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Ii CONTENTS

NATIONAL. SCHOOL Community service - SAFETY CENTER with a smile 1/92...2 '1 By Cathryn Berger Kaye Pepperdine University's National School Safety Center is a partnership of the U.S. Department of justice and U.S. Department of Education. NSSC's goal is to promote School crime: Up school safetYt improve discipline, increase attendance 1 and suppress drug traffic and abuse in all our nation's close and personal schools. Ronald D. Stephens, Executive Director By Terry Modglin I 1 if 2. 2 5 Stuart Greenba~m, Communications Director Ronald W, Garrison, Field Services Director Friendly foundations James E. Campbell, Business Manager By Joyce Stevens I 2- Bernard James, Special Counsel t- 9 2. fo Pepperdlne University NSSC St ..rlng Council: David Davenport, President, Chair: William B. Adrian, Groundswell response Provost, Vice Choir; Andrew K. Benton, Vice President, University Affairs; Nancy Magnusson-Fagan, Dean, to recent crime wave Graduate School o[Education and Psychology; Ronald F. Phillips, Dean, School of Law; Charles B. Runnels, By Brenda Turner I t 9 2 2 7 Chancellor; Ronald D. Stephens, Executive Director, NSSC; .Johil G. Watson, Vice President, Siudent Affairs; and James R, Wilburn, Vice President and Dean, School Information as of Business and Management. prevention 1'1 2 2- ~ By Stephen Goldsmith

School Safety High tech for School Safety is published by the National School Safety high risk " 9 Z 2- / Center to communicate current trends and effective pro­ grams in school safety to educators, law enforcers, law­ By Dale Mann yers, judges, government officials, business leaders. the media and the public. Publication dates are September (Fall issue), January (Winter issue) and May (Spring 24 Role models Be sports: issue). Annual subscription: $9.00. A youthful perspective Ronald D. Stephens, Executive Editor Stuart Greenbaum, Editor/Art Director Brenda Turner, Suzanne Harper, Assocjate Editors 18 Crime's aftermath Cynthia Randolph, Photocompositor L' J By June Feder JL 11 2. 3 0 Articles In this publication may be reprinted -excluding individually copyrighted material - with c~it to School Safety. NSSC and a copy of reprints to NSSC_ School . Saiety encourages the submission of original articles. Updates 2 NSSC Update artwork, book reviews and letters to the editor and will review and consider each item for publication. National Update Correspondence 'for School Safety and the National 31 School Safety Center should be addressed to: National SchOol Safety Center, 16830 Ventura Boulevard, '.32 Legislative Update Sulto 200, Encino, CA 91436, telephone 8181377-6200, S FAX 8181377-6209. \t4\cJ)it Prepared uilder Grant No. 85-MU-CX-0003 ,from the G3 Legal Update Office of Juvenile Iustice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs. U.S. Department of Justice. t1.~ \~: , Points of vIew or opinions in this document are,those pC ResoUIce Update the autljor and do not necessarily represent the official 3ft position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice, ; l U.S. Department of Education or Pepperdine University. ,I Copyright © 1989 National School Safety Center. t} NSSC Resources 23 NSSC Resource Papers About the cover: Schocilsatc, benefiting from il resurgence of community 29 School Safety Check Book involvemenl- from private dtizen$, commercial busi e ne.ls~s and publ(ciageneie., - strmulated'both by positive "Set Straight on Bullies" school-public telatlon,s and, unfortunately, bya series,of 30 cilme-related crises. lIIustmtion lrj Deborah Zemke, (fUmlvideotape) Copyright © 1988,NSSC, 35 "Principals of Leadership"

School Safety 3 Spring 1989 BY DALE MANN

Educational use of high technology - like interactive videodiscs - can teach kids about choices and conse­ quences . ... The future is here, for those ready for it.

High tech for high risk

It's almost midnight and Joe Bob has youthful-offender status and retires. hit the wall. What more can we expect just hit his first million-point plateau on from a junior high school teacher a new video game. Part of that feat is Jorge wouldn't know the three branches armed with a piece of chalk and a tea­ due to reflexes, part to his extraordinary of government if they grew on trees. spoonful of authority trying to get the concentration and recall of screen pat­ And while his working knowledge of attention of 25 ninth-graders on a Fri­ terns and consequences. the state's penal code would be the envy day afternoon? All for just $29,608 a of some attorneys, it never occurs to year, the average teacher salary. It's almost noon and Joe Bob can't him to be on their side rather than his. Sure, there are a lot of things to be recall the value of pi or how to trisect * * * done about reform - we ought to or­ an angle. Geometry is about to be We may think these students are chestrate all the municipal agencies in a added to his growing list of failed or perverse about what they learn and cohesive youth-serving movement; we incomplete subjects that will soon push from whom, but the fact remains that ought to re-structure schools; someone him out of school. they do learn. That great educational should do something about families, * * * TV series, Miami Vice, is out of pro­ and drugs, and economic opportunity. Guns N' Roses, Motley Crue, Tracy duction. We may not like what it And we ought to spend more on kids. Chapman - Shanelle can lip synch the taught, but it did teach. Last year, each American cow was lyrics to every song these performers Eighty-five percent of at-risk youth blessed with $1,139 of federal aid. Each ever recorded and do it with perfect are visual learners and that does not American child got ~770 from all feder­ mimicry of their wildly diverse styles. mean color illustrations in textbooks. al sources (Chapter I, child health and What did we imagine would happen nutrition, Head Start, etc.). State capitals? Presidents? How to make when TV advertising frames began to But while that is being done, teaching change from a cash register? How to be turn over every second and a half and has hit the wall. Of course, some teach­ polite and forthcoming to a customer? high school kids started to spend as ers are wonderfully successful and some Shanelle has two responses: "Huh?" much time watching TV every day as kids like to read and do differential and "Whaa?" they do on their homework in a week equations and sit still and take notes. * * * (4.5 hours for each)? But the fact remains that half of Los Twelve-year-old Jorge has calculated to The point is not that TV has ruined Angeles' new teachers were hired with f the nearest thousand the money he society, but rather that society does not "emergency credentials"; 90 percent of wants to make holding crack for his effectively use the visual media for its New York's new teachers lacked certifi­ neighborhood source before he loses his own purposes. TV shows and commer­ cates or licenses. Over time, the major­ I cials are cannons, but who loads them, ity of the best teachers leave teaching Dale Mann is a professor at Teachers and what are they aimed at? and most of the worst stay. Personnel f College, Columbia University in New U.S. Secretary of Education Lauro policies in every district operate with ! York and has a company, Interactive Cavozos says that "reform has stag­ the same effect - the most. experienced Inc., that produces high-technology nated." If he were a marathon runner, teachers trade that seniority to get far­ materials for high-risk youth. he might have said that teachers have thest from the neediest kids. We keep

School Safety 20 Spring 1989 school not with "the best and the Some consequences are immediate, systems indicate that people retain: brightest," but with the average and the others are long-term, and the video • 23 percent of what they hear, available. But, as Lyndon Johnson used simulation ends when the cumulative • 43 percent of what they hear and see, to say, "You got to dance with the one score causes you to be promoted, and that brung you." transferred or fired. • 70 percent of what they hear, see One thousand pieces of state legisla­ and do. tion have targeted teachers in a kind of Xerox announced the installation of Japanese policy formulation - the DEC's "Decision Point" in the back of Doing makes the difference. By com­ "three mores" - more tests, more an in-house newsletter. Within three bining video's excitement with a micro­ mandates about curriculum content, and weeks, they had to open their training computer's power, interactive videodiscs more credentials. The test frenzy facility on weekends to accommodate give students choices coupled with im­ amounts to demanding more perform­ demand. DEC reports 40 percent reduc­ mediate consequences: to drink at a ance generally without more support. tions in training time with interactive party or not; to go home early or stay And state legislators have not learned systems. Workers get back to the job late; to accept a ride from an intoxi­ what parents already know: once the faster and the company saves on travel cated friend or not. Each choice can be teachers go back inside the classroom and the use of training facilities. dramatized by professional actors and and close the door, guess who deter­ Discs make learning faster, stronger with broadcast-quality production. The mines what the curriculum will be? and cheaper. It's also fun. At AT&T In­ results are vivid and immediate: you Finally, more credentials don't work un­ formation Systems, technicians trained touch the screen to choose an option, less better entry-level salaries pull new via interactive videodisc consistently and you get banged with the conse­ hires from a different stratum. master a seven-day course in only three­ quences - now. The experience can be Schooling is the last social institution and-a-half days. IBM developed "PALS," scored, summarized and fed back with that remains unchanged since the 19th a videodisc curriculum that turns previ­ the energy typical of teen-agers. century and that may trundle forward, ously illiterate adults into readers six Think of the problems of adolescence unchanged, to the 21st. Is there nothing times faster than traditional instruction; that we now address with chalk talks, else we can do? students gain an average of 27.4 months rap groups, film strips and pamphlets: of reading skills in only four months. • 10 percent of all teen-age girls in the Interactive videodisc What causes those sorts of results? U.S. become pregnant every year; The Digital Equipment Corporation was It's probably what social psychologists 300,000 are under the age of 15. one of the first to put together a per­ call "the participation hypothesis": the • Half a million young people attempt sonal computer, a laser videodisc more involvement, the more participa­ suicide each year, a 300 percent in­ player, and a color monitor with a tion, the more likely we will learn what crease since 1960. touch screen. An early disc course, we are doing. Disc advocates point out • 61 percent of all high school seniors "Decision Point," sharpened strategic that TV is a passive medium (no partic­ report having used drugs, the highest planning among middle managers. ipation except gazing). But what if we rate in any industrialized nation. The camera moves through your of can get couch potatoes off their dead • 3 million teen-agers between 14 and fice door, your secretary briefs you on centers? Tests of Digital's interactive 17 have a serious drinking problem. the day's appointments, colleagues in­ terrupt you to press for decisions, the phone rings, two visitors can be seen Substance Abuse Career Guidance waiting in your office, and the whole "TIPS" "Passport" , learning experience is enriched by High-tech National Federation of State SOlith-Western Publishing ~igh School ASsociations 5101 Madison Road on-line support materials - balance curriculum H724 Plaza Circle Cincinnati, OH 45227 sheets, audit reports, quarterly state­ P.O. Box 20626 800/543-0487 ments, etc. Kansas City, MO 64195 A Catalogue of Discs The computer-driven screen periodi­ 816/464-5400 "The VideodiscCompendiilm cally interrupts the filmed action to Sources for disc-based Literacy for Education" curriculum materials: demand a response. A solution to a "PALS" Advanced Education Richard A. Pollak, President production problem may trigger union Dropouts Systems Emerging Technology Interactive Inc. mM Educational Systems Consultants Inc. protests,' failure to cope with a distri­ 440 Riverside Drive, #117 P.O. Box 2150 P.O. Box 12444 bution bottleneck may pile up debt. New York, NY 10027 Atlanta, GA 30055 St. Paul, MN 55112 The disc experience requires that you 8001262-6442 404/238-4055 612/639~3973 learn by doing. Each action is scored.

School Safety 21 Spring 1989 MANN

• Car accidents are the leading cause of Hazelden Health Promotion Services, counselor guide. The package is easy death among 15- to 24-year-olds. the National Federation of State High and fun to use schoolwide, with or School Associations produced without adult assistance. What do we know about adolescent "TARGET," an interactive simulation A 1989 Harris poll asked what low­ learners? One way to summarize is with that runs on mM's InfoWindow touch­ income parents most want for their what I call the "Five P's." screens and helps kids see the conse­ kids. Their number one aspiration for Permanence: "I'm gonna live forever, quences of substance abuse. their children is "learning to stay in never gonna die." My own company, Interactive Inc., school." The "What's Next?" disc is Probability: Teen-agers are lousy has gone after the dropout problem. part of the dropout program in more probability calculators. "Yeah, I was Every year, 700,000 young people drop than 20 states, but will it lower the wasted last night but I made it;' they out of American high schools, a num­ dropout rate? Will disc experience keep reason, so why not drive drunk again. ber equivalent to 65 busloads of stu­ every kid away from drugs or booze? Peers: It almost defines teen-agers that dents a day. The foregone productivity No one would argue that young people they find themselves in the eyes of from one year's crop of dropouts, plus are at risk from too many powerful others and that combines with proba­ their lost taxes and increased dependen­ forces for there to be a magic feather. bility as in, "Well, Jimmy did it. ..." cy will cost the U.S. more than the fed­ The better question is, can we arm Present Orientation: Long-term is eral deficit, currently targeted at $100 teachers and guidance counselors with maybe the weekend. billion plus. To help turn that around, more effective tools? Can we use the Personalization: "Hey, if it's not just we produced an interactive disc curricu­ best of the computer and video media, like me and my friends, forget it." lum called "What's Next?" combined, but loaded with what kids I Students begin the interactive video­ need, and what society deserves? Pour the five P's into a 16-year-old disc experience by entering their race New York City has an approved bud­ and you have a formula for risky behav­ and gender to enable customized scor­ get line to buy 8.7 million pieces of ior. By the way, girls are more likely ing. After seeing three dramatic conse­ chalk next year. That's enough chalk for than boys to be involved in the most quences of dropping out, players face each student in the city to have a new multiple risks - substance abuse, drunk 10 choices from a typical day: stick every month. But how many will driving, teen pregnancy, smoking, etc. • get out of bed and go to school or grow up to work with chalk? In the A successful learning strategy has got sleep late? meantime, principals can't buy video to deal with consequences, not simply • stay in school all day or leave early disc equipment until the bureaucracy telling kids what will happen, but let­ and hang out? issues a list of approved vendors. ting them choose and then following up • come in for extra help or don't Whether kids have the benefit of the with immediate and dramatic feedback. bother? most advanced teaching techniques is A VCR cannot do that and schools are • take an after-school job or concen­ determined first by what adults do, and not now equipped for what interactive trate on school work? don't do. If the 90,000 elementary and discs can provide: choice/consequence • study for a test or go to a party? secondary schools of this country don't routines, customized scoring, immediate become a market for the most powerful feedback, and dramatic video about real The moment the student makes a of the electronic learning media, the 43 world problems. choice, he or she experiences the con­ million homes in North America, al­ An estimated 15,000 disc players are sequences of his/her decision. The mi­ ready wired for cable, will be. The now being used in education. Of the croprocessor keeps score: too many bad public school has been this country's more than 400 disc curriculums avail­ decisions drop the player out of school. educational delivery mechanism of able, most are in science, data process·· Those negative thresholds are empirical­ choice for only a little more than a ing and industrial training. Most school ly determined by the etiology of risk hundred years. It is entirely possible to discs seem aimed at a suburban market factors, and those thresholds vary by bypass that institution and sell educa­ with the discretionary money to equip each player's gender and ethnicity. At tion directly to the parents. One conse­ their kids with the best. At least half of the end of play, the de-briefing is cus­ quence is that those parents who can America's districts report that they will tomized to reflect the student's choices afford the best education will buy it for increase their disc capabilities in the and demographic characteristics. The their children. The others will be in the next few years, but that is like the fact whole experience is easy and exciting, public school and we will have sunk that in 1990, half of America's homes but it is also research-based, realistic, that much closer to the sort of two­ will have PC's. Great, but which half? fast-paced and relevant. tiered, have/have not society that this And what about at-risk youth? The video experience is supported country's immigrant settlers fled. In a joint project with mM and with a student workbook and a teacher/ We should do better. 0

School Safety 22 Spring 1989