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“Initiative on Capitalising on Endogenous Capacities for Conflict Prevention and Governance”

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“Initiative on capitalising on endogenous capacities for conflict prevention and governance” Volume 2 Compilation of working documents Presented at the Initiative’s launching workshop SAH/D(2005)554 October 2005 1 2 “INITIATIVE ON CAPITALISING ON ENDOGENOUS CAPACITIES FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION AND GOVERNANCE” LAUNCHING WORKSHOP Hôtel Mariador Palace Conakry (Guinea) 9 – 11 March, 2005 Volume 2 Working documents October 2005 The working documents represent the views and analyses of the authors alone. It does not reflect the positions of the SWAC Secretariat or the OECD. "The translations do not replace the original texts. They have been prepared for the sole purpose of facilitating subsequent exchange of views between the English and French-speaking participants of the workshop. 3 4 Table of Contents SESSION 1. « A METHOD OF PREVENTION AND REGULATION IN WEST AFRICA: KINSHIP OF PLEASANTRY » .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 « Kinship of pleasantry: historical origin, preventative and regulatory role in West Africa » (Djibril Tamsir Niane) ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. The "Maat" kinship of pleasantry or the reign of the original model for social harmony (Babacar Sedikh Diouf) ........................................................................................................................... 17 SESSION 2. « ENDOGENOUS CULTURE, STRATEGIES AND MECHANISMS OF MEDIATION » ....................... 23 2.1 African diplomacy and mediation culture in Africa (Seydina Oumar Sy)...................................... 23 2.2 Conflict Prevention and Mediation Experiences and Mechanisms in Forest Guinea (Tolo Beavogui)........................................................................................................................................ 29 2.3 Traditional mechanisms and socio-cultural strategies for resolving conflict: the story of Aguene and Diambone (Saliou Sambou) .............................................................................................43 SESSION 3. « ENDOGENOUS FORMS AND METHODS OF GOVERNANCE IN WEST AFRICA »....................... 49 3.1 African political science: a few areas of discussion (Prof. Pathé Diagne)........................................ 49 3.2 African endogenous mechanisms for governance and conflict prevention (Prof. Honorat Aguessy)......................................................................................................................... 58 3.3 African endogenous mechanisms for governance and conflict prevention (Yoroms Joses Gani)67 3.4 African endogenous mechanisms for conflict prevention and settlement (Bakary Fofana) ......... 75 3.5 Endogenous African capacities in conflict governance (Pr. Basile L. Guissou).............................. 84 3.6 Indications from the history and culture of West African Societies on the role of women in prevention and governance (Dr. Mariam Djibrilla Maiga)................................................................ 92 3.7 Traditional power and local governance: the case of Ghana (Emmanuel Kwesi Aning & Prosper Nii Nortey Addo).................................................................................................................... 104 3.8 Traditional power and local governance: the Nigerian experience (Momoh Lawani Yesufu, Ph.D. fwc)................................................................................................................................................ 112 5 6 Session 1. « A method of prevention and regulation in West Africa: Kinship of pleasantry » 1.1 « Kinship of pleasantry: historical origin, preventative and regulatory role in West Africa » (Djibril Tamsir Niane) [Original french] The euphoria and wind of hope produced by independence was short-lived. The mirage faded and the future did not prove as bright as promised. Disillusion was complete. The recent history of the continent has been a long list of apocalyptical famines and bloody conflict between ethnic groups, villages and States. Just the mention of the name of some countries conjures up horror, cruelty and suffering of all kinds: Angola, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and Liberia have made the headlines, giving Africa a very sad image. The horror is not over as today we are experiencing the drama of Sudan where thousands of displaced persons offer TV viewers the sorry sight of starving children hanging onto the dry breasts of their skeletal mothers. Even Côte d’Ivoire, once the symbol of the continent’s economic success and modern progress, sees its ethnic groups tearing each other to pieces. The country is split before our very eyes. When one place of horror is calm, the cries of children and women tear through the air in the neighbouring country where machetes and kalachnikovs come into action. This reversal of circumstances, this unexpected nightmare has chased away the hopes of happiness promised by independence: surprised poor populations in some countries look back with nostalgia to the “colonial peace” and wonder what purpose independence has served. Was the aim to kill each other? The situation is serious as, for the best part of two decades, conflict and misery have become endemic. What curse has struck the continent! According to specialists, in the 1980s, conflict has caused over 3 million deaths with over 160 million Africans living in countries torn apart by war. In 1994, Rwanda offered the spectacle of genocide accompanied by unimaginable atrocities. The end of the twentieth century coincided with the darkest years for the continent. But why do these conflicts and civil wars spread through sub-Saharan Africa? The essential challenge facing the continent involves putting an end to these conflicts and establishing good governance. Knowing the causes of conflict is important if we want to find the right remedies. But solutions brought from outside are ineffective, as highlighted by a report from the UNDP: “Conceptual understanding of the origins and momentum behind African conflicts is a prerequisite for drawing up and applying realistic and relevant concepts and strategies to prevent, manage or regulate conflicts.”1 1 See "Le défi de l’ethnicité et des conflits en Afrique. Nécessité d’un nouveau modèle Division des interventions d’urgence", by Sam. G. Amoo, UNDP New York, 1997, page 2. 7 But we have to admit from the outset that the search for causes of conflict in black Africa has often led to absurd conclusions. Often, experts assigned to this task have worked on the basis of preconceived models: “African realities” have often been “deformed… to adapt them to theories that have no foundations”2. The most frequent explanation for the causes of conflict is based on the principle that “the African multi-ethnic State is fundamentally confrontational, stability therefore requires transcendence of tribalism by modernity”3 . This expert viewpoint has had serious consequences as it has done nothing less than condemn African ethnic groups. A wall has been built between African traditions and modernity. We should immediately point to the danger of demonising ethnicity and making it the root cause of all our evils. In reality, the causes of conflict are found elsewhere; the confrontation between ethnic groups is an effect, that of a policy. The cause of conflict is mainly due to poor governance and injustice that hits certain categories of society. These frustrations and this denial of justice are the roots of most conflict. To this should be added the hidden hand of foreign interference. Each case requires specific explanations. The wealth of some countries has often been a source of problems (Sierra Leone and its diamonds, the Democratic Republic of Congo and its mining resources). However, the problem is to know whether Africa is able to develop a culture of peace, and whether it has the resources to establish a culture of peace as set out in the Manifesto 2000 for a culture of peace and non-violence launched by the United Nations and upheld by UNESCO. This boils down to the same as wondering whether conflict is congenital to the existence of ethnic groups, as some specialists claim. Is there a dynamic of peace in Africa? What is the African experience in conflict prevention and management? Here are the two issues that we need to address. Although international organisations like UNESCO, UNICEF and various NGOs have constantly analysed the peace issue in Africa, it is fair to say that Africans themselves have stood idly by: States, the African Union and numerous organisations are now working to avert problems. Remarkably, on the ground, often in the heat of the action itself, the solutions that have appeared are purely African, endogenous solutions. We shall cite a few examples. At the peak of the civil wars that tore apart Liberia and Sierra Leone and threatened to spill into Guinea, with stateless rebel groups, a group of women held hands across the borders of the three countries: Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. They asked to be heard by the various Presidents of the Republics. They succeeded in setting off the process that leads to dialogue; incredible though it may sound, women without an official mandate managed to open the way to negotiations that materialised in Rabat with the three Heads of State exchanging peace-saving handshakes. ECOWAS and the AU finalised agreements that put a stop to war
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