DOCSLIB.ORG

Download (3763Kb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download (3763Kb) A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/145151 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications APPENDIX A Containing Violence to What End? The Political Economy of Amnesty in Nigeria’s Oil-Rich Niger Delta (2009-2016) by Elvis Nana Kwasi Amoateng A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies University of Warwick, Department of Politics and International Studies February 2020 Contents Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................ 7 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction: ................................................................................................................ 9 Amnesty and the Changing Landscape ...................................................................... 9 of the Niger Delta Conflict .......................................................................................... 9 0.1 Amnesties in the post-Cold War Era .................................................................. 10 0.2 Conflict and Actors in Focus ............................................................................... 13 0.3 Central Explanatory Framework ............................................................................... 17 0.4 Overview of the Niger Delta ................................................................................ 22 0.5 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 26 0.6 Contributions to Knowledge and Outline ................................................................. 27 0.7 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 1: ................................................................................................................... 34 RESEARCH METHODS AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................... 34 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 34 1.3 Primary Research ........................................................................................................ 38 1.4 Ethical Considerations and Challenges .............................................................. 48 1.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 2: ................................................................................................................... 53 Towards Understanding Conflict ............................................................................. 53 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 53 2.1 Conflict in Modern States ........................................................................................... 54 2.2. Theories of Conflict .................................................................................................... 62 2.3 Natural Resources, Conflict, and Development ........................................................ 74 2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 3: ................................................................................................................... 85 From Onset to Escalation of Violence in the Niger Delta ....................................... 85 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 85 3.1 Niger Delta and Armed Rebellion .............................................................................. 86 3.2 Causes of the Niger Delta Conflict ............................................................................. 96 3.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 112 Chapter 4: ................................................................................................................. 114 Who is to blame? A Critical Analysis of Key Actors in the Niger Delta ............. 114 4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 114 4.1 Primary Actors .......................................................................................................... 115 4.1a Political Elites in the Niger Delta ....................................................................... 116 4.1b Business Elites ..................................................................................................... 121 4.1c Youths and the Niger Delta Conflict .................................................................. 125 4.2 Secondary Actors ....................................................................................................... 127 4.2a Traditional/Community Leaders and the Niger Delta Conflict ...................... 128 4.2b Religious Leaders and the Niger Delta Conflict ............................................... 131 4.2c Civil Society and the Niger Delta Conflict ........................................................ 135 4.2d The Media ............................................................................................................ 139 2 4.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 142 Chapter 5: ................................................................................................................. 145 2009 Amnesty in the Niger Delta ............................................................................ 145 5.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 145 5.1 Foundation of the 2009 Amnesty Programme in the Niger Delta ......................... 146 5.2 Amnesty Implementation in the Niger Delta .......................................................... 151 5.3 2009 Amnesty and the Persistence of the Niger Delta Conflict ............................. 162 5.4 The Amnesty Trap and Patronage Dynamics in the Niger Delta .......................... 172 5.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 177 Chapter 6: ................................................................................................................. 180 2009 Niger Delta Amnesty: ..................................................................................... 180 A Case of Conflict Containment, Management or Resolution? .......................... 180 6.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 180 6.1 Conflict Cycle in the Niger Delta .............................................................................. 182 6.2 The Conflict Containment Logic .............................................................................. 193 6.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 198 Chapter 7: ................................................................................................................. 201 Whither Resolution? ................................................................................................ 201 7.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 201 7.1 Conflict Management in the Niger Delta ................................................................. 203 7.1a Rule of Law for Elites ......................................................................................... 206 7.1b Perpetually Lived Forms of Elite Organisations .............................................. 213 7.1c Consolidated Political Control of the Military ................................................. 220 7. 2 What Path can Nigeria Follow to Initiate the Transition from LAO towards OAO in Order to Resolve the Niger Delta Conflict? .............................................................. 223 7.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 229 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 232 Violence and Social Equilibrium in the Niger Delta ...................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Johnson Gbende Faleyimu-Master Thesis
    UNESCO CHAIR OF PHILOSOPHY FOR PEACE UNIVERSITAT JAUME I MILITARY INTERVENTION IN NIGERIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM: ITS IMPACT ON DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT (1993-1999) MASTER THESIS Student: Johnson Gbende Faleyimu Supervisor: Dr Jose Angel Ruiz Jimenez Tutor: Dr Irene Comins Mingol Castellón, July 2014 Abstract Key words: Military, intervention, democracy and Nigerian politics A study of literature on civil-military relations in Nigeria reveals a question: why does the military intervene in the politics of some countries but remain under firm civilian control in others? This thesis delves into military intervention in Nigerian Politics and its general impact on democracy (1993-1999). The military exploits its unique and pivotal position by demanding greater institutional autonomy and involvement when the civilian leadership fails. The main purpose of this study is to discourage military intervention in Nigeria politics, and to encourage them to focus their primary assignment of lethal force, which includes use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or perceived threats against the state. i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my late parents High Chief J.F Olijogun and Olori Meminat Marian Olijogun ii Acknowledgements My sincere gratitude goes to God and all who contributed to the successful completion of this thesis work. Very special thanks to my supervisor, Dr Jose Angel Ruiz Jimenez of University of Granada, for his brilliant guidance and encouragement-what a wonderful display of wealth of experience-without which this thesis would not have been possible. My profound appreciation goes to the lecturers and staffs of the International Master’s Degree Program in Peace, Conflict and Development studies at the Universitat Jaume I, who gave me all the skills and knowledge that are required to carry out an academic research and other academic endeavours.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSP Data Report – Report Data ISSP Current This Research
    Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) erhebt jährlich Umfragedaten zu sozialwissenschaftlich relevanten Themen. Der vorliegende ISSP Data Report – Religious Attitudes and Religious Change beruht auf ISSP-Daten, die zu drei verschiedenen Zeitpunkten innerhalb von 17 Jahren in bis zu 42 Mitgliedsländern zu Einstellungen gegenüber Kirche und Religion im weitesten Sinne gesammelt wurden. Jedes Kapitel wurde von unterschiedlichen Autoren der ISSP-Gemeinschaft geschrieben und beleuchtet mit Hilfe der ISSP-Daten spezielle Aspekte religiöser Einstellungen und religiösen Wandels im internationalen Vergleich. In der Gesamtschau ergeben sich sowohl Einblicke in das religiöse Leben verschiedener Länder, als auch insbesondere Erkenntnisse zu den Einflussfaktoren religiösen Wandels innerhalb von fast zwei Dekaden. The annual survey of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) provides data on topics relevant in social research. This current ISSP Data Report – Religious Attitudes and Religious Change examines data collected at three different points over 17 years, from up to 42 ISSP member countries, covering various facets of respondents’ attitudes towards Church and Religion. Individual chapters were written by different members of the ISSP community thereby offering a cross-national, comparative perspective on particular aspects of religious attitudes and religious change via ISSP data. Overall, this report offers insights into the religious landscapes of various countries and in particular information about the factors influencing
    [Show full text]
  • Becoming Christian: Personhood and Moral Cosmology in Acholi South
    Becoming Christian: Personhood and Moral Cosmology in Acholi South Sudan Ryan Joseph O’Byrne Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Department of Anthropology, University College London (UCL) September, 2016 1 DECLARATION I, Ryan Joseph O’Byrne, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where material has been derived from other sources I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Ryan Joseph O’Byrne, 21 September 2016 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines contemporary entanglements between two cosmo-ontological systems within one African community. The first system is the indigenous cosmology of the Acholi community of Pajok, South Sudan; the other is the world religion of evangelical Protestantism. Christianity has been in the region around 100 years, and although the current religious field represents a significant shift from earlier compositions, the continuing effects of colonial and early missionary encounters have had significant impact. This thesis seeks to understand the cosmological transformations involved in all these encounters. This thesis provides the first in-depth account of South Sudanese Acholi – a group almost entirely absent from the ethnographic record. However, its largest contributions come through wider theoretical and ethnographic insights gained in attending to local Acholi cosmological, ontological, and experiential orientations. These contributions are: firstly, the connection of Melanesian ideas of agency and personhood to Africa, demonstrating not only the relational nature of Acholi personhood but an understanding of agency acknowledging nonhuman actors; secondly, a demonstration of the primarily relational nature of local personhood whereby Acholi and evangelical persons and relations are similarly structured; and thirdly, an argument that, in South Sudan, both systems are ultimately about how people organise the moral fabric of their society.
    [Show full text]
  • Adjustable Lassication for Libraries
    Adj u stabl e l assifi cati on f or Librar i es W IT H IND E ! Ef}%4/ AMES D B ROW N J . C E K N PUB IC LI B ARY LOND O N L R E WE LL L R , ABSTRACTE D FROM MANUAL OF LIBRARY C LASSIFICAT ION E[ 390 LOND ON LIBRARY SUPPLY COMPANY AVE MARIA A E 4 , L N 1 898 NOT E THIS edition of the Adj ustable Cl assificati on has been slightly revised and interleaved f or the special u se of l ibrarians i n r as a In s and readers libraries whe e it h been dopted . thi f orm it can be used as a gu ide to the cl as sification of the l ibrary by both the staf f and the borrowers . D . B J . AD J USTAB LE CLASS IF ICATION FOR LIB RARIE S Tms method of cl assification has been compiled largely i n response to a demand f or an E nglish scheme with a notation enabling continual intercalation of divisions and single topics - or books to be carried ou . The Quinn Brown method as a as s bu t su n has been used b i , ggestio s have been f reely adopted f rom every important cl assification described i n my ” Manual of Cl as sificati on. The name Adj ustable has been taken to distinguish the s f rom al l s and s its a f u sy tem other to de cribe princip l eat re.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of the Gowon, Babangida and Abacha Regimes
    University of Pretoria etd - Hoogenraad-Vermaak, S THE ENVIRONMENT DETERMINED POLITICAL LEADERSHIP MODEL: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GOWON, BABANGIDA AND ABACHA REGIMES by SALOMON CORNELIUS JOHANNES HOOGENRAAD-VERMAAK Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER ARTIUM (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA January 2001 University of Pretoria etd - Hoogenraad-Vermaak, S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The financial assistance of the Centre for Science Development (HSRC, South Africa) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the Centre for Science Development. My deepest gratitude to: Mr. J.T. Bekker for his guidance; Dr. Funmi Olonisakin for her advice, Estrellita Weyers for her numerous searches for sources; and last but not least, my wife Estia-Marié, for her constant motivation, support and patience. This dissertation is dedicated to the children of Africa, including my firstborn, Marco Hoogenraad-Vermaak. ii University of Pretoria etd - Hoogenraad-Vermaak, S “General Abacha wasn’t the first of his kind, nor will he be last, until someone can answer the question of why Africa allows such men to emerge again and again and again”. BBC News 1998. Passing of a dictator leads to new hope. 1 Jul 98. iii University of Pretoria etd - Hoogenraad-Vermaak, S SUMMARY THE ENVIRONMENT DETERMINED POLITICAL LEADERSHIP MODEL: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GOWON, BABANGIDA AND ABACHA REGIMES By SALOMON CORNELIUS JOHANNES HOOGENRAAD-VERMAAK LEADER: Mr. J.T. BEKKER DEPARTMENT: POLITICAL SCIENCE DEGREE FOR WHICH DISSERTATION IS MAGISTER ARTIUM PRESENTED: POLITICAL SCIENCE) The recent election victory of gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2018-2019
    Seeking Harmony in Diversity Vivekananda International Foundation Annual Report | 2018-19 O Lord! Protect us together, nurture us together. May we work together. May our studies be illuminated. May we not have discord. May there be peace, peace and peace. (Katha Upanishad | Shanti Mantra) © Vivekananda International Foundation 2019 Published in June 2019 by Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg | Chanakyapuri | New Delhi - 110021 Tel: 011-24121764 | Fax: 011-66173415 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.vifindia.org Follow us on Twitter @vifindia | Facebook /vifindia Chairman’s Foreword ………………………………………………………………………………………...7 VIF Family ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………29-37 Trustees Advisory Council Executive Committee Team VIF Director’s Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………………….39 About the VIF ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..47 Outcomes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...51 Publications ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...55 Activities ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………65 Seminars and Interactions ………………………………………………………………………………66-114 International Relations and Diplomacy National Security and Strategic Studies Neighbourhood Studies Historical and Civilisational Studies Governance and Political Studies Economic Studies Scientific and Technological Studies Outreach ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..115 Resource Research Centre and Library ……………………………………………………………..133 Our Exchanges Worldwide ………………….…………………………………………………………….135 Annual Report | 2018-19 | 5 Chairman’s Foreword
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Policy and Afrocentricism: an Appraisal of Nigeria’S Role
    Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies Vol. 5, No 1, June 2019 Volume and Issues Obtainable at Center for Sustainability Research and Consultancy Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies ISSN: 2519-089X (E): 2519-0326 Volume 5: No. 1, June 2019 Journal homepage: www.publishing.globalcsrc.org/jbsee Foreign Policy and Afrocentricism: An Appraisal of Nigeria’s Role 1 Muritala Dauda , 2 Mohammad Zaki Bin Ahmad , 3 Mohammad Faisol Keling 1 Ph.D Candidate, School of International Studies, College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). The Corresponding email address: [email protected]. 2 Senior Lecturer, School of International Studies, College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT History Nigerian foreign policy is a tool use by the country to achieve its national Revised format: May 2019 interest. The country‘s external policy has been tailored to be Afrocentric Available Online: June 2019 since its independence in 1960 which shows the commitment of Nigeria towards Africa‘s stability and development. The principles of Nigeria‘s Keywords foreign policy and its Afrocentricism has consistently operated by the Foreign Policy, Afrocentrism, government of the country irrespective of whether it is civilian or military National Interest, Diplomacy, administration. The notion of four concentric circle of Nigerian foreign Stability policy where the country considers its national interest and the interest of its neighbouring States first, the West African sub-region, Africa‘s interest JEL Classification: and the interest of the world, have accrued numerous benefits to the L50, L52,L59, C62 country.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecstatic Encounters Ecstatic Encounters
    encounters ecstatic encounters ecstatic ecstatic encounters Bahian Candomblé and the Quest for the Really Real Mattijs van de Port AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS Ecstatic Encounters Bahian Candomblé and the Quest for the Really Real Mattijs van de Port AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS Layout: Maedium, Utrecht ISBN 978 90 8964 298 1 e-ISBN 978 90 4851 396 3 NUR 761 © Mattijs van de Port / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2011 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Contents PREFACE / 7 INTRODUCTION: Avenida Oceânica / 11 Candomblé, mystery and the-rest-of-what-is in processes of world-making 1 On Immersion / 47 Academics and the seductions of a baroque society 2 Mysteries are Invisible / 69 Understanding images in the Bahia of Dr Raimundo Nina Rodrigues 3 Re-encoding the Primitive / 99 Surrealist appreciations of Candomblé in a violence-ridden world 4 Abstracting Candomblé / 127 Defining the ‘public’ and the ‘particular’ dimensions of a spirit possession cult 5 Allegorical Worlds / 159 Baroque aesthetics and the notion of an ‘absent truth’ 6 Bafflement Politics / 183 Possessions, apparitions and the really real of Candomblé’s miracle productions 5 7 The Permeable Boundary / 215 Media imaginaries in Candomblé’s public performance of authenticity CONCLUSIONS Cracks in the Wall / 249 Invocations of the-rest-of-what-is in the anthropological study of world-making NOTES / 263 BIBLIOGRAPHY / 273 INDEX / 295 ECSTATIC ENCOUNTERS · 6 Preface Oh! Bahia da magia, dos feitiços e da fé.
    [Show full text]
  • Atheism, Agnosticism, and Nonbelief
    ATHEISM, AGNOSTICISM, AND NONBELIEF: A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TYPE AND NARRATIVE By Christopher Frank Silver Ralph W Hood Jr Jim Tucker Professor Professor (Co-Chair) (Co-Chair) Valerie C. Rutledge David Rausch Professor Assistant Professor (Committee Member) (Committee Member) Anthony J. Lease A. Jerald Ainsworth Dean of the College of Health, Education Dean of the Graduate School and Professional Studies ATHEISM, AGNOSTICISM, AND NONBELIEF: A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TYPE AND NARRATIVE By Christopher Frank Silver A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, Tennessee August 2013 ii Copyright © 2013 By Christopher Frank Silver All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Extensive research has been conducted in exploration of the American religious landscape, however recently has social science research started to explore Nonbelief in any detail. Research on Nonbelief has been limited as most research focuses on the popularity of the religious “nones” or the complexities of alternative faith expressions such as spirituality. Research has been limited in exploring the complexity of Nonbelief or how non-believers would identify themselves. Most research assumes nonbelievers are a monolithic group with no variation such as Atheism or Agnosticism. Through two studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, this study explored identity of Nonbelief. Study one (the qualitative study) discovered that individuals have shared definitional agreement but use different words to describe the different types of Nonbelief. Moreover, social tension and life narrative play a role in shaping one’s ontological worldview.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnohistory of the Qizilbash in Kabul: Migration, State, and a Shi'a Minority
    ETHNOHISTORY OF THE QIZILBASH IN KABUL: MIGRATION, STATE, AND A SHI’A MINORITY Solaiman M. Fazel Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology Indiana University May 2017 i Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee __________________________________________ Raymond J. DeMallie, PhD __________________________________________ Anya Peterson Royce, PhD __________________________________________ Daniel Suslak, PhD __________________________________________ Devin DeWeese, PhD __________________________________________ Ron Sela, PhD Date of Defense ii For my love Megan for the light of my eyes Tamanah and Sohrab and for my esteemed professors who inspired me iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This historical ethnography of Qizilbash communities in Kabul is the result of a painstaking process of multi-sited archival research, in-person interviews, and collection of empirical data from archival sources, memoirs, and memories of the people who once live/lived and experienced the affects of state-formation in Afghanistan. The origin of my study extends beyond the moment I had to pick a research topic for completion of my doctoral dissertation in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University. This study grapples with some questions that have occupied my mind since a young age when my parents decided to migrate from Kabul to Los Angeles because of the Soviet-Afghan War of 1980s. I undertook sections of this topic while finishing my Senior Project at UC Santa Barbara and my Master’s thesis at California State University, Fullerton. I can only hope that the questions and analysis offered here reflects my intellectual progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa International University the Relevance Of
    AFRICA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY THE RELEVANCE OF SPECIAL REVELATION IN AFRICAN INDEPENDENT CHURCHES: A CASE STUDY OF THE AKURINU CHURCH IN NYANDARUA COUNTY – KENYA BY DANIEL NJAGI GITAHI A Thesis submitted to the University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Theology Approved Primary Supervisor: _________ Prof. Gyang D. Pam Associate Supervisor: _________________________________ Prof. James Nkansah External Examiner: _________________________________ Prof. James Kombo July, 2019 DECLARATION THE RELEVANCE OF SPECIAL REVELATION IN AFRICAN INDEPENDENT CHURCHES: A CASE STUDY OF THE AKURINU CHURCH IN NYANDARUA COUNTY – KENYA I declare that this research project is my original work and has not been submitted to any other College or University for academic credit. The views presented herein are not necessarily those of Africa International University or the examiners. (Sign): Daniel Njagi Gitahi July, 2019 ABSTRACT The African Independent Churches (AICs) phenomenon also known as ‘independency’ appeared in the African continent in the late 19th century and early in the twentieth century. It occurred as a result of the Africans being dissatisfied with the way Christianity was introduced by the western missionaries. The missionaries did not understand the African worldview and assumed that Africans were irreligious. They therefore disregarded anything African. They required the African believers to discard all their cultural practices not knowing that the African religion was embedded in their culture. The missionaries who were leaders in these churches were also seen to collaborate with the European colonizers, something that did not please the African Christians. Some of them also misinterpreted the bible. These and other factors resulted in the Africans initiating their own churches where they would feel free to express Christianity the African way and also to champion the liberation movement which was the major political issue at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • First Term E-Learning Note Subject: Government Class
    FIRST TERM E-LEARNING NOTE SUBJECT: GOVERNMENT CLASS: SS3 SCHEME OF WORK WEEK TITLE 1. Military Rule In Nigeria: Historical Background, Reasons for Military Rule, Achievements of Military Rule in Nigeria 2. Weakness of Military Rule in Nigeria; Measures That Could be Taken to Prevent Military Intervention in Nigeria 3. Local Administration in Nigeria; Structure, Functions, Sources of Finance and Problems of Local Government: Features of 1976 Local Government Reforms in Nigeria; Roles of Traditional Rulers in Government 4. Nigeria and the World; (i) Interdependence of Nations (ii) Nigeria’s Foreign Policy; Meaning, Nigeria Foreign Policy since Independence 5. Nigeria and the World; Factors that can affect Nigeria’s Foreign Policy, Formulation of Nigeria Foreign Policy; Features of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy 6. Africa as the Center Piece of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy; Origin; Reasons for the Adoption of Nigeria as the Center Piece of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy 7. How Nigeria has Demonstrated that Africa is the Center Piece of Her Foreign Policy; Ways by which Nigeria maintains Friendly Relations with African States 8. Non-Alignment; Origin, Meaning, Aims and Objectives 9. Non-Alignment Problems; Factors that Stimulated the Formation of Non-Align Movement; Nigeria and Non-Aligned Movement 10. International Organization- Organization of African Unity (O.A.U.); Historical Perspective, Aims and Objectives, Principles 11. Organization of African Unity- Organs and functions, Aims and Objectives, Achievements and Problems 12. Revision/ Examination REFERENCE Essential Government by C.C. Dibie Comprehensive Government by J.U. Anyaele WEEK ONE MILITARY RULE IN NIGERIA HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The first military regime in Nigeria started in January 15th 1966, which was staged by five (5) Majors led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu.
    [Show full text]