Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA

RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE

Research Response Number: CHN32936 Country: China Date: 7 March 2008

Keywords: China – Fujian – petrol station regulations – Measurement Bureau – Fuqing Detention Centre – arrest documentation

This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein.

Questions

1. Please advise which Government agency in Fujian deals with petrol station regulations? Is there an agency named the “Measurement Bureau”? If possible, please provide the address of the office in Fuqing City. 2. Please advise if there is an address for a detention centre in Fuqing City. 3. Please provide information on the formal documentation given to persons arrested and to detainees in Fujian.

RESPONSE

1. Please advise which Government agency in Fujian deals with petrol station regulations? Is there an agency named the “Measurement Bureau”? If possible, please provide the address of the office in Fuqing City.

Sources indicate that the Government agency in Fujian which deals with petrol station regulation is the Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission (FPETC) which is part of the Ministry of Commerce. An address for this agency was found in Fuzhou City, but not in Fuqing City. There is also a State Measurement Bureau (now called the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision) which is quite possibly the „Measurement Bureau‟ referred to in Question 1. This bureau enforces the laws on product quality and combats fake and inferior products and illegal activities in the production and selling of products. It has a branch in the Fuqing City Government Building in Yifu Street, Fuqing City.

This question will look at this question in two parts:

1.1 The Government agency that deals with petrol station regulation (with address in Fuzhou)

1.2 The State Measurement Bureau

1.1 The Government agency that deals with petrol station regulation (with address in Fuzhou)

The Government agency that deals with petrol station regulation in Fujian is the Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission (FPETC), which is part of the Ministry Of Commerce (MOFCOM). An address was found for FPETC in Fuzhou, but not in Fuqing.

As no definitive answer was found in internet sources consulted, this question was sent to the Senior Chinese Librarian for the Asian Collections at the National Library of Australia (RRT Research & Information 2008, Email to Senior Chinese Librarian, National Library of Australia „Information Request about Petrol Station Regulation in China‟, 14 February – Attachment 1). The Senior Chinese Librarian for the Asian Collections at the National Library of Australia advised:

The following government agencies regulates the petrol stations in Fujian.

1) 福建省经济贸易委员会 (Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission ) (http://www.jyz.com.cn) 联系方式 (Address and contact details)： 地 址： 福州华林路76号8号楼 (8-76 Hua Lin St, Fuzhou) 办公室：87846704 (Office) 总 机：0591-87853875 (Switch))

2) 中国石油化工股份有限公司福建石油分公司 (SINOPEC – China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation)

Website: http://www.sinopec.com/company/subsidiary/salesbranch/874.shtml 联系方式 (Address and contact details)： 公司地址：福建省福州市中山路18号 (18 Zhong Shan St, Fuzhou) 邮政编码：350003 (postcode) 电话：0591－87821534 (Phone) 传真：0591－87837153 (Fax) 电子邮箱：[email protected] (Email) (Senior Chinese Librarian for the Asian Collections at the National Library of Australia 2008, Email to RRT „Additional information about Petrol Station Regulation in China‟, 15 February – Attachment 2)

The Ministry Of Commerce (MOFCOM) website has an English section (http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/index.shtml), which confirms that the Economics and Trade Commission is part of the Ministry Of Commerce and that the Fujian Provincial Economics and Trade Commission (福建省经济贸易委员会) is at No.76 Hualin Road, Fuzhou, P.R.China (福州市华林路76 号 350003) (China Ministry Of Commerce 2007, „Contact Method of the Local Administration‟, 12 February http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/topic/chinainvest/localguide/200702/20070204378447. html#12 – Accessed 25 February 2008 – Attachment 3).

Another Chinese language website was found for the Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission – http://www.fjetc.gov.cn/. This website also gives the same address in Fuzhou, but no addresses in Fuqing.

Sinopec

Sinopec, (China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation 中國石油化工股份有限公司), mentioned above by the Senior Chinese Librarian at the National Library of Australia, is a large integrated energy and chemical company which produces oil and operates 28,801 retail stations in China (see http://english.sinopec.com/en-company/ and „SINOPEC Sales Co., Ltd: Overview‟ 2007, Sinopec website http://english.sinopec.com/en-company/en-subsidiaries/en- wholly-ownedsub/en-sales/1325.shtml – Accessed 29 February 2008 – Attachment 4). As such, it does not appear to be a government body. According to the Chinese language version of their website, they have an office in Fuzhou, but not Fuqing. The Fuzhou office is at 18 Zhong Shan St, Fuzhou (福建省福州市中山路18号) (http://www.sinopec.com/company/subsidiary/salesbranch/874.shtml – not attached).

Regulations

The librarian also advised that the Chinese regulations for petrol stations are at http://www.jyz.com.cn/Article/zcfg/dftl/200611/64903.html (Senior Chinese Librarian for the Asian Collections at the National Library of Australia 2008, Email to RRT „Additional information about Petrol Station Regulation in China‟, 20 February – Attachment 2). These Chinese language regulations are The Fujian Oil Product Market Management Regulations (福建成品油市场管理规定) which note at several points (eg Articles 5 & 12) that the responsible government body is the Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission and the Ministry of Commerce (to which the Economic and Trade Commission belongs). The Chinese language regulations are at Attachment 5, a rough Google1 translation is at Attachment 6 (Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission 2006, „福建成品油市场管理规定‟ („Fujian Oil Product Market Management Regulations‟), 30 November (Chinese language) http://www.jyz.com.cn/Article/zcfg/dftl/200611/64903.html – Accessed 25 February 2008 – Attachment 5; Google translation of Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission 2006, „福建成品油市场管理规定‟ („Fujian Oil Product Market Management Regulations‟), 30 November (from Chinese language) http://www.jyz.com.cn/Article/zcfg/dftl/200611/64903.html – Accessed 25 February 2008 – Attachment 6).

Offices of FPETC, SINOPEC or MOFCOM in Fuqing and Fuzhou.

The above address for the Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission is in Fuzhou City, which is both the capital of the province and the prefecture (“Fuzhou City”) of which Fuqing City is a part. No address in Fuqing City for either FPETC, SINOPEC or the Ministry of Commerce was found on the websites above or on other websites, including these Chinese language sites from MOFCOM:

1 Google translations can often be poor and can contain errors - as such they give only a rough indication of the contents of a document. For any further reliance on this information, a better translation should be obtained.

 Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM – 商务部) websites http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/ – http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/ (English)

 Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) – Fujian website http://fujian.mofcom.gov.cn/

 Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) – Fuzhou website http://fuzhou.mofcom.gov.cn/

 Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) – Fuqing website 福建福清外经贸厅http://fuqing.mofcom.gov.cn/

It is noted, by way of background, that a number of other government offices in Fuqing are situated in the Fuqing City Government Building, Yifu Street, Rongcheng Town2, Fuqing City (福清市融城镇一拂街市政府办公室1楼) (Department of Foreign and Trade 2008, DFAT Report No. 755 – China: RRT Information Request: CHN32790, 16 January – Attachment 7).

Other information on the regulation of petrol stations

Although a number of departments were found which have an impact on petrol stations, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the Ministry of Commerce were the ones most mentioned. For example, this 2003 English language report notes the involvement of the State Economic and Trade Commission:

The State Economic and Trade Commission and Ministry of Construction have jointly issued a notice on conducting a thorough review of the petrol station sector. The major problems with the sector at present include excessive number of petrol stations, incomplete and inaccurate basic information and lack of unified standards. …

According to the notice, no department is allowed to change the distribution of petrol stations stipulated in the development plan. If adjustment is really needed, the local economic and trade department and planning department should organise experts to review the situation and submit a report to concerned departments for approval.

(„China to Regulate Petrol Stations‟ 2003, Hong Kong Trade Development Council, 1 April http://infrastructure.tdctrade.com/content.aspx?data=Infrastructure_content_en&contentid=17 6368&src=IN_RepAna&w_sid=194&w_pid=755&w_nid=10791&w_cid=176368&w_idt=19 00-01-01&w_oid=165 – Accessed 25 February 2008 – Attachment 8)

This 2004 English language report notes the involvement of the Ministry of Commerce in petrol station regulation:

In response to recent reports by some media mistaking the technical standards stated in the consultative draft of the Market Access Standards for Refined Oil Retailers (Petrol Stations) for an impending market access scheme, officials at the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) clarified that the document is still under consultation. („Opening of Petrol Station Market Still at Consultation Stage‟ 2004, Hong Kong Trade Development Council, 1 September

2 Rongcheng is a frequently used alternative name for the main urban area of Fuqing City. Until 2005 it also existed formally as the only “urban subdistrict” (街道 jiedao) of Fuqing City administrative area which was divided into 20 townships (镇 zhen) and one urban subdistrict – Rongcheng. In December 2005, Fuqing City was reorganised: Rongcheng subdistrict was abolished, three townships close to Rongcheng became subdistricts and four new subdistricts were created. It appears however that the name Rongcheng still appears in addresses in Fuqing.

http://marketinfo.tdctrade.com/content.aspx?data=CHINA_content_en&contentid=171090&s rc=CN_LawReg&w_sid=194&w_pid=630&w_nid=9927&w_cid=171090&w_idt=1900-01- 01&w_oid=&w_jid= – Accessed 25 February 2008 – Attachment 9)

1.2 The State Measurement Bureau (Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision)

The „Measurement Bureau‟could be the 国家计量局 (or longer version – 国家计量局负责贯彻执行) which is translated variously as:

 State Measurement Bureau www.leizhou.gov.cn/html/2003-12- 30/20031230161800.htm (also National Measurement Bureau)

 State Metrological Bureau www.newenglishworld.com/detail.asp?newsid=1884 & http://bingluo.blogspot.com/2007/12/organization-name-translation-english.html (also Bureau of Metrology)

The name of this bureau was changed in 1994 to the China State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (CSBTS) (Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 2007, „Brief‟ http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/e_0.html – Accessed 26 February 2008 – Attachment 10).

There is a local branch of the bureau in Fuqing – the Fuqing City Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (FCBQTS) (福清市质量技术监督局). The Chinese language version of the Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (FPBQTS) website shows that the FCBQTS is located in the „Fuqing government compound‟ (福清市府大院内). (Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (undated contacts page) (Chinese language) http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/webtest/dwdm/zxjj/fzjg.asp – Accessed 26 February 2008 – Attachment 11).

Though no exact address was given for the compound, this is almost certainly the same as the “Fuqing City Government Building” (市政府办公室) in Yifu Street (一拂街), Fuqing City, where many government departments are located3. The Government Building and Yifu Street are marked on the attached Chinese language Fuqing Street map – the government building appears as the large red star “” with the red characters 市政府 („Fuqing City Urban Planning Map‟ 2006, Fuqing City Urban-Rural Planning Bureau and Fujian Map Publication Organisation, Fuqing City Urban-Rural Planning Bureau website http://www.fqghj.net/hongye/webmap/index.aspx – Accessed 3 March 2008 – Attachment 12).

Further information

3 Over fifty government agencies are listed on the Fuzhou directory of government agencies http://www.fzyb.gov.cn/ as being located in the „Fuqing government compound‟ (福清市府大院内) – these are listed in Attachment 31. These agencies include the Fuqing Agriculture Bureau, Complaint Bureau ( Petition Bureau) and Municipal Government Office which DFAT previously advised were in the “Fuqing City Government Building” (市政府办公室) (Department of Foreign and Trade 2008, DFAT Report No. 755 – China: RRT Information Request: CHN32790, 16 January – Attachment 7). This indicates that these are two names for the same building or cluster of buildings in central Fuqing City.

The CSBTS is part of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People‟s Republic of China (AQSIQ) also called the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (国家质量监督检验检疫总局). The AQSIQ website notes that “AQSIQ also organizes the inspection and quarantine system to fight against fake and counterfeit products and other illegal activities”. The website states:

The function of quality and technical supervision is performed through 31 provincial-level Bureaus of Quality and Technical Supervision, which, being the working departments of the respective provincial governments (and of autonomous regions, and municipalities), exercise the vertical management to the Bureaus of Quality and Technical Supervision below the provincial level. The total number of working staff engaged in quality and technical supervision is over 180,000 across the country. AQSIQ provides the provincial-level (and of autonomous regions, municipalities) Bureaus of Quality and Technical Supervision with technical guidance. …

Management of Law Enforcement and Supervision

According to the Law on Product Quality, the Standardization Law, the Law on Metrology and their implementation regulations, AQSIQ organizes the fight against the practices that are not in conformity with laws and regulations on quality, standardization and metrology. AQSIQ is authorized by the State Council of People‟s Republic of China to organize and coordinate the fight against counterfeits in China, AQSIQ also organizes the inspection and quarantine system to fight against fake and counterfeit products and other illegal activities. AQSIQ organizes and coordinates the investigation and examination against important and major cases and also cases across the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. AQSIQ administers and provides guidance for law enforcement bodies under quality and technical supervision agencies and for the building of the law enforcement team.

(General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People‟s Republic of China (AQSIQ) 2007, „Mission‟ http://english.aqsiq.gov.cn/AboutAQSIQ/Mission/ – Accessed 26 February 2008 – Attachment 13).

The Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (福建省质量技术监督局) has a website (http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/ – English version http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/e_0.html). This website notes the name was changed from “Bureau of standardization and metrology” in 1994, and gives an overview of the mission of the Bureau:

Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision is run by Fujian Provincial Government, which is legally in charge of standardization, metrology, quality and supervision; responsible for the daily routine of the Leading Group Office which strikes the illegal actions in producing and selling counterfeits. It manages vertically local Bureaus of Quality and Technical Supervision (with the exception of Xiamen Municipal Bureau).It‟s departmental level.

Histories of Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision generally are: after State Department of the People‟s Republic of China published the order of Unifying measurement system on the June 25, 1959, Fujian Provincial Institute of Standardization and Metrology was established in October 1960, and began to manage uniformly the metrology and standardization of province. Fujian Provincial Bureau of metrology and Fujian Provincial Bureau of standardization were established in July 1979. In 1980, there were 70 measurement agencies (Provincial Bureau and its affiliated institutes are 3, municipal institutes are 9, local institutes are 58), including all kinds of peoples, 524. During the institutional reform of province in early 1983, Provincial Committee and Provincial Government made a decision to

incorporate metrology bureau and standardization bureau, and to establish Fujian Provincial Bureau of standardization and metrology, in order to manage uniformly standardization, metrology, quality and supervision in province. After November 1994, Fujian Provincial Bureau of standardization and metrology had successively changed its name to Fujian Provincial Bureau of Technical Supervision, Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. According to the decision of PRC Central Committee and State Department on making grave reform to management system of Quality and Technical Supervision, Fujian Provincial System of Quality and Technical Supervision executed vertical management below the provincial level on February 1, 2000. In October of the same year, Provincial Bureau had completed the receiving works of 8 municipal (ex Xiamen) and 61 local (cities, districts) Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision in which include institutions and personnel, establishment, functions and property. It had received 143 technical institutions at the same time. Now Fujian Provincial System of Quality and Technical Supervision (ex Xiamen) have 72 administrative agencies (1 Provincial level, 8 municipal levels, and 63 local levels), 157 institutions (9 Provincial levels, 49 municipal levels, and 99 local levels). There are 646 administrative establishments, 1944 career establishments. The number of all kinds‟ people is 2479; these include 679 administrative people (87 people in Provincial Bureau, 186 people in municipal Bureau, 406 people in local Bureau), 1800 career people (407 people in Provincial Bureau, 674 people in municipal Bureau, 719 people in local Bureau). There are 488 retired people (34 retired, 454 retirements). In administrative departments, there are 628 civil servants, 51 service people; among them, 9 masters, 498 bachelors and specialists. In career institutions, there are 140 senior engineers, 598 engineers; 26 masters, 1157 bachelors and specialists; 224 administrators, 1181 technical staff, 395 service people.

Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision have 9 divisions and 1 office, these are General Office, Division of Planning & Finance, Division of Policy & Regulation, Division of Quality Management & Certification, Division of Supervision (Division of Food Production Supervision & Management), Division of Enforcing the law & Inspection, Division of Standardization, Division of Metrology, Division of Special Equipment Supervision, and Division of Personnel & Education; it also includes party committee office, monitoring office. The affiliated institutes of bureau include are: Central Inspection Institute, Research Institute of Measurement Science and Technology, Research Institute of Technical Supervision and Information, Institute of Boiler and Pressure Container, Institute of Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection, Cadre School of Technical Supervision, FangYuan Authentication Group Fujian subsidiary company, Fujian Center of Certification and Consultation, Institute of Fabric Inspection.

(Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 2007, „Brief‟ http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/e_0.html – Accessed 26 February 2008 – Attachment 10).

The bureau has a Division of Enforcing the law & Inspection, whose mission is as follows:

Coordinate and investigate the actions that are in violation of standardization, metrology, and quality, certification, permission, safety supervision of special equipment and other laws and regulations; develop to combat fake and inferior products, illegal activities from the source in this system, coordinate to investigate inter-districts cases, foreign-related cases and inspect to handle the major cases; guide to enforce the laws about quality and technical supervision in province; be responsible for the daily routine of the Leading Group Office which strikes the illegal actions in producing and selling counterfeits in province.

(Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 2007, „Division of Enforcing the law & Inspection‟ http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/e_06.html – Accessed 26 February 2008 – Attachment 14)

A bureau‟s Chinese website confirms that there is a local branch of the bureau in Fuqing (福清市质量技术监督局), located in the „Fuqing government compound‟ (福清市府大院内) (Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (undated contacts page) (Chinese language) http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/webtest/dwdm/zxjj/fzjg.asp – Accessed 26 February 2008 – Attachment 11). The contact for this bureau in Fuqing is Chen Yuanqing. The „Fuqing government compound‟ is most likely same as the Fuqing City Government Building in Yifu Street, Rongcheng Town, Fuqing City, where many government departments are located, according to DFAT (福清市融城镇一拂街市政府办公室1楼) (Department of Foreign and Trade 2008, DFAT Report No. 755 – China: RRT Information Request: CHN32790, 16 January – Attachment 7).

2. Please advise if there is an address for a detention centre in Fuqing City.

There is definitely one main detention centre in the main city of Fuqing City, but two others have been mentioned in townships administered by Fuqing City (Fuqing City is both an urban city as we understand it and a county-level administrative unit with a population of over one million people and an area of 2429.76 sq. km).

Fuqing Detention Centre

Two addresses have been found for the Fuqing Detention Centre in Fuqing City:

 Fuqing Detention Centre (Fuqing) 福州福清市看守所 福建省福州市福清市糖南路59号Address 59 Tang Nan St, Fuqing Tel: 5222387 (This address is given in two online Fujian Yellow pages in Chinese: „福州福清市看守所‟ (Fujian Detention Centre) (undated) Fujian Yellow pages in Chinese http://www.fjyellowpages.cn/3/733.html- Accessed 29 February 2008 – Attachment 15 & „福州黄页 迈高黄页 福建黄页‟ (Fuzhou Yellow Pages>> party and government organs and social organizations>> national institutions‟ (in Chinese) http://dq.mg114.com/fujian/fuzhou/3.htm – Accessed 29 February 2008 – Attachment 16).

 Detention Centre on Nan Meng Dou Street, Fuqing (DFAT gave this address in DIMIA Country Information Service 2001, Country Information Report No.07/22 – China: RRT Information request: CHN31145 – Detention of house church member (sourced from DFAT advice of 5 January) , 5 March – Attachment 17).

The DFAT report gives detailed information about the operation of the centre:

QUESTIONS: [25/12/2006] Q.3. Is there a detention or custody centre on Nan Meng Dou Street, Fuqing city, Fujian province? Q.4. Does the detention centre issue discharge certificates? Q.5. Do the discharge certificates conform to any known standard? Q.6. Do the detainees have to wear a uniform?

ANSWERS: [04/01/07] A.3. Yes, there is a detention centre on Nan Meng Dou Street, Fuqing city, Fuqing province. A.4. According to the Fuqing Detention Centre: Yes, the detention centre issues discharge certificates when releasing a detainee.

A.5. The discharge certificates always conform to a known standard. The certificates should appear with one official detention centre stamp over the date. The discharge certificate is also hand-signed. The discharge certificates provided do not conform with this standard for two reasons: There are two stamps on the certificates instead of one, and the certificates are not hand-signed, contrary to standard practice. A.6. No, detainees do not have to wear a uniform. Other places of detention in Fuqing

Two other detention centres in rural townships of Jiangjing and Longtian in Fuqing City were mentioned in a 1994 Amnesty International report (Amnesty International, 1994, China: Protestants and Catholics detained since 1993, AI ASA 17/06/94, March – Attachment 18), but no addresses were given:

 “Jiangjing town detention centre” in Jiangjing town, Fuqing city;

 “Longtian town detention centre” in Longtian town, Fuqing city

No other reports or addresses of these two centres were found in the sources consulted. Jiangjing and Longtian are two of the 17 rural “townships” of Fuqing City – they are marked on the attached map (Detail showing Fuqing City from „Fuzhou City Communications and Tourist Map‟ (undated) Fujiankids website (http://www.fujiankids.org/swis/fuzcity/fuzmap.shtml and http://www.fujiankids.org/swis/fuzcity/prefectl.jpg – Accessed 20 December 2002 – Attachment 19).

This question was sent to the Senior Chinese Librarian for the Asian Collections at the National Library of Australia (RRT Research & Information 2008, Email to Senior Chinese Librarian, National Library of Australia „Information Request about Detention Centres in Fuqing‟, 12 February – Attachment 20). On 14 February 2008 the Senior Chinese Librarian for the Asian Collections at the National Library of Australia advised:

We regret that the Library does not hold any resources to find names and addresses for detention centre in Fuqing. However the following sources may be of assistance to you which I found through Internet.

1. 福清监狱 地址：福建省福清市镜洋镇甘厝口 邮编：350304 [Source: 福州各级公共安全管理机构名录福州黄页V1.83网络版 http://fuzhou.114line.com/13.htm] [1. Fuqing Prison Address: GanCuoKou, Jingyang Town, Fuqing City, Fujian ] (Senior Chinese Librarian, National Library of Australia 2008, Email to RRT „RE: Information Request about Detention Centres in Fuqing‟, 14 February – Attachment 21).

This prison or prison farm is also listed in the Laogai Handbook (Laogai Research Foundation 2006, Laogai Handbook 2005-2006, October http://www.laogai.org/news/newsdetail.php?id=2712 – Accessed 5 March 2008 – Attachment 22) lists only one prison farm:

Fuqing Farm 福清农场 aka Fuqing Prison 福清监狱 Location: Xiashicun, Jingyang Town, Fuqing City Postal Code: 350304地点：福清市镜洋镇下施村 邮编：350304 (p.148)

Police Stations in Fuqing City

The librarian also provided the addresses in Chinese of the following police stations in Fuqing City, where detainees may have been kept for short periods (Senior Chinese Librarian, National Library of Australia 2008, Email to RRT „RE: Information Request about Detention Centres in Fuqing‟, 14 February – Attachment 21). The Research & Information section has translated these on the next page. There are three major police bureaus – in Fuqing City, Longtian town and Honglu town – as well as 19 local police stations – in all the other townships (zhen 镇) that comprise Fujian City – and six “frontier defence” police stations. Each township of Fuqing City has at least one police station as well as sometimes a “frontier defence” police station.

序 号 单 位 名 称 电 话 号 码 地 址 Unit name Telephone Address 福清市公安局 福清市田乾路 115 85222322 Fuqing City PSB Tian Gan Road, Fuqing 福清市公安局龙田分局 福清市龙田 116 85783779 Fuqing City PSB Longtian Division Longtian Town, Fuqing 福清市宏路公安分局 福清市宏路 117 85388110 Fuqing City Honglu PSB Division Honglu Town, Fuqing

序 号 单 位 名 称 电 话 号 码 地 址 福清融城派出所 福清市田乾路 118 85224101 Fuqing Rongcheng Police Station Tian Gan Rd, Fuqing 音西派出所 福清市音西 119 85271104 Yinxi Police Station Yinxi Township, Fuqing 阳下派出所 福清市阳下 120 85292454 Yangxia Police Station Yangxia Township, Fuqing 海口行政派出所 福清市海口 121 85567434 Haikou “Administration” Police Station Haikou Township, Fuqing 城头派出所 福清市城头 122 85576207 Chengtou Police Station Chengtou Township, Fuqing 南岭派出所 福清市南岭 123 85576014 Nanling Police Station Nanling Township, Fuqing 江镜派出所 福清市江镜 124 85728228 Jiangjing Police Station Jiangjing Township, Fuqing 港头派出所 福清市港头 125 85731104 Gangtou Police Station Gangtou Township, Fuqing 三山派出所 福清市三山 126 85931104 Sanshan Police Station Sanshan Township, Fuqing 高山派出所 福清市高山 127 85881104 Gaoshan Police Station Gaoshan Township, Fuqing 沙埔派出所 福清市沙埔 128 85821104 Shapu Police Station Shapu Township, Fuqing 东瀚派出所 福清市东瀚 129 85811104 Donghan Police Station Donghan Township, Fuqing 镜洋派出所 福清市镜洋 130 85311104 Jingyang Police Station Jingyang Township, Fuqing 东张派出所 福清市东张 131 85391104 Dongzhang Police Station Dongzhang Township, Fuqing 一都派出所 福清市一都 132 85301104 Yidou Police Station Yidou Township, Fuqing 渔溪派出所 福清市渔溪 133 85681247 Yuxi Police Station Yuxi Township, Fuqing

上迳派出所 福清市上迳 134 85621745 Shangjing Police Station Shangjing Township, Fuqing 新厝派出所 福清市新厝 135 85699883 Xincuo Police Station Xincuo Township, Fuqing 江阴行政派出所 福清市江阴 136 85611104 Jiangyin Police Station Jiangyin Township, Fuqing 沙埔边防派出所 福清市沙埔 185 85821284 Shapu “frontier defence” Police Station Sahpu Township, Fuqing 三山海瑶边防派出所 福清市三山 186 Sanshan Haiyao “frontier defence” Police 85901284 Sanshan Township, Fuqing Station 龙田东营边防派出所 福清市龙田 187 Longtian Dongying “frontier defence” Police 85771239 Longtian Township, Fuqing Station 江镜前华边防派出所 福清市江镜 188 Jiangjing Qianhua “frontier defence” Police 85718013 Jiangjing Township, Fuqing Station 海口边防派出所 福清市海口 189 85567211 Haikou “frontier defence” Police Station Haikou Township, Fuqing 江阴边防派出所 福清市江阴 190 85611284 Jiangyin “frontier defence” Police Station Jiangyin Township, Fuqing

Detention Centres in Fuzhou

There are also a prison and a number of detention centres in Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian province, which is 40 km north of Fuqing:

 Fujian Detention Centre (Fuzhou) 福建省看守所 地址：白马路园垱街1 9号 Address 1/9 Yuan Dan St, Bai Ma Street (Fuzhou) http://www.fjyellowpages.cn/3/1251.html also (http://fuzhou.114.sh/13.htm (not working – Cached))

 福建省第二看守所 Fujian No.2 Detention Centre 地址：梅峰路６５号 Address 6/5 Mei Feng Street (http://www.fjgtzy.gov.cn/manage/gcs/template3.asp?ID=3956) (http://fuzhou.114.sh/13.htm (not working – Cached))

 福州市第一看守所 Fuzhou No.1 Detention Centre 地址：前岐路２１号Address 2/1 Qian Qi Street (http://fuzhou.114.sh/13.htm (not working – Cached))

 福州市第二看守所 4号监房工程 Fuzhou No.2 Detention Centre http://www.fjgczj.com/yjbs.asp?step=11 Address 福州市城门镇樟岚村下萱 “Xia Xuan(?)”, Zhang Lan Village, Cheng Men Town http://www.fzyb.gov.cn/cbdw.asp?Page=27&dwmc= & (http://fuzhou.114.sh/13.htm (not working – Cached))

 Minqing Town Detention Centre (Fuzhou) 福州闽清县看守所 福建省福州市闽清县溪滨路69号 http://www.fjyellowpages.cn/3/2000.html

 Luoyuan Town Detention Centre (Fuzhou) 福州罗源县看守所 地址 福建省福州市罗源县歧余http://www.fjyellowpages.cn/3/1636.html

Nothing was found on the Falun Gong‟s http://www.clearwisdom.net/ website which is often a good source for information on detention centres. Nothing else was found in Internet, ISYS or CISNET sources.

3. Please provide information on the formal documentation given to persons arrested and to detainees in Fujian.

Documentation issued to an arrested person

Most sources, with one exception, indicate that a person who is formally arrested should be given a copy of an arrest order or arrest warrant by the PSB, though DFAT have commented that this procedure may not always be followed in practice. DFAT also note that a person may be detained for questioning for some weeks and then released without being formally arrested. In this case the person would not receive a copy of an arrest order and it is not clear what documentation would be issued. The following sources outline what is known on this matter.

In 2007, DFAT advised:

A.1. The Fuqing City PSB has advised that: the PSB would issue an arrest order if someone was caught committing an offence.

A.1.A. The Fuqing City PSB has advised that arrest orders always look the same. Each arrest order should appear with two stamps: a name stamp with the PSB director‟s name on it, and an official stamp for the relevant PSB (in this case, Fuqing PSB). The name stamp should appear next to the words “Director of the Bureau”. The second stamp should be located on the date. The PSB Director does not hand-sign the order.

The arrest orders provided do not conform to these standards for two reasons: The stamps on the orders are both “Fuqing City PSB” stamps, there is no name stamp. And the orders are both hand-signed, contrary to standard practice.

(DIMIA Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No.07/22 – China: RRT Information request: CHN31145 – Detention of house church member (sourced from DFAT advice of 4 January 2007) , 5 March – Attachment 23).

While the above advice does not make it clear whether the arrested person should receive a copy of the arrest order, DFAT later clarified this:

Summary: The information relates primarily to detention for criminal offences. Administrative detention is by its nature an extra-judicial form of punishment: authorities do not issue arrest warrants and those punished in this way are not tried or convicted of a criminal offence (but would likely have a record of their detention placed on their personal file). We provided further information on administrative detention in BJ552093L.

R.1. Articles 59 to 76 of China‟s Criminal Procedure Law sets out the procedure for the arrest of criminal suspects, including issues related to arrest warrants. China‟s Criminal Procedure Law is attached [in CISNET as CX174330]. We note that many of China‟s laws are now available on-line (see for example www.cecc.gov).

R.2. As per Article 71 of China‟s Criminal Procedure Law, the family and/or work unit of the person arrested should be notified of the arrest. Arrest warrants are not posted in a public place or otherwise available to members of the public.

R.3. In normal circumstances, both the arrest warrant and release papers should be given to the person who was the subject of the warrant. (DIMIA Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No. 07/32 – RRT Information request: CHN31404: criminal records (sourced from DFAT advice of 15 March 2007), 26 March – Attachment 24)

DFAT later made a distinction between persons detained and then released without charge and those formally arrested. DFAT also note that procedures may not be correctly followed in all places:

First, it is necessary to draw a distinction between detention and arrest. Under China‟s Criminal Procedure Law, a person can be detained for up to 37 days prior to being formally arrested. Attached is a chart [available in the CISNET Library and readable online as a „pdf‟ document at CIS#15524] which sets out the stages in China‟s criminal procedure and the time limits on each stage. It is common practice for police and prosecuting authorities to exceed these time limits.

Second, it is also necessary to differentiate criminal arrest and administrative detention. The difference is set out in detail in CX174343.

Finally, the proportion of people formally arrested (not simply detained) for criminal offences who are then prosecuted for those offences is very high. China‟s statistical reporting methods mean it is not possible to give a definitive figure, but we would conservatively estimate that more than 95 per cent of people who are formally arrested are then prosecuted – a view confirmed by several Chinese legal scholars. (This in part explains why some people are detained for long periods before formal arrests – prosecutors want to be fairly confident of the case before approving a formal arrest. Furthermore, authorities may detain, but not formally arrest, people to warn them from continuing certain activities without subjecting them to criminal sanctions.) Of those prosecuted, less than one per cent are found innocent by the courts. Thus the probability of being convicted of an offence once you have been formally arrested is very high. …

R.3. The post in Beijing finds that it is credible (and within the scope of China’s criminal law procedure) for a person to be detained for two weeks and then released without charge, even on several occasions. (Note the distinction between “detention” and “arrest”, as explained above.) As a general comment, procedures following arrest at an underground or illegal church would vary considerably, both between localities, at different times and depending on the nature of the situation. For example, if a locality had decided to crack down on illegal churches, procedures could become harsher.

R.6. … As for documents issued during the criminal process, in the case where someone has been detained, the Public Security Bureau (police) should issue a notice of detention (according to Article 64 of China‟s Criminal Procedure Law [CX174330 and CIS#15378], copies of which we have forwarded previously, including attached to [CX174343]). If the person is then formally arrested, the police should issue an arrest warrant which states that the arrest has been approved by the procuratorate. If an arrested person is subsequently released, he or she should be issued a release notification (DIAC Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No. 07/83 – CISQuest CHN9120 – ‘Shouters’ Christian group and Fujian Province , (sourced from DFAT advice of 28 November 2007), 28 November – Attachment 25)

In 2006, DFAT gave more information on arrest notices and warrants:

A1. Details about formats and processes relating to arrest warrants were obtained from the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). These are national procedures and also apply to Xinjiang Province. (Copies of documentation provided by MPS can be found in CIS Library 14965.)

Arrest Warrant

According to Article 37, Section 2 of the Constitution of the People‟s Republic of China and Law 59 of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People‟s Republic of China, the arrest of criminal suspects and the accused must be endorsed by the People‟s Procuratorate or the People‟s Court. The arrest must be carried out by a relevant Public Security organ. According to the Endorsement of Arrest Certificate or Arrest Certificate issued by either the People‟s Procuratorate or People‟s Court, the Public Security organ may sign and issue an arrest warrant and carry out the arrest. According to Law 71 of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People‟s Republic of China, the Public Security organ must show the arrest warrant when making an arrest. The Public Security organ must notify the suspect‟s family or work unit of the reasons behind the arrest and the place where the suspect is being held. Apart from investigations being obstructed or having no way to notify the concerned parties, the notification must take place within 24 hours.

According to Article 60, Section 1 of the Constitution of the People‟s Republic of China, suspected criminals and defendants who have evidence against them and who are facing at the very least a jail sentence, can be arrested according to law if they are deemed to be a menace to society while out on bail or under house arrest, etc. According to Article 56 and 57, if suspected criminals and defendants out on bail or under house arrest do not follow the rules stipulated by these two articles, then the circumstances are of a serious nature and they should be arrested.

Arrest notice

According to Article 123 of the Constitution of the People‟s Republic of China, if a suspected criminal evades arrest, then the Public Security organ can issue an arrest notice and use effective measures to pursue, capture and bring the suspect to justice. Any Public Security organ can directly issue an arrest notice when it should be issued within their jurisdiction. If the arrest notice goes outside their jurisdiction, then the situation should be reported to a higher authority which has the right to decide.

Personal details on arrest warrant include name, sex, age and address. The warrant also details crime committed and place where the suspect will be detained (see CIS Library 14965).

Personal details on an arrest notice include case brief, detailed background on subject including physical description, contact details and photograph and information about personal connections … (DIMA Country Information Service 2006, Country Information Report No. 06/48 – CIS Request No. CHN8606: China: Arrest Warrants, (Sourced from DFAT advice of 4 September 2006), 6 September – Attachment 26)

A copy of the 1996 Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China is attached for reference (Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China 17 March 1996, United Nations High Commission for Refuges website http://www.unhcr.org/cgi- bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=3ddbcd4e7&skip=&query =criminal%20procedure%20china – Accessed 29 November 2007 – Attachment 27)

Information provided by DIEA and others confirms that arrest and detention warrants are also issued in pairs – actually the documents come in triplicate with one copy being the file copy. The DIEA 1993 Guide to PRC Documentation gives examples of the triplicate forms for arrest warrants and detention warrants as well as detention and arrest notifications (DIEA Country Information Service 1993, Guide to PRC Documentation, September, Examples A1- 4, pp.5-12 (Attachment 28). Similarly, in 2004, a University of Wisconsin associate professor of Criminal Justice, who specializes in comparative policing, criminal law and criminal justice issues and who has served as the president of the Asian Association of Police Studies, provided examples of the triplicate forms for an arrest warrant, arrest-summons for interrogation and notice of summons to testify (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2004, CHN42444.E – China: Circumstances and authorities responsible for issuing summonses/subpoenas; procedural law; whether summonses are given to individuals or households; format and appearance; whether legality can be challenged; punishment for failure to comply with a summons (1998-2004), 1 June – Attachment 29).

DIEA gives this explanation of the use of the triplicate forms:

Docs A1-4 are copies of standard forms of the MPS. These pro-formas are standard throughout the PRC. Each province has its own unique numbering system. Each section of the pro-formas in A4 size. The section on the right is signed by the recipient, the middle document is the public copy ie given to the subject, his/her relative or work unit, the section on the left is the file copy. (DIEA Country Information Service 1993, Guide to PRC Documentation, September, p. 93 – Attachment 28).

The University of Wisconsin associate professor of Criminal Justice gives this information on the triplicate forms, indicating that, in the case of a summons, the person receives a copy:

Summons[es] (zhuanhuan) should be prepared by the public security when it is determined that arrest or detention is not necessary to procure the voluntary appearance of the suspect or defendant for interrogation. The Notice of Summons (zhuanhuan tongzhi shu) must be prepared in triplicate stating the person, time, and place of appearance for questioning. The Notice of Summons is then to be stamped with public security official chop. The original copy is kept at the police station. The duplicate copy is signed, dated and returned by the suspect, before the process is deemed completed. One copy is left with the suspect. (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2004, CHN42444.E – China: Circumstances and authorities responsible for issuing summonses/subpoenas; procedural law; whether summonses are given to individuals or households; format and appearance; whether legality can be challenged; punishment for failure to comply with a summons (1998-2004), 1 June – Attachment 29).

There are numerous examples of PSB arrest warrants in the DIEA Guide to PRC Documentation folder (DIEA Country Information Service 1993, Guide to PRC Documentation, September, Section 1 „PSB documents‟, pp.4-94 – Attachment 28).

A dissenting opinion was given to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada in 2001 by a professor of sociology at Rhode Island College whose area of specialization includes crime and social control in China, who believes that the person or their family do not receive a copy of the arrest warrant:

… the “usual” arrest procedure of the Chinese police is to show the warrant to the arrestee and ask that the arrestee sign the warrant (19 Dec. 2001). The warrant is approved by the

procuratorate (ibid.), the state organ responsible for legal supervision in China (ILO 28 May 2001). The professor further stated that the police then take the signed warrant back to the police department and keep it in their files (19 Dec. 2001). A copy will not be left with the family of the arrestee (ibid.). Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2001, CHN38104.E China: Whether copies of summons and or arrest warrants are left with individuals or families by Public Security Bureau (PSB) officials, 21 December – Attachment 30)

Documentation issued to a detainee.

DFAT advises that the PSB “in the case where someone has been detained, the Public Security Bureau (police) should issue a notice of detention”:

R.6. … As for documents issued during the criminal process, in the case where someone has been detained, the Public Security Bureau (police) should issue a notice of detention (according to Article 64 of China‟s Criminal Procedure Law [CX174330 and CIS#15378], copies of which we have forwarded previously, including attached to [CX174343]). If the person is then formally arrested, the police should issue an arrest warrant which states that the arrest has been approved by the procuratorate. If an arrested person is subsequently released, he or she should be issued a release notification. We would reiterate that police practice is often not in line with legal requirements. (DIAC Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No. 07/83 – CISQuest CHN9120 – ‘Shouters’ Christian group and Fujian Province , (sourced from DFAT advice of 28 November 2007), 28 November – Attachment 25)

When a person is released from detention or imprisonment, they should receive a Release Certificate or a “certificate of completion of sentence and release”. The Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China (1996) states:

Article 65

The public security organ shall interrogate and question the person detained within 24 hours after detention. If it is found that the person should not have been detained, the public security organ must release immediately and issue a release certificate to him. If the public security organ finds it necessary to arrest the person but evidence is still insufficient, the person may be released upon bail pending trial or be placed under residential surveillance.

Article 72

A person arrested respectively by the decision of a people‟s court or a people‟s procuratorate, or a person arrested by a public security organ with approval of the people‟s procuratorate, must be interrogated and questioned within 24 hours after the arrest. If it is found that the person should not have been arrested, he must be immediately released and be issued a release certificate.

Article 130

If, in the course of investigation, it is found that a crime suspect should not be investigated for criminal responsibility, the case shall be discharged; the crime suspect who has already been arrested shall be promptly released and be issued a release certificate, and the people‟s procuratorate which originally approved the arrest shall be notified thereof.

Article 133

The person detained in any case directly accepted by the people‟s procuratorate shall be interrogated and questioned within 24 hours after the detention is made. When it is found that the person should not have been detained, he must be released promptly and be issued a release certificate. If an arrest is needed but the evidence is still insufficient, release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance may be adopted.

Article 213

…. With respect to a criminal offender who was sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or criminal detention, the executing organ shall, upon the completion of the execution of his punishment, issue a certificate of completion of sentence and release to him. (Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China 17 March 1996, United Nations High Commission for Refuges website http://www.unhcr.org/cgi- bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=3ddbcd4e7&skip=&query =criminal%20procedure%20china – Accessed 29 November 2007 – Attachment 27)

DFAT confirms release certificate are given to people released from detention (DIMIA Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No. 07/32 – RRT Information request: CHN31404: criminal records (sourced from DFAT advice of 15 March 2007), 26 March – Attachment 24; DIAC Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No. 07/83 – CISQuest CHN9120 – ‘Shouters’ Christian group and Fujian Province , (sourced from DFAT advice of 28 November 2007), 28 November – Attachment 25).

List of Sources Consulted

Senior Chinese Librarian for the Asian Collections at the National Library of Australia

Internet Sources:

Government Information & Reports Immigration & Refugee Board of Canada http://www.irb.gc.ca/ US Department of State http://www.state.gov/ Non-Government Organisations Amnesty International website http://www.amnesty.org/ Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/ Region Specific Various Chinese language map sites and government directories Search Engines Google search engine http://www.google.com.au/

Databases: FACTIVA (news database) BACIS (DIMA Country Information database) REFINFO (IRBDC (Canada) Country Information database) ISYS (RRT Country Research database, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, US Department of State Reports) RRT Library Catalogue

List of Attachments

1. RRT Research & Information 2008, Email to Senior Chinese Librarian, National Library of Australia „Information Request about Petrol Station Regulation in China‟, 14 February.

2. Senior Chinese Librarian for the Asian Collections at the National Library of Australia 2008, Email to RRT „Additional information about Petrol Station Regulation in China‟, 15 February.

3. China Ministry Of Commerce 2007, „Contact Method of the Local Administration‟, 12 February http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/topic/chinainvest/localguide/200702/20070204378 447.html#12 – Accessed 25 February 2008.

4. „SINOPEC Sales Co., Ltd: Overview‟ 2007, Sinopec website http://english.sinopec.com/en-company/en-subsidiaries/en-wholly-ownedsub/en- sales/1325.shtml – Accessed 29 February 2008.

5. Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission 2006, „福建成品油市场管理规定‟ („Fujian Oil Product Market Management Regulations‟), 30 November (Chinese language) http://www.jyz.com.cn/Article/zcfg/dftl/200611/64903.html – Accessed 25 February 2008.

6. Google translation of Fujian Provincial Economic and Trade Commission 2006, „福建成品油市场管理规定‟ („Fujian Oil Product Market Management Regulations‟), 30 November (from Chinese language) http://www.jyz.com.cn/Article/zcfg/dftl/200611/64903.html – Accessed 25 February 2008.

7. Department of Foreign and Trade 2008, DFAT Report No. 755 – China: RRT Information Request: CHN32790, 16 January.

8. „China to Regulate Petrol Stations‟ 2003, Hong Kong Trade Development Council, 1 April http://infrastructure.tdctrade.com/content.aspx?data=Infrastructure_content_en&contentid =176368&src=IN_RepAna&w_sid=194&w_pid=755&w_nid=10791&w_cid=176368&w _idt=1900-01-01&w_oid=165 – Accessed 25 February 2008.

9. „Opening of Petrol Station Market Still at Consultation Stage‟ 2004, Hong Kong Trade Development Council, 1 September http://marketinfo.tdctrade.com/content.aspx?data=CHINA_content_en&contentid=17109 0&src=CN_LawReg&w_sid=194&w_pid=630&w_nid=9927&w_cid=171090&w_idt=19 00-01-01&w_oid=&w_jid= – Accessed 25 February 2008.

10. Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 2007, „Brief‟ http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/e_0.html – Accessed 26 February 2008.

11. Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (undated contacts page) (Chinese language) http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/webtest/dwdm/zxjj/fzjg.asp – Accessed 26 February 2008.

12. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People‟s Republic of China (AQSIQ) 2007, „Mission‟ http://english.aqsiq.gov.cn/AboutAQSIQ/Mission/ – Accessed 26 February 2008.

13. „Fuqing City Urban Planning Map‟ 2006, Fuqing City Urban-Rural Planning Bureau and Fujian Map Publication Organisation, Fuqing City Urban-Rural Planning Bureau website http://www.fqghj.net/hongye/webmap/index.aspx – Accessed 3 March 2008 –

14. Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 2007, „Division of Enforcing the law & Inspection‟ http://www.fjqi.gov.cn/e_06.html – Accessed 26 February 2008.

15. Fujian Detention Centre) (undated) Fujian Yellow pages in Chinese http://www.fjyellowpages.cn/3/733.html- Accessed 29 February 2008.

16. „Fuzhou Yellow Pages>> party and government organs and social organizations>> national institutions‟ (in Chinese) http://dq.mg114.com/fujian/fuzhou/3.htm – Accessed 29 February 2008 –

17. DIMIA Country Information Service 2001, Country Information Report No.07/22 – China: RRT Information request: CHN31145 – Detention of house church member (sourced from DFAT advice of 5 January) , 5 March. (CISNET „CHINA‟ CX172882).

18. Amnesty International, 1994, China: Protestants and Catholics detained since 1993, AI ASA 17/06/94, March.

19. Detail showing Fuqing City from „Fuzhou City Communications and Tourist Map‟ (undated) Fujiankids website (http://www.fujiankids.org/swis/fuzcity/fuzmap.shtml and http://www.fujiankids.org/swis/fuzcity/prefectl.jpg – Accessed 20 December 2002.

20. RRT Research & Information 2008, Email to Senior Chinese Librarian, National Library of Australia „Information Request about Detention Centres in Fuqing‟, 12 February.

21. Senior Chinese Librarian, National Library of Australia 2008, Email to RRT „RE: Information Request about Detention Centres in Fuqing‟, 14 February.

22. Laogai Research Foundation 2006, Laogai Handbook 2005-2006, October http://www.laogai.org/news/newsdetail.php?id=2712 – Accessed 6 March 2008

23. DIMIA Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No.07/22 – China: RRT Information request: CHN31145 – Detention of house church member (sourced from DFAT advice of 4 January 2007) , 5 March (CISNET „CHINA‟ CX172882)

24. DIMIA Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No. 07/32 – RRT Information request: CHN31404: criminal records (sourced from DFAT advice of 15 March 2007), 26 March (CISNET „CHINA‟ CX174343)

25. DIAC Country Information Service 2007, Country Information Report No. 07/83 – CISQuest CHN9120 – ‘Shouters’ Christian group and Fujian Province , (sourced from DFAT advice of 28 November 2007), 28 November. (CISNET „CHINA‟ CX189037)

26. DIMA Country Information Service 2006, Country Information Report No. 06/48 – CIS Request No. CHN8606: China: Arrest Warrants, (Sourced from DFAT advice of 4 September 2006), 6 September. (CISNET „CHINA‟ CX161092)

27. Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China 17 March 1996, United Nations High Commission for Refuges website http://www.unhcr.org/cgi- bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=3ddbcd4e7&skip=&q uery=criminal%20procedure%20china – Accessed 29 November 2007.

28. DIEA Country Information Service 1993, Guide to PRC Documentation, September, Examples A1-4, pp.5-12

29. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2004, CHN42444.E – China: Circumstances and authorities responsible for issuing summonses/subpoenas; procedural law; whether summonses are given to individuals or households; format and appearance; whether legality can be challenged; punishment for failure to comply with a summons (1998- 2004), 1 June.

30. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2001, CHN38104.E China: Whether copies of summons and or arrest warrants are left with individuals or families by Public Security Bureau (PSB) officials, 21 December. (REFINFO)

31. RRT Research & Information 2008, List of government agencies are listed on the Fuzhou City Medical Insurance Management Centre website directory of government agencies (http://www.fzyb.gov.cn/) as being located in the „Fuqing government compound‟ (福清市府大院内), 6 March http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rls=GGLG,GGLG:2006- 15,GGLG:en&q=+site:www.fzyb.gov.cn+%22%E7%A6%8F%E6%B8%85%E5%B8%8 2%E5%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%A2%E5%86%85%22 – Accessed 6 March 2008