Haggadah at the Source: a Reader

Haggadah at the Source: A Reader

2008

by Rabbi Reuven Z. Cohn

For permission to reprint, contact the author at [email protected]

Table of Contents Reference Sheets Talmud‐ The Six Orders of the Mishnah 1 Generations of the Talmud 2

Core Texts 1. The Classic Haggadah 3 2. Mishnah Pesachim, Chapter 10 17 3. Tosefta Pesachim, Chapter 10 21

Biblical Verses 4. Deuteronomy 26 The verses 24

Key to fonts נרקיסים .Mishnah: generally in Narkisim, a serif font; enclosed in a black box ¾ אריאל .Tosefta: in Arial, a sans‐serif font; enclosed in a gray box ¾ ¾ Comparing Tosefta to Mishnah: Tosefta text that is also in the Mishnah is in Times New Roman, a serif font, in both text and translation, but is underlined and bolded in the Hebrew text only. ששה סדרי משנה Reference: The Six Orders of the Mishnah

I. Zera’im – Seeds IV. Nezikin – Damages

BJ Berachot Blessings Baba Kamma Torts BJ (Lev. 19: 9-10) J Peah Gleanings Baba Metzia Civil law BJ J Demai Doubtfully tithed produce Baba Batra Property law BJ (Deut.22: 9-11) J Kilayim Diverse Kinds Sanhedrin Courts BJ ’ (Ex. 23:10-11) J Shevi it Sabbatical Year Makkot Lashes (Deut. 25:2) BJ

Terumot Raised Offerings Shevu’ot Oaths BJ (Lev. 22:10-14) J Eduyyot Testimonies on traditions M Ma’aserot Tithes (Num. 18:21) J Avodah Zarah Idolatry BJ Ma’aser Sheni Second Tithe (Deut.14:22ff.) J Avot Ethical maxims M Challah Dough Offerings Horayot Incorrect court rulings (Num. 15: 17-21) J (Lev. 4:22ff.) BJ Orlah Fruit of young trees (Lev. 19: 23-25) J V. Kodoshim – Holy Things Bikkurim Firstfruits (Deut. 26:1-11) J

Zevachim Animal sacrifices B II. Mo’ed – Holidays Menachot Flour offerings B

Chullin Animals slaughtered for food B Shabbat The Sabbath BJ Bechorot First borns (Deut.15:19ff.) B Eruvin Sabbath boundaries BJ Arachin Vows based on valuation Pesachim Passover BJ (Lev.27:1-8) B Shekalim The Shekel dues Temurah The substituted offering (Ex. 30: 11-16) J (Lev. 27:10) B Yoma Yom Kippur BJ Keritot Extirpation (Lev. 18:29) B Sukkah Tabernacles BJ Me’ilah Sacrileges (Lev. 5:15-16) B Betzah Festival laws BJ Tamid Daily sacrifice (Num. 28:3-4) B Rosh haShanah New Year and calendar BJ Middot Dimensions of the Temple M Ta’anit Fast days BJ Kinnim The bird offering (Lev. 5:7ff.) M Megillah Purim BJ Mo’ed Katan Festival Intermediate days BJ VI. Tohorot – Pure Things Chagigah Festival sacrifices (Deut. 16: 16-17) BJ Kelim Impurity of articles M Oholot Impurity by being under III. Nashim – Women the same roof (Num.19: 14-15) M

Nega’im Leprosy (Lev. 13,14) M Yevamot Levirate marriage (Deut. 25:5-10) BJ Parah The Red Heifer (Num. 19) M Ketubbot The marriage contract BJ Tohorot Purity M Nedarim Vows (Num. 30) BJ Mikva’ot Ritual bathing M Nazir The Nazirite (Num. 6) BJ Niddah The menstruant BJ Sotah The suspected wife Machshirin Liquid predisposing food to (Num. 5:11ff.) BJ impurity (Lev. 11:38) M Gittin Divorce BJ Zavin Body fluxes (Lev. 15) M Kiddushin Marriage BJ

Tevul Yom Impurity between immersion

and sunset (Lev. 22: 6-7) M

Yadayim Impurity of hands M

Key Uktzin Stalks – parts of plants M - Tractate has neither Babylonian nor Jerusalem Talmud susceptible to impurity M

BJ - Tractate has both Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmud Based on Encyclopedia Judaica B or J - Tractate has only one of the Talmudim Note: All tractates have Tosefta except: Avot, Tamid, Middot, Kinnim.

Generations of Tannaim

1. First Generation Leader in 70 C.E. Rabban Yochanan b. Zakkai Guides transition to Yavneh.

2. Second Generation

Rabbi Joshua Rabbi Eliezer Students of Rabban Gamaliel Descendant of Rabban of Yavneh Hillel. Yochanan b. Grandfather of Zakkai. Rebbi

3. Third Generation

Rabbi Akiva Rabbi Yishma’el

Leading tanna, Interpreter of Supporter of Scripture Bar Kochba

…………………Bar Kochba Rebellion 132-135 C. E.…………………

4. Fourth Generation

R. Meir Beruria Rabban Shimon Leads in Galilee Surviving R. Judah b. Gamaliel after Bar Kochba students of The only Rebellion. R. Yossi R. Akiva. woman in R. Shimon Drive to role of tanna [bar Yochai] finalize R. Elazar Mishnah

5. Fifth Generation

Editor of Mishnah. ’Nasi = ‘ Prince רבי Rabbi Judah haNasi – Rebbi or ‘Patriarch’

Generations of Amoraim

Land of Israel Babylonia

1. R. Shimon b.Yehotzadak / R. Oshaya Rabba/ 1. Rav Abba Aricha, student of Rebbi, returns home 219

d. 247 d. 247 / R. Joshua b. Levi – Lod / R.Yannai – Galilee Samuel expert in business law; d. 254

2. R. Yochanan d. 279 and Resh Lakish – Tiberias/ 2. Rav Judah [b. Yechezkel] d. 299 / Rav Huna d. 297 /

R. Elazar [b. Pedat] from Babylonia . Rav Hisda d. 309 / Rav Nachman

3. R. Avahu – Caesaria / R. Zeira from Babylonia/ 3. Rabba d. 320 / Rav Joseph d. 323 R. Ammi / R. Assi / R. Hiyya bar Abba from Babylonia/ R. Samuel bar Nachman Aggadah

Roman Empire adopts Christianity

4. R. Dimi and Rabin / nechuti, connecting the two centers 4. Abbaye d. 338 / Rava d. 352 / R. Chelbo / R. Yirmiyah from Babylonia Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak d. 356

5. R. Tanhuma Aggadah / R. Yossi bar Abin/ 5. Rav Pappa d. 376

R. Manna / R. Hananiah – Tzippori 6. Rav Ashi d. 424 / Ravina / Amemar / Mar Zutra M 7. Mar bar Rav Ashi d. 468

8. Ravina [bar Rav Huna] d. 500

Dates listed for amoraic era are from Epistle of Sherira Gaon (written 987) as interpreted by I. Gafni, The Jews of Babylonia in the Talmudic Era, p.245.

Kadesh The seder opens with the recital of the Kiddush קַדֵשׁ

,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 1.1 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם .who creates the fruit of the vine בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגָפֶן

,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 1.2 ָ בּר וּ ךְ ָאַתּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם ,who has chosen us from all people אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר ָ בּנוּ מִכָּל עָם ,and raised us above all tongues וְרוֹמ ָ ְמנוּ מִכָּל ָ לשׁוֹן .and made us holy through his mitzvot וְקִדּ ָ ְשׁנוּ בְּמ ְ ִצ ָ וֹתיו. And you have given us, Lord, our God, in love וַתִּתֶּן ָ לנוּ יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ ְ בּאַהֲבָה ,festivals for happiness מוֹע ִ ֲדים לְשִׂמְחָה, ,feasts and festive seasons for rejoicing חַגִּים וּזְמַנִּ ים ל ָ ְשׂשׂוֹן, ,this day of Chag haMatzot אֶת יוֹם חַג ה ַ ַמצוֹת הַזֶה, ,the time of our freedom, a holy convocation זְמַן ֵ ח ֵ רוּתנוּ מִקְרָא קֹדֶשׁ,

.a remembrance of the exodus from Egypt זֵכֶר ִ ל ִ יציאַת מִצְרָיִם. For you have chosen us and sanctified us from all כִּי ָ בנוּ בָחַר ְָתּ ָ וְאוֹתנוּ קִדַּשׁ ְָתּ מִכָּל the nations, and your holy festivals in happiness ה ַָע ִ מּים, וּמוֹעֲדֵי קָדְשֶָך בְּשִׂמְחָה .and joy you have given us as a heritage וּב ָ ְשׂשׂוֹן ִ הנְחַל ָ ְתּנוּ. .Blessed are You, Lord, who sanctifies Israel and the seasons ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי מְקַדֵּשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהַזְּמַנִּ ים. ,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 1.3 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם .who creates the lights of fire בּוֹרֵא ְ מאוֹרֵי הָאֵשׁ. ,Blessed are You, God, our God, Ruler of the universe 1.4 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם who distinguishes between sacred and profane, between light and הַמַב ִ ְדיל בֵּין קֹדֶשׁ ְ לחֹל, בֵּין אוֹר ְ ל ֶ חשׁךְ , darkness, between Israel and the nations, between the seventh day and בֵּין יִשְׂרָאֵל לָע ִ ַמּים, בֵּין יוֹם הַשּׁ ִ ְביעִי לְשֵׁשֶׁת the six work-days. Between the holiness of the Shabbat יְמֵי הַמַּעֲשֶׂה. בֵּין קְדֻשַּׁת שַׁבָּת .and the holiness of the festival , you have distinguished לִקְדֻשַּׁת יוֹם טוֹב הִבְדַּל ְָתּ, .and you have sanctified the seventh day above the six work-days וְאֶת יוֹם הַשּׁ ִ ְביעִי מִשֵּׁשֶׁת יְמֵי הַמַּעֲשֶׂה קִדַּשׁ ְָתּ. .You have set apart and made holy Your people Israel with Your holiness הִבְדַּל ְָתּ וְקִדַּשׁ ְָתּ אֶת עַמְָּך יִשְׂרָאֵל ִבּקְדֻשָּׁתֶָך. .Blessed are You, Lord, who distinguishes between holy and holy ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי הַמַּב ִ ְדיל בֵּין קֹדֶשׁ ְ לקֹדֶשׁ.

,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 1.5 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם .who gave us life, sustained us, and brought us to this time שֶׁהֶחֱיָנוּ וְק ָ ִיְּמנוּ וְהִגִּ ָ יענוּ לַזְּמַן הַזֶה.

Urchatz Wash hands in preparation for Karpas 2.1 וּרְחַץ without reciting the hand-washing blessing

:Karpas Dip vegetable in salt water, and recite 2.2 כַּרְפַּס ,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe ָ בּר וּ ךְ ָאַתּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם .who creates the fruit of the earth בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הָאֲדָמָה.

Yachatz 2.3 יַ ַחץ Break middle matzah, putting away half for afikomen [15.7 below]

Magid [3.1-14.1] Magid opens with a recital in Aramaic ַמ גִּ יד

This is the bread of affliction that our fathers ate 3.1 הָא לַחְמָא עַנְיָא דִי א ָ ֲכלוּ אַבְהָתָנ ָא .in the land of Egypt ְבּאַרְעָא דְמִצְרָיִם. .Let whoever is hungry come and eat כָּל דִכ ִ ְפין יֵיתֵי וְיֵיכֹל, .Let whoever is needy come and do Pesach כָּל דִצ ִ ְרי ךְ יֵיתֵי וְיִפְסַח. ;This year - here הָשׁ ַָתּא הָכָא .next year - in the land of Israel לְשָׁנָה ה ָ ַבּאָה ְ בּאַרְעָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל. ;This year - slaves הָשַׁתָּא עַבְדֵי, .next year - free people לְשָׁנָה ה ָ ַבּאָה בְּנֵי ִ חוֹרין.

?How is this night different from all nights 4.1 מַה נִּשְּׁתַּנָה הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה מ ִָכּל הַלֵּילוֹת? ,For on all nights we eat chametz and matzah שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלין ח ֵָמץ וּמַצָּה, .on this night, matzah only הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה כּוּלוֹ מַצָּה. ;For on all nights we eat other vegetables שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלין ְ שׁאָר יְרָקוֹת, .on this night maror הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה ָ מרוֹר. For on all nights we do not dip שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת ֵ אין אָנוּ מַט ִ ְבּ ִ ילין ,even once א ִ ֲפילוּ פַּעַם אֶחָת, on this night twice הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה שְׁתֵּי פְע ִ ָמים. For on all nights we eat שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלין ;either sitting or reclining בֵּין יוֹשׁ ִ ְבין וּבֵין מְס ִ ֻבּין, .on this night we all recline הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה כּ ָ ֻלנו מְס ִ ֻבּין.

,We were slaves to Pharaoh in Egypt 5.1 עֲב ִ ָדים הָיִינוּ לְפ ְ ַרעֹה בְּמִצְרָיִם, and the Lord, our God, took us out from there ִ וַיּוֹצ ֵ יאנוּ יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מִשָּׁם .with a strong hand and with an outstretched arm בְּיָד חֲזָקָה וּב ִַזְרוֹע נְטוּיָה. And if haKadosh Baruch Hu had not taken ִ וְאלּוּ לֹא הוֹ ִ ציא ה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ ָבּ ר וּ ךְ הוּא our fathers out of Egypt, then we, our children אֶת ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ מִמִּצְרָיִם, הֲרֵי אָנוּ וּבָנֵינוּ and our children's children would have remained enslaved וּבְנֵי בָנֵינוּ מְשֻׁעְבּ ִ ָדים הָיִינוּ .to Pharaoh in Egypt לְפ ְ ַרעֹה בְּמִצְרָיִם. ,And even if all of us were wise, all of us understanding וַא ִ ֲפילוּ כּ ָ ֻלנוּ חֲכ ִ ָמים, כּ ָ ֻלנוּ נְ ב וֹ נִ י ם, ,all of us elders, all of us knowing the Torah כּ ָ ֻלנוּ זְקֵנִים, כּ ָ ֻלנוּ יוֹד ִ ְעים אֶת ַ התּוֹרָה, it would still be a mitzvah upon us מִצְוָה עָלֵינוּ ;to tell of the exodus from Egypt לְסַפֵּר ִ בּ ִ יציאַת מִצְרַיִם ,and the more one tells of the exodus from Egypt וְכָל הַמַרְבֶּה לְסַפֵּר ִ בּ ִ יציאַת מִצְרַיִם .the more praiseworthy it is הֲרֵי זֶה מְשֻׁבָּח.

A ma’aseh of Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Joshua 5.2 מַעֲשֶׂה בְּרַבִּי א ִ ֱליעֶזֶר וְרַבִּי יְהוֹש ַֻע and Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה and Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Tarfon וְרַבְּי ע ִ ֲקיבָא וְרַבִּי ט ְ ַרפוֹן who were reclining in B'nei Brak and were telling ש ָ ֶהיוּ מְס ִ ֻבּין בִּבְנֵי בְרַק, ָ וְהיוּ מְסַפּ ִ ְרים ,of the exodus from Egypt all that night ִ בּ ִ יציאַת מִצְרַיִם כָּל אוֹתוֹ הַלּ ַָיְלה :until their students came and said to them עַד שׁ ָ ֶבּאוּ תַל ִ ְמידֵיהֶם ְ וְאָמרוּ לָהֶם: !Our masters ַ ר ֵ בּוֹתינוּ

!The time has come for reciting the morning Shma הִגִּ ַיע זְמַן ק ִ ְריאַת שְׁמַע שֶׁל שַׁח ִ ֲרית.

,Said Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya 5.3 אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה: Behold I am like seventy years old and did not merit" הֲרֵי אֲנִי כְבֶן שִׁב ִ ְעים שָׁנָה, וְלֹא ִ זָכיתִי understanding] that the exodus from Egypt be recited at night] שׁ ֵ ֶתּאָמֵר ִ יְציאַת מִצְרַיִם בַּלֵּילוֹת :until Ben Zoma expounded it, as it states עַד שֶׁדְּרָשָׁה בֶּן זוֹמָא: שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר, So that you may remember the day on which you left Egypt לְמַעַן ִ תּזְכֹּר אֶת יוֹם ֵ צאתְָך מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם .[all the days of your life [Deut. 16:3 כָּל יְמֵי ח ַָיֶּיך ;The days of your life [would have implied only] the days יְמֵי ח ַָיֶּיך - ה ִ ַיָמים, ".all the days of your life [includes] the nights כָּל יְמֵי ַ חיֶּ ָיך - הַלֵּילוֹת. :And the sages say וַחֲכ ִ ָמים אוֹמ ִ ְרים: ;The days of your life [would have implied only] this world" יְמֵי ח ַָיֶּיך - ָ העוֹלָם הַזֶּה, ".all the days of your life includes the messianic age כָּל יְמֵי ח ַָיֶּיך - לְה ִ ָביא ִ לימוֹת הַמ ִ ָשׁ ַיח

!Blessed is haMaqom, blessed is He 6.1 ָ בּר וּ ךְ ה ָ ַמּקוֹם ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא. .Blessed [is He] who gave the Torah to his people Israel ָ בּר וּ ךְ שֶׁנָּתַן תּוֹרָה ל ַ ְעמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל, !Blessed is He ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא

:The Torah speaks of four children 6.2 כְּנֶגֶד אַרְבָּעָה בָנִ ים דִּבְּרָה תּוֹרָה. One wise, one wicked, one simple אֶחָד חָכָם, וְאֶחָד רָשָׁע, וְאֶחָד תָּם .and one who does not know how to ask וְאֶחָד שׁ ֵ ֶאינוֹ יוֹד ֵַע ל ְ ִשׁאוֹל ?The wise one, what does he say חָכָם מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר? What are the testimonies, the statutes and the laws" מַה ה ֵ ָעדוֹת וְהַח ִ ֻקּים וְהַמִשְׁפּ ִ ָטים [that the Lord, our God, has commanded you?" [Deut. 6:20 אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ אֶתְכֶם? You, in turn, tell him the laws of Passover, [up to] `we do not וְאַף אַתָּה אֱמָר לוֹ כְּה ְ ִלכוֹת הַפֶּסַח: '.[conclude with afikomen after the Pesach [M. Pesachim 10:8 ֵ אין מַפ ִ ְט ִ ירין אַחַר ַהפֶּסַח א ִ ֲפיקוֹמָן. ?The wicked one, what does he say רָשָׁע מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר? [What is this service to you?!" [Ex. 12:26" מָה ה ֲ ָעבֹדָה ַ הזֹּאת לָכֶם? !To you,' but not to him` לָכֶם - וְלֹא לוֹ. ,Since he has excluded himself from the group וּלְפִי ֶ שׁ ִ הוֹציא אֶת ע ְ ַצמוֹ מִן הַכְּלָל .he has denied the essence כָּפַר בְּעִקָּר. :You, therefore, blunt his teeth and say to him וְאַף אַתָּה הַקְהֵה אֶת שִנָּיו ו ֱ ֶאמֹר לוֹ : It is because of this that the Lord did for me when I" בּ ֲ ַעבוּר זֶה עָשָׂה יי לִי בּ ֵ ְצ ִאתי !left Egypt"; [Ex. 13:8] `for me' - but not for him מִמִּצְרָיִם. לִי - וְלֹא לוֹ. "!If he had been there, he wouldn’t have been redeemed ִ אילּוּ הָיָה שָׁם, לֹא הָיָה נִגְאָל. ?The simple one, what does he say תָּם מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר? What is this? And you shall say to him: With a strong hand" מַה זֹּאת? וְאָמַר ְָתּ א ָ ֵליו: ְ בּחֹזֶק יָד ".the Lord took us out of Egypt, from the house of slaves ִ הוֹציאָנוּ יי מִמִּצְרָיִם, מִבֵּית עֲב ִ ָדים. [Ex. 13:14] ,And the one who does not know how to ask, you open him וְשׁ ֵ ֶאינוֹ יוֹד ֵַע ל ְ ִשׁאוֹל - ְאַתּ פְּתַח לוֹ, :as it is said: "You shall tell your child on that day שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהִגַּד ְָתּ לְב ִָנְך ַ בּיוֹם ַ ההוּא It is because of this that the Lord did for me לֵאמֹר, בּ ֲ ַעבוּר זֶה עָשָׂה יי לִי [when I left Egypt." [Ex. 13:8 בּ ֵ ְצאתִי מִמִּצְרָיִם.

?Perhaps from Rosh Chodesh 6.3 יָכוֹל ֵ מרֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ, ’.The Torah therefore says, Òn that day תּ ְ ַלמוּד לוֹמַר ַ בּיוֹם ַ ההוּא, ;If Òn that day,' perhaps while it is still daytime אִי ַ בּיוֹם ַ ההוּא יָכוֹל מ ְ ִבּעוֹד יוֹם, '.the Torah therefore says, Ìt is because of this תּ ְ ַלמוּד לוֹמַר בַּעֲבוּר זֶה – Because of this' I can say only at a time` בּ ֲ ַעבוּר זֶה לֹא אָמַרְתִּי אֶלָא בּ ְָשׁעָה .when matzah and maror are placed before you שֶׁיֵשׁ מַצָה ָ וּמרוֹר מֻנּ ִ ָחים לְפָנ ֶָיך.

;From the beginning our fathers served idols 7.1 מִתְּחִלָּה עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה ָ היוּ ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ ,but now haMaqom has brought us close to His service וְעַכ ָ ְשׁיו קֵר ָ ְבנוּ ה ָ ַמּקוֹם לַע ָ ֲבֹדתוֹ :as it is said שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ,And Joshua said to all the people: Thus said the Lord" וַיֹאמֶר יְהוֹש ַֻע אֶל כָּל הָעָם, כֹּה אָמַר יי the God of Israel, ‘Beyond the river used to live ֱ אלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל: בְּע ֵֶבר הַנָּהָר ְ יָשׁבוּ your fathers, Terach, the father of Abraham אֲב ֵ וֹתיכֶם ֵ מעוֹלָם תֶּרַח אֲבִי אַבְרָהָם .and the father of Nachor, and they served other gods וַאֲבִי נָחוֹר וַיַּע ְ ַבדוּ ֱ א ִ לֹהים אֲח ִ ֵרים. ,And I took your father Abraham from beyond the river וָאֶקַח אֶת א ִ ֲביכֶם אֶת אַבְרָהָם מֵעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר .and I led him through the whole land of Canaan ֵ וָאוֹלךְ אוֹתוֹ בְּכָל אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן ,And I increased his seed and gave him Isaac וָאַרְבֶּה אֶת ְ זַרעוֹ וָאֶתֵּן לוֹ אֶת יִצְחָק .And I gave to Isaac and Esau וָאֶתֵּן לְיִצְחָק אֶת יַעֲקֹב וְאֶת ע ָ ֵשׂיו. ,And I gave to Esau Mt. Se’ir to possess it וָאֶתֵּן לְעֵשָׂו אֶת הַר שּׂ ִ ֵעיר לָרֶשֶׁת אֹתוֹ,

[and Jacob and his sons went down to Egypt.’” [Joshua 24:2-4 וְיַעֲקֹב וּבָנָיו ְ יָרדוּ מִצְרָיִם.

.Blessed is the keeper of His promise to Israel, blessed is He 8.1 ָ בּר וּ ךְ שׁוֹמֵר הַבְט ָ ָחתוֹ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא. ,For haKadosh Baruch Hu calculated the end שֶׁה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא חִשַּׁב אֶת הַקֵּץ, to do as He had said to our father Abraham לַעֲשׂוֹת ְ כּמוֹ ֶ שּׁאָמַר ְ לאַבְרָהָם ִ אָבינוּ at the Covenant between the Pieces, as it is said: "And He said בִּב ִ ְרית בֵּין הַבְּת ִ ָרים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֹּאמֶר

to Abram, `You shall know that your seed will be strangers ְ לאַבְרָם, יָדֹע תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲָך in a land not theirs, and they will enslave them and afflict them בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם, וַע ָ ֲבדוּם ִ וְענּוּ אֹתָם for four hundred years. But the nation whom אַרְבַּע ֵ מאוֹת ָשָׁנה. וְ גַם אֶת ַ הגּוֹי אֲשֶׁר they shall serve, I shall also judge and after that they will come out ֲ יַעבֹדוּ דָּן אָנֹכִי וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן ְ יֵצאוּ [with great wealth.'" [Genesis 15:13-14 בִּרְכֻשׁ גָּדוֹל.

!And this is what has stood by our fathers and us 8.2 ִ וְהיא שֶׁעָמְדָה ל ֲ ַא ֵ בוֹתינוּ ָ וְלנוּ ,For not just one alone has risen against us to destroy us ֶ שׁלֹּא אֶחָד בִּלְבָד עָמַד עָלֵינוּ ל ַ ְכ ֵ לּוֹתנוּ, but in each and every generation אֶלָּא שֶׁבְּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר ;they rise against us to destroy us עוֹמ ִ ְדים עָלֵינוּ ל ַ ְכ ֵ לוֹתנוּ !and haKadosh Baruch Hu saves us from their hand וְה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא מ ִ ַצּילֵנוּ מִיָּדָם.

Go and learn what Laban the Aramean wanted to do 9.1 צֵא וּלְמַד מַה בִּקֵּש לָבָן הָאֲרַמִי לַעֲשׂוֹת to our father Jacob. For Pharaoh had decreed against לְיַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ. שֶׁפּ ְ ַרעֹה לֹא גָזַר אֶלָּא עַל - the male children only, but Laban wanted to uproot everyone הַזְּכ ִ ָרים וְלָבָן בִּקֵּשׁ ל ֲ ַעקוֹר אֶת ַ הכֹּל, ;as it is said: The Aramean wished to destroy my father שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֲרַמִּי אֹבֵד אָבִי ,and he went down to Egypt and sojourned there וַיֵרֶד מִצְרַיְמָה וַיָּגָר שָׁם few in number; and he became there a nation - great בִּמְתֵי מְעָט וַיְהִי שָׁם ְ לגוֹי גָּדוֹל

[and mighty and numerous. [Deut. 26:5 ָ עצוּם וָרָב .And he went down to Egypt" forced by Divine decree" וַיֵרֶד מִצְרַיְמָה - אָנוּס עַל פִּי ה ִ ַדּבּוּר. And he sojourned there" - this teaches that our father Jacob" וַיָּגָר שָׁם - מְלַמֵּד ֶ שׁלֹא יָרַד ֲ יַעקֹב .did not go down to Egypt to settle, but only to sojourn there ִ אָבינוּ לְהִשְׁתַּק ֵַע בְּמִצְרַיִם אֶלָּא ָ לגוּר שָׁם , , ,As it is said שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ,And they said to Pharaoh, to sojourn in the land we have come" ְ וַיֹאמרוּ אֶל פּ ְ ַרעֹה, ָ לגוּר ָ בּאָרֶץ ָ בּאנוּ, for there is no pasture for your servants' flocks because כִּי ֵ אין מִרְעֶה ַ לצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לַעֲבָד ֶָיך, כִּי the hunger is severe in the land of Canaan; and now, please, let כָבֵד הָרָעָב בְּאֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן. וְעַתָּה ְ יֵשׁבוּ [your servants dwell in the land of Goshen." [Genesis 47:4 נָא עֲבָד ֶָיך בְּאֶרֶץ גֹּשֶן. Few in number" as it is said: "With seventy persons, your fathers" בִּמְתֵי מְעָט - כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בְּשִׁב ִ ְעים went down to Egypt, and now, the Lord, your God, has made you as נֶפֶשׁ ְ יָרדוּ ֲ א ֶ בוֹת ָיך מִצְרַָיְמָה וְעַתּ ָה [numerous as the stars of heaven." [Deut.10:22 שָׂמְָך יי ֱ א ֶ לֹה ָיך ְ כּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם ָ לרֹב. And he became there a nation" this teaches that Israel" וַיְהִי שָׁם ְ לגוֹי - מְלַמֵד שׁ ָ ֶהיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל .was distinctive there מְצֻיָּנִים שָׁם. Great, mighty," as it is said: "And the children of Israel" גָּדוֹל, ָ עצוּם - ְ כּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּבְנֵי were fruitful and increased abundantly, and multiplied and יִשְׂרָאֵל ָ פּרוּ וַיִשׁ ְ ְרצוּ ְ וַיִרבּוּ וַיַע ְ ַצ מוּ ".became very, very mighty, and the land was filled with them בּ ְ ִמאֹד ְ מאֹד, וַתִּמָּלֵא ָ האָרֶץ אֹתָם. [Exodus 1:7] And numerous," as it is said: I caused you to thrive like the" וָרָב - כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: רְבָבָה כְּצֶמַח plants of the field, and you increased and grew and became הַשָּׂדֶה נְת ִ ַתּ ָיך, וַתִּרְבִּי וַתִּגְדְּלִי ָ וַתּבֹאִי very beautiful, your breasts fashioned and your hair grown ַבּעֲדִי עֲדָיִים, שָׁדַיִם נָכֹנוּ וּשְׂע ֵ ָרךְ צִמּ ֵַח, long, but you were naked and bare. And I passed over you ְוְאַתּ ֵ ערֹם וְעֶרְיָה. וָאֶעֱבֹר ע ַ ָליִ ךְ ,And I saw you wallowing in your bloods וָא ְֶר ֵ אךְ מ ְ ִתבּוֹסֶסֶת בְּד ָ ָמיִ ךְ ',and I said to you `By your blood you shall live וָאֹמַר לָך בְּד ַ ָמיִ ךְ חֲיִי [and I said to you `By your blood you shall live!' [Ezekiel 16:7,6 וָאֹמַר לָך בְּד ַ ָמיִ ךְ חֲיִי.

The Egyptians treated us badly and they made us 9.2 וַיָּרֵעוּ ָ אֹתנוּ הַמִּצ ִ ְרים ַ וַיְעננּוּנוּ, ְ וַיִתּנוּ [suffer, and they put hard work upon us. [Deut. 26:6 עָלֵינוּ עֲבֹדָה קָשָׁה. :The Egyptians treated us badly," as it is said וַיָּרֵעוּ ָ אֹתנוּ הַמִּצ ִ ְרים - ְ כּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: Come, let us act cunningly with [the people] lest they multiply הָבָה נִתְח ְַכמָה לוֹ פֶּן יִרְבֶּה, וְהָיָה כִּי ,and, if there should be a war, they will join our enemies תִקְרֶאנָה מִלְחָמָה וְנוֹסַף גַם הוּא עַל [and fight against us and leave the land." [Exodus 1:10 ֵ שׂנְאינוּ וְנִלְחַם ָ בּנוּ, וְעָלָה מִן ָ האָרֶץ. And they made us suffer," as it is said: "They set" ַ וַיְענּוּנוּ - כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ִ וַיָּשׂימוּ ע ָ ָליו

taskmasters over them in order to aflict them suffer with שָׂרֵי מ ִ ִסּים לְמַעַן ַ ענֹתוֹ בְּס ְ ִבלֹתָם. ,their burdens, and they built storage cities for Pharaoh וַיִבֶן עָרֵי מִס ְ ְכּנוֹת לְפ ְ ַרעֹה. [Pitom and Ramses." [Exodus 1:11 אֶת ִ פּתֹם וְאֶת רַעַמְסֵס. :And they put hard work upon us," as it is said“ ְ וַיִתּנוּ עָלֵינוּ ֲ עבֹדָה קָשָׁה - ְכּמוֹ And the Egyptians made the children of Israel work with" שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַע ִ ֲבדוּ מִצְרַיִם אֶת בְּנֵי [rigor. [Exodus 1:13 יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּפ ֶ ָרךְ .

And we cried out to the Lord, the God of our 9.3 וַנִּצְעַק אֶל יי ֱ אלֹהֵי ֲ א ֵ בֹתינוּ, וַיִּשְׁמַע יי fathers, and the Lord heard our voice and saw our אֶת קֹלֵנוּ, וַיַּרְא אֶת עָנְיֵנוּ וְאֶת עֲמָלֵנוּ [affliction, our labor and our oppression. [Deut.26.7 וְאֶת לַח ֵ ֲצנוּ. And we cried out to the Lord, the God of our fathers," as" וַנִּצְעַק אֶל יי ֱ אלֹהֵי ֲא ֵ בֹתינוּ - כְּמָה ,it is said: "And it came to pass in those days שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיְהִי ב ִ ַיָמים הָר ִ ַבּים הָהֵם the king of Egypt died; and the children of Israel groaned וַיָּמָת מ ֶ ֶלךְ מִצְרַיִם , וַיֵאָנְחוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל because of the servitude, and they cried out. And their cry מִן ה ֲ ָעבוֹדָה ָ וַיִּזְעקוּ, וַתַּעַל שַׁוְעָתָם אֶל [for help from their servitude rose up to God." [Exodus 2:23 ה ֱ ָא ִ לֹהים מִן ה ֲ ָעבֹדָה. :And the Lord heard our voice" as it said וַיִּשְׁמַע יי אֶת ֵקֹלנוּ - כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: And God heard their groaning, and God remembered His" וַיִּשְׁמַע ֱ א ִ לֹהים אֶת נַאֲקָתָם, וַיִּזְכּוֹר covenant with Abraham, with Isaac and with Jacob." [Exodus ֱ א ִ לֹהים אֶת בּ ִ ְריתוֹ אֶת אַבְרָהָם, אֶת [2:24 יִצְחָק ואֶת ֲ יַעקֹב. And He saw our affliction," this refers to the separation וַיַּרְא אֶת עָנְיֵנוּ - זוֹ פּ ִ ְרישׁוּת דּ ֶ ֶרךְ from the way of the land, as it is said: "God saw the children אֶרֶץ, כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַרְא ֱ א ִ לֹהים [of Israel and God took note." [Exodus 2:25 אֶת ְבֵּני יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֵּדַע ֱ א ִ לֹהים :Our labor," this refers to the "children," as it is said" וְאֶת עֲמָלֵנוּ - ֵ אלוּ הַבָּנִים. כְּמָה ,Every boy that is born, into the Nile you shall throw him" שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כָּל הַבֵּן הַיִּלּוֹד הַיְאֹרָה [and every girl you shall keep alive." [Exodus 1:22 תַּשׁ ִ ְליכֻהוּ וְכָל הַבַּת תּ ַ ְחיּוּן. And our oppression," this refers to the pressure, as it is וְאֶת ל ַַח ֵ צנוּ - זוֹ הַדְּחַק, כְּמָה said: "I have seen the oppression with which the Egyptians שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְגַם ר ִ ָאיתִי אֶת הַלַּחַץ [oppress them." [Exodus 3:9 אֲשֶׁר מִצְרַיִם לֹח ִ ֲצים אֹתָם.

The Lord took as out of Egypt with a strong hand 9.4 וַיּוֹצ ֵ ִאנוּ יי ִממִצְרַיִם בְּיָד חֲזָקָה ,and an outstretched arm, and with awesome power וּב ִַזְרֹע נְטוּיָה ְ וּבמֹרָא גָּדֹל [and with signs and wonders.[Deut. 26:8 ְ וּבאֹתוֹת ְ וּבמֹפ ִ ְתים. ,The Lord took us out of Egypt," not through an angel" וַיּוֹצ ֵ ִאנוּ יי ִממִצְרַיִם - לֹא עַל יְדֵי מ ְ ַלאָ ךְ .not through a seraph and not through a messenger וְלֹא עַל יְדֵי שָׂרָף וְלֹא עַל יְדֵי שׁ ִ ָל ַיח, !Rather HaKadosh Baruch Hu in His glory by Himself אֶלָּא ה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא בּ ְ ִכבוֹדוֹ וּבְע ְ ַצמוֹ, As it is said: " I will pass through the land of Egypt in that שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְעָבַרְתִּי בְאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם בַּלַּיְלָה ,night, and I will smite every first-born in the land of Egypt ַהזֶּה, וְהִכֵּיתִי כָּל ְ בּכוֹר בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְר ַיִם from man to beast, and against all the gods of Egypt ֵ מאָדָם וְעַד בְּהֵמָה, וּבְכָל ֱ אלֹהֵי מִצְר ַיִם [I will make judgments, I the Lord." [Exodus 12:12 אֶעֱשֶׂה שְׁפ ִ ָטים. אֲנִי יי. ",I will pass through the land of Egypt" וְעָבַרְתִּי בְאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם בַּלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה - ;I and not an angel אֲנִי וְלֹא מ ְ ַלאָ ךְ ",And I will smite every first-born in the land of Egypt" וְהִכֵּיתִי ָכּל ְ בכוֹר בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם – ;I and not a seraph אֲנִי וְלֹא שָׂרָף ",And against all the gods of Egypt I will make judgments" וּבְכָל ֱ אלֹהֵי מִצְרַיִם אֶעֱשֶׂה שְׁפ ִ ָטים - ;I and not a messenger אֲנִי ולֹא הַשּׁ ִ ָל ַיח. !I- the Lord," it is I, and none other" אֲנִי יי - אֲנִי הוּא ולֹא אַחֵר. :With a strong hand," this refers to the pestilence, as it is said" בְּיָד חֲזָקָה - זוֹ הַדֶּבֶר, כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: Behold, the hand of the Lord will be upon your livestock in the" הִנֵה יַד יי הוֹיָה בְּמִק ְָנְך אֲשֶׁר בַּשָּׂדֶה field, upon the horses, the donkeys, the camels, the herds ַ בּ ִ סּוּסים, בּ ֲ ַח ִ מֹרים בַּגְּמ ִ ַלים בַּבָּקָר [and the flocks, a very severe pestilence." [Exodus 9:3 וּ ַ בצֹּאן דֶבֶר כָּבֵד ְ מאֹד

,And with an outstretched arm," this refers to the sword" וּב ִַזְרֹע נְטוּיָה - זוֹ הַחֶרֶב, כְּמָה as it is said: "His sword was drawn, in his hand, stretched out שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְח ְ ַרבּוֹ ְ שׁלוּפָה בְּיָדוֹ, נְטוּיָה [over Jerusalem." [1Chronicles 21:16 עַל יְרוּשָלַיִם ,And with awesome power," this is the revelation of Shechinah" ְ וּבמֹרָא גָּדֹל - זוֹ גִ לּוּי שׁ ִ ְכינָה, as it is said: "Has any god ever tried to take for himself a nation כְּמָה ֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אוֹ הֲנִסָּה ֱ א ִ לֹהים ָ לבֹא from the midst of another, with trials, signs לָקַחַת לוֹ גוֹי מִקֶרֶב גּוֹי בּ ַ ְמסֹּת ְ בּאֹתֹת and wonders, with war and with a strong hand and an ְ וּבמוֹפ ִ ְתים וּבְמִלְחָמָה וּבְיָד חֲזָקָה וּב ַ ִזְרוֹע outstretched arm, and with awesome power, as the Lord your נְטוּיָה, ְ וּב ָמוֹר ִ אים גְּ ִ דֹלים, ְ כּכֹל אֲשֶׁר [God, did for you in Egypt before your eyes!" [Deut. 4:34 עָשָׂה לָכֶם יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהיכֶם ְבּמִצְרַיִם ל ֵ ְעינ ֶָיך. :And with signs," this refers to the staff, as it is said" ְ וּבאֹתוֹת - זֶה הַמַּטֶה, כְּמָה ֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר : Take into your hand this staff with which you shall perform" וְאֶת הַמַּטֶּה הַזֶּה תִּקַּח ְבּיָדְָך, אֲשֶׁר [the signs." [Exodus 4:17 תַּעֲשֶׂה בּוֹ אֶת ָ האֹתֹת. And wonders," this refers to the blood, as it is said: "And I" מֹפ ִ ְתים - זֶה הַדָּם, כְּמָה ֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ,shall show wonders in heaven and on earth. Blood, and fire וְנָתַתִּי מוֹפְתִים בַּשָּׁמַיִם ָ וּבאָרֶץ. דָּם [and pillars of smoke.” [Joel 3:3 וָאֵשׁ ִ וְת ְ ימרוֹת עָשָׁן

;Another explanation: "Strong hand" two 9.5 דָבָר אַחֵר: בְּיָד חֲזָקָה - שׁ ַ ְתּיִם, וּב ִַזְרֹע ;Outstretched arm," two; "Awesome power," two" נְטוּיָה - שְׁתַּיִם, ְ וּבמֹרָא גָּדֹל - שְׁתַּיִם, .Signs," two; "Wonders," two" ְ וּבאֹתוֹת - שְׁתַּיִם, ְ וּבמֹפ ִ ְתים - שְׁתַּיִם. These are the Ten Plagues which haKadosh Baruch Hu ֵ אלּוּ עֶשֶׂר ַמכּוֹת שֶׁה ִ ֵביא ה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ ָ בּר וּ ךְ :brought upon the Egyptians, and these are they הוּא עַל הַמִּצ ִ ְרים ְבּמִצְרַיִם , ֵ וְאלוּ הֵן: ,Blood, Frogs, Lice דָּם צְפֵרְדּ ֵַע כִּנִים ,Wild Beasts, Pestilence, Boils ָ ערוֹב דֶּבֶר שׁ ִ ְחין Hail, Locust, Darkness, Slaying of the First-born בּ ָָרד אַרְבֶּה ֶ חשׁךְ מַכַּת ְ בּכוֹרוֹת.

; Rabbi Judah would give them acronyms 9.6 רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הָיָה נוֹתֵן בָּהֶם סִמָּנִ ים .DeTzaCh; ADaSh; BeAChaV דּ ְַצ" ךְ ע ַַד"שׁ ְ בּ ַאַח"ב. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי ה ִ ַגְּלילִי אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן אַתָּה אוֹמֵר שׁ ָ ֶלקוּ 10.1 Rabbi Yossi the Galilean said: How do you know that the Egyptians were הַמִּצ ִ ְרים ְבּמִצְרַיִם עֶשֶׂר ַ מכּוֹת וְעַל הַיָם ָ לקוּ חֲמ ִ ִשּׁים struck by ten plagues in Egypt, and then were struck by fifty plagues at the ַ מכּוֹת? ְבּמִצְרַיִם מַה הוּא אוֹמֵר? ְ וַיֹאמרוּ הַחַרְט ִ ֻמּים sea? In Egypt it says of them, "The magicians said to Pharaoh `This is the אֶל פּ ְ ַרעֹה: אֶצְבַּע ֱ א ִ לֹהים ִ הוא, וְעַל ַהיָּם מה הוּא finger of God.' At the sea it says, "Israel saw the great hand that the Lord אוֹמֵר? וַיַּרְא יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַיָד הַגְּדֹלָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יי laid against Egypt; and the people feared the Lord, and they believed in the ְבּמִצְרַיִם , ְ וַיִּיראוּ הָעָם אֶת יי, וַיַּא ִ ֲמינוּ ַ בּיי ְ וּבמשֶׁה Lord and in His servant Moses." Now, how many were they struck by `the ע ְ ַבדוֹ. כַּמָה ָלקוּ בְאֶצְבַּע? עֶשֶׂר ַ מכּוֹת. ֱ אמוֹר מֵעַתָּה finger'? Ten plagues! Thus you must conclude that in Egypt they were struck ְבּמִצְרַיִם ָ לקוּ עֶשֶׂר ַ מכּוֹת ַוְעל הַיָּם ָ לקוּ חֲמ ִ ִשּׁים ַ מכּוֹת by ten plagues, at the sea they were struck by fifty plagues! Rabbi Eliezer said: How do we know that each individual plague which haKadosh רַבִּי א ִ ֱליעֶזֲר אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן שֶׁכָּל מַכָּה וּמַכָּה שֶׁה ִ ֵביא ?Baruch Hu brought upon the Egyptians in Egypt consisted of four plagues ה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל הַמִּצ ִ ְרים ְבּמִצְרַיִם הָיְתָה ,For it is said: "He sent against them His fierce anger, fury, and indignation שֶׁל אַרְבַּע ַ מכּוֹת? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: יְשַׁלַּח בָּם ֲ חרוֹן אַפּוֹ, ',and trouble, a discharge of messengers of evil": `Fury,' is one; `Indignation עֶבְרָה וָזַעַם וְצָרָה, מִשְׁלַחַת מַלְאֲכֵי ר ִ ָעים. עֶב ְָרה makes two; `Trouble,' makes three; `Discharge of messengers of evil,' makes - אַחַת, וָזַעַם - שְׁתַּיִם, וְִצָרָה - ָ שׁלשׁ, מִשְׁלַחַת ,four. Thus you must now say that in Egypt they were struck by forty plagues מַלְאֲכֵי ר ִ ָעים - אַרְבַּע. ֱ אמוֹר מֵעַתָּה : ְבּמִצְרַיִם .and at the sea they were struck by two hundred plagues לָקוּ אַרְבּ ִ ָעים ַ מכּוֹת וְעַל הַיָּם לָקוּ ָ מאתַיִם ַ מכּוֹת Rabbi Akiva said: How do we know that each individual plague which רַבִּי ע ִ ֲקיבֶא אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן שֶׁכָּל מַכָּה ומַכָּה שהֵביִא haKadosh Baruch Hu brought upon the Egyptians in Egypt consisted of five ה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא על הַמִּצ ִ ְרים ְבּמִצְרַיִם הָיְתָה plagues? For it is said: "He sent against them his fierce anger, fury, and שֶׁל חָמֵשׁ ַ מכּוֹת ? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: יְִשַׁלַּח בָּם ֲ חרוֹן אַפּוֹ, indignation, and trouble, a discharge of messengers of evil": "His fierce עֶבְרָה וָזַעַם וְצָרָה, מִשְׁלַחַת מַלְאֲכֵי ר ִ ָעים . ֲ חרוֹן ",anger," is one; "fury," makes two; "indignation," makes three; "trouble אַפּוֹ- אַחַת,, עֶבְרָה - שְׁתַּיִם, וָזַעַם - ָ שׁלושׁ, וְצָרָה makes four; "discharge of messengers of evil," makes five. Thus you must - אַרְבַּע, מִשְׁלַחַת מַלְאֲכֵי ר ִ ָעים - חָמֵשׁ. ֱ אמוֹר now say that in Egypt they were struck by fifty plagues, and at the sea they מֵעַתָּה : ְבּמִצְרַיִם לָקוּ חֲמ ִ ִשּׁים ַ מכּוֹת וְעַל הַיָּם .were struck by two hundred and fifty plagues לָקוּ חֲמ ִ ִשּׁים ָ וּמאתַיִם ַ מכּוֹת

:How many levels of favors from haMaqom upon us 11.1 כַּמָה מַעֲלוֹת טוֹבוֹת ל ָ ַמּקוֹם עָלֵינוּ! If He had brought us out from Egypt, and had not carried ִ אלוּ ִ הוֹציאָנוּ ִממִצְרַיִם וְלֹא עָשָׂה בָּהֶם .out judgments against them Dayenu שְׁפ ִ ָטים, דַּיֵינוּ. If He had carried out judgments against them, and not ִ אלוּ עָשָׂה בָּהֶם שְׁפ ִ ָטים, וְלֹא עָשָׂה

.against their idols Dayenu ב ֵ ֵאלֹהיהֶם, דַּיֵינוּ. If He had destroyed their idols, and had not smitten their ִ אלוּ עָשָׂה ב ֵ ֵאלֹהיהֶם, וְלֹא הָרַג אֶת .first-born Dayenu ְ בּכוֹרֵיהֶם, דַּיֵינוּ. If He had smitten their first-born, and had not given us ִ אלוּ הָרַג אֶת ְ בּכוֹרֵיהֶם וְלֹא נָתַן ָ לנוּ .their wealth Dayenu אֶת ָ ממוֹנָם, דַּיֵינוּ. If He had given us their wealth, and had not split ִ אלוּ נָתַן ָ לנוּ אֶת ָ ממוֹנָם וְלֹא קָרַע ָ לנוּ .the sea for us Dayenu אֶת הַיָּם, דַּיֵינוּ. If He had split the sea for us, and had not taken us ִ אלוּ קָרַע ָ לנוּ אֶת הַיָּם וְלֹא הֶע ֵ ֱב ָ ירנוּ .through it on dry land Dayenu ְ בּתוֹכוֹ בֶּחָרָבָה, דַּיֵינוּ. If He had taken us through the sea on dry land, and had not ִ אלוּ הֶע ֵ ֱב ָ ירנוּ ְ בּתוֹכוֹ בֶּחָרָבָה וְלֹא .drowned our oppressors in it Dayenu שְׁקַע ָצרֵנוּ ְ בּתוֹכוֹ דַּיֵינוּ. If He had drowned our oppressors in it, and had not supplied ִ אלוּ שִׁקַע ָצרֵנוּ ּ ְ בּתוֹכוֹ וְלֹא סִפֵּק .our needs in the desert for forty years Dayenu צָרְכֵּנוּ בּמִדְבָּר אַרְבּ ִ ָעים שָׁנָה דַּיֵינוּ. ,If he had supplied our needs in the desert for forty years ִ אלוּ סִפֵּק צָרְכֵּנוּ בּמִדְבָּר אַרְבּ ִ ָעים שָׁנָה .and had not fed us the manna Dayenu ולֹא הֶא ִ ֱכ ָ ילנוּ אֶת הַמָּן דַּיֵינוּ. If He had fed us the manna, and had not given us the ִ אלוּ הֶא ִ ֱכ ָ ילנוּ אֶת הַמָּן וְלֹא נָתַן ָ לנוּ .Shabbat Dayenu אֶת הַשַׁבָּת, דַּיֵינוּ. If He had given us the Shabbat, and had not brought us ִ אלוּ נָתַן ָ לנוּ אֶת הַשַׁבָּת, וְלֹא קֵרְבָנוּ .before Mount Sinai Dayenu לִפְנֵי הַר ִ סינַי, דַּיֵינוּ. If He had brought us before Mount Sinai, and had not given ִ אלוּ קֵר ָ ְבנוּ לִפְנֵי הַר ִ סינַי, וְלֹא נַָתַן .us the Torah Dayenu ָ לנוּ אֶת ַ התּוֹרָה. דַּיֵינוּ. If He had given us the Torah, and had not brought us into ִ אלוּ ָנתַן ָ לנוּ אֶת ַ התּוֹרָה וְלֹא הִכְנִ ָ יסנוּ .the land of Israel Dayenu לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, דַּיֵינוּ.

If He had brought us into the land of Israel, and had not ִ אלוּ הִכְנִ ָ יסנוּ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא בָנָה .built for us the Chosen House; Dayenu ָ לנוּ אֶת ֵ בּית הַבּ ִ ְחירָה דַּיֵינוּ

How much more for the goodness doubled and 11.2 עַל אַחַת כַּמָה וכַּמָה טוֹבָה ְ כפוּלָה ;redoubled of haMaqom over us וּמְכֻפֶּלֶת ל ָ ַמּקוֹם עָלֵינוּ: ,for He has brought us out of Egypt ֶ שׁ ִ הוֹציאָנוּ ִממִצְרַיִם , and carried out judgments against them וְעָשָׂה בָהֶם שְׁפ ִ ָטים, ,and acted against their idols וְעָשָׂה ֵ ב ֵ אלֹהיהֶם, ,and smote their first-born וְהָרַג אֶת ְ בּכוֹרֵיהֶם, ,and gave us their wealth וְנָתַן ָ לנוּ אֶת ָ ממוֹנָם, ,and split the sea for us וְקָרַע ָ לנוּ אֶת הַיָּם, ,and took us through it on dry land וְהֶע ִ ֱבירֶנו בִּתוֹכוֹ בֶּחָרָבָה, ,and drowned our oppressors in it וְשִׁקַע ָצרֵנוּ ְ בּתוֹכוֹ , ,and supplied our needs in the desert for forty years וְסִפֵּק צָרְכֵּנוּ בּמִדְבָּר אַרְבּ ִ ָעים שָׁנָה, ,and fed us the manna וְהֶא ִ ֱכ ָ ילנוּ אֶת הַמָּן, ,and gave us the Shabbat וְנָתַן ָ לנוּ אֶת הַשַׁבָּת, ,and brought us before Mount Sinai ֵוְקר ָ ְבנוּ לִפְנֵי הַר ִ סינַי, ,and gave us the Torah ָוְנתַן ָ לנוּ אֶת ַ התּוֹרָה, and brought us into the land of Israel וְהִכְנִ ָ יסנוּ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, and built for us the Chosen House וּבָנָה ָ לנוּ אֶת ֵ בּית הַבּ ִ ְחירָה .to atone for all our sins לְכַפֵּר עַל לָּל ע ֵ ֲוֹנוֹתינוּ.

:Rabban Gamliel would say 12.1 רַבָּן גַּמ ִ ְליאֵל הָיָה אוֹמֵר: Whoever did not say these three things כָּל ֶ שׁלֹּא אָמַר ְ שׁלשָׁה דְּב ִ ָרים ֵ אלּוּ ,on Pesach has not fulfilled his obligation בַּפֶּסַח, לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי ָ חוֹבתוֹ, .and these are they: Pesach, Matzah and Maror ֵ וְאלוּ הֵן: פֶּסַח, מַצָה, ָ וּמרוֹר. The Pesach that our fathers ate in the time פֶּסַח שׁ ָ ֶהיוּ ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלים בִּזְמַן

?[that Temple stood - for what reason [did they do so שֶׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיָה קַיָם, עַל שׁוּם מָה? Because haKadosh Baruch Hu passed over עַל שׁוּם שֶׁפָּסַח ה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא עַל :our fathers' houses in Egypt, as it is said בָּתֵּי ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ ְבּמִצְרַיִם , שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: You shall say, It is a Pesach-offering to the Lord, because He" וַאֲמַרְתֶּם ֶזבַח פֶּסַח הוּא ַ ליי אֲשֶׁר passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt when ָפּסַח עַל בָּתֵּי ְ בּנַי יִשְׂרָאֵל ְבּמִצְרַיִם .He struck the Egyptians, but our houses He saved בְּנָגְ פּוֹ אֶת מִצְרַיִם וְאֶת בּ ֵ ָתּינוּ ה ִ ִצּיל [And the people did homage and bowed low." [Exodus 12:27 וַיִּקֹּד הָעָם וַיִּשּׁ ַ ְתּחווּ. ?This Matzah that we eat for what reason מַצָּה זו ֶ שׁאָנוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלים, עַל שׁוּם מָה? עַל Because the dough of our fathers had not yet leavened when שׁוּם ֶ שׁלֹא הִס ִ ְפּיק בְֵּצקָם שֶׁל ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ the King of kings of kings, haKadosh Baruch Hu, revealed לְהַח ִ ֲמיץ עַד שֶׁנִּגְלָה עֲלֵיהֶם מ ֶ ֶלךְ מַלְכֵי Himself to them and redeemed them, as it is said: "They הַמְּל ִ ָכים, ה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא, וּגְאָלָם, baked Matzah-cakes from the dough that they had brought שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֹּאפוּ אֶת הַבָּצֵק אֲשֶׁר ִ הוֹציאוּ out of Egypt, because it was not leavened; for they had been ִממִצְרַיִם עֻגֹת ַ מצּוֹת, כִּי לֹא חָמֵץ, כִּי driven out of Egypt and could not delay, and also provisions ְ גֹרשׁוּ ִממִצְרַיִם וְלֹא יָכְלוּ לְהִתְמַהְמ ֵַהּ, [they had not made for themselves." [Exodus 12:39 וְגַּם צֵדָה לֹא ָ עשׂו לָהֶם ?This Maror that we eat for what reason ָ מרוֹר זֶה ֶ שׁאָנוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלים, עַל שׁוּם מָה? Because the Egyptians embittered our fathers' lives in עַל שׁוּם שֶׁמּ ְ ֵררוּ הַמִּצ ִ ְרים אֶת חַיֵי Egypt, as it is said: "They made their lives bitter with hard ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ ְבּמ ְִצרַיִם , שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיְמָרֲרוּ service, with mortar and with bricks, and with all manner of אֶת חַיֵיהם בּ ֲ ַעבֹדָה קָשָה, ְ בּחֹמֶר service in the field; all their service which they made them וּבִלְבֵנִים וּבְכָל ֲ עבֹדָה בַּשָּׂדֶה אֶת כָּל [serve with rigor." [Exodus 1:14 ֲ עבֹדָתָם אֲשֶׁר ע ְ ָבדוּ בָהֶם בְּפ ֶ ָרךְ .

In every generation a person is obligated to see 12.2 ְבּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר חַיָב ָאָדם ל ְ ִראוֹת אֶת :himself as if he had come out of Egypt, as it is said ע ְ ַצמוֹ כְּאִלוּ הוּא יָצָא מִמִצְרַיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: You shall tell your child on that day, it is because of this" וְהִגַּד ְָתּ לְב ִָנְך ַ בּיוֹם ַ ההוּא לֵאמֹר, בַּעֲבוּר [that the Lord did for me when I left Egypt." [Exodus 13:8 זֶה עָשָׂה יי לִי בּ ֵ ְצאתִי ִממִצְרַיִם.

Not only our fathers did haKadosh Baruch Hu, redeem 12.3 לֹא אֶת ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ בִּלְבָד גָּאַל ה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ ,from Egypt, but also us did He redeem with them ָ בּר וּ ךְ הוּא, אֶלָּא אַף ָ אוֹתנוּ גָּאַל עִמָּהֶם, as it is said: "It was us that He brought out from there, so שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ָ וְאוֹתנוּ ִ הוֹציא מִשָׁם , לְמַעַן that He might bring us to give us the land that He swore to ה ִ ָביא ָ אֹתנוּ, לָתֶת ָ לנוּ אֶת ָ האָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר [our fathers." [Deuteronomy 6:23 נִשָׁבַּע ל ֲ ַא ֵ בֹתנוּ.

,Therefore we are obligated to thank, to sing Hallel 13.1 ל ִ ְפ ָ יכךְ א ְ ֲנַחנוּ ח ִ ַיָבים ְ להוֹדוֹת, לְהַלֵל, to praise, to glorify, to exalt, to adore, to bless, to raise and to לְשַׁבּ ֵַח, לְפָאֵר, ְ לרוֹמֵם, לְהַדֵּר, לְב ֵ ָרךְ , laud to the One who did all for our fathers and for us these לְעַלֵּה וּלְקַלֵּס לְמִי שֶׁעָשָׂה ַל ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ וְלָנוּ ,miracles. He took us out from slavery to freedom אֶת כָּל ה ִ ַנִסּים ה ֵ ָאלוּ: ִ הוֹציאָנוּ מֵע ְ ַבדוּת from anguish to joy, and from mourning to festival, and from ל ֵ ְחרוּת מִיָּגוֹן לְשִׂמְחָה, וּמֵאֵבֶל ְ ליוֹם טוֹב, .deep darkness to great light and from slavery to redemption וּמֵאֲפֵלָה ְ לאוֹר גָּדוֹל, וּמִשּׁ ְ ִעבּוּד לִגְאֻלָּה. .So let us say before Him a new song Halleluyah וְנֹאמַר לְפָנָיו ִ שׁירָה חֲדָשָׁה: ה ְ ַללוּיָהּ.

Psalm 113] Halleluyah! Offer praise, o servants of the] 13.2 ה ְ ַללוּיָהּ ה ְ ַללוּ עַבְדֵי יי, ה ְ ַללוּ אֶת שֵׁם Lord; praise the Name of the Lord. May the Lord's Name be יי. יְהִי שֵׁם יי ְ מ ָ בֹרךְ מֵעַתָּה וְִעַד עוֹלָם. blessed from now and forever. From the rising of the sun to its מִמִּזְרַח שֶׁמֶשׁ עַד ְ מבוֹאוֹ מְהֻלָּל שֵׁם יי. setting, the Lord's Name is praised. The Lord is high above all רָם עַל כָּל גּוֹיִם יי, עַל הַשָּׁמַיִם ְ כּבוֹדוֹ. nations, His glory is over the heavens. Who is like the Lord, our מִי ַ כּיי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ הַמּ ִ ַגְבּיהִי לָשָׁבֶת, God, who dwells on high yet looks down so low upon heaven and הַמּ ְַשׁ ִ פּילִי ל ְ ִראוֹת בַּשָּׁמַיִם ָ וּבאָרֶץ? earth! He raises the poor from the dust. He lifts the needy from מ ִ ְקימִי מֵעָפָר דָּל, ֵ מ ְ אַשׁפֹּת ִ יָרים the dunghill, to seat them with nobles, with the nobles of His א ְ ֶביוֹן, ְ ל ִ הוֹשׁיבִי עִם ִ נְד ִ יבים, עִם ִ נְדיבֵי people. He restores the barren woman to her house, as a joyful ַ עמּוֹ. ִ מוֹשׁיבִי עֲקֶרֶת הַבַּיִת, אֵם הַבָּנִים .mother of children. Halleluyah שִׂמְחָה. ה ְ ַללוּיָהּ.

Psalm 114] When Israel went out of Egypt, the House] 13.3 בּ ֵ ְצאת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמ ִִמּצרים , ֵ בּית ֲ יַעקֹב of Jacob from a people of a foreign language, Judah became מֵעַם לֹעֵז, הָיְתָה יְהוּדָּה לְק ְ ָדשׁוֹ, יִשְׂרָאֵל His holy one, Israel His dominion. The sea saw and fled, the מַמ ְ ְשׁ ָ לוֹתיו. הַיָּם ָ ראָה וַיַָּנֹס, הַיַרְדֵּן יִסֹּב ,Jordan turned backward. The mountains skipped like rams ְ לאָחוֹר. הֶה ִ ָרים ר ְ ָקדוּ כ ֵ ְא ִ ילים, ַ גְּבָעוֹת - the hills like young sheep. What is with you, o sea, that you ִכּבְנֵי צֹאן. מַה לְָּך הַיָּם כִּי ָ תנוּס, הַיַּרְדֵן - flee; Jordan, that you turn backward? Mountains, why do you ִ תּסֹּב ְ לאָחוֹר, הֶה ִ ָרים - תִּר ְ ְקדוּ כ ֵ ְא ִ ילים, skip like rams; hills, like a pool of water, the flint-stone into ָגְּבעוֹת - כִּבְנֵי צֹאן. מִלְּפְנֵי אָדוֹן חוּלִי .a spring of water אָרֶץ, מִלְּפְנֵי ֱ א ַלוֹה ֲ יַעקֹב. ַ ההֹפְכִי ַ הצּוּר אֲגַם מָיִם, חַלּ ִ ָמיש - לְמַעְיְנוֹ מָיִם.

,Blessed are You, God, our God, Ruler of the universe 13.4 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם, ,who redeemed us and redeemed our fathers from Egypt אֲשֶׁר גְּ ָ אָלנוּ וְגָּאַל אֶת ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ ִממִצְרַיִם .and brought us to this night to eat matzah and maror ִ וְהגִּ ָ יענוּ לַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה לֶאֱכָל בּוֹ מַצָּה ָ וּמרוֹר. ,So too, God, our God and God of our fathers כֵּן יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ may He bring us to other holidays and festivals יַגִּ ֵ יענוּ ְ למוֹע ִ ֲדים וְלִרְג ִ ָלים אֲח ִ ֵרים that will come to us in peace, with happiness ה ַָבּ ִ אים לִקְר ֵ ָאתנוּ ל ָ ְשׁלוֹם, שְׂמ ִ ֵחים .in the rebuilding of your city, and with rejoicing in your service בְּבִנְיַן ִ עירֶָך וְשׂ ִ ָשׂים בּ ֲ ַעבוֹדָתֶָך. Then we shall eat of the sacrifices and of the Pesach-offerings וְנֹאכַל שָׁם מִן הַזְּב ִ ָחים וּמִן הַפְּס ִ ָחים whose blood shall be sprinkled on the wall of your altar for אֲשֶׁר יַגִּ ַיע דָּמָם עַל ִ קיר מִזְבַּחֲָך ל ָ ְרצוֹן, acceptance; and we shall thank you with a new song for our וְנוֹדֶה לְָך ִ שׁיר חָדָש עַל גְּאֻלּ ֵ ָתנוּ .redemption and for the deliverance of our souls וְעַל ְ פּדוּת נַפ ֵ ְשׁנוּ. .Blessed are You, Lord, who redeemed Israel ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי גָּאַל יִשְׂרָאֵל

,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 14.1 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם .who creates the fruit of the vine בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגָפֶן.

Rachtzah רַחַץ

,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 15.1 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם who has sanctified us with His mitzvot and commanded us אֲשֶׁר קִד ָ ְשׁנוּ ְבּמ ְ ִצ ָ וֹתיו וְצִוָּנוּ .concerning the washing of the hands עַל ִ נְטילַת יָדַיִם.

Motzi Matzah מ ִ וֹציא מַצָּה

,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 15.2 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱא ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם .who brings forth bread from the earth ַ ה ִ מּוֹציא לֶחֶם מִן ָ האָרֶץ.

,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 15.3 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם, who has sanctified us with His mitzvot and commanded us אֲשֶׁר קִדּ ָ ְשנוּ בְּמ ְ ִצ ָ וֹתיו וְצִוָּנוּ .concerning the eating of Matzah עַל ֲא ִ כילַת מַצָּה.

Maror ָ מרוֹר

,Blessed are You,Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 15.4 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם, who has sanctified us with His mitzvot and commanded us אֲשֶׁר קִדּ ָ ְשנוּ בְּמ ְִצ ָ וֹתיו וְצִוָּנוּ .concerning the eating of Maror עַל א ִ ֲכילַת ָ מרוֹר.

Korech ֵ כּוֹרךְ

.A memory of the Temple from Hillel 15.5 זֵכֶר לְמִקְדָּשׁ כְּהִלֵּל. Thus did Hillel do כֵּן עָשָׂה הִלֵּל :during the time the Temple was standing בִּזְמַן ֶשׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיָה קַיָים. He would combine Pesach, Matzah and Maror and eat them הָיָה ֵ כּוֹרךְ פֶּסַח מַצָּה ָ וּמרוֹר וְאוֹכֵל together, to fulfill what was said: "With Matzot בְּיַחַד, לְקַיֵים מַה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: עַל ַ מצּוֹת

[and bitter herbs they shall eat it." [Numbers 9:11 וּ ְ מ ִ רֹרים יֹאכְלֻהוּ

Shulchan Orech 15.6 שֻׁלְחָן ֵ עוֹרךְ The festival meal

Tzafun 15.7 ָ צפוּן Eating the afikomen

Barech 16.1 בּ ֵ ָרךְ Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe, who, in His goodness, feeds the ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם הַזָן אֶת whole world with grace, with kindness and with mercy. He gives food to all flesh, for ָ העוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ ְ בּטוּבוֹ בְּחֵן בְּחֶסֶד וּבְרַח ִ ֲמים הוּא His kindness is everlasting. Through His great goodness to us continuously we d o not נוֹתֵן לֶחֶם לְכָל בָּשָׂר כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדוֹ. ְ וּבטוּבוֹ lack food, and may we never lack it, for the sake of His great Name. For He is a הַגָדוֹל תּ ִ ָמיד לֹא חָסַר לָנוּ, וְאַל יֶחְסַר לָנוּ ָ מזוֹן benevolent] God who feeds and sustains all, does good to all, and prepares food for] ְ לעוֹלָם וָעֶד. בַּעֲבוּר ְ שׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל, כִּי הוּא אֵל זָן all His creatures whom He has created, as it is said: You open Your hand and satisfy וּמְפַרְנֵס ַ לכֹּל וּמ ִ ֵטיב ַ לכֹּל, וּמ ִ ֵכין ָ מזוֹן לְכָל .the desire of every living thing. Blessed are You Lord, who provides food for all בּ ִ ְר ָ יּוֹתיו אֲשֶׁר בָּרָא. ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי הַזָן אֶת ַ הכֹּל We thank You, Lord, our God, for having given as a heritage to our fathers a נוֹדֶה לְָך יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ עַל שֶׁהִנְחַל ְָתּ ל ֲ ַא ֵ בוֹתינוּ אֶרֶץ precious, good and spacious land; for having brought us out, Lord our God, from the חֶמְדָה טוֹבָה וּרְחָבָה וְעַל ֶ שׁ ֵ הוֹצ ָ אתנוּ יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ land of Egypt and redeemed us from the house of slaves; for Your covenant which מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, וּפ ִ ְד ָ יתנוּ מִבֵּית עֲב ִ ָדים, וְעַל You have sealed in our flesh; for Your Torah which You have taught us; for Your בּ ִ ְריתְָך שֶׁחָתַמ ְָתּ בְּבְשָׂרֵנוּ, וְעַל תּוֹרָתְָך שֶׁלִּמַּד ָ ְתּנוּ, statutes which You have made known to us; for the life, favor and kindness which וְעַל ח ֶ ֻקּ ָיך ֶ שׁהוֹדַע ָ ְתּנוּ, וְעַל חַיִִִִים חֵן וָחֶסֶד You have graciously bestowed upon us; and for the food we eat with which You ֶ שׁחוֹנ ָ ַנְתּנוּ, וְעַל א ִ ֲכילַת ָ מזוֹן ָ שׁאַתָּה זָן וּמְפַרְנֵס .constantly feed and sustain us every day, at all times, and at every hour ָ אוֹתנוּ תּ ִ ָמיד, בְּכָל יוֹם וּבְכָל עֵת וּבְכָל שָׁעָה: For all this, Lord our God, we thank You and bless You. May Your Name be וְעַל ַ הכֹּל יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ אֲנ ְ ַחנוּ ִ מוֹדים ָ לךְ וּמְבָר ִ ְכים blessed by the mouth of every living being, constantly and forever. As it is ָ אוֹתךְ , יִתְבּ ַ ָרךְ שִׁמְָך בְּפִי כָּל חַי תּ ִ ָמיד ְ לעוֹלָם written: When you have eaten and are satiated, you shall bless the Lord וָעֶד: כַּכָּתוּב, וְאָכַל ְָתּ וְשָׂבַע ְָתּ וּבֵרַכ ְָתּ אֶת יי ,your God, for the good land which He has given you. Blessed are You, Lord ֱ א ֵ לֹה ֶָיך עַל ָ האָרֶץ ַ הטּוֹבָה אֲשֶּׁר נָתַן ָ לךְ . .for the land and for the food ָבּ ר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי עַל ָ האָרֶץ וְעַל ה ָ ַמזוֹן: Have mercy, Lord our God, upon Israel Your people, upon Jerusalem Your רַחֵם נָא יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ עַל יִשְׂרָאַל עַמֶָּך וְעַל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם city, upon Zion the abode of Your glory, upon the kingship of the house of ִ עירֶָך וְעַל ִ ציּוֹן מִשְׁכַּן ְ כּבוֹדֶָך וְעַל מ ְ ַלכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד David Your anointed, and upon the great and holy House which is called by מ ִ ְשׁיחֶָך וְעַל הַבַּיִת הַגָדוֹל וְה ָ ַקדוֹשׁ שֶׁנִּקְרָא שִׁמְָך Your Name. Our God, our Father, Our Shepherd, feed us, sustain us, nourish עָלָיו: ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ ִ אָבינוּ, ר ֵ ְענוּ זוּנֵנוּ פַר ֵ ְנְסנוּ וְכַלְכְּלֵנוּ us and give us comfort; and speedily, Lord our God, grant us relief from all וְהַר ֵ ְוִיחנוּ, וְהַרְוַח ָ לנוּ יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מְהֵרָה מִכָּל our afflictions. Lord, our God, please do not make us dependent upon the ָ צ ֵ רוֹתינוּ. וְנָא אַל תַּצ ִ ְריכֵנוּי י ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ, לֹא ִ לידֵי gifts of mortal men nor upon their loans, but only upon Your full, open, holy מַתְּנַת בָּשָׂר וָדָם וְלֹא ִ לידֵי הַל ָ ְוָאתַם, כִּי אִם לְיָדְָך and generous hand, that we may not be shamed or disgraced forever and הַמְּלֵאָה ה ְ ַפּתוּחָה ה ְ ַקּדוֹשָׁה וְהָרְחָבָה, ֶ שׁלֹא נֵבוֹשׁ .ever וְלֹא נִכָּלֵם ְ לעוֹלָם וָעֶד. Our God and God of our fathers, may there ascend, come and reach, be seen and ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ, יַעֲלֶה וְיָבֹא ַוְיַגִּיע accepted, heard, recalled and remembered before You, the remembrance and וְיֵרָאֶה וְיֵרָצֶה וְיִשָּׁמַע וְיִפָּקֵד וְיִזָּכֵר ְ זִכרוֹנֵנוּ recollection of us, the remembrance of our fathers, the remembrance of וּפ ְ ִקדּוֹנֵנוּ, ְ וְזִכרוֹן ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ, ְ וְזִכרוֹן מ ִ ָשׁ ַיח בֶּן Mashiach the son of David Your servant, the remembrance of Jerusalem Your דָּוִד עַבְדֶָּך ְ וְזִכרוֹן יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ִ עיר קָדְשֶָׁך, וְ זִ ְ כרוֹן holy city, and the remembrance of all Your people the House of Israel, for כָּל עַמְָּך בֵּית יִשְׂרָאַל לְפָנ ֶָיך, לִפְלֵיטָה ְ לטוֹבָה deliverance, well-being, grace, kindness, mercy, good life and peace, on this day לְחֵן וּלְחֶסֶד וּלְרַח ִ ֲמים, לְחַיִּים וּל ָ ְשׁלוֹם ְ בּיוֹם of Chag haMatzot, on this Festival of holy convocation. Remember us on this חַג ה ַ ַמּצּוֹת הַזֶּה זָכְרֵנוּ יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ בּוֹ ְ לטוֹבָה day], Lord, our God, for good; recollect us on this [day] for blessing; help us on] וּפָקְדֵנוּ בוֹ לִבְרָכָה ִ וְהושׁ ֵ יענוּ בוֹ לְחַיִים. וּבִדְבַר this [day] for good life. With the promise of deliverance and compassion, spare יְשׁוּעָה וְרַח ִ ֲמים חוּס וְחָנֵּנוּ וְרַחֵם עָלֵינוּ us and be gracious to us; have mercy upon us and deliver us; for our eyes are ִ וְהושׁ ֵ יענוּ, כִּי אֵל ֶָיך ֵ עינֵינוּ,כִּי אֵל מ ֶ ֶלךְ ַ חנוּן .directed to You, for You, God, are a gracious and merciful Ruler וְרַחוּם אָתָּה. ,Rebuild Jerusalem the holy city speedily in our days. Blessed are You, Lord וּבְנֵה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ִ עיר ַ הקֹדֶשׁ בִּמְהֵרָה ב ֵ ְיָמינוּ. .who in His mercy rebuilds Jerusalem. Amen ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי בּוֹנֶה בְּרַח ָ ֲמיו יְרוּשָׁלַיִם. אָמֵן. ,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe, benevolent God, our Father ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם, הָאֵל ִ אָבינוּ our Ruler, our Might, our Creator, our Redeemer, our Maker, our Holy One, the מַלְכֵּנוּ ִ אַדירֵנוּ בּוֹר ֵ ְאנוּ גֹּאֲלֵנוּ יוֹצְר ְ ֵנוּק ֵ דוֹשׁנוּ ְ קדוֹשׁ Holy One of Jacob, our Shepherd, the Shepherd of Israel, the Ruler who is good יַעֲקֹב רוֹעֵנוּ רוֹעֵה יִשְׂרָאַל הַמּ ֶ ֶלךְ ַ הטּוֹב וְהַמּ ִ ֵטיב לַכֹּל and does good to all, each and every day. He has done good for us, He does good שֶׁבְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם הוּא ה ִ ֵטיב, הוּא מ ִ ֵטיב, הוּא ִ יֵיטיב for us, and He will do good for us; He has bestowed, He bestows, and He will לָנוּ. הוּא גְמָלָנוּ הוּא גוֹמְלֵנוּ הוּא יִגְמְלֵנוּ לַָעד, לְחֵן ,forever bestow upon us grace, kindness and mercy, relief, salvation and success וּלְחֶסֶד וּלְרַח ִ ֲמים וּלְרֶוַח הַצָּלָה וְהַצְלָחָה, בְּרָכָה blessing and help, consolation, sustenance and nourishment, compassion, life, peace וִישׁוּעָה נֶחָמָה פַּרְנָסָה וְכַלְכָּלָה וְרַח ִ ֲמים וְחַיִּים .and all goodness; and may He never cause us to lack any good ָ וְשׁלוֹם וְכָל טוֹב, וּמִכָּל טוּב ְ לעוֹלָם עַל יְחַסְּרֵנוּ.

Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the 16.2 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם universe, who creates the fruit of the vine בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגָפֶן.

,Pour out Your wrath upon the nations that do not know You 17.1 ְ שׁפ ֹ ךְ חֲמָתְָך אֶל ַ הגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר לֹא ָ יְד ָעוּך .and upon the kingdoms that do not call upon Your Name וְעַל מַמ ָ ְלכוֹת אֲשֶׁר בְּשִׁמְָך לֹא ק ָ ָראוּ: [For they have devoured Jacob and laid waste his habitation. [Ps. 79:6-7 כִּי אָכַל אֶת ֲ יַעקֹב וְאֶת נָוֵהוּ ה ַ ֵשׁמוּ: ,Pour out Your indignation upon them ְ שׁפ ֹ ךְ עֲלֵיהֶם זַעְמֶָך [and let the wrath of Your anger overtake them. [Psalms 69:25 ֲ וַחרוֹן אַפְָּך ִ יַשׂיגֵם: Pursue them with anger, and destroy them from beneath the תּ ְ ִרדֹף ְ בּאַף וְתַשׁ ִ ְמידֵם ִמתַּחַת שְׁמֵי יי: heavens of the Lord. [Lamentations 3:66] Hallel הַלֵּל לֹא ָ לנוּ יי לֹא ָ לנוּ , כִּי לְשִׁמְָך תֵּן ָ כּבוֹד 17.2 [Psalm 115] Not to us, Lord, not to us, but to Your Name give glory, for the sake of Your kindness and Your truth. Why עַל חַסְדְָּך עַל אֲמִתֶָּך. לָמָּה ְ יֹאמרוּ should the nations say, "Where, now, is their God?" Our God is הַגּוֹיִם: אַיֵּה נָא ֱא ֵ לֹהיהֶם? ֱ וא ֵ לֹהינוּ in heaven, whatever He desires, He does. Their idols are of בַּשָּׁמַיִם , כֹּל אֲשֶׁר חָפֵץ עָשָׂה. עֲצַבֵּיהֶם ,silver and gold, the product of human hands: they have a mouth כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב מַעֲשֵׂה יְדֵי אָדָם. פֶּה לָהֶם but cannot speak; they have eyes, but cannot see; they have וְלֹא יְד ֵ ַבּרוּ, עֵינַיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא ְ יִראוּ. ears, but cannot hear; they have a nose, but cannot smell; their אָזְנָיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא יִשׁ ָ ְמעוּ, אַף לָהֶם וְלֹא hands cannot feel; their feet cannot walk; they can make no ִ יְריחוּן. יְדֵיהֶם וְלֹא ִ יְמישׁוּן, רַגְלֵיהֶם ,sound with their throat. Like them should be their makers וְלֹא יְהַלֵּכוּ, לֹא ְ יֶהגּוּ בִּגְרוֹנָם. ְ כּמוֹהֶם everyone that trusts in them. Israel, trust in the Lord! He is ְ יִהיוּ ֵ עֹשׂיהֶם, כֹּל אֲשֶׁר בֹּט ֵַח בָּהֶם. !their help and their shield. House of Aaron, trust in the Lord יִשְׂרָאֵל ְבּטַח ַ בּיי, עֶזְרָם ָוּמגִנָּם הוּא. He is their help and their shield. You who fear the Lord, trust in בֵּית אהרן בטחו ביי, עֶזְרָם ָוּמגִנָּם הוּא. .the Lord! He is their help and their shield יִרְאֵי יי בטחו ביי, עֶזְרָם וּמָגִנָּם הוּא. The Lord, mindful of us, will bless. He will bless the House of יי זְכ ָ ָרנוּ יְב ֵ ָרךְ . יְב ֵ ָרךְ אֶת בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל, Israel; He will bless the House of Aaron; He will bless the fearers יְב ֵ ָרךְ אֶת בֵּית ֲ אַהרֹן, יְב ֵ ָרךְ יִרְאֵי יי, ,the Lord, the small with the great. May the Lord increase upon you הַקְּטַנִ ים עִם ה ִ ַגְּדֹלים. יֹסֵף יי עֲלֵיכֶם, upon you and upon your children. You are blessed unto the Lord, the עֲלֵיכֶם וְעַל בְּנֵיכֶם. ְ בּ ִ רוּכים אַתֶּם לַיי, Maker of heaven and earth. The heavens are the heavens of the עֹשֵׂה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ. ַהשָּׁמַיִם שָׁמַיִם ַ ליי Lord, but the earth He gave to the children of man. The dead do ָ וְהאָרֶץ נָתַן לִבְנֵי אָדָם. לֹא הַמּ ִ ֵתים not praise God, nor do those that go down into the silence. But we יְה ְ ַללוּיָהּ וְלֹא כָּל יֹרדֵי דוּמָה. וַאֲנ ְ ַחנוּ .will bless God, from now to eternity. Halleluyah נְב ֵ ָרךְ יָהּ מֵעַתָּה וְעַד עוֹלָם. ה ְ ַללוּיָהּ Psalm 116] I love the Lord, because He hears my voice, my] אָהַבְתִּי כִּי יִשְׁמַע יי אֶת קוֹלִי, תַּחֲנוּנָי. prayers. For He turned His ear to me; all my days I will call [upon כִּי הִטָּה אָזְנוֹ לִי וּב ְַיָמי אֶקְרָא. אֲפָפוּנִי Him]. The pangs of death encompassed me, and the agonies of the חֶבְלֵי מָוֶת וּמְצָרֵי ְ שׁאוֹל מְצָאוּנִי, צָרָה grave came upon me, trouble and sorrow I encounter and I call u וְיָגוֹן אֶמְצָא. וּבשֵׁם יי אֶקְרָא: אָנָּא יי upon the Name of the Lord: Please, Lord, deliver my soul! The Lord מַלְּטָה נַפְשִׁי! ַ חנוּן יי וְצ ִ ַדיק, ו ֱ ֵא ֵ לֹהינוּ is gracious and just, our God is compassionate. The Lord watches מְרַחֵם. שֹׁמֵר פְּת ִ ָאים יי, ַ דּלֹתִי וְלִי ,over the simpletons; I was brought low and He saved me. Return ִ יְהוֹשׁ ַיע. שׁוּבִי נַפְשִׁי ל ְ ִמ ָנוּחיְכִי, כִּי יי my soul, to your rest, for the Lord has dealt kindly with you. For גָּמַל עָלָיְכִי. כִּי חִלַּצ ְָתּ נַפְשִׁי מִמָּוֶת, אֶת You have delivered my soul from death, my eyes from tears, my עֵינִי מִן דִּמְעָה, אֶת רַגְלִי מִדֶּחִי. foot from stumbling. I will walk before the Lord in the lands of the אֶתְה ֵ ַלךְ לִפְנֵי יי ְ בּ ְ אַרצוֹת הַחַיִּים. living. I had faith even when I said, "I am greatly afflicted;" [even הֶאֱמַנְתִּי כִּי אֲדַבֵּר, אֲנִי עָנִיתִי ְ מאֹד. when] I said in my haste, "All people are deceitful." אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי בְחָפְזִי: כָּל ָ האָדָם ֵכֹּזב. What can I repay the Lord for all His kindness to me? I will raise the מָה ִ אָשׁיב ַ ליי כֹּל תַּגְמוּלוֹהִי עָלָי. כּוֹס cup of salvation and call upon the Name of the Lord. I will pay my vows יְשׁוּעוֹת אֶשָּׂא וּבְשֵׁם יי אֶקְרָא. נְדָרַי לַיי to the Lord in the presence of all His people. Precious in the eyes of אֲשַׁלֵּם נֶגְדָה נָּא לְכָל ַ עמּוֹ. יָקָר בּ ֵ ְעינֵי יי the Lord is the death of His pious ones. I thank you, Lord, for I am הַמָּוְתָה לַח ִ ֲס ָ ידיו. אָנָא יי כִּי אֲנִי עַבְדֶָּך, Your servant. I am Your servant the son of Your handmaid, You have אֲנִי עַבְדְָּך בֶּן אֲמָתֶָך, פִּתַּח ְָתּ ְ למוֹסֵרָי. לְָך loosened my bonds. To You I will bring an offering of thanksgiving, and I will call upon the Name of the Lord. I will pay my vows to the Lord in אֶזְבַּח זֶבַח תּוֹדָה וּבְשֵׁם יי אֶקְרָא. נְדָרַי the presence of all His people, in the courtyards of the House of the ַ ליי אֲשַׁלֵם נֶגְדָה נָא לְכָל ַ עמוֹ. בְּח ְ ַצרוֹת

.Lord, in the midst of Jerusalem. Halleluyah בֵּית יי, ְ בּתוֹכֵכִי יְרוּשָלַיִם. ה ְ ַללוּיָהּ. !Psalm 117] Praise the Lord, all nations! Extol Him, all peoples] ה ְ ַללוּ אֶת יי כָּל גּוֹיִם, שׁ ְ ַבּחוּהוּ כָּל For His kindness was mighty over us, and the truth of the הָא ִ ֻמּים. כִּי גָבַר עָלֵינוּ ח ְ ַסדוֹ, וֶאֱמֶת .Lord is everlasting. Halleluyah יי ְ לעוֹלָם. ה ְ ַללוּיָהּ. Psalm 118] Give thanks to the Lord, for He is good, for His] הוֹדוּ ַ ליי כִּי טוֹב כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. .kindness is everlasting יֹאמַר נָא יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. .Let Israel say, for His kindness is everlasting ְ יֹאמרוּ נָא בֵית ֲ אַהרֹן כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. Let the House of Aaron say, for His kindness is everlasting. .Let the fearers of the Lord say, for His kindness is everlasting ְ יֹאמרוּ נָא יִרְאֵי יי כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. Out of narrow confines I called to God; God answered me with מִן ה ֵַמּצַר ק ָ ָראתִי יָּהּ, עָנָּנִי בַמֶרְחַב יָהּ. יי abounding relief. The Lord is with me, I will not fear what can man do לִי, לֹא ִ אירָא - מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה לִי אָדָם? יי לִי to me? The Lord is with me, through my helpers, and I can face my בְּעֹזְרָי וַאֲנִי אֶרְאֶה בְּשׂנְאָי. טוֹב ל ֲ ַחסוֹת enemies. It is better to rely on the Lord, than to trust in man. It is ַ בּיי מ ְ ִבּ ַטֹח ָ בּאָדָם. טוֹב ל ֲ ַחסוֹת ַ בּיי better to rely on the Lord, than to trust in nobles. All nations surround מ ְ ִבּ ַטֹח בּ ִ ִנְד ִ יבים. כָּל גּוֹיִם סְבָבוּנִי, בְּשֵׁם me, but I cut them down in the Name of the Lord. They surrounded me, they encompassed me, but I cut them down in the Name of the יי כִּי א ִ ֲמילַם. סַבּוּנִי גַם סְבָבוּנִי, בְּשֵׁם יי Lord. They surrounded me like bees, yet they are extinguished like a כִּי א ִ ֲמילַם. סַבּוּנִי כ ְ ִדּ ִ בֹרים , דֹּעֲכוּ כְּא ֵשׁ [fire of thorns; I cut them down in the Name of the Lord. You [my foes ִ קוֹצים, בְּשֵׁם יי כִּי א ִ ֲמילַם. ָ דּחֹה דּ ִ ְחיתַנִי pushed me again and again to fall, but the Lord helped me. God is my לִנְ פֹּל, וַיי עֲזָרָנִי. עזִּי וְזִמְרָת יָהּ וַיְהִי לִי strength and song, and this has been my salvation. The sound of joyous ִ לישׁוּעָה. קוֹל רִנָּה ָוִישׁוּעה ְ בּאָהֳל ֵי song and salvation is in the tents of the righteous: "The right hand of צ ִ ַדּ ִ יקים: ִ יְמין יי ֵ עֹשָׂה חָיִל, ִ יְמין יי the Lord performs deeds of valor. The right hand of the Lord is רוֹמֵמָה, ִ יְמין יי עֹשֵׂה חָיִל. לֹא אָמוּת כִּי exalted; the right hand of the Lord performs deeds of valor!" I shall אֶחְיֶה, וַאֲסַפֵּר מַעֲשֵׂי יָהּ. יַסֹּר יִסְּרַנִי יָּהּ, not die, but I shall live and relate the deeds of God. God has chastised me, but He did not give me over to death. Open for me the gates of וְלַמָּוֶת לֹא נְתָנָנִי. פּ ְ ִתחוּ לִי שַׁעֲרֵי צֶדֶק, .righteousness; I will enter them and give thanks to God אָבֹא בָם, אוֹדֶה יָהּ. .This is the gate of the Lord, the righteous will enter it זֶה ַהשַּׁעַר ַ ליי, צ ִ ַדּ ִ יקים יָבֹאוּ בוֹ. .I thank You for You have answered me, and have been a help to me אוֹדְָך כִּי עֲנִיתָנִי וַתְּהִי לִי ִ לישׁוּעָה.[2] .The stone scorned by the builders became the main cornerstone אֶבֶן מ ֲ ָאסוּ ַ הבּוֹנִ ים הָיְתָה ְ לרֹאשׁ פִּנָּה.[2] .This was indeed from the Lord, it is wondrous in our eyes מֵאֵת יי הָיְתָה זֹּאת ִ היא נִפְלָאת בּ ֵ ְעינֵינוּ.[2] .This day the Lord has made, let us be glad and rejoice on it זֶה ַ היּוֹם עָשָׂה יי נָגִ ילָה וְנִשְׂמְחָה בוֹ.[2] !Please, o Lord, help us אָנָא יי, ִ הוֹשיעָה נָּא.[2] !Please, o Lord, grant us success אָנָא יי, הַצ ִ ְליחָה נָא.[2] ;Blessed is the one who comes in the Name of the Lord ָ בּר וּ ךְ הַבָּא בְּשֵׁם יי, .we bless you from the House of the Lord בֵּר ְ ַכנוּכֶם מִבֵּית יי.[2] The Lord is Almighty, He gave us light; bind the festival-offering אֵל יי וַיָּאֶר ָ לנוּ . א ְ ִסרוּ חַג בַּע ִ ֲבֹתים .to the horns of the altar עַד ק ְ ַרנוֹת הַמִּזְבּ ֵַח.[2] .You are my God and I will thank You; my God, I will exalt You אֵלִי אַתָּה וְאוֹדֶָךּ, ֱ אלֹהַי ֲ ארוֹמְמֶָךּ.[2] .Give thanks to the Lord, for He is good, for His kindness is everlasting הוֹדוּ ַ ליי כִּי טוֹב, כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ.[2] Lord, our God, all Your works shall praise You; Your pious 17.3 יְה ְ ַל ָלוּך יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ כָּל מַע ֶ ֲשׂ ָיך, וַח ִ ֲסיד ֶָיך ones, the righteous who do Your will, and all Your people, the House צ ִ ַדּ ִ יקים עוֹשֵׂי ְ רצוֹנֶָך, וְכָל עַמְָך בֵּית ,of Israel, with joyous song will thank and bless, laud and glorify יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּרִנָה יוֹדוּ וִיב ְ ָרכוּ, ַוִישׁ ְ בּחוּ exalt and adore, sanctify and proclaim the sovereignty of Your וִיפ ֲ ָארוּ, ְ וִירוֹממוּ וְיַע ִ ֲריצוּ, וְיַק ִ ְדּישׁוּ Name, our Ruler. For it is good to thank You, and befitting to sing וְיַמ ִ ְליכוּ אֶת שִׁמְָך, מַלְכֵּנוּ. כִּי לְָך טוֹב to Your Name, for from the beginning to the end of the world You ְ להוֹדוֹת וּלְשִׁמְָך נ ֱ ָאְה לְזַמר, כִּי ֵ מעוֹלָם .are Almighty God וְעַד עוֹלָם אַתָּה אֵל.

;Psalm 136] Give thanks to the God of gods for His kindness is everlasting] 17.4 הוֹדוּ ַ ליי כִּי טוֹב כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Give thanks to the Lord of lords for His kindness is everlasting הוֹדוּ לֵאלֹהֵי ה ֱ ָא ִ לֹהים כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Who alone does great wonders for His kindness is everlasting הוֹדוּ ל ֲ ָאדֹנֵי ה ֲ ָאדֹנִים כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Who made the heavens with wisdom for His kindness is everlasting לעֹשֵׂה נִפ ָ ְלאוֹת גְ דֹלוֹת ל ַ ְבדּוֹ כל"ח. ;Who stretched the earth above the waters for His kindness is everlasting לעֹשֵׂה הַשָּׁמַיִם בּ ְ ִתבוּנָה כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Who made the great lights for His kindness is everlasting ְ לרוֹקַע ָ האָרֶץ עַל הַמָּיְם כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ

;The sun, to rule by day for His kindness is everlasting ְ לעֹשֵׂה ִ אוֹרים גְּ ִ דֹלים כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;The moon and stars, to rule by night for His kindness is everlasting אֶת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ לְמֶמְשֶׁלֶת ַ בּיוֹם כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם חַסְדּוֹ. ;Who struck Egypt through their first-born for His kindness is everlasting אֶת הַיָּר ֵַח וְכוֹכ ִ ָבים לְמֶמ ְ ְשׁלוֹת בַּלַּיְלָה כל"ח ;And brought Israel out of their midst for His kindness is everlasting לְמַכֵּה מִצְרַיִם בּ ְ ִבכוֹרֵיהֶם כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. With a strong hand and with an outstretched arm for His kindness is וַיוֹצֵא יִשְׂרָאֵל ִ מתּוֹכָם כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;everlasting בְּיָד חֲזָקָה וּב ִַזְרוֹע נְטוּיָה כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Who split the Sea of Reeds into sections for His kindness is everlasting ְ לגֹזֵר יַם סוּף ִל ִ גְזָרים כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;And led Israel through it for His kindness is everlasting ֶ וְהֶע ִ ֱביר יִשְׂרָאֵל ְ בּתוֹכוֹ כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. And cast Pharaoh and his army into the Sea of Reeds for His kindness is everlasting וְנִעֵר פּ ְ ַרעֹה ֵ וְחילוֹ בְיַם סוּף כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Who led His people through the desert for His kindness is everlasting ְ ל ִ מוֹלי ךְ ַ עמּוֹ בַּמִּדְבָּר כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Who struck great kings for His kindness is everlasting לְמַכֵּה מְל ִ ָכים גְּ ִ דֹלים כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְַסדּוֹ. ;And slew mighty kings for His kindness is everlasting ֲ וַיָהרֹג מְל ִ ָכים ִ אַד ִ ירים כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Sichon, king of the Amorites for His kindness is everlasting ל ִ ְסיחוֹן מ ֶ ֶלךְ ה ֱ ָאמֹרִי כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;And Og, king of Bashan for His kindness is everlasting ְ וּלעוֹג מ ֶ ֶלךְ הַבָּשָׁן כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;And gave their land as a heritage for His kindness is everlasting וָנָתַן אַרְצָם לְנַחֲלָה כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;A heritage to Israel, His servant for His kindness is everlasting נַחֲלָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל ע ְ ָבדוּ כִּי ְ ל ָעוֹלם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Who remembered us in our lowliness for His kindness is everlasting שׁ ִ ֶבְּשִׁפְלֵנוּ זָכַר ָ לנוּ כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;And delivered us from our oppressors for His kindness is everlasting וַיִפְר ֵ ְקנוּ מִצָּרֵינוּ כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;Who gives food to all flesh for His kindness is everlasting נֹתֵן לֶחֶם לְכָל בָּשָׂר כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. Thank the God of heaven for His kindness is everlasting הוֹדוּ לְאֵל הַשָּׁמַיִם כִּי ְ לעוֹלָם ח ְ ַסדּוֹ. ;The soul of every living being shall bless Your Name, Lord, our God 17.5 נִשְׁמַת כָּל חַי תְּב ֵ ַרךְ אֶת שִׁמְָך, יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ, ,and the spirit of all flesh shall always glorify and exalt Your remembrance ַוְרוּח כָּל בָּשָׂר תְּפָאֵר ְ וּתרוֹמֵם זִכְרְָך, מַלְכֵּנוּ, ;our Ruler. From the beginning to the end of the world You are Almighty God תּ ִ ָמיד. מִן ָ העוֹלָם וְעַד ָ העוֹלָם ָאַתּה אֵל, ,and other than You we have no ruler, redeemer and savior who delivers וּמִבַּלְעָד ֶָיך ֵ אין ָ לנוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ גּוֹאֵל ִ וּמוֹש ַיע, פּוֹדֶה rescues, sustains, answers and is merciful in every time of trouble and וּמ ִ ַצּיל וּמְפַרְנֵס וּמְרַחֵם בְּכָל עֵת צָרָה וְצוּקָה. .distress; we have no ruler but you ֵ אין ָ לנוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ אֶלָּא אַתָּה. You are] the God of the first and of the last [generations], God of all] ֱ אלֹהֵי ה ִ ָראשׁוֹנִים ָ וְה ֲ אַחרוֹנִים, ֱ א ַלוֹהּ כָּל creatures, Lord of all events, who is extolled with manifold praises, who בּ ִ ְריוֹת, ֲ אדוֹן כָּל תּוֹלָדוֹת, הַמְּהֻלָל ְ בּרֹב ,directs His world with kindness and His creatures with compassion. Behold הַתִּשׁ ָ ְבּחוֹת, הַמְנַהֵג עוֹלָמוֹ בְּחֶסֶד וּב ִ ְר ָ יּוֹתיו the Lord neither slumbers nor sleeps. He arouses the sleepers and awakens בְּרַח ִ ֲמים. וַיי לֹא יָנוּם וְלֹֹא יִישָׁן - ה ְ ַמּעוֹרֵר the slumberous, gives speech to the mute, releases the bound, supports the יְשֵׁנִים וְהַמּ ִ ֵקיץ נִרְדּ ִ ָמים, וְהַמּ ִ ֵשׂ ַיח אִלּ ִ ְמים .falling and raises up those who are bowed. To you alone we give thanks וְהַמּ ִ ַתּיר ֲ א ִ סוּרים ַ וְה ֵ סּוֹמךְ נוֹפ ִ ְלִים ַ וְהזּוֹקֵף ְ כּ ִ פוּפים. לְָך לְבַדְָּך אֲנ ְ ַחנוּ ִ מוֹדים. Even if our mouths were filled with song as the sea, and our tongues with joyous ִ אלּוּ ִ פינוּ מָלֵא ִ שׁירָה כַּיָּם, ְ וּלשׁוֹנֵנוּ רִנָּה כּ ַ ֲהמוֹן singing like the multitudes of its waves, and our lips with praise like the expanse גַּלָּיו, וְשׂ ְ ִפ ֵ תוֹתינוּ שֶׁבַח כְּמֶרְחֲבֵי ר ִ ָק ַיע, ֵ וְע ֵינינוּ of the sky; and our eyes shining like the sun and the moon, and our hands spread מ ִ ְאירוֹת כַּשֶׁמֶשׁ וְכַיָּר ֵַח, וְיָדֵינוּ ְ פרוּשׂוֹת כְּנִשְׂר ֵי out like the eagles of heaven, and our feet swift like deer we would still be שָׁמַיִם, וְרַגְלֵינוּ ַ קלּוֹת כָּאַיָּלוֹת - ֵ אין אֲנ ְ ַחנוּ unable to thank you Lord, our God and God of our fathers, and to bless your מַס ִ ְפּ ִ יקים ְ להוֹדוֹת לְָך , יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי Name, for even one of the thousands of millions, and myriads of myriads, of ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ , וּלְב ֵ ָרךְ , אֶת שִׁמְָך עַל אַחַת, מֵאֶלֶף, favors, miracles and wonders which you have done for us and for our fathers אַלְפֵי א ֲָל ִ פים וְרִבֵּי ר ָ ְבבוֹת פְּע ִ ָמים, ַ ה טּוֹבוֹת .before us. Lord, our God שֶׁע ִ ָשׂ ָית עִם ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ וְע ָ ִמּנוּ You have redeemed us from Egypt, you have freed us from the house of ִממִצְרַיִם גְּאַל ָ ְתּנוּ, יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ, וּמִבֵּית עֲב ִ ָדים bondage, you have fed us in famine and nourished us in plenty; you have ִ פּ ִ ְד ָ יתנוּ, בְּרָעָב ָ זַנְתּנוּ וּבְשׂ ָָבע כִּלְכַּל ָ ְתּנוּ, מֵחֶרֶב saved us from the sword and delivered us from pestilence, and raised us הִצַּל ָ ְתּנוּ וּמִדֶּבֶר מִלַּט ָ ְתּנוּ, וּמֵחָלָיִם ר ִ ָעים from evil and lasting maladies. Until now your mercies have helped us, and וְנֶאֱמָנִים דּ ִ ִלּ ָ יתנוּ. עַד הֵנָּה עֲזָרוּנוּ רַח ֶ ֲמ ָיך וְלֹא ,your kindnesses have not forsaken us; and do not abandon us, Lord our God עֲזָבוּנוּ חֲסָד ֶָיך, וְאַל תִּטּ ֵ ְשׁנוּ, יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ, לָנֶצַח. forever! Therefore, the limbs which you have arranged within us, and the עַל כֵּן אֵב ִ ֶָרים שֶׁפִּלּ ַָגְתּ בָּנוּ ַוְרוּח וּנְשָׁמָה spirit and soul which you have breathed into our nostrils, and the tongue שֶׁנָּפַח ְָתּ ְ בּאַפֵּינוּ וְלָשׁוֹן אֲשֶׁר שַׂמ ְָתּ בּ ִ ְפינוּ - הֵן ,which you have placed in our mouth they all shall thank, bless, praise, glorify הֵם יוֹדוּ וִיב ְ ָרכוּ וִישׁ ְ ַבּחוּ וִיפ ֲ ָארוּ ְ וִירוֹממוּ .exalt, adore, sanctify and proclaim the sovereignty of your Name, our Ruler וְיַע ִ ֲריצוּ וְיַק ִ ְדּישׁוּ וְיַמ ִ ְליכוּ אֶת שִׁמְָך מַלְכֵּנוּ. ,For every mouth shall offer thanks to you, every tongue shall swear by you כִּי כָל פֶּה לְָך יוֹדֶה, וְכָל ָ לשׁוֹן לְָך תִּשָּׁבַע, וְכ ָל every eye shall look to you, every knee shall bend to you, all who stand erect בּ ֶ ֶרךְ לְָך תִכְרַע, וְכָל קוֹמָה לְפָנ ֶָיך תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה, shall, l bow down before you, all hearts shall fear you, and every innermost וְכָל ל ָ ְבבוֹת יִ ָ יר ָאוּך, וְכָל קֶרֶב וּכ ָ ְליוֹת ֵ יְזַמּרוּ ,part shall sing praise to your Name, as it is written: "All my bones will say ל ִ ִשְׁמֶָך, כַּדָבָר שׁ ָ ֶכּתוּב, כָּל ע ְ ַצמֹתַי תֹּאמַרְנָה: Lord, who is like You; You save the poor from one stronger than he, the poor יי, מִי ָ כ ָמוֹך מ ִ ַצּיל עָנִי מֵחָזָק מ ֶ ִמּנוּ וְעָנִי and the needy from one who would rob him!" [Psalms 35:10] Who can be וְא ְ ֶביוֹן ִ מגֹּזְלוֹ. מִי יִדְמֶה ָ לּךְ וּמִי יִשְׁוֶה ָ לּךְ וּמ ִי ,likened to You, who is equal to You, who can be compared to You, the great ֲ יַער ֹ ךְ ַ לָ ךְ הָאֵל הַגָּדוֹל, הַגִּבּוֹר ַ וְהנּוֹרָא, אֵל mighty, awesome God, God most high, Possessor of heaven and earth! We ע ְ ֶליוֹן, קֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ. נְהַלֶּלְָך וּנְשַׁבֵּחֲָך will laud You, praise You and glorify You, and we will bless Your holy Name e,

as it is said: "Of David; bless the Lord, O my soul, and all my being His holy וּנְפָאֶרְָך וּנְב ֵ ָרךְ אֶת שֵׁם קָדְשֶָׁך, ָ כּאָמוּר: לְדָוִד, [Name."[Psalms 103:1 בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת יי וְכָל קְרָבַי אֶת שֵׁם ק ְ ָדשׁוֹ. You are the Almighty God in the power of Your strength; the Great in the glory of הָאֵל בְּתַעֲצֻמוֹת עֶֻזָּך, הַגָּדוֹל בּ ְ ִכבוֹד שְׁמֶָך, Your Name; the Mighty forever, and the Awesome in Your awesome deeds; the הַגִּבּוֹר לָנֶצַח ַ וְהנּוֹרָא ְ בּ ְ נוֹר ֶ אוֹת ָיך, הַמּ ֶ ֶלךְ King who sits upon a lofty and exalted throne. Who dwells for eternity, lofty and ַ היּושֵׁב עַל כִּסֵּא רָם וְנִשִא. שׁוֹכֵן עַד ָ מּרוֹם holy is His Name. And it is written: "Sing joyously to the Lord, you righteous; it ָ וְקּדוֹשׁ ְ שׁמוֹ. ָ וְכתוּב: רַנְּ נוּ צ ִ ַדּ ִ יקים ַבּיי, ".befits the upright to offer praise לַיְשׁ ִ ָרים נָאוָה תְהִלָּה. By the mouth of the upright you are exalted; by the lips of the righteous בְּפִי יְשׁ ִ ָרים תִּתְהַלָּל, וּבְדִבְרֵי צ ִ ַדּ ִ יקים you are blessed ; by the tongue of the pious you are sanctified; and among תִּת ְָבּ ַ רךְ , וּב ְ ִלשׁוֹן ח ִ ֲס ִ ידים תּ ְ ִתרוֹמָם, וּבְקֶרֶב .the holy ones you are praised ְ ק ִ דוֹשׁים תִּתְקַדָּשׁ In the assemblies of the myriads of your people, the House of Israel, Your וּבְמַק ֲ ְהלוֹת ִ ר ְ בבוֹת עַמְָּך בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּרִנָּה Name, our Ruler, shall be glorified with song in every generation. For such is יִתְפָּאֵר שִׁמְָך, מַלְכֵּנוּ, בְּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר, ֶשׁכֵּן the obligation of all creatures before you, Lord, our God and God of our חוֹבַת כָּל ה ִ ַיְצוּרים לְפָנ ֶָיך, יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי fathers, to thank, to laud, to praise, to glorify, to exalt, to adore, to bless, to ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ ְ להוֹדוֹת לְהַלֵּל לְשַׁבּ ֵַח, לְפָאֵר ְ לרוֹמֵם elevate and to honor you, even beyond all the words of songs and praises of לְהַדֵּר לְב ֵ ָרךְ , לְעַלֵּה וּלְקַלֵּס עַל כָּל דִּבְרֵי .David son of Yishai, your anointed servant ִ שׁירוֹת וְתִשׁ ְ ְבּחוֹת דַָּוִד בֶּן יִשַׁי עַבְדְָּך, מ ִ ְשׁיחֶָך. And therefore may your Name be praised forever, our Ruler, the great and holy God יִשְׁתַּבַּח שִׁמְָך ָלעַד מַלְכֵּנוּ, הָאֵל הַמ ֶ ֶלךְ הַגָּדוֹל ,and Ruler in heaven and on earth. For to you, Lord, our God and God of our fathers וְה ָ ַקּדוֹשׁ בַּשּׁ ַ ָמיִם ַ וּבָאָרֶץ, כִּי לְָך נָאֶה, יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ ,forever befits song and praise, laud and hymn, strength and dominion, victory וֵאלֹהֵי ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ , ִ שׁיר וּשְׁבָחָה, הַלֵּל וְזִמְרָה, עֹז greatness and might, glory, splendor, holiness and sovereignty; blessings and וּמֶמְשָׁלָה, נֶצַח, גְּדֻלָּה וּגְבוּרָה, תְּהִלָה וְתִפְאֶרֶת , , thanksgivings to your great and holy Name; from the beginning to the end of the קְדֻשָּׁה וּמ ְ ַלכוּת, בְּרָכוֹת ָ וְהוֹדאוֹת מֵעַתָּה וְעַד world you are Almighty God. Blessed are You, Lord, Almighty God, Ruler, great and עוֹלָם. ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי , אֵל מ ֶ ֶלךְ גָּדוֹל בַּתִּשׁ ָ ְבּחוֹת, ,extolled in praises, God of thanksgivings, Lord of wonders, Master of all creatures אֵל ַ ההוֹדָאוֹת, ֲ אדוֹן הַנִפְלָאוֹת, ַ הבּוֹחֵר בּ ִ ְשׁירֵי .who takes pleasure in songs of praise; the Ruler, the Life of the universe זִמְרָה, מ ֶ ֶלךְ אֵל חֵי ָ העוֹל ִ ָמים.

,Blessed are You, Lord, our God, Ruler of the universe 17.6 ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ ָ העוֹלָם .who creates the fruit of the vine בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגָפֶן ָ בּר וּ ךְ ְאַתָּה יי ֱ א ֵ לֹהינוּ מ ֶ ֶלךְ העוֹלָם, עַל הֶַגּפֶן וְעַל ְפּרִי 17.7 Blessed are You, Lord our God, Ruler of the universe for the vine and the הַגֶּפֶן עַל ְ תּנוּבַת הַשָּׂדֶה וְעַל אֶרֶץ חֶמְדָּה טוֹבָה fruit of the vine, for the produce of the field, and for the precious, good and וּרְחָבָה שֶׁר ִ ָצ ָית וְהִנְחַל ְָתּ ל ֲ ַא ֵ בוֹתינוּ ל ֱ ֶאכֹל מִפִּרְיָהּ spacious land which You have favored to give as a heritage to our fathers, to eat of וְל ְ ִשׂ ַבֹּע ִ מטּוּבָהּ רַחֶם נָא ד' ֱ א ֵ לֹקינוּ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל עַמֶָּך its fruit and be satiated by its goodness. Have mercy, Lord our God, on Israel Your people, on Jerusalem Your city, on Zion the abode of Your glory, on Your altar and וְעַל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ִ עירֶָך וְעַל ִ ציּוֹן מִשְַׁכּן ְ כּבוֹדֶָך וְעַל on Your Temple. Rebuild Jerusalem, the holy city, speedily in our days, and bring us מִזְבְּחֶָך וְעַל ֵ היכָלֶָך וּבְנֵה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ִ עיר ַ הקֹדֶשׁ up into it, and make us rejoice in it, and we will bless You in holiness and purity (On בִּמְהֵרָה ב ֵ ְיָמינוּ וְהַעֲלֵנוּ ְ לתוֹכָהּ וְשַׂמ ֵ ְחנוּ בְּבִנְיָנָהּ Shabbat add: May it please You to strengthen us on this Shabbat day) and וְנֹאכַל מִפִּרְיָהּ וְנִשְׂבַּע ִ מטּוּבָהּ וּנְבָרֶכְָך עָל ֶָיה בִּקְדֻשָׁה remember us for good on this day of Chag haMatzot. For You, Lord, are good and וּבְטָהֳרָה וְשַׂמ ֵ ְחנוּ ְ בּיוֹם חַג ה ַ ַמּצּוֹת הַזֶּה , כִּי אַתָּה do good to all, and we thank You for the land and for the fruit of the vine. Blessed ד' טוֹב וּמ ִ ֵטיב לַכֹּל וְנוֹדֶה לְָּך עַל ָ האָרֶץ וְעַל פְּרִי .are You, Lord, for the land and for the fruit of the vine הַגֶּפֶן. ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה יי עַל הַגֶּפֶן וְעַל פְּרִי הַגֶּפֶן.

Nirtzah נִ ְר ָצה

,Completed is the ordering of Pesach as is its halachah 18.1 חֲסַל ִ סדּוּר פֶּסַח כְּהִל ָ ְכתוֹ, .according to its law and statute כְּכָל מִשׁ ָ ְפּטוֹ וְח ָ ֻקתוֹ. ,Just as we have merited to order it כַּאֲשֶׁר ִ זָכינוּ לְסַדֵּר אוֹתוֹ .so may we merit to perform it ֵכּן נִזְכֶּה לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ ,You who are pure, dwelling on high זָ ךְ שׁוֹכֵן ְ מעוֹנָה, .raise up the kahal that is beyond number קוֹמֵם קְהַל עֲדַת מִי מָנָה. Soon lead the shoots of your stock בּ ָ ְקרוֹב נַהֵל נִטְעֵי כַנָּה

.redeemed to Zion with joyous song פְּדוּיִם ל ִ ְציוֹן בְּרִנָּה.

!NEXT YEAR IN JERUSALEM 18.2 לְשָׁנָה ה ָ ַבּאָה ִ בּירוּשָׁלָיִם.

The Passover Seder

This Mishnah chapter deals with the most beloved of Jewish rituals. It contains statements of halachah as well as a detailed narrative. Query: What do you find to be the most surprising aspect of the chapter? Do you find evidence of ancient strata in this chapter?

Mishnah One משנה א The eves of Pesach close to mincha-time עַרְבֵי פְס ִ ָחים ָ סמ וּ ךְ לַמִּנְחָה .a person is not to eat until it gets dark לֹא יֹאכַל אָדָם עַד שֶׁתֶּחְשַׁך. And even the poorest of Israel וַא ִ ֲפלּוּ עָנִי שֶׁבְּיִשְׂרָאֵל .is not to eat until he sits down formally לֹא יֹאכַל עַד שֶׁיָּסֵב. And he is not to have less וְלֹא יִפ ֲ ְחתוּ לוֹ than four cups of wine,1 ֵ מאַרְבָּעָה כוֹסוֹת שֶׁל יַיִן, 2 .even [if he must take it] from the tamchuy וַא ִ ֲפלּוּ מִן הַתּ ְ ַמחוּי.

Mishnah Two משנה ב .They poured for him the first cup מָזְגוּ לוֹ כוֹס ִ ראשׁוֹן. :The House of Shammai say בֵּית שׁ ַ ַמּאי אוֹמ ִ ְרים: ,He blesses over the day מְב ֵ ָרךְ עַל ַ היּוֹם .and then he blesses over the wine וְאַחַר ָ כּךְ מְב ֵ ָרךְ עַל הַיַּיִן. :And the House of Hillel say וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמ ִ ְרים: ,He blesses over the wine מְב ֵ ָרךְ עַל הַיַּיִן .and then he blesses over the day וְאַחַר ָ כּךְ מְב ֵ ָרךְ עַל ַ היּוֹם.

Mishnah Three משנה ג – They brought before him ה ִ ֵביאוּ לְפָנָיו- ,he dips the lettuce מְטַבֵּל בַּחֲזֶרֶת, .until he comes to the side-dish of the bread עַד שֶׁמַּגִּ ַיע לְפַרְפֶּרֶת ה ַַפּת. They brought before him ה ִ ֵביאוּ לְפָנָיו matzah and lettuce and charoset מַצָּה וַחֲזֶרֶת ֲ וַחרֹסֶת ,and two cooked dishes וּשְׁנֵי תַב ִ ְשׁ ִ ילין. .even though charoset is not a mitzvah אַף עַל פִּי שׁ ֵ ֶאין ֲ חרֹסֶת מִצְוָה. R. Eliezer b. R. Tzadok says רַבִּי א ִ ֱליעֶזֶר בְּרַבִּי ָ צדוֹק אוֹמֵר: .It is] a mitzvah] מִצְוָה. ,And in the Temple וּבַמִּקְדָּש- they would bring before him ָ היוּ מ ִ ְב ִ יאים לְפָנָיו .the body of the Pesach גּוּפוֹ שֶׁל פֶּסַח.

1 The poor person is the subject of the sentence. An alternative interpretation is: And they are to provide him with not less than four cups of wine. Query: Who is the subject of the sentence in this alternative interpretation? .tamchuy? See M. Peah 8:7 ,תּ ְ ַמחוּי Query: Can you determine from the context the meaning of the word 2

Mishnah Four משנה ד .They poured for him the second cup מָזְגוּ לוֹ כוֹס שֵׁנִי. And here the son asks his father;3 ָ וְכאן הַבֵּן שׁוֹאֵל ִ אָביו. ,and if the son does not have understanding וְאִם ֵ אין דַּעַת בַּבֵּן, .his father teaches him ִ אָביו מְל ְ ַמּדוֹ. ?How is this night different from all nights מַה נִּשְׁתַּנָּה הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה מִכָּל הַלֵּילוֹת, ,For on all nights we eat chametz and matzah שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלין חָמֵץ וּמַצָּה, .this night, all is matzah הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה כֻּלּוֹ מַצָּה. ;For on all nights we eat other vegetables שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנּוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלין ְשׁאָר ָ יְרקוֹת, .this night, maror הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה ָ מרוֹר. For on all nights we eat שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכ ִ ְלין ,meat roasted stewed or boiled בָּשָׂר צָלִי ָ שׁלוּק וּמְבֻשָּׁל, .this night, all is roasted הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה כֻּלּוֹ צָלִי. ,For on all nights we dip one time שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ מַט ִ ְבּ ִ ילין פַּעַם אַחַת, .This night, two times הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה שְׁתֵּי פְע ִ ָמים. ,And according to the understanding of the son וּלְפִי ד ְ ַעתּוֹ שֶׁל בֵּן, .his father teaches him ִ אָביו מְל ְ ַמּדוֹ. ,He begins with shame and concludes with praise מַת ִ ְחיל בִּגְנוּת וּמְסַיֵּם בְּשֶׁבַח, and explains וְדוֹרֵשׁ [from An Aramean would attack my ancestor [Deut.26:5 ֵמאֲרַמִּי אוֹבֵד אָבִי [דברים כו:ה] .until he completes the whole parshah עַד שֶׁיִּגְמוֹר כָּל הַפָּרָשָׁה כֻלָּהּ.

Mishnah Five משנה ה :Rabban Gamaliel would say רַבָּן גַּמ ִ ְליאֵל הָיָה ֵאוֹמר: Whoever did not say כָּל ֶ שׁלֹּא אָמַר ,these three things on Pesach ְ שׁלֹשָׁה דְב ִ ָרים ֵ אלּוּ בַפֶּסַח ,has not fulfilled his obligation לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי ָ חוֹבתוֹ, :And these are they ֵ וְאלּוּ הֵן: ,Pesach פֶּסַח, ,Matzah מַצָּה, .and Maror ָ וּמרוֹר. -Pesach פֶּסַח- for haMaqom passed over עַל שׁוּם שֶׁפָּסַח ה ָ ַמּקוֹם .the houses of our fathers in Egypt עַל בָּתֵּי ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ בְמִצְרָיִם. -Matzah מַצָּה- .for our fathers were redeemed from Egypt עַל שׁוּם שׁ ֲ ֶנִּגְאלוּ ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ מִמִּצְרָיִם. -Maror ָ מרוֹר- for the Egyptians embittered עַל שׁוּם שֶׁמּ ְ ֵררוּ הַמִּצ ִ ְרים .our fathers’ lives in Egypt אֶת חַיֵּי ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ בְמִצְרָיִם.

is translated here as ‘ask.’ Will it make a difference if we שׁוֹאֵל Query: What does the son ask? The word 3 translate this Hebrew word as ‘question’ or ‘inquire’ instead of ‘ask’?

,In every generation בְּכָל דּוֹר וָדוֹר a person is obligated to see himself חַיָּב אָדָם ל ְ ִראוֹת אֶת ע ְ ַצמוֹ ,as if he went out of Egypt ְכּ ִ אלּוּ הוּא יָצָא מִמִּצְרַיִם, as it is said שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ,And you shall tell your son on that day וְהִגַּד ְָתּ לְב ִָנְך ַ בּיּוֹם ַ ההוּא לֵאמֹר, It is because of this the Lord did for me‘ בּ ֲ ַעבוּר זֶה עָשָׂה ה' לִי [when I went out of Egypt’.[Ex. 13:8 בּ ֵ ְצאתִי מִמִּצְרָיִם. Therefore we are obligated ל ִ ְפ ָ יכךְ אֲנ ְ ַחנוּ ח ִ ַיָבין ,to thank, to sing hallel, to praise ְ להוֹדוֹת לְהַלֵּל לְשַׁבּ ֵַח ,to glorify, to exalt, to adore לְפָאֵר ְ לרוֹמֵם לְהַדֵּר to bless, to raise, and to laud לְב ֵ ָרךְ לְעַלֵּה וּלְקַלֵּס to the One who did for our fathers and for us לְמִי שֶׁעָשָׂה ל ֲ ַא ֵ בוֹתינוּ ָ וְלנוּ .all these miracles אֶת כָּל ה ִ ַנִּסּים ה ֵ ָאלּוּ. ,He took us out from slavery to freedom ִ הוֹציאָנוּ מֵע ְ ַבדוּת ל ֵ ְחרוּת ,from anguish to joy מִיָּגוֹן לְשִׂמְחָה ,and from mourning to festival וּמֵאֵבֶל ְ ליוֹם טוֹב ,and from deep darkness to great light וּמֵאֲפֵלָה ְ לאוֹר גָּדוֹל ;and from slavery to redemption וּמִשּׁ ְ ִעבּוּד לִגְאֻלָּה .so let us say before him Halleluyah וְנֹאמַר לְפָנָיו ה ְ ַללוּיָהּ.

Mishnah Six משנה ו ?[To what point does he say [the Hallel עַד ֵ היכָן הוּא אוֹמֵר? :The House of Shammai say בֵּית שׁ ַ ַמּאי אוֹמ ִ ְרים: .[to Mother of children joyous [Psalm. 113, verse 9 עַד אֵם הַבָּנִים שְׂמֵחָה. :And the House of Hillel say וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמ ִ ְרים: .[to Flintstone into a fountain [Psalm 114, verse:8 עַד חַלּ ִ ָמישׁ לְמַעְיְנוֹ מָיִם. .[And he seals [this recital] with [the] Redemption [blessing וְחוֹתֵם בִּגְאֻלָּה. :R. Tarfon says רַבִּי ט ְ ַרפוֹן אוֹמֵר: Who redeemed us אֲשֶׁר ָ גְּאָלנוּ .and redeemed our fathers from Egypt וְגָאַל אֶת ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם, [And he would not seal [the Redemption blessing וְלֹא הָיָה חוֹתֵם. :R. Akiva says רַבִּי ע ִ ֲקיבָא אוֹמֵר: ,So, Lord our God and the God of our fathers כֵּן ה' ֱ אלֹ ֵקינוּ וֵאלֹ ֵקי ֲ א ֵ בוֹתינוּ may He bring us יַגִּ ֵ יענוּ to other appointed times and festivals ְ למוֹע ִ ֲדים וְלִרְג ִ ָלים אֲח ִ ֵרים ,that come toward us in peace הַבּ ִ ָאים לִקְר ֵ ָאתנוּ ל ָ ְשׁלוֹם, rejoicing in the rebuilding of your city שְׂמ ִ ֵחים בְּבִנְיַן ִ עירֶָך ,and joyful in your Temple service וְשׂ ִ ָשׂים בּ ֲ ַעבוֹדָתֶָך, and there we shall eat וְנֹאכַל שָׁם .of the sacrifices and the Pesach offerings, etc מִן הַזְּב ִָחים וּמִן הַפְּס ִ ָחים כו' .until Blessed are you Lord, who redeemed Israel עַד ָ בּר וּ ךְ אַתָּה ה' גָּאַל יִשְׂרָאֵל

Mishnah Seven משנה ז .They poured for him the third cup מָזְגוּ לוֹ כוֹס שׁ ִ ְלישִׁי. .He blesses over his food מְב ֵ ָרךְ עַל ְ מזוֹנוֹ. -The fourth ר ִ ְביעִי- ,he finishes over it the Hallel גוֹמֵר ע ָ ָליו אֶת הַהַלֵּל, .and says over it the Blessing of the Song וְאוֹמֵר ע ָ ָליו בִּרְכַּת ה ִ ַשּׁיר ,Between these cups בֵּין ַ הכּוֹסוֹת ה ָ ַלּלוּ, ,if he wants to drink אִם רוֹצֶה ל ְִשׁתּוֹת, .he may drink יִשְׁתֶּה. ,Between the third and the fourth בֵּין שׁ ִ ְלישִׁי לִר ִ ְביעִי, .he may not drink לֹא יִשְׁתֶּה.

Mishnah Eight משנה ח We do not finish up after the Pesach ֵ אין מַפ ִ ְט ִ ירין אַחַר הַפֶּסַח with afikomen א ִ ֲפיקוֹמָן. ,If] some of them slept] ְ יָשׁנוּ מִקְצָתָן, .they may eat יֹאכֵלוּ. ,[But if] all of them [slept] כֻּלָּן, .they may not eat לֹא יֹאכֵלוּ. :R. Yossi says רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: ,If] they dozed] נִתְנַמְנְמוּ, .they may eat יֹאכֵלוּ. ,But if] they fell into deep sleep] נִר ְ ְדּמוּ, .they may not eat לֹא יֹאכֵלוּ.

Mishnah Nine משנה ט The Pesach after midnight הַפֶּסַח אַחַר ֲ חצוֹת .makes the hands impure מְטַמֵּא אֶת הַיָּדָיִם. Piggul and Notar4 ה ִ ַפּגּוּל ַ וְהנּוֹתָר .make the hands impure מְטַמּ ִ ְאין אֶת הַיָּדָיִם. ,If] he blessed the Pesach blessing] בּ ַ ֵרךְ בִּרְכַּת הַפֶּסַח .he has exempted that of the Zevach פָּטַר אֶת שֶׁל זֶבַח. ,If] he blessed that of the Zevach] בּ ַ ֵרךְ אֶת שֶׁל זֶבַח, ,he has not exempted that of the Pesach לֹא פָטַר אֶת שֶׁל ֶפּסַח, .the words of R. Yishma’el דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמ ֵ ָעאל. :R. Akiva says רַבִּי ע ִ ֲקיבָא אוֹמֵר: ,This does not exempt that לֹא זוֹ פוֹטֶרֶת זוֹ, .and that does not exempt this וְלֹא זוֹ פוֹטֶרֶת זוֹ.

.Piggul = sacrifice brought with intention to eat it after its permitted time ִ פּגּוּל :Definitions 4 .Notar = sacrifice meat not eaten within its permitted time נוֹתָר

What is Tosefta? Is Tosefta the first commentary on the Mishnah, a role that was ultimately taken over by Gemara? Or is Tosefta an earlier version of the Mishnah, the raw material from which the Mishnah was created? To help us focus on this question, the sections of T. Pesachim Chapter 10 which are identical to M. Pesachim, Chapter 10, are underlined and bolded in the Hebrew source below, and are presented in Times New Roman, a serif font, in both the Hebrew source and the translation.

[Halachah One [cmp. M. 10:1 הלכה א ,The eve of Pesachim, close to mincha-time ערב פסחים סמוך למנחה .a person is not to eat until it gets dark לא יאכל אדם עד שתחשך. Even the poorest of Israel אפי' עני שבישראל .is not to eat until he sits down formally לא יאכל עד שיסב. He is not to have less than four cups of wine ולא יפחתו לו מארבע כוסות של יין [that have within them the measure of a fourth [of a log שיש בהן כדי רביעית .whether live or diluted, whether new or old בין חי בין מזוג בין חדש בין ישן. :R. Judah says ר' יהודה או': .As long as it has the taste of wine and [its]appearance ובלבד שיהא בו טעם יין ומראה

[Halachah Two [cmp. M. 10:2 הלכה ב .They poured for him the first cup מזגו לו כוס ראשון :The House of Shammai say בית שמיי או' He blesses over the day מברך על היום and then he blesses over the wine ואחר כך מברך על היין for the day causes the wine to come שהיום גורם ליין שיבא and the day has already been sanctified וכבר קדש היום .and the wine has not yet come ועדיין יין לא בא. :And the House of Hillel say ובית הלל אומ' He blesses over the wine מברך על היין and then he blesses over the day ואחר כך מברך על היום for the wine causes שהיין גורם .the [blessing over] the holiness of the day to be said לקדושת היום שתאמר.

Halachah Three הלכה ג Another view: The wine blessing is frequent דבר אחר: ברכת היין תדירא .and the day blessing is not frequent וברכת היום אינה תדירה .and the Halachah is like the words of the House of Hillel והלכה כדברי בית הלל

Halachah Four הלכה ד It is a mitzvah upon a person to gladden his children and the מצוה על אדם לשמח בניו ובני ביתו ברגל members of his house in the pilgrimage holiday. ,With what does he make them happy? with wine במה משמחן? ביין ,as it is written דכת' .(And wine gladdens the heart of a person (Psalms 104:15 ויין ישמח לבב אנוש

,R. Judah says: Women with what is appropriate for them ר' יהודה או' נשים בראוי להם .and children with what is appropriate for them וקטנים בראוי להם

Halachah Five הלכה ה .The waiter dips intestines and puts [them] before the guests השמש מכביש בבני מעים ונותן לפני האורחין ,Even though there is no proof for the matter אע"פ שאין ראיה לדבר :there is a hint for the matter זכר לדבר .(Plough a furrow so that you not sow to thorns (Jer.4:3 נירו לכם ניר ואל תזרעו אל קוצים

Halachah Six הלכה ו ,One who leads the reading of the Hallel המקרא את ההלל .they go to him and read and he does not go to them הם הולכין אצלו וקורין והוא אין הולך אצלם

Halachah Seven הלכה ז One who leads the reading for his minor sons and daughters המקרא את בניו ובנותיו קטנים .he must respond with them in the place they respond צריך להיות עונה עמהן במקום שעונין ?In which place does he respond באי זה מקום הוא עונה? ’When he reaches ‘Praised be the one who comes הגיע לברוך הבא ’he says with them ‘in the name of the Lord אומ' עמהן בשם ה' ,’When he reaches ‘We have blessed you הגיע לברכנוכם .’He says with them ‘from the house of the Lord אומ' עמהן מבית ה'

Halachah Eight הלכה ח People of the city בני העיר who do not have someone to lead them in the Hallel שאין להן מי שיקרא את ההלל go to the synagogue and read the first chapter הולכין לבית הכנסת וקורין פרק ראשון and go and eat and drink והולכין ואוכלין ושותין .and return and come and finish it in its entirety וחוזרין ובאין וגומרין את כולו .and if it is impossible for them, they finish it in its entirety ואם אי איפשר להן גומרין את כולו .As to the Hallel, we don’t reduce it and we don’t add on to it ההלל- אין פוחתין ממנו ואין מוסיפין עליו.

[Halachah Nine [cmp. M. 10:6,3 הלכה ט .R. Lazar b. Parta would keep it simple ר' לעזר בן פרטא היה פושט בו דברים .Rebbi would repeat phrases ר' היה כופל בו דברים :R. Lazar says ר' לעזר אמ': We grab matzah for [the sake of] the children חוטפין מצה לתינוקות .so that they not fall asleep בשביל שלא ישנו :R. Judah says ר' יהודה או': ,Even if he has eaten only one side-dish אפי' לא אכל אלא פרפרת אחת ,even if he has dipped only one lettuce אפי' לא טבל אלא חזרת אחת we grab matzah for [the sake of] the children חוטפין מצה לתינוקות .so that they not fall asleep בשביל שלא ישנו. ?[To which point does he say [the Hallel עד היכן הוא אומ'? :The House of Shammai say בית שמיי או': .until Mother of children joyous עד אם הבנים שמחה

:And the House of Hillel say ובית הלל אומ': .until Flintstone into a fountain עד חלמיש למעינו מים .[and he seals [Hallel] with the redemption [blessing וחותם בגאולה :Said the House of Shammai to the House of Hillel אמרו בית שמיי לבית הלל: ?Have they already left that we should mention the Exodus וכי כבר יצאו שמזכירין יציאת מצרים? :Said to them the House of Hillel אמרו להם בית הלל ,Even if he waits until the call of the rooster אפילו הוא ממתין עד קרות הגבר .they didn’t leave until six hours of the day הרי אילו לא יצאו עד שש שעות ביום. [So how can he say the redemption [blessing היאך אומר את הגאולה ?!yet they have not yet been redeemed ועדין לא נגאלו? Matzah and lettuce and charoset המצה והחזרת והחרוסת .even though charoset is not a mitzvah אף על פי שאין חרוסת מצוה .R. Lazar b. Tzadok says: A mitzvah ר' לעזר בי ר' צדוק אומ' מצוה In the Temple במקדש .they bring before him the body of the Pesach מביאין לפניו גופו של פסח

Halachah Ten הלכה י A ma’aseh when R. Lazar ben R. Tzadok said מעשה ואמ' להם ר' לעזר בר' [צדוק] :to the merchants of Lod לתגרי לוד: ”.Come and take for yourselves the spices of mitzvah“ בואו וטלו לכם תבלי מצוה

[Halachah Eleven [cmp. M. 10:8 הלכה יא We do not finish up after the Pesach with afikoman אין מפטירין אחר הפסח אפיקומן .like nuts, dates, or roasted grain כגון אגוזין תמרים וקליות. ,A person is obligated to study the laws of the Pesach all night חייב אדם לעסוק בהלכות הפסח כל הלילה ,even [if] only between him and his son אפלו בינו לבין בנו ,even [if] only between him and himself אפלו בינו לבין עצמו .even [if] only between him and his student אפלו בינו לבין תלמידו

Halachah Twelve הלכה יב A Ma’aseh of Rabban Gamliel and the elders מעשה ברבן גמליאל וזקנים ,who were reclining in the house of Baitos b. Zonin in Lod שהיו מסובין בבית ביתוס בן זונין בלוד and were occupied with the laws of the Pesach all night והיו עסוקין בהלכות הפסח כל הלילה .until the call of the rooster עד קרות הגבר They lifted [the table] and stirred and went off to the study hall הגביהו מלפניהן ונועדו והלכו להן לבית המדרש

[Halachah Thirteen [cmp. M. 10:9 הלכה יג ?What is the blessing over the Pesach אי זו היא ברכת הפסח? Blessed.who sanctified us through his mitzvot ברוך אשר קדשנו במצותיו .and commanded us to eat the Pesach וצונו לוכל הפסח. ?What is the blessing over the [festival] sacrifice אי זו היא ברכת הזבח? Blessed who sanctified us through his mitzvot ברוך אשר קדשנו במצותיו .and commanded us to eat the [festival] sacrifice וצונו לוכל הזבח.

Translation by Reuven Z. Cohn based on Bokser, The Origins of the Seder

The Farmer’s Recitation: M. Pesachim 10:4 tells us to include in the Passover Seder the farmer’s recitation that Arami Oved Avi. Query: Why were these particular verses ,אֲרַמִּי אֹבֵד אָבִי begins in verse 5 with the words chosen? Is the context of these verses relevant to the Seder? Is the patterning highlighted below relevant?

And it shall be, when you come into the land 1 וְהָיָה כִּי- ָ תבוֹא אֶל- ָ האָרֶץ ,which the LORD your God gives you for an inheritance אֲשֶׁר ה’ ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך נֹתֵן לְָך נַחֲלָה; ;and you possess it, and dwell therein וִירִשְׁתָּהּ וְיָשַׁב ְָתּ בָּהּ. that you shall take of the first of all the fruit of the 2 וְלָקַח ְָתּ מֵר ִ ֵאשׁית כָּל-פְּרִי הָאֲדָמָה ground, which you shall bring in from your land אֲשֶׁר תּ ִ ָביא ֵ מאַרְצְָך that the LORD your God gives you; and you shall put [it] in a basket אֲשֶׁר ה’ ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך נֹתֵן ָ לךְ וְשַׂמ ְָתּ בַטֶּנֶא; and you shall go to the place which the LORD your God וְהָלַכ ְָתּ אֶל-ה ָ ַמּקוֹם ֲאשֶׁר יִבְחַר ה’ ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך .shall choose to cause His name to dwell there לְשַׁכֵּן ְ שׁמוֹ שָׁם. ,And you shall come to the priest who shall be in those days 3 ָ וּב ָאת אֶל- ַ הכֹּהֵן אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה בּ ִ ַיָּמים הָהֵם; :and you shall say to him וְאָמַר ְָתּ א ָ ֵליו ,I profess1 this day to the LORD your God' הִגַּדְתִּי ַ היּוֹם לַה' ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך that I have come to the land כִּי- ָ באתִי אֶל- ָ האָרֶץ '.which the LORD swore to our fathers to give to us אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע ה’ ל ֲ ַא ֵ בֹתינוּ לָתֶת ָ לנוּ. ,And the priest shall take the basket from your hand 4 ָוְלקַח ַ הכֹּהֵן הַטֶּנֶא מִיָּדֶָך; .and he shall set it down before the altar of the LORD your God וְהִנִּ יחוֹ לִפְנֵי מִזְבַּח ה’ ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך. :And you shall speak and say before the LORD your God 5 וְעָנִ ָית וְאָמַר ְָתּ לִפְנֵי ה’ ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך

,An Aramean astray [was] my ancestor' אֲרַמִּי אֹבֵד אָבִי ,and he went down into Egypt וַיֵּרֶד מִצְרַיְמָה ;and he sojourned there, few in number וַיָּגָר שָׁם בִּמְתֵי מְעָט; .and he became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous וַיְהִי-שָׁם ְ לגוֹי גָּדוֹל ָ עצוּם וָרָב. ,And the Egyptians dealt ill with us 6 וַיָּרֵעוּ ָ אֹתנוּ הַמִּצ ִ ְרים ,and they afflicted us ַ וַיְענּוּנוּ; .and they put upon us hard bondage ְ וַיִּתּנוּ עָלֵינוּ עֲבֹדָה קָשָׁה. ,And we cried to the LORD, the God of our fathers 7 וַנִּצְעַק אֶל-ה’ ֱ אלֹהֵי ֲ א ֵ בֹתינוּ; ,and the LORD heard our voice וַיִּשְׁמַע ה’ אֶת-קֹלֵנוּ .and He saw our affliction, and our toil, and our oppression וַיַּרְא אֶת-עָנְיֵנוּ וְאֶת-עֲמָלֵנוּ וְאֶת-לַח ֵ ֲצנוּ. And the LORD brought us out of Egypt 8 וַיּוֹצ ֵ ִאנוּ ה’ מִמִּצְרַיִם ,with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm בְּיָד חֲזָקָה וּב ִַזְרֹע נְטוּיָה .and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders ְ וּבמֹרָא גָּדֹל ְ וּבאֹתוֹת ְ וּבמֹפ ִ ְתים. ,And He has brought us into this place 9 וַיְב ֵ ִאנוּ אֶל-ה ָ ַמּקוֹם הַזֶּה;

,and He has given us this land וַיִּתֶּן- ָ לנוּ אֶת- ָ האָרֶץ ַ הזֹּאת .a land flowing with milk and honey אֶרֶץ זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבָשׁ. And now, behold, I have brought the first of the fruit 10 וְעַתָּה הִנֵּה הֵבֵאתִי אֶת-ר ִ ֵאשׁית פְּרִי '.of the land, which You have given me, O LORD הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר-נָתַתָּה לִּי ה’; ,And you shall set it down before the LORD your God וְהִנּ ְ ַחתּוֹ לִפְנֵי ה’ ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך, .and worship before the LORD your God וְהִשְׁתַּח ֲָוִית לִפְנֵי ה’ ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך. And you shall rejoice in all the good 11 וְשָׂמַח ְָתּ בְכָל- ַ הטּוֹב ,which the LORD your God has given to you, and to your house אֲשֶׁר נָתַן-לְָך ה’ ֱ א ֶ לֹק ָיך--וּלְבֵיתֶָך: {you, and the Levite, and the stranger that is in your midst.{S אַתָּה וְה ֵ ַלּוִי וְהַגֵּר אֲשֶׁר בְּקִרְבֶָּך. {ס}

.הִגַּדְתִּי ,I profess. In the Biblical text, the word translated here as ‘I profess’ is higadti 1