© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-56022-939-1 (Softcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The Authors and Publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans- mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gough, Bob. An encyclopedia of small fruit / Bob Gough. p. cm. ISBN: 978-1-56022-938-4 (hard : alk. paper) ISBN: 978-1-56022-939-1 (soft : alk. paper) 1. Fruit-culture—Encyclopedias. I. Title. SB354.4.G68 2007 634.03—dc22 2007034355 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CONTENTS Introduction 1 Encyclopedia 3 Akebia 3 Appleberry 4 Applerose 4 Ash, Mountain 5 Banana, Custard 5 Barberry 6 Bearberry 7 Bignay 8 Blackberry 9 Blaeberry 12 Blueberry 13 Boysenberry 18 Buckthorn, Sea 19 Buffaloberry 19 Carissa 21 Chequers 22 Cherry, Barbados 22 Cherry, Ground 25 Chokeberry 27 Cranberry 28 Cranberry, Highbush 30 Crowberry 32 Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.)Warb 33 Elderberry 34 Eugenia 37 Feijoa 38 Fig, Hottentot 39 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Filbert 39 Fuchsia Berry 42 Goumi/Gumi 43 Governor’s Plum 43 Grape 44 Grape, Oregon 52 Guava 52 Hawthorn 56 Hill-Gooseberry 56 Holboella 56 Huckleberry 57 Huckleberry, Garden 58 Imbe 59 Jujube 60 Karanda 62 Kei-Apple 62 Kitembilla 62 Kiwifruit 63 Lingaro 68 Lingonberry 68 Loganberry 72 Monstera 73 Nectarberry 74 Nessberry 74 Olallieberry 74 Olive, Autumn 75 Olive, Russian 75 Paniala 76 Passionfruit 76 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Pear, Prickly 79 Phenomenalberry 81 Pineapple 81 Pitaya 84 Pomegranate 85 Prunus 87 Quince, Flowering 96 Raspberry 98 Ribes 103 Rosehips 109 Serviceberry 111 Sheepberry 116 Silverberry 116 Squawbush 116 Strawberry 117 Tayberry 124 Viburnum, Blackhaw 125 Whortleberry 126 Wintergreen 127 Youngberry 128 Glossary 129 Literature Cited 139 Index 147 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ABOUT THE AUTHOR Robert E. Gough, PhD, is Associate Dean for Academic Programs in the College of Agriculture at Montana State University. Dr. Gough is the author, editor, or co-editor of numerous book chapters, over 350 articles, and 14 books, including The Highbush Blueberry and Its Management; Small Fruits in the Home Garden; Glossary of Vital Terms for the Home Gardener; and Blueberries (all from Haworth). He is a current or former member of many professional and honorary societies, including the International Society for Horticultural Sci- ence (ISHS), the American Pomological Society (APS), the Ameri- can Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS), and the American As- sociation for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). In addition to being the recipient of several professional awards and honors, Dr. Gough’s newspaper columns, television segments, and radio pro- grams regularly appear throughout the Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming area. © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Introduction Book introductions usually are an author’s attempt to tell what a book is about and how it should be used, but let me begin this intro- duction by telling what this book is not about. It is not about provid- ing a complete and in-depth review of all small fruits and their cul- ture, nor is it a grower’s manual for commercial production. Rather, this book is an overview of temperate and tropical small fruits with notes on their culture. Some entries provide far more information than others simply because far more is known about the culture of some fruits than of others. This is a book for the home grower and general fruit garden enthu- siast. The text is written in nontechnical language whenever possible and provides information on all aspects of fruit culture that the home grower would require. A deficiency in specific information related, say, to pollination or fertilization of a species generally means that the literature is deficient in that information. Main entries of common names appear in bold letters. Where an entry is not a standard name for a species, or where several common names are in use, the reader is directed to a specific entry. Following the main entry is the name of the family to which the species belongs. This in turn is followed by all synonyms in small capital letters. If the name appearing in the main entry applies to several species, such as in the case of “bearberry,” the more common of those species are listed and described under the heading. In nearly all cases the scien- tific nomenclature adheres to that of Hortus Third: A Concise Dictio- nary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Within each heading, species are described generally in simple language and directions for culture are given in systematic arrangement. Also pro- vided in addition to cultural practices is a general history of the genus and the use of its fruit, notes on propagation, production information if it is available, and the hardiness zone(s) to which the species is adapted. The hardiness zones are those given by the U.S. Department 1 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2 AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL FRUIT of Agriculture. Finally, I have included for the home grower a brief glossary to explain some of the more complicated terms used in the book. At times I have made an arbitrary distinction between a small (bush) fruit and a tree fruit. For example, chokecherry and American plum can be pruned to a single trunk and called tree fruit. However, their natural habit of growth, wherein they sucker profusely and form thickets, renders them bush fruit, and so they are included here. Common names are sometimes confusing, with toxic and non- toxic species sharing the same name, as in the nightshades. Never eat fruit of a plant you cannot positively identify. Further, some people may be allergic to fruit commonly considered edible. Be careful what you eat. Last, this book is the product of work over the past several years. Many have contributed to technical aspects of its formatting and entries. However, its completion at this time is the result of constant urging, encouragement, technical help, and strong support from my wife, Cheryl, and it is to her that I dedicate this work. © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC A acerola: See cherry, Barbados. actinidia, bower (Actinidia arguta): See kiwifruit. Akebia: Lardizabalaceae. This genus contains two species, both monoecious, twining, semievergreen shrubs or vines native to tem- perate areas of east Asia. Leaves alternate, palmately compound; leaflets three to five, stalked, emarginated; flowers purplish, in axillary racemes, sepals three; male flowers toward the apex of the ra- ceme, stamens six; female flowers below, pistils three to twelve; fruit ovoid-oblong, blue or purple berry, dehiscent along one side; seeds many, black (Hortus, 1976). Plants of this genus do best in full sun with well drained soil and are propagated by seeds, hardwood and softwood cuttings, and root division. Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. FIVE-LEAF AKEBIA; CHOCOLATE VINE. Leaflets five, entire. The fragrant, dark-colored flowers open in spring. Native to Japan, China, and Korea. The showy fruit varies in size but is normally about 6 to 8 centimeters (2-3 inches) long and 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter, violet-purple, bloomy, with yel- lowish-green, homogeneous pulp containing 40 to 50 oblong seeds. Flavor sweetish, pleasant, but insipid (Hedrick, 1919; Rehder, 1947). Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) G. Koidz. [A. lobata Decne.]. THREE- LEAF AKEBIA. Leaflets three, coarsely toothed or entire. Native to Ja- pan and China. Cultivated before 1890. This is less handsome than preceding species (Rehder, 1947). alkekengi (Physalis alkekengi): See cherry, ground. almond, flowering (Prunus japonica): See Prunus. amatungula: See Carissa. apricot, Manchurian bush (Prunus armeniaca var. mandshurica): See Prunus. apricot, Siberian bush (Prunus armeniaca var.