index

Levtzion, N., 22, 483 Magnus, R. H., 104, 119, 123, 140, 141, 143, Lewis, B., 2, 86–90, 96, 98, 210, 357, 359, 364, 213, 484 447, 448, 483 Magyar Lewis, I. M., 105 tribes, 460 liberalism, 90, 130, 260 Magyars, 294 Libya, 321, 395, 448, 450, 455 Maha Nikaya, 345 Lieven, D., 223, 483 Maha Sangha Sabha, 338 Lilla, M., 39, 50, 63, 78, 81, 87, Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (MEP), 337, 338 483 Maharashtra, 328 Lille, 54 Mahavamsa, 339 limited morality, 461 Mahdi, 139, 164, 179, 184, 279, 280 Limongi, F., 29, 488 Mahdists, 179 Lister, T., 302, 491 political movement, 204 Lithuania, 84 revolt, 179 Littell, J., 254, 483 Mahjoubi, A., 379, 484 Locke, J., 63 Mahmut II, 360 Long, N., 483 Mahoney, J., 431, 484 Lopez-de-Silanes, F., 24, 482 Maila, J., 90, 484 Los Angeles, 82 Majelis Ulama Indonesia, 232 Louis XIV, 130 majlis, 157 Louis XIV, king of France, 66 Makdisi, S., 26, 96, 467, 473, 482, 484, 489, Low Countries, 35, 36, 37, 43, 54, 67, 493 433 Makiya, K., 90, 119, 233–5, 484 low Islam, 8, 30, 91, 108, 113, 114, 143, 297, Maklouf, Rami, 254 311, 410, 440, 445 Malacca, 277 lower Islam, 9 Malawi, 110 Lugan, B., 99, 135, 483 Malay Luizard, P. J., 171, 172, 178, 483 supremacists, 259 Lustig, S., 130, 429, 430, 482 Malaysia, 258–9, 277, 278, 299 Luther, 15, 36, 37, 41, 60, 61, 62, 83, 210, Maleki school, 93, 99, 136, 383 294 Mali, 108, 109, 123, 280, 285, 413 Lutheranism, 41, 45, 47, 48, 55, 84 Malik, A., 134, 211, 438, 456, 484 church, 55 Malthus, T. R., 1 German peasants, 58 Malwatte, 342 League, 58 Mamluk Swedes, 58 institution, 454 Lutherans, 76 rulers, 160, 161, 162 Polish, 55 sultanate, 119, 454 Lydon, G., 22, 99, 428, 429, 483 Mamluks, 120, 121, 125, 128, 145, 160, 429, Lynch, M., 320, 484 454, 455 Mandalay, 345 ma’sum, 139 Mandate of the Jurist, 184 Macfarlane, A., 68, 484 Manghit dynasty, 139 Macrides, R. J., 484 Mansield, P., 290, 484 madrasa, 96, 97, 98, 130, 135, 141, 219, 360, Mao Tse-Tung, 349 362 Maoist Magd, Kamal Abu, 192 tenets, 310 Magdeburg, 55 marabouts, 124, 280, 305, 457 Maghreb, 116, 224 Maradi, 306 Magna Carta, 56, 64, 65 Mardin, Muslims of, 181 magnet efect theory, 411–15, 422, 446 Mardin, S., 188, 274, 275, 276, 484

Index 515

Margaret of Parma, 59 establishment, 117 marja, 168, 172, 178, 184, 238 merchants, 117 marja-e taqlid, 168 Meccans, 117 Marnef, G., 36, 43, 44, 47, 53, 54, 67, 484 Mecham, Q., 398, 399, 484 Maronite militias, 253 Meddeb, A., 119, 121, 181, 268, 284, 285, 288, Marri tribe, 212 485 marriage, 67–71, 74, 106, 108–10, 135, 238, Medina, 86, 116–18, 120, 122, 123, 142, 201, 277, 279, 307, 308, 311, 354, 367, 383, 401, 266, 267, 269, 350, 432 410, 416–18, 423, 457, 458, 459, 460 Medinan tribes, 123 adolescent, 307 Medinese, 117 age at irst, 308 Mehmed I, 177 age of, 239 Mehmed II, 120 forced, 238 Mehmed IV, 273 late, 71, 75 Mehmed Ali Pasha, 161 Marsot, A. L., 92, 116, 121, 123, 158, 160, 161, Meier, G., 38, 485 187, 189, 194, 196, 289, 293, 313, 484 Meiji Martin,H.-J.,34 Japan, 315 Martin, V., 34, 61, 166, 467, 474, 484, 485, 490 movement, 374 Marx, Karl, 90, 349 Restoration, 21 Marxism, 12, 252, 337, 344, 352, 400, 403, 444 Menderes, Adnan, 365, 366 Marxists, 192, 349 Mercier Ythier, J., 487 Mary of Burgundy, 53 Meredith, M., 206, 208, 485 Mary Stuart, 57 meshverret, 126, 149 Marzouki, Moncef, 393, 399, 400 Mesopotomia, 239, 240 Masalit people, 209 Mestiri, Ahmad, 391 mashaikh, 222 Meyersson, E., 307, 485 Masina, 124 Miceli, T., 13, 130, 186, 433, 434, 471 maslahat, 137 Middle Ages, 51, 72, 433, 458, 460, 461, 462 Massassi people, 124 Middle East crisis, 320 Masud, 405 Milante, G., 26 Masuma, J., 350, 484 Milet, E., 123, 124, 485 Matsusaka, J. G., 461, 481 Mill, J. S., 1 Matthew, S., 484 Miller, R. I., 24, 90, 485, 489 Mauritania, 179 millet system, 411 Southern, 179 Minangkabau, 106, 107, 278 Mauritz of Nassau, 54 Ministry of Education of Iraq, 242 Mavbima Surakime Vyaparaya (MSV), 342 Ministry of Endowments of Iraq, 242 Mawdûdi, Maulana, ix, 210, 211, 266, 283, 284, Ministry of Interior of Iraq, 247 285, 450, 451 Ministry of Religion of Indonesia, 421 Mazalim court, 129 Ministry of Religious Afairs and Pious Mazari, 405 Foundations, 360 Mazar-i-Sharif, 406 Ministry of Religious Afairs of Algeria, 224, McCants, W., 249, 484 226 McCleary, R. M., 24, 467 Ministry of Religious Afairs of Sudan, 212 McDaniel, T., 296, 484 Minvielle, J. P., 485 McHugo, J., 235, 252, 253, 254, 256, 305, 484 Miran, M., 305, 306, 485 Mecca, 88, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121–4, 139, 142, Mirza Hosain Khan, 169 232, 236, 252, 266–70, 271, 277, 278, 289, Mirza Hussein Shirazi, 170 350, 392, 432 Mirza, R. A., 211, 456, 484 Meccan Mishra, P., 485 aristocracy, 118 Mitchell, R., 485

516 Index

Mitterauer, M., 485 Mubarak, Hosni, 152, 157, 192, 196–200, 202, mixed courts, 161 203, 241, 448 Modi, Ashok, 331 mudarri, 92 Mohammadzai clan, 143 mufti, 61, 92, 197, 202, 270, 276, 360, 386, 432 Mohammed VI, 416 grand mufti, 199 Mohsen-Finan, K., 379, 485 oice of, 162 Mokus-Su, church of, 104 Mughal Mokyr, J., 461, 472, 485 emperors, 132, 276, 290, 347 monastery, 432 empire, 103, 116, 120, 131, 145, 271, 273, Monastir, 391 333 Mongol India, 166, 274 invasion, 142, 181 judicial organization, 133 occupiers, 181 people, 103, 333 principalities, 138 rule, 103, 271–3 threat, 181 Muhammad, 4, 10, 30, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, Mongols, 120, 181, 276, 289, 454 97, 99, 102, 112, 114, 116–23, 125, 126, Montazeri, Hussein Ali, 184 139, 142, 168, 180, 181, 190, 194, 201, 210, Montenegro, 463 216, 217, 232, 267, 269, 271, 279, 289, 309, Moore, R. I., 35, 46, 58, 70, 485 315, 350, 419, 426, 427, 433, 437, 452, Mormons, 84 453 Morocco, xi, 100, 104, 124, 145, 165, 299, 311, Muhammad Ali, governor of Egypt, 161, 162, 352, 353, 395, 406, 416–17, 423 182 intellectuals, 312 Muhammad Ali, shah of Iran, 171 precolonial, 136, 145 mujahiddin, 285, 319, 321, 452 sultans, 135 Mujeeb, M., 103, 485 Morris, C., 361, 375, 485 mujtahid, 140, 167, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 321 Morrow, J. D., 472 mukhâbarât, 198, 253, 255 Morsi, Muhammad, 200, 201 Mullah Omar, 405 Moscow, 61, 145, 318, 485 mullahs, 61, 104, 109, 137, 171, 175, 211, 222, Moses, 195, 309 289, 299, 309, 317, 348, 410 Mossadegh, Mohammad, 319 munaiqun, 241 Mosse, G. L., 42, 481 munkar, 195 Mossi people, 105 Munro, L., 253, 489 Mosul, 236 Münzer, 83 Motahhari, 173 Muridism, 276 Mottahedeh, R., 101, 165, 171, 485 murids, 456 Moudawana, 417 Murray, J. J., 35, 36, 473, 485 Mount Athos, 432 Murtopo, 231 Mouride brotherhood, 124 Musahibans, 352, 400, 402, 410 Mourou, Abd al-Fattah, 389, 390 Musharraf, 222–3 Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique (MTI), Muslim Brotherhood, 48, 90, 152, 189–93, 194, 389–92 196–202, 204–5, 227, 231, 241, 252, 253, Movement for the Enforcement of 262, 263, 271, 282, 284, 285, 303, 305, 313, Muhammad’s Law, Pakistan, 221 316–19, 450 Movement for an Islamic Society in Algeria, Syrian, 256 229 Muslim polity, 210 Movement for Restoration of Democracy, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, 356 Pakistan, 216 Mustawi, 175 Movka, city of, 104 mutaween, 268 Muammar Gaddai, 395 Mutazila, 94 Muawiya, 118 Myanmar, 15, 31, 343–6

Index 517

Naby, E., 104, 119, 123, 140, 141, 143, 213, 484 Neo-Dustur Party, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 387 nachetchiki, 295 neo-Muslim Brethren, 293 Nadir Khan, 404 Netherlands, 36, 42–5, 54, 59, 66, 80 Nadir Shah, 402 Burgundian, 53 Nahavandi, F., 299, 485 Netherlanders, 54 Naipaul, V. S., 210, 299, 300, 485 United Provinces of, 54 Najaf, 172, 183, 184, 241, 286, 287 Nevo, J., 268, 486 Najd new bishoprics scheme, 54 province, 269, 270 New Order, Indonesia, 231 tribes, 270 New Philosophes, 63 Nakshibendi New Testament, 350 doctrine, 274, 275 New York, 406 leaders, 276 Nicholas I, tsar of Russia, 61 order, 274 Nichols, S. J., 62, 486 reaction, 275 Nidaa Tounes, 399, 400 shaykhs, 276 Nielsen, R., 309, 486 sheikh, 275 Niger, 22, 110, 124, 306 Nakshibendism, Inner Russia, 274–6 Nigeria, 281, 285, 306 Namur, 44, 467 Northern, 106, 353 Nanautawi, Maulana, 276 Nikon, Patriarch, 295 Naphy, W. G., 40–2, 46, 53, 54–8, 65, 80, 81, 82, Nirankaris, 334 84, 486 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 302 Napoleonic Code, 110, 354 Noland, M., 24, 26, 486 Naqrashi, 189 Nomani, F., 173, 213, 216, 268, 432, 486, 488 Naqshbandis, 103 Norberg, K., 64, 478 Nash bargaining solution, 150 Norse Nasiri, O., 302, 321, 486 tribes, 460 Nasr, V., 183, 486 North Africa, 3, 29, 99, 100, 104, 121, 135, 139, Nasser al-Din, 170, 174, 179 281 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 189–91, 198, 203, 271, North, D. C., 16, 65, 486 280, 316, 448 Northern Alliance, 406 Nasserites, 192, 194 Northern and Eastern Provinces, Sri Lanka, National Charter of Algeria, 226 338, 342 National Intelligence Organization of Turkey North-Western Frontier Province, 213, 223, (MIT), 367, 466 276 National Islamic Front of Sudan (NIF), 204–8 Norton, S. W., 3, 486 National Order Party of Turkey (NOP), 367 Nowell-Smith, G., 34, 474 National Party of Indonesia (PNI), 230 Ntampaka, C., 105, 486 National Salvation Party of Turkey (NSP), 367, nuclear family, 68, 72, 75 368, 371 Nugent, E. R., 400, 468 National Unity Committee of Turkey (NUC), Nugent, J., 400 366 Nugrohoa, E. B., 232, 471 National Vision (“Milli Görü¸s”), 367, 369 Nursi, Sait, 363 nationalism Nussbaum, M., 324–8, 449, 486 Arab, 11 Nyooro, 280 Nationalist Action Party of Turkey (NAP), 368 national-socialism, 295 O’Daly, G., 50, 486 Naus, Joseph, 171 Oberoi, H., 331–4, 486 Navarre, Anthony of, 59 Objectives Resolution, Pakistan, 218 Ne Win, 344 Obolonsky, V., 12, 65, 296, 297, 361, 425, 438, Nejd region, 432 486

518 Index

obscurantism, 41, 188, 215 Padri movement, 278 obscurantist deadlock, 9, 186, 187, 320, Padro i Miquel, G., 148, 487 422 pagoda, 342 Olcott, 336 Pahang, 277 Old Believers, 295, 296 Pahlavi dynasty, 444 Olofsgard, A., 472 Pahlavis, 452 Oman, 258 Pakistan, 9, 31, 98, 188, 203, 209–23, 226, 250, omitted variables, 23 256, 258, 262, 264, 266, 285, 315, 318, 330, opposition confrontation equilibrium, 261, 334, 369, 444, 445, 456, 457 262 Pakistan Muslim League, 210, 221 opposition confrontation strategy, 5, 19, 147, Pakistan National Alliance, 214, 215 149, 156, 159, 186, 260 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 215, 221 opposition suppression strategy, 5, 19, 147, Pakistani army, 211, 213, 214, 220, 221, 222, 149, 159 223 Orange, House of, 66 Palestine, 257–8, 263, 318, 320 Orange,WilliamIIIof,66 Palestinian Orange, William of, 44, 54, 59 cause, 189, 194, 253 Orenburg Assembly, 61 people, 448 Organization for the Enforcement of Good question, 194 and Prevention of Evil, 268 revolutionaries, 253 Organization of Islamic Conference, 21 Palestinian Authority, 257, 263 Orontes valley, 305 Pamuk, S., 435, 487 Osaka, 21 pan-Islamism, 141 Osman, K., 247, 248, 486 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), 258, 259 Otsuka, K., 488 Panagoda, 342 Ottoman Pancasila program, 230 authorities, 353 Pargeter, A., 487 caliphate, 364 Parkin, D. J., 487 Christians, 123 Parti de la Justice et du Développement of economy, 429 Morocco (PJD), 311, 417 empire, 27, 93, 116, 119, 123, 127, 130, 131, Parti Socialiste Dusturien of Tunisia (PSD), 134, 141, 145, 158, 164, 165, 269, 274, 294, 381, 388–92 353, 356, 360, 375, 377, 415, 430, 432, 449, Parvati, 326 454 Paschal II, pope, 51 era, 376 Pasdaran, 183 inancial institutions, 27 Pashtun institutions, 411 heartland, 406 Islamic reformers, 273 nationalists, 213 legacy, 359, 377 people, 213, 223, 285, 401, 403, 405, 406 legal system, 133 state, 213 legitimacy, 134 tribes, 213 merchants, 438 Pashtunistan, 213 military, 273 Pashtunwali, 104, 285, 406 people, 411 Patani, 277 policies, 358 path dependence, 15, 18, 428 rulers, 27, 134, 434, 439, 455 Pathan people, 276 sultans, 123, 130, 180 patriarchal Turkey, 375, 415, 429, 433 customs, 431 Owen, R., 223, 392, 393, 394, 396–7, 432, power, 416 486 society, 414 Özal, Turgut, 368, 369, 370, 373 Patriarchate in Constantinople, 145 Özek, Çetin, 364, 487 Patriarchate in Moscow, 145

Index 519

patrimonial absolutism, 416 Polizeistaat laws, 61 patrimonialism, 454 Polk, W. R., 117, 233, 239, 241, 488 Paul, T. V., 213, 223, 315, 452 polygamy, 238 Payongayong, E., 488 polygyny, 69 Peace of Augsburg, 55, 58 Pomerania, 66 Peace of Westphalia, 66 Ponang, Judge, 419 Peccoud, R., 493 Portugal, 51 Peebles, P., 341, 487 Portuguese exploration, 277 Pennington, D. H., 45, 53, 55, 63, 81, 83, 487 Posner, R., 187, 314, 488 Pentecostalism, 281 Potrafke,N.26 People’s Assembly, 192, 194 Prak, M., 64, 492 People’s Defence Forces of Sudan, 208 predestination doctrine, 74 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan Presbyterian church, 82, 84 (PDPA), 138, 400, 403–4, 405, 407, 408 printing press, 34, 339, 433, 434 Perkins, K. J., 379–82, 383, 385, 386, 389, 390, Privy Council, 44 391–5, 487 priyayi landlords, 278 Perle, Richard, 447 Professional Associations Syndicate, 192, Permanent Islamic Congress, 196, 197 303 Perrie, M., 474 Prophet Muhammad, 4 Persia, 145, 454 Prosperous Justice Party of Indonesia, 232 empire, 456 Protestant, 42, 44 Persian Gulf, 269 Baptists, 45, 84 Personal Status Code of Tunisia, 383, 390 Diggers, 45 Peru, 310 Levellers, 45 Peter the Great, 295, 361 Mennonites, 48 Petition of Rights, 64, 65 missionaries, 275 Pettegree, A., 34, 36, 43, 44, 47, 54, 59, 60, 487 Quakers, 45, 84 Pharisees, 142 Ranters, 45 Philip Augustus, king of France, 56 sects, 1 Philip I, king of France, 51 Protestantism, vii, 1, 2, 14, 20, 24, 29, 33–42, Philip II, king of Spain, 54, 57, 59, 67 43, 45–8, 53, 54–60, 61, 63, 66, 73–5, 77, Philpin, C. H. E., 470 79, 80, 82–5, 96, 115, 231, 277, 294, 336, Pincus, S., 57, 59, 64, 65, 66, 487 340 Pipes, R., 90, 487 American, 14, 81, 439 Piquard, B., 98, 216, 219, 487 provincial assemblies, of Holland, 67 Pir-Dovgan, shrine of, 104 Provisional Constitutional Order, Pakistan, pîrs, 456, 457 218 Pius IV, pope, 57 Prussia, 37, 66, 359 PKK, 256 Brandenburg, 55 Platas Izama, M., 17, 155, 469 Pryor, F., 24, 488 Platteau, J.-P., 2, 20–4, 107, 110, 111, 115, 147, Przeworski, A., 29, 488 148, 411, 458, 461, 462, 465, 467, 469, 474, Punjab, 102, 210, 315, 331, 333, 335, 336 476, 488, 493 puritanism, 348 Plokhy, S., 488 in Islam, 268, 270, 273, 311, 312, 434 Podor, 109 movements, 9, 14, 30, 45, 46, 81, 82, 83, 85, Poewe, K., 488 346 Poland, 54, 66, 84 Puritans, 42, 43, 46, 83, 84 polarized preferences, 151 Dutch artisans, 43 Poles, 55 Dutch soldiers, 42 political economics, 12, 15, 19, 434, 437 English, 42 politico-religious equilibrium, 5, 7, 19, 30, 32, immigrants, 84 116, 131, 135, 145–7, 149, 163, 176, 444 Putin, Vladimir, 396, 449

520 Index

qadi, 61, 92, 106, 128–9, 143, 162, 175, 278, Ram, 328 309, 385, 401 Ram Rajya, 330 Qadiris, 103, 124 Ramadan, A. A., 193, 194, 195, 197, 488 Qajar Ramirez, A., 311, 488 government, 171 Rangile, Mohammed Shah, 290 nobility, 167 Rasanayagam, A., 137, 140, 141, 143, 146, 213, people, 156, 165, 166, 167, 176–7, 178 401, 402, 404, 488 rulers, 169, 444 Rashid, A., 220, 320, 488 Qalqilya, 257 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 325, 326, Qandahar, 140, 143, 406 329 Qarawiyin University, 312 raskol, 295 Qasim, 237–8, 245, 443 Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique Qazan, 181 of Tunisia (RCD), 391–4, 396 qazi, 218 Rassemblement Démocratique Africain Qazvin, 166 (RDA), 280 qiyas, 92 rationalism, 356, 449 Qizilbash rationalist theology in Islam, 94 leaders, 165 Rawalpindi, 220 tribesmen, 165, 266, 456 Razak, Najib, 259 Qom, 171 Reagan, Ronald, 319 Quataert, D., 133, 479 redistributive pressures, 115 quietism, 126, 178, 182 Reformation, vii, 14, 29, 30, 33–41, 45–7, 48, Quisumbing, A., 107, 488 49, 51–4, 55, 56–7, 58, 59, 60, 61–3, 75, Quran, 43, 89, 91–7, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 78, 79–80, 82, 83, 84, 115, 460 106, 108–13, 116, 118, 126, 132, 142, 143, Swedish, 55 173, 179, 181, 187, 195, 199, 212, 216, 217, Reid, A., 277, 488 241, 252, 257, 267, 269, 279, 283, 285, 291, Relief Act, 77 293, 350, 371, 390, 404, 419, 420, 427, 437, religion 439, 451 centralized, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 150, 153, 154, classes, 242 155 Quranic schools, 224, 226, 383 decentralized, 13, 15, 17, 19, 150, 153, 154, Quraysh, 117 188, 440 clan, 117, 118 Religious Legal Verdict, 194 Qutb, Sayyid, ix, 90, 192, 226, 266, 282–4, 286, religious minorities, 166, 428 450, 451 remarriage, 69, 71, 459 rent capture, 14, 441 rabbi, 96 repatrimonialization, 455 racketeering, 14, 260, 397, 409 Republican Brothers, 206 Radwan, S., 388, 488 Republican Guard, 254 Raef, M., 488 Republican People’s Party of Turkey (RPP), Raghavan, S., 343, 488 355, 359, 365–7 Rahman Khan, Abdul, 140 Re¸sid Mehmet, 359 Rahman, F., 88, 94–7, 140, 141, 172, 217, 283, Resnick, J., 488 285, 293, 488 resource curse, 26 Rahman, Khan Abdul, 140, 141, 143 reverse causality, 23, 64 Rahnema, A., 173, 213, 216, 268, 432, 486, 488 revivalism, 282 raison d’état, 126 Revolutionary Command Council, 190 Raiwind, 277 Revolutionary Guard, 183 Rakhine Reynolds, V., 490 riots, 345 Riasanovsky, N. V., 295, 488 state, 345 riba, 217

Index 521

Richelieu, 58 Ruthven, M., 96, 123, 126, 489 Rithambra, 328 Rwanda, 110 Rivera, M., 148 Riyadh, 269, 271 Saad, R., 301, 467, 478, 485 Robbins, M., 398, 399, 400, 491 Sacred Combat group, 196 Robert II, king of France, 51 Sadat, Anwar, 152, 191–8, 227, 263, 274, 292, Robertson, H. M., 38, 40, 489 303, 448 Robinson, D., 105, 281, 492 Saddam Center for the Reciting of the Quran, Robinson, J., 12, 26, 148, 269, 465, 487, 242 489 sadhu, 330 Rodinson, M., 170, 430, 431, 433, 440, 489 Sadiqi college, 135 Rohingyas, 345 Sadoulet, E., 487 Roman Sadr, Baqir, 286, 287 Church, 70 Sadr, Musa, 286 Empire, 49, 50, 72, 87, 142, 462 Sadra, Mulla, 287 gens, 458 Sadrists, 247 government, 72 Safadi, R., 253, 489 law, 69, 70, 87 Safavid papacy, 50 dynasty, 139, 164, 166, 176, 444 Romania, 463 Empire, 120, 131, 145 Romanov, 12 era, 177 Rome, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 60, 72, people, 87, 163–4, 166, 167, 170, 176, 430, 80 443 Rosen, L., 100, 489 state, 163–7, 176, 443, 456 Rowley,C.K.,26 Sageman, M., 301, 302, 489 Roy, O., 104, 126, 127, 137, 141, 143, 159, 179, Sahnoun, H., 490 182, 213, 276, 277, 291, 294, 299, 309–11, Saint-Prot, C., 92, 93, 126, 142, 181, 267, 489 401, 403, 404, 489 Saladin, 289 Rubin, R., 13, 431, 433, 434, 471, 489 Salai Islam, 285, 406 Rumsfeld, Donald H., 320, 448 Salaists, 5, 197, 201, 284, 317, 399 Russia, 1, 12, 40, 60, 66, 169, 171, 178, 276, 287, Salah al-Din province, 245 294–7, 321, 322, 361, 374, 396, 438, 449, Sala-i-Martin, X., 24, 489 456, 472 Saleh, Abdullah, 177 army, 275, 276 Saleh, M., 79, 178, 489 church, 295 Salem, N., 385, 386, 387, 388, 489 civilization, 275 Sall, I. A., 280, 490 elite, 296 Salman, Saudi king, 442 Empire, 123 Salzburg,archbishopricof,76 imperial claims, 296 Samuelsson, K., 38, 490 imperialism, 274, 275 Sanaa, 180 Inner, 61, 276 sanctuary, viii, 135, 136, 143, 145, 146, 160, Muscovites, 295 171, 174 Muslims, 123 privileges 136 people, 235 sangha, 344 revolution, 130 Sangha council, 345 rule, 296 Sapienza, 476 society, 295, 296 Sapienza, P., 24 White, 295 Saqqao, Bacha, 401, 404 Russo-Turkish war, 276 Sardar, Z., 268, 490 Rustamid dynasty, 139 Sarekat Islam, 230 Rustow, D. A., 376, 474, 479, 492 Sarkar, J., 133, 490

522 Index

Sarro, R., 105, 280, 306, 490 Sékou Touré, 280 Sassanian Seligman, A. B., 34, 475, 490 empire, 142, 437, 453 Selim I, 123 monarchy, 119 Seljuk sultanate, 119 Sasson, D., 461, 476 Seljuks, 120, 266, 456 Saud, Muhammad Ibn, 269 Senegal, 108, 109, 110, 124, 413 Saudi Arabia, 9, 11, 19, 93, 100, 157, 178, 216, September Laws, 205 218, 241, 258, 266, 268–71, 285, 292, 317, Serbia, 463 319, 330, 353, 432, 434, 441, 442, 448, 451, Seven Days of the Sword, 324 456 Seveners, 164 corruption, 243 Sfax, 390 elite, 435 shabiha, 254 jihadists, 292 Shafei school, 93 people, 268, 269, 270, 271, 434, 441, 456 Shahin, Emad, 202 regime, 442 Shahroudi, 183 rulers, 434, 441, 451 Shamil, 275 Saved Ones (the “Balokole”), 282 Shari’ati, A., 87, 490 Sayeed, K. bin, 216, 490 sharia, 9, 61, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, Sayon, Asekou, 280 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 109, 126–31, Sayyid, B., 90, 192, 276, 361, 490 132, 134, 139, 140, 141, 173, 180, 190, 193, Scheuer, Michael, 321 200, 204–7, 216, 220, 237, 238, 243, 252, Schifbauer et al, 4 261, 271, 275, 276, 278, 279, 284, 353, 354, Schifbauer, M., 490 402, 450 schism, 13, 40, 51, 58, 295 courts, 106, 129, 190, 218, 238, 246, 268, Sunni-Shi’a, 241 354, 383, 384 Schleitheim Confession, 43 Shariati, Ali, 286 Schmemann, A., 490 Sharif, Nawaz, 220–2 scholasticism, 94, 285 Shariians, 236 Schumpeter, J., 38, 76, 490 Shaw, S. J., 490 Scotland, 57 Shawqat, Assef, 254 scripturalism, 10 Shaykh ul-Islam, 123 Sebsi, Beji Caïd, 399 sheikhulislam, 133 Seccombe, W., 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 490 Sheremetev, 361 Secret Apparatus, 193 Shi’a sectarianism, 41, 205, 219, 234, 235, 236, 256, believers, 232, 347, 452 389 clerics, 236, 239, 242, 286, 443 religious, 246–50 community, 246 secular doctrine, 167, 178, 252 law, 204, 238, 409 irebrand, 184 nationalism, 316 foot soldiers, 240 secularization, 1, 90, 189, 355, 356, 360, 362, holy cities, 241 384, 404, 442 Islamist parties, 247 secularism, xi, 9, 84, 205, 228, 234, 238, 246, leaders, 183, 239 252, 293, 312–13, 318, 320, 325, 335, 357, legislation, 238 361, 363–5, 371–3, 376, 377, 408, 409, militia, 247 411, 415, 424, 428, 443, 445, 464 mosques, 241 Security Council of the UN, 322 notables, 236 Seddik, Y., 490 orthodoxy, 121 Sediction Act of Malaysia, 259 religious hierarchy, 87, 167, 444 Segu, 280 revolt in Iraq, 244 Sekeris, P. G., 148, 469, 490 Shi’a-Sunni conlict, 217

Index 523

symbolism, 243 Social Gospellers, 84 ulama, 170, 239 socialism, 173, 224, 227, 253, 297, 325, 344, underground movements, 239 381, 388, 389, 405 Shi’ism, viii, ix, 23, 87, 112, 113, 119, 138, Arab, 189, 191 164, 165, 167, 168, 184, 236, 267, Socialist Union of Egypt, 294 286 Socialist Youth Organization, 192 Iraqi, 119 Socialists, 192 political, 286–7 Society of the One Almighty God (the Shillington, K., 490 “Bamalaki”), 282 Shin Beth, 318 Sokoto empire, 281 Shining Path, 309 soldiers of the Christ, 281 Shintoism, 21 Soleiman,shahofIran,166 Shirazi, Ali Mohammed, 177 Somalia, 282 Shîrâzî, Muhammad Taqî, 178 Songhai people, 123, 124 shirk, 83, 267 Soninke people, 124 Shirvan, 166 Sousse, 391 Shiv Sena, 328 Soviet Shiva, 326 army, 285, 321 Shleifer, A., 24, 107, 468, 482 imperialism, 319 Shrine of the Cloak, 140 occupation, 405 shrine-related families, 456 republics, 319 Shukri, Ibrahim, 192 Soviet Union, 11, 219, 282, 316, 318, 319, 403, Shukri, Mustafa, 188, 192 449, 452, 463 Siberia, 61 Spain, 35, 53–8, 66, 77, 91, 433, Sicily, 51, 56 456 Sid-Ahmed, 448 Spanish Siddiqa, A., 212, 220, 490 explorers, 277 Sieder, R., 485 rule, 67 Sikasso, 108 troops, 44, 54 Sikh war, 54 sects, 332 Spencer, N., 3, 491 tradition, 332 Spinoza, 63 Sikhism, 332, 346 Springborg, R., 395, 398, 491 Sikhs, 276 Sri Lanka, 15, 31, 336–43, 347 Simms, B., 60, 294, 490 army, 340, 341 Simon, R., 63 St. Petersburg, 61 Sinai Peninsula, 202, 284 St. George, 104 Sine-Saloum, 115, 124 Stalinism, 405 Singapore, 279 Star Chamber, 65 Singh, Sant Sunder, 334 Stark, R., 3, 22, 35, 36, 67, 90, 491 Sinhalese civilization, 336 State Law and Order Restoration Council Siverson, R. M., 472 (SLORC), 344 Six Day War, 293 State General, 67 Skinner, Q., 58, 490 statutory law, 70, 110, 173, 238, 411–14, 422, slave armies, 154 424, 446, 463 Slavic tribes, 460 Stone, L., 68, 491 Slavophiles, 296 Stora, B., 224, 491 Smith, Adam, 1, 472, 490 Storck, J., 493 Smith, N., 26 Storm, M., 302, 491 Smith, R., 71 Strachey, John, 316 Soares, B. F., 105, 490 strategic complements, 151

524 Index

Stuart Mary, 57 heartland, 244 Stuart rule, 66, 157 Iraqis, 243 sub-Saharan Africa, 17, 105, 110, 413 Islam, 165 Sudan, 31, 105, 188, 203–9, 256, 258, 281, 282, Islamists, 245 330, 444, 457 merchant classes, 253 north-south civil war, 203 populations, 111, 166 Western, 124 religious leaders, 252 Sudanese Salais, 246 Armed Forces, 208 ulama, 121, 239 nationalism, 179 Sunnism, 23, 100, 138, 142, 165, 168, 236, 370, penal code, 208 462 Socialist Union, 204, 206 Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in state, 179 Iraq (SCIRI), 247 Sudanization, 203 Supreme Court, 61, 218, 222, 233, 418–21 Suez Canal, 190, 193, 201, 274, 448 Susu traders, 306 Sui Sutherland, N. M., 58, 491 doctrine, 275 suttas, 339 groups, 207 Svolik, M. W., 148, 491 lineages, 105 Sweden, 37, 47, 55, 57 masters, 103, 127, 451, 456 Swedes, 55, 66 mysticism, 280 Switzerland, 34, 37, 433 orders, brotherhoods, 9, 61, 101–3, 105, 111, civil code, 360 134, 160, 165, 177, 204, 267, 271, 280, 306, Sy, A., 490 315, 362, 365, 401, 457 syndicate orders, Chisti, 103 engineers’, 303 orders, dervish, 177, 273, 362 medical, 303 orders, Shattariya, 278 Synnott, H., 216, 221, 222, 223, 491 orders, Suhrawardi, 103 Syria, 11, 31, 82, 118, 123, 164, 181, 188, 192, orders, Tijâni, 124, 280, 457 223, 229, 252–6, 262, 263, 305, 313, 318, rituals, 234, 279 353, 395, 396, 445, 455 shaykhs, 130 Arab tribes, 119 shrines, 456 Baathists, 252 Tatar master, 276 government, 322 Sui Iqbal, 220 regime, 255 Suism, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 114, 124, 127, society, 235 177, 216, 267, 274, 280, 406, 470 Szadjali, Munawir, 419 deviant, 177 Szirmai, A., 35, 38, 491 Suharto, 231–2 Sukarno, 230–1, 278, 418 Tabatabai, 171 Sumangala, 336 Tabellini, G., 455, 461 Sumatra, 106, 107, 278 Tabligh, 276, 277 Sumerian Tablighi Jama’at, 219 empire, 357 Tabriz, 164, 170 Summers, L. H., 107, 468 Tadelis, S., 12 sunnah, 92, 112 Taha, Mahmud Muhammad, 206 Sunni Tahir, Muhammad, 278 believers, 347 Tahmap Mirza, 166 clerics, 242, 243, 444 tajdid, 274 elite, 305 Tajiks, 401, 405 fanatics, 254 Takir wa-l Hijra, 192

Index 525

Takriti clan, 235 Tordof, W., 108, 124, 474 Talbot, 170 Torvik, R., 26, 489 Taleb, Hassan, 189 Toucouleur people, 124 Talib, Abu, 192 Toumi, M., 379–82, 384, 385, 387–91, Taliban, x, 219, 220, 221, 285, 309, 315, 400, 491 406, 452 Toynbee, A., 42, 491 regime, 404–6 Tozy, M., 312, 491 talibés, 124, 280 Tracy, J. D., 67, 492 Tambiah, S. J., 336–43, 491 trading diasporas, 21 Tamil Transitional Military Council of Sudan, 207 Federal Party, Sri Lanka, 338 Transjordan, 269 guerillas, 341, 342 trans-Saharan trade, 22 Tamil Tigers, 340, 341 Transylvania, 55 Tamils, 337, 338, 340–2, 347 Treaty of Westphalia, 66 Tamzali, W., 224, 225, 491 Triaud, J.-L., 492 Tan, C. M., 24, 473 tribalism, xi, 9, 24, 30, 32, 117, 118, 122, 142, Tanjung Priok riot, 231 234, 243, 244, 426, 452–62 Tantawy, Sayyed, 199 areas, 104, 223 Tanzimat reforms, 360, 376 boundaries, 244 Tarabishi, G., 350, 491 chiefdoms, 131 tarikats, 362 communities, 104, 204 Tatars, 181 confederations, 166, 269, 434 mullahs, 61 cultures, 244 Tawney, R. H., 38, 40, 491 customs, 9 Taylor,K.L.,471 divisions, 17, 122, 404, 453 Taymiyya, Ibn, viii, 125, 142, 180, 181, 226, fragmentation, 426, 452 252, 266, 270, 276, 290 groups, 268, 401 Tehran, 167, 170–1 heirs, 238 Temple of the Tooth Relic, 342 identity, 244 terrorist militias, 217 leaders, 163, 167, 246, 262, 406 Tessler, M., 26, 398, 399, 400, 491 sensitivities, 214, 246 Tezcan, B., 455 shaykhs, 251 Thailand, 15, 345, 346 values, 246 Thein Sein, 345 tribes Thelen, K., 431, 484 hill, 281 theocracy, 182, 210 nomadic, 163 Theravada Buddhist orders, 345 Trinity, Christian doctrine of, 89 Thirty Years War, 58, 65, 66 Tripoli, 162 Throsby, D., 488 Tripp, C., 233, 239, 240, 241, 492 Ticchi, D., 23, 465 Trubek, D. M., 38, 470 Tilly, C., 64, 156 Tuanku Nan Tua, 278 Timbuctu, 124 Tuaregs, 110 Timur the Lame, 138 Tumart, Abdallah, 139 Timurid Empire, 139 Tunis, 194, 224, 255, 383, 384–6, 388, 390, 392 Tisza, 309 Tunisia, 31, 286, 352, 353, 378–400, 406–9, Tobacco Protest, 170 423, 442, 443 Todd, E., 37, 491 army, 379 Tokugawa, 21 League of Human Rights, 393 Toleration to All Faiths, 61 precolonial, 135 Tomal, A., 3, 486 Tuqoi, J. P., 396, 468

526 Index

Turkey, 18, 19, 26, 31, 66, 101, 135, 180, 230, United States, 1, 2, 10, 11, 82, 84, 194, 196, 209, 252, 256, 276, 307, 314, 352, 355–78, 406, 223, 241, 246, 249, 251, 261, 263, 282, 292, 407, 408, 409, 425, 428, 442, 443, 449, 454, 317–22, 363, 406, 447, 448, 449, 452 456 army, 448, 449 army, 365, 369, 378 invasion, 183 Constitutional Court, 361 University Grants Commission of Pakistan, Historical Society, 357 218 Kemalist, 352, 408, 423, 442 University of Islamic Sciences, Algeria, 227 military regime, 369 Upanishads, 132 Ottoman, 93, 177, 273 Urals, 160 Republic, 358–61, 366, 373, 376, 415 Urban II, pope, 51 Turkishness, 358, 374 Ushurma, 275 warrior elite, 125 USSR, 142, 282, 318–19, 452 Turkish-Islamic Synthesis, 369 usul, 168 Turkistan, 139, 140 Usuli school, 112, 168 Türkmen, B., 376, 492 Utaiba, Matir, and Yam tribes 270 Turkmens, 130 Uthman, 118 Turkoman migrations, 177 Uthman Ismail, Muhammad, 192 Twelver Utrecht, 44 orthodoxy, 164 Uzbek Shi’ism, 164, 165 Empire, 120 theologians, 164, 165 lodge, 276 rulers, 139 U Nu, 344 Uzbekistan, 319 U Ottama, 343 Uzbeks, 139, 165, 405 U. S. Patriot Act, 199 Uganda, 282 Vaisov brotherhood, 276 Ukraine, 295, 396 Vaisov’s Holy Regiment of the Old Believer ulama-bazaari alliance, 173 Muslims, 276 ul-Haq, Zia, 214, 222, 226, 309 Vajpayee, 330 ulu’l emr, 126 Valenciennes, 54 Umar, 118, 122 Vallance, E., 57, 64, 65, 492 Umar, Abu Hafs, 139 values Umayyads, 5, 92, 116–21, 128, 186, 437, collectivist, 23 453 individual-centered, 23 umma, 89, 91, 140, 141, 142, 180, 284, 453 van Nierop, H., 43–4, 60, 67, 492 Umma party, 179, 207 van Zanden, J. L., 36, 37, 64, 433, 435, 465, 492 Umma party of Sudan, 204 Vatican, 51, 76, 97, 144, 187 Union Générale des Travailleurs Algériens, 225 vava, 339 Union Nationale des Etudiants Algériens, 225 velayat-e faqih, 184 Union Nationale des Femmes Tunisiennes Velioglu,˘ Huseyin, 256 (UNFT), 383 Venice, 277 United Development Party, Indonesia, 231 Verdier, T., 26, 489 United Front of Monks, 337, 338 Vesak, 339 United Iraqi Alliance (UIA), 247 vezir, 273 United Kingdom, 11, 321 Vickers, A., 230, 231, 232, 492 United Malays National Organization, 258, 259 Villalon, L. A., 457, 492 United National Party (UNP) of Sri Lanka, Vindigni, A., 23, 486 337, 338, 341 Virgin Mary, 293 United Nations, 209, 317 Virtue Party of Turkey (VP), 372 United Provinces, 54, 66 Vishny, R. W., 24, 482

Index 527

Voigtlander, N., 74 White, J., 295, 357, 358, 366, 367, 369, 371, 374, Voigtländer, N., 492 492 Volga-Ural, 61 White, S. D., 68, 492 Vorontsov, 296 Wickham, C. R., 301, 303, 493 vote rigging, 198 Widodo, 233 Voth, H. J., 74, 492 William I, king of Sicily, 51 William the Conqueror, 56 Wade, R., 14, 492 Wilson, M. C., 478 wafd, parliament of Egypt, 189, 198 Winslow, D., 338, 477, 493 Wahhabism, 93, 216, 245, 266–71, 282, 284–6, Wirathu, Ashin, 345 305, 434, 451 Woessmann, L., 37, 468 attacks, 306 Wolfowitz, Paul, 448 clerics, 451 women’s organizations, 236, 383, 416 doctrine, 280, 305, 451 women’s rights, 246, 354, 402, 412, 418, 422, inluence, 124 458, 462, 463 Islamic reformers, 273, 280 Woodberry, R., 37, 493 mosques, 451 Woods, T., 3, 50, 70, 90, 493 movement, 305 Woost, M. D., 338, 477, 493 sectarianism, 306 World Bank, 3, 26, 29, 389, 395, 465, 493 Wahhaj, Z., 107, 411, 465, 488 World Council of Muslim Ulama, 257 Wales, 80 World War I, 294 Waliallah, 271 World War II, 364, 448 Walicki, A., 296, 297, 492 Wurmser, David, 448 Walker, P. C. G., 38, 492 Walloon provinces, 44, 54 Yahya Khan, 211, 212, 215, 276 Walloons, 36 Yahya, imam, 180, 211 Walton, M., 481 Yanhapyo, 344 waqf, 107, 129, 134, 136, 137, 141, 146, 161, Yapp, M. E., 161, 167, 493 162, 166, 173, 224, 238, 420, 427, 432, 435, Yavuz, M. H., 369, 373–5, 493 436, 437, 438 yaya, 339 Ward, R. E., 376, 492 Yazbek, S., 256, 493 Washington, 320 Yazid, 118 Weber, E., 415 Yegeno˘ glu,˘ M., 376, 493 Weber, M., 2, 33–5, 38–40, 62, 64, 75, 77–9, Yemen, 11, 104, 177, 180, 276, 353, 442, 492 455 Weingast, B. R., 64, 65, 156, 486 Yemenis, 180 Weiss, A., 458 Yesevi, Ahmed, 139 Welfare Party (WP), 372 YÖK, 368 West Africa, 21, 281, 431, 467 Young Men’s Buddhist Association, 339 West Bank, Palestine, 257, 258 Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), Western 282 civilization, 10, 49, 90, 284, 356, 357, 376, Young Men’s Muslim Association (YMMA), 447, 449, 450 282 powers, 449 Young Monks movement, 344 Western countries, 10, 21, 30, 97, 170, 275, 281, Young Ottomans, 352, 376 282, 288, 290, 293–6, 301, 315–18, 320, Young Turks, 349, 352, 356–60, 363, 365, 376, 322, 339, 344, 354, 356, 361, 364, 379, 422, 425, 428, 442, 449 430, 445, 447–50, 485 Yousef,T.M.,472 Westernization, 31, 194, 270, 299, 362, 378, Yousi,H.,1,493 408, 411, 416 Yousif, B., 235–7, 493 of elites, 189, 408, 409, 424, 443 Yudhoyono, 232, 233

528 Index

Yumul, A., 366, 493 tribes, 180 Yusuist uprising, 180 rebellion, 379, 380, 400 Zeeland, 44 stronghold, 386 Zeghal, M., 384, 494 Zeroual, Liamine, 229 Zaatsha, 279 Ziadeh, R., 253, 254, 489, 494 Zafar, Bahadur Shah, 290 Zian, Bu, 279 Zaghawa people, 209 Zia-ul Millat wa Din, 140 Zahid, M., 189, 303, 349, 493 Zilibotti, F., 36, 473 Zaidis, 164 Zingales, 476 Zaituna Mosque, 383, 384–5 Zingales, L., 24 Zakaria, F., 188, 216, 313, 493 Zionism, 191, 194, 236 zakat, 88, 122, 126, 173, 183, 217, 218 Zionist state, 448 Zakheim, Dov, 448 Ziring, L., 215, 494 Zakri, Ibnou, 108 Zisenwine, D., 494 Zaman, M. Q., 213, 219, 468, 494 Zitouna, 224 zaouïa, 124 Zoabi, H., 458, 477 Zarqawi, 255 Zubeida, S., 134, 144, 494 zawiya, 145 zulmiyya, 175 Zaydi Zürcher, E., 356–68, 370, 371, 373, 376, imams, 180 494 radicalization, 178 Zweig, S., 41, 83, 494 sect, 178 Zwingli, 83