Hebron Destroyed from Within Fragmentation, Segregation and Forced Displacement

Home , Beit Ummar, Hebron, Hebron Governorate, Hebron Yeshiva, Rabud

HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

MA’AN DEVELOPMENT CENTER

DESTROYED HEBRONFROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT 1 September 2008 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Contents

Overview 4 The Ibrahimi 6 Mosque

International Settlements: presence in 8 A Culture of 10 Hebron Impunity

Movement Hebron’s and Access 16 Economic 22 Restrictions Decline

Education 26 Forced 28 under Threat Displacement

2 Designed by: Ashraf Zoreqy / 0599821716 Designed by: HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

DESTROYED HEBRONFROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT 3 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Overview

Introduction

nown as El Khalil in Arabic, Hebron is the largest, most populated and Ksouthern most governorate of the West Bank. Home to 551,130 Palestinians who live in 145 communities it covers a total area of 1,067.5 km square.1 The biggest and most important of these communities is Hebron city, with over 170,000 residents.

Hebron under attack Map of Hebron city with Oslo divisions* The Hebron Protocol 6LQFHWKHEHJLQQLQJRISHRSOHLQ Hebron governorate have been killed and In 1997 in accordance with the Hebron 508 injured in direct conflict with Israeli Protocol agreement the city was divided Occupation Forces and settlers. into 2 administrative areas H1 (area KRXUVRIFXUIHZKDYHEHHQLPSRVHGE\ to come under the full control of the IOF on the governorate since January 2005 Palestinian Authority) and H2 (under full Israeli control). H2 covers 20 per %\$SULOWKHUHZHUHVHSDUDWH cent of the city, including the Old City, movement restrictions Placed by IOF in the 4 central settlements and the outlying city of Hebron Kiryat Arba settlement block. Under +HEURQKDVWKHKLJKHVWXQHPSOR\PHQWUDWH Israeli control, H2 has been subject in the West Bank at 28%. to hundreds of military orders, violent ,Q+HEURQ¶V2OG&LW\IRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQW military incursions, severe movement reduced the population from around 10,000 and access restrictions and numerous attacks by settlers. The situation has in the 1950s to just 400 by the mid 90s, as a effectively isolated the centre of the result of IOF measures city from the rest of the urban area and undermines the unity and contiguity of the city which was explicitly called 6RXUFH2&+$DQG3&%6 for in the protocol. During the second intifada the Israeli army also reoccupied H1, placing checkpoints and movement restrictions across the area, effectively subverting Palestinian Authority control of the area, further undermining the agreements.

1 3DOHVWLQHLQILJXUHV3&%6 *Source: Foundation for Middle East Peace 4 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Past and present

he second oldest city in Palestine, Hebron has Tconsiderable religious, cultural and historical significance. Romans, Byzantines, the Muslim Empire, Ottomans and the British have all passed through Hebron and left their mark, much of which is still visible today in the streets and buildings of the Background 2OG&LW\7KHPRVWZHOONQRZQRIWKHVH sites is the Ibrahimi mosque, site of the RFDWHGRQWKHKLVWRULF&DLUR &DYHRI3DWULDUFKVZKHUH$EUDKDP to Damascus trade route and KLVZLIH6DUDDQGWKHLUVRQVDQGZLYHV situated 1,000 metres above the L are reputedly buried. A central figure 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD+HEURQHQMR\V in all three monotheistic religions, its fertile agricultural lands and has long presence means Hebron is a holy site been a hub for trade and commerce. IRU-HZV0XVOLPVDQG&KULVWLDQV 6KRHPDNLQJSURGXFWLRQRIOHDWKHUV and distinctive glassware and ceramics During the Nakba of 1948, residents that are sold across Palestine and IURPWKH%HHU$O6DEH¶UHJLRQIOHG DEURDGDUHVRPHRIWKHFLW\¶VEHVW to the Hebron governorate where known products while the rolling hills many still live in two refugee camps, allow for numerous vineyards from $O$UURXE SRSXODWLRQ DQG$O ZKLFK+HEURQ¶VIDPRXVEODFNKRQH\RU )DZZDU SRSXODWLRQ 6RPH Dibs, comes. of these refugees live just walking distance from their homes.2 Following In stark contrast to its rich and the 1967 occupation, settlements were colourful past, Hebron today is a established in the centre of Hebron suppressed and fragmented city. It is and in 1997 administration of the city the only city in the West Bank, and was divided under the Hebron protocol, only Palestinian urban centre outside part of the Oslo accords. Today the of Jerusalem where Israeli settlements 2OG&LW\RQFHWKHYLEUDQWKHDUWRI have been established in its core. The Hebron filled with markets and diverse presence of the settlers has resulted goods is deserted and severed from in insecurity, segregation and severe the rest of the city by a plethora of restrictions on the movement of PRYHPHQWUHVWULFWLRQV6HUYLFHVKDYH 3DOHVWLQLDQVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFLW\¶V been shut down, traders forced out and historic and once vibrant centre. poverty has risen culminating in the forced displacement of thousands of residents.

2815:$ZHEVLWHwww.un.org/unrwa/refugees/westbank.html 5 5 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

THE IBRAHIMI MOSQUE

Israeli military checkpoint outside the mosque

6 Checkpoint into the mosque

he reputed burial site of Abraham, 7RGD\3DOHVWLQLDQ¶VIUHHGRPRIUHOLJLRXV 6DUDK,VVDF5HEHFFD-DFRE worship is greatly restricted. They T/HDKDQG-RVHSKWKH&DYHRI must pass through a turnstile and the Patriarchs located in the Ibrahimi no fewer than 3 checkpoints through mosque is one of the holiest sites in which access is frequently denied. ,VODPDQG-XGDLVP+HEURQ¶VPRVW During Ramadan 2007 for example, famous and historic landmark, it is also the mosque was closed for 6 days. RQWKHIURQWOLQHRI,VUDHO¶VRFFXSDWLRQDQG On one occasion the closure trapped colonisation policies. worshippers inside for 2 hours while during, the holiest night in Ramadan, Prayers Under Fire settlers threw garbage on Palestinian worshippers who were trying to reach On 25 February 1994, during the month the mosque and the Israeli military of Ramadan*, an Israeli settler from fired sound bombs inside the yards, Kiryat Arba settlement, dressed in interrupting prayers and creating 3 military uniform entered the Friday dawn chaos. prayer and opened fire on worshippers. 29 Palestinians were killed and over 125 No such restrictions or threats apply to injured. In the immediate aftermath of settlers, who continue to celebrate the the massacre, Israeli Occupation Forces anniversary of the massacre. placed Palestinians under curfew and prohibited them from visiting the PRVTXH7KHUHIROORZHGLWVGLYLVLRQ per cent remains a mosque while 60 per cent was set aside as a synagogue for the much smaller settler population.

3VHH2&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU6HSWHPEHU *Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; the holy month of fasting in which participating Muslims do not eat or drink anything from true dawn until sunset. 7 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE IN HEBRON

Christian Peacemaker Team watching at a roadblock in Hebron

8 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

s a result of the current situation, several international Aorganisations maintain Article 3 of 904 resolution a presence in Hebron. The “Calls for measures to be taken largest of these is the Temporary to guarantee the safety and protection of the Palestinian ci- International Presence in Hebron vilians throughout the occupied 7,3+ DJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQ territory, including, established following the 1994 inter alia, a temporary inter- Ibrahimi mosque massacre and national or foreign presence, HQVXLQJ6HFXULW\&RXQFLOUHVROXWLRQ which was provided for in the Declaration of Prin- 904. Essentially a product of the ciples (S/26560), within the Oslo accords, TIPH does not operate context of the ongoing peace within the UN system but instead process”. has a 6 month renewable mandate agreed upon by the PLO and Israeli JRYHUQPHQW7,3+¶VDFWLYLWLHVDUH limited to observing, monitoring and Despite the presence of such reporting to its member countries, RUJDQL]DWLRQV6HWWOHUDQG,2)DWWDFNV who may then intervene with the continue and members of all three appropriate authorities through organizations have themselves been diplomatic channels. It also has a targeted.4 For example in April 2006 limited budget to fund and support an Ecumenical Accompanier was community projects. badly attacked by a settler boy and needed stitches to treat a wound Invited in 1995 by the Mayor of on her head and in March 2007, a +HEURQWKH&KULVWLDQ3HDFHPDNHU TIPH observer was hospitalized after 7HDP &37 KDVPDLQWDLQHGD DVHWWOHUDWWDFNRQ6KXKDGDVWUHHW presence ever since. In 2001 it Other reported impediments to their was joined by the Ecumenical work include; reluctance of the Israeli Accompaniment Programme in Occupation Forces to cooperate, 3DOHVWLQHDQG,VUDHO ($33, %RWK soldiers on the ground contradicting of these NGOs carry out observer military orders and the military not functions and accompany Palestinians answering reports. in the especially vulnerable areas of H2, especially on school runs.

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9 9 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

SETTLEMENTS: A CULTURE OF IMPUNITY

A view through Israeli barbed wires to “Shavei Hebron Yeshiva” [originally Palestinian building] in Beit Romano settlement in Shuhada Street

10 IOF accompanying settlers in H2

ebron has been a major is characterized by continued acts of WDUJHWRI,VUDHO¶VFRORQLVDWLRQ violence towards Palestinians. policies in the West Bank and Houtside of Jerusalem, is the +HEURQ¶VVHWWOHUVHQMR\WKHVXSSRUW only Palestinian city to have settlements and protection of the Israeli military, a in its centre. 25 settlements litter the relationship that has allowed them to governorate and outposts continue dispossess the indigenous Palestinian to be established with both the population and annex much of the acquiescence and open support of 2OG&LW\$GLUHFWUHVXOWRIWKHVHWWOHU the Israeli authorities. Between 1979 violence and the hundreds of military and 1983, Israel established Avraham and closure orders, Palestinians have Avino, Beit Romano, Beit Hadassah EHHQIRUFLEO\GLVSODFHGDQG+HEURQ¶V and Tel Rumeida which house 500 to 2OG&LW\LWVFXOWXUDODQGUHOLJLRXVKHDUW 600 religious settlers whose behaviour has become a virtual ghost town.

No. of Settler Incidents in Hebron Governorate by Party Affected and Month, June 2007 -- June 2008

20 18 16 17 17

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n 14 e 12 d 11

Source: UN OCHA. Almost 70 per cent of the incidents charted above took place in the H2 area of Hebron. 49 per cent of incidents resulted in casualties while 52 per cent resulted in prevention of access for Palestinians.

11 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Other, 34

No. of Settler Incidents in Hebron Governorate by Locality, June 2007 -- June 2008

Yatta, 10

Hebron H2, 96

7KHQXPEHURIDVVDXOWVRQFLYLOLDQVKDVJURZQVWHDGLO\,&5&GDWDFROOHFWHGLQWKH field indicates that the number of offenses has more than tripled in the last five years, while police investigations are rare and most of the time reach the conclusion that ‘the culprits could not be identified. ,&5&'LJQLW\GHQLHG1RYHPEHU

Israeli settlements in Hebron governorate

SETTLEMENT DATE ESTABLISHED POPULATION (2006) Adora 1983 220 Asfar 1984 257 Eshkelot 1982 225 Hagai 1984 477 Karme Zur 1984 696 Karmel 1981 357 Kefar Ezyon 1967 448 Kiryat Arba and Givat Kharsina 1972 &RPELQHGSRSXODWLRQ 0D¶RQ 1981 370 Mezadot Yehuda 1980 462 Migdal Oz 1977 345 Negohut 1982 172 2WQH¶LO 1983 752 Pene Hever 1982 392 6DQVDQD 1997 NA 6KDQL 1989 416 6KLP¶D 1985 368 6XVH\D 1983 737 Telem 1981 167 Tene 1983 538 OLD CITY OF HEBRON Abraham Avino Beit Hadassa 6WDUWHGLQ &RPELQHGSRSXODWLRQ Beit Romano Tel Rumeida 6RXUFH)RXQGDWLRQIRU0LGGOH(DVW3HDFH 12 Attacks on Palestinians Approximately 81% of Palestinian children injured by Israeli settlers in ettlers across the West Bank 2007 were in the Hebron governorate, benefit from almost total impunity. particularly the H2 area. SNowhere is this more obvious than 2&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU6HSWHPEHU in Hebron.

Zleikhah, who has been renting an DSDUWPHQWRQ6KDOODODVWUHHWIRUWKHODVW 2 years has been attacked by a female settler, suffers constant verbal abuse and stone throwing, and the water pipes to her apartment have been cut. Her experience is by no means unique. From January 1st to June 30th, 26 separate incidents of settler violence directed towards Palestinians and their property in H2 area were recorded LQ812&+$¶VZHHNO\EULHILQJQRWHV These include shooting, throwing Molotov Zleikhah made this mural that says Salam (peace in Arabic) cocktails, throwing stones and attacking from stones settlers throw at her in her house people inside their homes. Thirteen of The situation is compounded by WKHVHDWWDFNV SHUFHQW UHVXOWHGLQ Palestinians lack of trust in the complaints injury to 35 Palestinians. At least 8 of the procedures. As Zleikhah explains, victims were children. 3 of the incidents Palestinians must go to Givat Kharsina involved attacks on Palestinian schools settlement to file complaints, a process and 5 incidents resulted in damage to that can take up to 6 hours. Most of the Palestinian property. time the perpetrators are not prosecuted Overall, a response or intervention by the and victims risk mistreatment by Israeli Israeli military or police was recorded on authorities and further victimization. It only 6 occasions. On 4 of these occasions is a situation that results in significant however, it was the Palestinians who underreporting and underestimates of were attacked by settlers who were then the problem. Zleikhah however continues arrested while on another occasion it was to file complaints in the belief that it may Israeli activists protesting the settlements RQHGD\\LHOGUHVXOWV

who were arrested. Only once were settlers apprehended by IOF and then ‘We have a major problem here. They [the settlers] understand our weak point they were merely removed from a school – and they use children under the age they had broken into. No attacks were of criminal responsibility, under the age recorded on settlers by Palestinians of twelve. They do this intentionally. The during this period.5 children throw stones, break walls. They are the tactical wing, even the strategic wing, of the adults.’ Israeli police commander, Hebron District 5'DWDFROOHFWHGIURP2&+$ZHHNO\EULHILQJQRWHV 4XRWHGLQµ*KRVW7RZQ¶%¶7VHOHPDQG $&5,0D\ 13 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Abuses are increasingly committed by settler children

ettler violence in Hebron is increasingly perpetrated by children who are encouraged by Stheir parents and communities to commit crimes in a deliberate effort to avoid legal consequences.6 Israeli laws applied to settlers set the age of criminal responsibility at 12 and rather than enforcing the law on minors, the police and army are granting them absolute immunity.

6 This phenomenon is referenced in Ghost Town %W¶6HOHPDQG$&5,0D\ 14 as well as in interviews with residents of and organisations operating in H2 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Israeli military abuses “Undoubtedly the most aggravated settler behaviour occurs in Hebron, where Palestinian schoolchildren are assaulted and humiliated on their way to schools, shopkeepers are beaten and residents live in fear of settler terror. Despite rulings of the High Court of Justice that it is the duty of the IDF to protect Palestinian farmers from settlers, there is still evidence that the IDF turns a blind eye to settler violence and, on occasion, collaborates with the settlers in harassing and humiliating Palestinians. Indeed I have witnessed such conduct on the part of the IDF myself in Hebron.”

816SHFLDO5DSSRUWHXURQWKHVLWXDWLRQRIKXPDQULJKWVLQWKH Palestinian territories, January 2007. (report retrieved 18 July 2008 from OHCHR website)

he 600 Israeli settlers in +HEURQ¶VFHQWUHDUHSURWHFWHG Tby around 1,500 Israeli soldiers and police, exposing the 35,000 Palestinians in H2 to violence from both settlers and the military. Hebronites are routinely subject to arbitrary search, arrest and detention and there have been numerous cases of Israeli Occupation Forces abusing Palestinians and participating in acts of violence alongside settlers. One of the worst attacks was the killing of 18 year old Imran Abu Hamdiya in 2002. He was forced into a military jeep in H2, beaten and abused before being driven to the industrial area of the city whereupon he was thrown out of the vehicle while it was travelling at speed, killing him.7

Number of searches Number of arrest carried out by IOF on and detentions on Year residents of Hebron Palestinian residents governorate by IOF

2005 619 427 2006 1413 736 2007 925 930 2008 391 398 XQWLOHQG-XQH

6RXUFH2&+$SURWHFWLRQRIFLYLOLDQVGDWDEDVH

Settler children enter HȈ with IOF escort 76HHDFFRXQWRIFDVHKWWSZZZEWVHOHPRUJHQJOLVK 15 beating_and_abuse/20080429_abu_hamdiyeh_verdict.asp 15 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

MOVEMENT AND ACCESS RESTRICTIONS

Gun-toting IOF restricting a road in H2

16 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT By April 2008, 316 separate restrictions on movement were recorded in Hebron Restricted road in H2

ebron has the most closure LQ-XO\ 7KHPRVWIODJUDQW restrictions of any governorate example of this road apartheid is the Hin the West Bank dictating daily prohibition of Palestinian access to the life, and greatly compromising access PDLQVWUHHWLQWKHFLW\6KXKDGDK6WUHHW to basic services and livelihoods. DVZHOODV2OGDQG1HZ6KDODOD6WUHHWV which form the backbone of the Old By April 2008, 316 separate &LW\7KHHQIRUFHGSHGHVWULDQLVDWLRQ restrictions on movement were of this area has also greatly affected recorded.8 A staggering 40 per cent of business as traders must find these –some 89 separate restrictions alternative ways to transport goods to ±DUHIRXQGLQLWV2OG&LW\5HVLGHQWV their shops. of H2 are required to register with the Israeli occupying Power to access their homes meaning that almost In H2, 89 movement and access any journey outside ones house restrictions; is punctuated by time consuming questions and humiliating searches. 14 checkpoints 13 iron walls 44 roadblocks Restricted roads 13 road gates 5 observation towers Palestinians are restricted from using 6RXUFH812&+$FORVXUHPDSV$SULO all roads running between, adjacent or towards settlements. This includes 21 roads that are banned to Palestinian traffic (under a military order renewed

8 The next closest being Nablus governorate which counted 104 separate UHVWULFWLRQVRQPRYHPHQW6RXUFH2&+$FORVXUHPDSV$SULO

17 17 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Curfews

ince the beginning of the second It is estimated that during the second Intifada, Israel has imposed intifada the IOF imposed 584 days of hundreds of hours of curfew on curfew on the Old City of Hebron. S 812&+$ the Palestinian population in Hebron. The curfews may last for weeks or months at a time, with residents is near complete, 43 hours of curfew only allowed to leave their homes to were recorded in the governorate from purchase basis provisions. They have 6HSWHPEHUWR-XQHRYHU not only added to the near economic a third of which was imposed on H1 collapse in the heart of the city but place 2&+$ 7KHVHWWOHUSRSXODWLRQKDV immense economic and psychological never been placed under curfew. pressures on families who may be stuck indoors for months on end, Flying checkpoints prevented from accessing educational and health services, or from pursuing From June 2007 to June 2008 the their livelihoods. Although the number number of flying checkpoints in the of curfews has fallen in recent years as governorate fluctuated from no fewer Israeli control on Palestinian movement than 50, to a high of 99 per month.

Restricted access into the city West Bank, the matrix of checkpoints and bypass roads also means that armers from surrounding communities outside of the main villages are unable to access municipal area have been cut off from markets. Of the 11 access the social and public services they rely points controlling entry and upon. The situation will be aggravated F as the separation wall is completed in exit from local villages into the city all 11 were closed until May 2008 (one WKH6RXWKDQQH[LQJPRUHODQGWR,VUDHO access point has since been opened and increasing displacement pressures DW$O)DKDV $VZLWKHOVHZKHUHLQWKH on dispossessed Palestinian villagers.

18 In June, the IOF announced that 20 closures or physical obstacles to The restrictions have severe movement were removed (ten in the humanitarian and economic Hebron governorate, six in Ramallah impacts and four in Nablus). OCHA conducted a ¿HOGVXUYH\UHJDUGLQJWKHVHUHPRYDOV Nine closures could not be found within s a result of the restrictions, 400 meters of the location provided by the IOF. Of the 11 located, six were children are forced to make IRXQGWREHRIPLQLPDOVLJQL¿FDQFHIRXU Aarduous journeys to nearby ZHUHRIQRVLJQL¿FDQFHDQGRQHZDV schools passing near settlements from not removed. which they have been attacked and 812&+$-XQH access for humanitarian organizations and ambulances and fire trucks into WKH2OG&LW\KDVEHHQUHGXFHGWR just one entry point (compared to IRXUSUHYLRXVO\ %HWZHHQ6HSWHPEHU 2000 and January 2006 the Hebron Fire department recorded an average of 15 minutes waiting time to obtain DXWKRUL]DWLRQWRDFFHVVWKH2OG&LW\2Q RFFDVLRQV RXWRIDWRWDORIFDOOV the delay was for more than one hour. The fire department has consequently been forced to open a branch in the industrial zone of H2.

In addition, the Palestinian Red Palestinians passing in front of Israeli settlement &UHVFHQWVRFLHW\HVWLPDWHVWKDWWKH [originally Palestinian building] in H2 WLPHWRUHDFKSDWLHQWVLQWKH2OG&LW\ has increased from 7 to 14 minutes. From September 2000 – January 2006, When ambulances are required to pass 25% of the calls received by the Hebron through a checkpoint the average time Fire Department were subject to a delay to reach patients is 43 minutes.9 of more than one hour before Israeli authorization was given. The closures have also forced a number of Palestinian Authority and civil society organizations to relocate to Movement and access restrictions Hebron governorate April 2008; areas less affected, consolidating the marginalization of those residents who 2 check points on Green Line remain.10 into Israel 12 check points 6 partial checkpoints 29 road gates 29 road blocks 9812&+$µ7KHFORVXUHRI+HEURQ¶V2OG&LW\¶ 127 earth mounds 107KHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVLQFOXGHWKH+HEURQ:RPHQ¶V6RFLHW\WKH Ministry of Information and the Union of Agricultural Workers 6RXUFH812&+$ &RPPLWWHH812&+$µ7KHFORVXUHRI+HEURQ¶V2OG&LW\¶ 19

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D d a e y JORDAN LEBANON 5 West Bank 13 13 44 89 ,65$(/ 6WULS SEA Gaza Planned andconstructed 25 km MEDITERRANEAN EGYPT Hebron H1/H2 Hebron West Bank Barrier 050 UN Office for Humanitarian AffairsUN Office Coordination the of March 2007 West Bank Closures - Hebron Old City 20 Checkpoints Fences and Walls Iron Roadblocks Road Gates Observation Towers 14 TOTAL HEBRON OLD CITYHEBRON OLD CLOSURES

S D d a HEBRON DESTROYEDe FROM WITHIN

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3 * ' Eshkolot Sansana HEBRON CLOSURES Ar Ramadin Not including an additional 76 checkpoints and obstacles in the Old City of Hebron (H2) 1 UN Office for Humanitarian Affairs of UN Office Coordination the March 2007 West Bank Closures - Hebron

21 CheckpointsPartial Checkpoints Roadblocks Road Gates Mounds Earth Earth Walls 15 Trenches Barriers Road TOTAL The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on whatsoever opinion any of expression the imply not do map on this material of presentation the and employed designations The of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. R

0DSGRHVQRWLQFOXGHFKHFNSRLQWVDQGREVWDFOHVLQWKH2OG&LW\RI+HEURQ 21 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

From trading hub to aid dependence: Hebron’s economic decline

W¶VDPLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHZHHN Of the 10% of the original population who DQGWKHKHDUWRI+HEURQ¶VDQFLHQW still live in the Old City, eight out of ten Imarket area should be buzzing with adults are unemployed and an estimated activity, yet barely any shops are open. 75% live below the poverty line. A recent survey conducted by the Ministry of Most are shuttered up – padlocked or National Economy found that the average ZHOGHGVKXW,QGHHG+HEURQ¶VKLVWRULFDO income per household in the area is about importance as a major commercial $160 per month while the average for the hub is a far cry from the current West Bank is $405.

reality. The decline has had severe 812&+$7KH+XPDQLWDULDQ,PSDFWRI,VUDHOL humanitarian consequences including infrastructure in the West Bank, 2007. increased poverty and aid dependence and increased forced displacement It is hard to underestimate the impact of pressures. WKHVHFORVXUHVWKHEXVVWDWLRQZDVDW the time the busiest in the Middle East after those of Jerusalem and Amman. Hebron’s economic decline ,WVFORVXUHHIIHFWLYHO\FXWWKH2OG&LW\ started in the 1980s off from customers and suppliers who relied on the public transport to access he commercial decline of Hebron WKHPDUNHWV7KH+HEURQ&KDPEHURI started with the proliferation of the &RPPHUFHUHFRUGHGWKDWHYHQEHIRUH Tsettlements. In 1983, settlers took the first Intifada, more than 60 per cent RYHU8VDPDLEQDO0XQTLGK6FKRRO RIWKHVKRSVDORQJ6KXKDGDVWUHHW which resulted in the IOF shutting down had closed due to the resultant lack of the main bus station and the gas station. trade.11

11 Report, ‘the closure of Hebron’s Old City.’2&+$ Hebron office. 22 Deserted market in Hebron old city Of the 1,800 food parcels distributed by the ICRC in H2, recipients include all residents of the Old Souk area

Worsening situation with the Poverty and unemployment second intifada 75 per cent of the residents of the Old f the 1,610 shops that existed in 6RXNOLYHEHORZWKHSRYHUW\OLQHDQG WKH2OG&LW\EHIRUH6HSWHPEHU 80 per cent of those of working age O2000, 354 have been closed are unemployed. The value of property by verbal or written military order and has fallen dramatically and many shop 700 had been driven out of business owners have lost the considerable because of a lack of trade. Yusri, a down payments they had to make lawyer who also owns an internet and to lease their shops. Of 1,800 food photocopying store in H2, noticeable SDUFHOVGLVWULEXWHGE\WKH,&5&LQ+ as the only business open within a recipients include all residents of the 100m radius, explains that customers 2OG6RXNDUHD12 In May 2006, food have been scared away. ‘People are insecurity in the Hebron governorate afraid of settlers or of being stopped by (i.e. the incidence of those unable to the IOF. Today no one with an Israeli DIIRUGDEDODQFHGPHDO ZDVSHU VHFXULW\¿OHZRXOGGUHDPRIFRPLQJWR cent, an increase of 24 per cent on the the area and other people have simply previous year.13 been prevented from accessing this area’. Of the 650 shops that UHPDLQLQWKH2OG&LW\MXVW 12'DWDIURPWKH0LQLVWU\RI6RFLDO$IIDLUVDQG0LQLVWU\ per cent are estimated to be RIWKH1DWLRQDO(FRQRP\TXRWHGLQ812&+$µ7KH functioning. FORVXUHRI+HEURQ¶V2OG&LW\¶ 13 Food insecurity in the occupied Palestinian territory, &$3UHYLVHGHPHUJHQF\DSSHDO0D\

Decorative pottery painting HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

HEURQ¶VSRYHUW\KDVDOVREHFRPH The Hebron Chamber of Commerce VHOISHUSHWXDWLQJ7KHILUVWWR estimates that the value of a 36m2 shop has HEHGLVSODFHGIURPWKH2OG&LW\ declined from 125,000JD in 1982 to less were those with the economic means than 5,000JD by 2005. to relocate to safer areas. Poorer residents found themselves ‘internally VWXFN¶XQDEOHWROHDYHGHVSLWHRQJRLQJ violations of their rights. Over time they have been joined by other poor families attracted by the free rent and tax breaks currently offered by Hebron 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHHLQWKH2OG &LW\

Far reaching consequences

ccording to the Ministry of National Economy, 60 per cent Aof all imports enter the West Bank via Hebron and 40 per cent of Palestinian industries are located in WKH+HEURQGLVWULFW14 numerous small villages and rural communities also rely upon the city to sell produce and access services and amenities. The GLVDSSHDUDQFHRI+HEURQ¶VPDLQ markets and inability to access the city has cost many villagers a primary source of income meaning alternative markets and services have been established, breaking down centuries old centralised community structures. Last summer, farmers in communities on the outskirts of Hebron city including %HLW8PPDU$O%DT¶DK$O%ZHLUDDQG Wadi Al Ghrous were forced to leave JUDSHVRQWKHYLQHFORVXUHSROLFLHV and the inability of reaching different markets has driven prices so low that it did not make economic sense to hire people to pick the grapes, rent the boxes to collect the grapes and pay for transportation to market.15

Palestinian women shop in the old city under protective netting to avoid settler attacks 14&LWHGLQ812&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU-XO\ 15&LWHGLQ812&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU$XJXVW 24 Arial view of a deserted Palestinian fruit market Drought +HEURQ¶VHFRQRP\KDVEHHQIXUWKHU weakened by drought. From mid November 2007 (the beginning of the rainy VHDVRQ XQWLOWKHHQGRIWKDW\HDURQO\ PLOOLPHWUHVRIUDLQIHOOLQ+HEURQ&LW\DV compared to the normal 250 millimetres. Along with the increase price of animal fodder this has greatly weakened the JRYHUQRUDWH¶VDJULFXOWXUDOEDVHDQGSRVHV an existential threat to local herders.16

CASE STUDY: it is he is barely able to cover his running costs. Living in nearby Jabal Jawhar, Abu Hisham must * ABU HISHAM take transportation to the checkpoint, which he must pass through on foot, before walking the rest For almost 55 years, Abu Hisham has been of the way to work, which includes passing through working in his gift shop outside the Ibrahimi 2 more checkpoints. It is a time consuming process mosque. Located in what used to be a bustling city that is often compounded by the rude and abusive centre, sustaining hundreds of Palestinian families, EHKDYLRXURIWKHVROGLHUV$WOHDVWWLPHVD business today is almost non existent and only 5 month he is prevented from reaching his shop, Palestinian shops remain. There are many days though no reason is ever given. Nor is he permitted when Abu Hisham does not sell a thing. to open on Jewish holidays.

Remembering fondly the days before the Once at work, Abu Hisham faces a new series of RFFXSDWLRQZKHQWRXULVWVIURP7XUNH\6DXGL challenges. On the infrequent occasions when Arabia, Egypt and further afield would flock to customers do enter the shop they may be harassed Hebron, he explains that the situation has been and attacked by settlers. ‘Sometimes settlers walk on a downward spiral ever since. Although things into the shop and drag customers out’ he recounts. worsened considerably during the first Intifada ‘They shout at the clients and tell them they should when the IOF forced him to close his shop for not buy from us ... One time settler women entered several years, for Abu Hisham the worst period the shop next door and started breaking everything coincided with the implementation of the Oslo inside. The soldiers and police came but claimed Accords and the harsh restrictions imposed on they could do nothing.’ Palestinians in the aftermath of the Ibrahimi mosque massacre. These restrictions have only Though defiant and determined to keep his shop increased during the second Intifada. open, Abu Hisham acknowledges that this was not possible for many former shop owners. ‘My For Abu Hisham, turning up to work these days is children are all grown up’, but if you have a family more a question of giving himself something to do to support, you cannot continue like this, you are UDWKHUWKDQHDUQLQJDOLYLQJZLWKEXVLQHVVWKHZD\ forced to leave.’

Abu Hisham outside his shop

166HH812&+$+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRU'HFHPEHU *Interview conducted 15 July, 2008 25 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Education under threat

The current situation has gravely DIIHFWHGFKLOGUHQ¶VULJKWWRHGXFDWLRQ In communities close to settlements, Performance in reduced attendance has been recorded the end of school while performance in the end of school matriculation exam – or Tawjihi – falls matriculation exam well below the average for Hebron as – Tawjihi – falls a whole. In 2006 for example, Tariq Ibn Ziad and Abdel Khaleq Yaghmour well below the VFKRROVLQWKH2OG&LW\UDQNHGDQG average for Hebron 39 out of 40 in terms of pass rates of schools managed by the Directorate of as a whole. Education in Hebron.

Attendance in the three schools closest to settlements Percentage School 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 reduction in attendance Qurtuba girls 194 196 148 139 85 88 101 47% school

Al Fayhaa 327 335 269 253 207 217 215 33%

Ibrahimi boys 532 539 428 401 309 352 365 31% school

Source: Directorate of Education in Hebron

Higher education in Hebron has 2003 however during the 8 months also been targeted by the Israeli university administrations had been Occupation Forces. In January forced to schedule classes in local 2003, the Israeli Army issued closure secondary schools, after school orders and sealed the gates of the hours, in environments classes Hebron University and the Palestine far from conducive to learning and Polytechnic University. The military educational attainment. orders were finally lifted in August

26 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

CASE STUDY: QURTUBA SCHOOL

uring the 1990s Qurtuba school Initiatives for a safer educational for girls catered for approximately environment: D250 students. However forced displacement and repeated attacks on the Getting Israeli border police to station children reduced attendance to just 78 at vehicles outside the school as children one point. As current school principle Reem arrive and leave, to mitigate for settler $O6KHUHHIH[SODLQVµparents care about harassment and attacks; their children’s education and we were not Keeping detailed records of all attacks able to protect them... the situation was just on children which are routinely sent to not conducive to their learning.¶ those international agencies present in Hebron as well as the Israeli authorities. Attacks by settlers on the school over the This both increases the visibility of last 12 months include, setting fire to the Israeli actions and helps the girls who VFKRRO $XJXVW GHVWUR\LQJWKHQHZO\ know they have someone to talk to; UHIXUELVKHGJDUGHQIXQGHGE\WKH,&5& 6WUHQJWKHQLQJWKHWHDFKHUSDUHQW 1RYHPEHU DQGWU\LQJWRHQWHUWKH councils which keep parents well school and breaking windows and the door informed of issues pertaining to their 0DUFK . The main problem however FKLOGUHQ¶VVDIHW\ is the frequent attack on students on their &RRUGLQDWLQJZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOJURXSV way to or from school by settler children offering protective presence to ensure who hurl stones or shout verbal abuse. their presence at the school during As Reem explains, ‘Girls reach the school Jewish holidays when attacks are either by passing through the checkpoint more likely, (for example during Purim and through areas inhabited by settlers or 2008, international volunteers slept in by cutting through the cemetery: it’s the the school and were able to prevent worst possible start to their day.’ settlers from breaking in and causing IXUWKHUGDPDJH Two years ago the school administration 6WDUWLQJWKHVFKRROGD\KDOIDQKRXU commissioned a survey and found that earlier to avoid confronting settlers; one third of the students were suffering Rehabilitating and expanding facilities psychological problems including insomnia, to provide the children with a safe inability to concentrate and problems space for extra curricular activities (the verbally communicating. ‘The worst period school is currently looking to renovate was during the second intifada when DQHDUE\EXLOGLQJ many school days were lost to curfew and the school was forced to teach students Attendance increased to 118 last academic in shifts during the afternoon in schools \HDUDQGSURMHFWHGLQWDNHIRULV in H1… even until recently though the around 150. However, as Reem explains children were being attacked at least once there is only so much the administration a week, and always on Saturdays.¶,Q can do in the current climate, ‘Right now we response, the school administration cut have small classes and excellent teachers WZRKRXUVRIIRI6DWXUGD\FODVVHVWRDYRLG but the pressure these girls live under don’t confrontations with settlers. Over the last 2 allow them to learn…when they are with years they have also undertaken a number me at school I can make every effort to of initiatives to create a safer environment protect them, but when they leave, I cannot which has also boosted attendance. These guarantee their safety.’ include; ,QWHUYLHZZLWKVFKRROSULQFLSOH5HHP$O6KHUHHI July 2008.

27 27 Palestinian homes whose residents were forced out HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Forced displacement

iolence and insecurity, denied Shrinking City: population decline access to basic services and due to forced displacement from Vthe destruction of livelihoods Hebron’s Old City. have combined to force thousands of x 1950s – approximately 10,000 Palestinians in H2 from their homes. x 1967 – 7,500 $FFRUGLQJWRWKH&KULVWLDQ3HDFHPDNHU x 1970 – 6,000 Team, families are especially vulnerable x 1985 – 1,620 to displacement when they have older x 1990 – 1,501 children. Teenage boys are a frequent x mid 90s – approximately 400 target of the Occupation Forces, constantly x today – approximately 5,000 stopped at checkpoints and at risk of Data from interview with Hebron Rehabilitation arbitrary arrest and detention and for many &RPPLWWHHDQGUHSRUWThe Old City of Hebron, families the risks become too high. Can it be saved? In addition to these triggers, Israeli Displacement in numbers Occupation have also confiscated Palestinian land and demolished a number stimates from the 1950s place the of houses. In July 2005 Palestinian SRSXODWLRQRI+HEURQ¶V2OG&LW\DW agricultural lands were taken by Israeli Ea bustling 10,000.17 By the mid 90s military order in order to build a 6km road however settler intimidation and military around Kiryat Arba and Givat Harsina closures meant that only 400 people settlements and in August 2004, 3 historic remained. Data published in 2007 shows KRXVHVLQWKH2OG&LW\ZHUHGHPROLVKHG that at least 1,014 Palestinian housing WREXLOGDVRFDOOHGµVHFXULW\URDG¶OLQNLQJ units in H2 had been vacated –42 Per Kiryat Arba to the settlements in H2. cent of the total housing units there.18

A Palestinian boy sitting outside his home in Hebron 2OG&LW\VHWWOHU¶VJUDI¿WLLV seen on the door

17,QWHUYLHZZLWK+HEURQ5HKDELOLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHH-XO\ 18*KRVW7RZQ%W¶6HOHPDQG$&5,0D\ 28 Entrance to a Palestinian house boarded up in H2 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

These figures are though likely to underestimate the extent of forced displacement in Hebron as many abandoned properties had been filled Displacement also threatens by more vulnerable IDPs (Internally 'LVSODFHG3HUVRQV IURPRXWO\LQJ rural communities areas at the time of the survey. Today the population is slowly bouncing back. Around 5,000 people now live in he resettlement of IDP families DSSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKH2OG&LW\7KHVH IURPWKHVRXWKLQWRWKH2OG&LW\ people are both returnees, and IDPs Thighlights the broader issue of from villages in the south.19 forced displacement across the Hebron governorate. Many small communities 7KHYDVWPDMRULW\RI+HEURQ¶V ORFDWHGLQ$UHD&XQGHU,VUDHOLFLYLODQG displacement has been from H2 and most military control are at high risk of forced of the IDPs have resettled in the H1 area displacement by home demolitions, forced of the city. However as more IDPs from HYLFWLRQVDQGVHWWOHUYLROHQFH6RPH the south of the governorate are forced communities have already been entirely to move to escape settler violence, house displaced. For example, in Masaffer demolitions and forced evictions, the city

architectural heritage. In pursuit of this goal it has also facilitated return and resettlement for hundreds of IDPs. Working in partnership with Ministries, local NGOs, donor governments, WKH&KDPEHURI&RPPHUFHDQGWKH PXQLFLSDOLW\WKH+5&

6WUDWHJLFDOO\FRQVWUXFWVQHZ Palestinian infrastructure across H2, by building to contain and encircle settlements to prevent their expansion and interconnectivity; 2. Reclaims and rehabilitates existing infrastructure, to strengthen the community and help reconnect H2 with the rest of the city; 3. Provides an aid package for those OLYLQJLQWKH2OG&LW\LQFOXGLQJIUHH housing, $200 for each shop keeper per month, tax breaks, free water, building restoration, food parcels, social activities and insurance. They also have a team of social workers on hand to help families deal with the stresses from living in such a pressurized environment.

This holistic approach has played an important role in repopulating Responding to +HEURQ¶VKLVWRULFFRUHDQGHQVXULQJ durable solutions (namely return and displacement UHVHWWOHPHQW IRU,'3V1HYHUWKHOHVVD major displacement trigger remains that KHUHMXYHQDWLRQRI+HEURQ¶V2OG the organisation can do little to mitigate &LW\KDVEHHQDFKLHYHGLQODUJH IRU±WKDWRIUHVLGHQWV¶RQJRLQJLQVHFXULW\ Tpart by the focused efforts of :KLOH+5&SURYLGHVZLUHQHWWLQJIRU several organizations. Their efforts families and window reinforcements, provide important lessons to prevent Palestinians continue to be attacked displacement and protect Palestinian in the streets and in their homes by IDPs. settlers and IOF and their only source of protection are international observers. Established in 1996 the Hebron It is a reality that prevents many IDPs 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHH +5& ZRUNV from returning. WRVDIHJXDUGWKHFLW\¶VFXOWXUDODQG

30 A collaborative response to internal displacement

nlike for refugees, no single agency is responsible for Uinternally displaced persons. Instead government and local authorities, 81DJHQFLHVWKH5HG&URVV5HG &UHVFHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGORFDO1*2V and donors and bilateral organisations should work together to respond to the situation in accordance with their particular mandate. The effort is then coordinated by the UN Humanitarian &RRUGLQDWRU

As of yet, no collaborative response has been implemented in the Palestinian territories and assistance and protection is ad hoc, limited to cash hand outs, tents and house demolition kits (provided E\815:$DQG,&5& 6RPH81 agencies and NGOs are also reporting on the issue through existing UN mechanisms. Recently however, an internal displacement working group has been formed. As their efforts expand towards implementing a collaborative response to protect IDPs, address the root causes of internal displacement and search for durable solutions, the example of displacement in Hebron DQGWKHFRPPXQLW\¶VUHVSRQVHWRWKHVH pressures should inform and guide their programming.

31 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

CASE STUDY: LIVING UNDER THREAT OF DISPLACEMENT…

Said and two of his sisters

32 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

aid is 18 and lives in the H2 area of )RU6DLGQRZKHUHIHHOVVDIHKLVKRXVH Hebron. His house is located next to is broken into; the settlers attack people SAvraham Avino settlement and his as they walk in the streets; and his old family have suffered repeated attacks by school, the Ibrahimi boys school, has settlers and the military who have stationed been repeatedly targeted by settlers and themselves on the roof of his building. Only the military. The worst period was at the RQHRUWZRRIWKHIDPLOLHV6DLGNQHZDVD beginning of the second Intifada when young boy remain in the area. curfews were constantly imposed on the 3DOHVWLQLDQVOLYLQJLQWKHDUHD6RPHWLPHV 6DLG¶VIDPLO\OLYHVLQDVLWXDWLRQRIFRQVWDQW LWPHDQWWKDW6DLGZRXOGRQO\EHDEOHWR insecurity and fear. A few years ago they attend school once a week. This was when were approached to sell their house most of the community left. Now that he is WR,VUDHOLVEXWUHIXVHG6LQFHWKHQWKH older, life is harder in different ways. He has harassment and violence has been constant become more of a target for the military and with tragic consequences. ‘When we refused LVFRQVWDQWO\VWRSSHGDWWKHFKHFNSRLQWV to sell they told us we would suffer,’ he says. the military has confiscated his ID and The worst of the attacks occurred when a sometimes his movement so restricted that settler threw a Molotov cocktail into the the he lives under virtual house arrest. The HQWUDQFHRIKLVKRXVHZKLFKNLOOHG6DLG¶V family home is already crowded with 13 younger brother who was playing there. people living there and the inability to play Another time, an ambulance was delayed outside safely means the siblings fight a lot. IURPHQWHULQJWKH2OG&LW\WRUHDFK6DLG¶V 6DLGJHWVHDVLO\IUXVWUDWHGZLWKWKHVLWXDWLRQ SUHJQDQWPRWKHUVKHORVWWKHEDE\6DLG¶V and during particularly bad times he is given younger brother was also hit in the leg with a to breaking objects and throwing things large stone thrown by settler children, badly around the house. injuring him, and his sister was attacked by VHWWOHU¶VGRJVRQWKHZD\WRVFKRRO Though his family never considered leaving, IRU6DLGWKHVLWXDWLRQLVXQEHDUDEOH,Q When we addition to the harassment and violence he cannot make a living. ‘I work all refused to sell hours in construction for which I earn 40 shekels a day. This compares to the 400 [the house] shekels a day we could earn when we they told us we worked in Israel.’ Nor does the presence of international protection workers from would suffer DJHQFLHVOLNH&37DQG($33,PDNHHQRXJK of a difference, ‘once they placed a dirt 7KHIDPLO\¶VLQVHFXULW\DQGIHDULV mound outside the entrance to our house heightened by the constant presence of and no one could help us, no one could the military on the roof. From their vantage do anything about it…Mostly I just want to point the Israeli Occupation forces watch leave, I feel desperate’. RYHUWKHIDPLO\¶VHYHU\PRYH‘We have no privacy’ he explains. The military has destroyed the locks and repeatedly breaks a settler threw a into their home where the soldiers sleep DQGKHOSWKHPVHOYHVWRIRRG6RPHWLPHV Molotov cocktail DIWHUWKHVHUDQGRPEUHDNLQVLWHPVDQG FDVKDOVRJRPLVVLQJ:KHQ6DLGDQGKLV which killed Said’s father are out of the house his mother and younger brother sisters face increased verbal abuse and heckling.

33 33 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

Annex

DATE INCIDENT GDWDFROOHFWHGIURP812&+$ZHHNO\EULHILQJQRWHV

02.01 $WOHDVW3DOHVWLQLDQV LQFOXGLQJWKUHHFKLOGUHQ ZHUHLQMXUHGGXULQJDQDWWDFNE\DODUJHJURXSRIVHWWOHUV 04.01 A Palestinian man was injured when five Israeli settlers hit him with a stone near the Islamic cemetery in H2. 6HWWOHUVRFFXSLHGODQGLQ:DGLDO+XVVHLQIRUQLQHGD\V7KH\SUHYHQWHG3DOHVWLQLDQDFFHVVWRVFKRROVDQG 09.01 the Ibrahimi mosque, among other destinations. There were frequent attacks on Palestinian houses in the vicinity. Three Palestinian men and two Palestinian women from H2 were physically assaulted and injured by settlers 12.01 inside their homes. The Israeli Police arrested the Palestinian men for questioning. 6HWWOHUVWKUHZD0RORWRYFRFNWDLODWWKHNLWFKHQRID3DOHVWLQLDQIDPLO\OLYLQJQH[WWRWKHVHWWOHPHQW7KH 15.01 kitchen caught fire. 6L[3DOHVWLQLDQV IRXUZRPHQDQGWZRFKLOGUHQ IURP:DGL$O+XVVHLQLQ+ZHUHLQMXUHGZKHQVHWWOHUV 19.01 attacked and physically assaulted them while they were inside their homes. A Palestinian man from H1 was physically assaulted and injured by IDF soldiers while covering settler attacks 19.01 LQ:DGL$O+XVVHLQIRU%¶7VHOHP+HZDVODWHUGHWDLQHGIRUWZRGD\VDQGUHOHDVHGRQEDLOSHQGLQJKLVWULDO ,')VROGLHUVLPSRVHGPRYHPHQWUHVWULFWLRQVRQ3DOHVWLQLDQVLQWKHPDUNHWRIWKH2OG&LW\RI+HEURQLQWKH 21.01 +GXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRI,VUDHOLVHWWOHUVYLVLWLQJWKH6RXT Two Palestinian boys from Wadi Al Hussein in the H2 were injured when a group of Israeli settler youth 30.01 physically assaulted them on the Kiryat Arba Road. The two Palestinian boys were later arrested by the Israeli police. 07.02 A Palestinian man from H2 was injured when a group of settlers threw stones and bricks at his house. 6HWWOHUVIRUFLEO\HQWHUHG4XUWXED%DVLF6FKRROIRUJLUOVLQ+DQGGDPDJHGZLQGRZSDQHOVDQGGRRUV7KH 12.03 IDF later evacuated the settlers from the school. A Palestinian man was injured with a rock to the head when settlers threw stones at Palestinians walking 19.03 RQ$O6KDODOHK6WUHHWLQ+ A Palestinian man from H2 was injured in the head when settlers threw stones at nearby Palestinian houses 21.03 during the Jewish holiday of Purim. A Palestinian woman from H2 was injured when a group of settlers threw stones at her house during the 23.03 Jewish holiday of Purim. $ODUJHJURXSRI,VUDHOLVHWWOHUVWKUHZVWRQHVDW4XUWXED*LUOV6FKRRODVWKH\ZHUHFHOHEUDWLQJWKH-HZLVK 21.03 holiday of Purim. Window panels were damaged. 18.04 A Palestinian man was physically assaulted near his house by Israeli settlers in H2. A Palestinian woman from H2 was physically assaulted by a group of settlers while walking towards her 28.04 house 6HWWOHUVFODVKHGZLWK3DOHVWLQLDQ,VUDHOLDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDODFWLYLVWVSURWHVWLQJWKHVHWWOHUPRYHPHQWLQ 25.04 WKH&LW\$IWHUWKHFODVKHVWKH,')GHWDLQHG,VUDHOLDFWLYLVWV 6HWWOHUVGDPDJHGFDUVLQ+DUHD7KHDWWDFNWRRNSODFHDIWHUVHWWOHUVVHQWRXWDQHPDLOGHFODULQJWKH 29.04 imminent destruction by the IDF of a nearby outpost. The removal of the outpost was not carried out. A man from Wadi Al Hussein in H2 area was injured when settlers occupied land in Wadi Al Hussein and 06.05 physically attacked him while he was en route to his house. He was later arrested by the IDF. A Palestinian man was injured with live ammunition when an Israeli settler opened fire at him from a car 19.05 near the Al Fahs junction, south of H2, which was recently opened by the IDF for Palestinian movement. $3DOHVWLQLDQWHDFKHUDQGD\HDUROG3DOHVWLQLDQER\ZHUHLQMXUHGLQ$O,EUDKLPL\D6FKRROE\VWRQHV 22.05 thrown by Israeli settlers. A demonstration was held by settlers protesting the opening of Al Fahs closure, 03.06 in H2. The demonstration disrupted Palestinian traffic. 6HWWOHUVFXWGRZQWUHHVLQWKH,EUDKLPL0RVTXH*DUGHQLQSUHSDUDWLRQIRUDZHGGLQJWKDWZDVFDUULHGRXW 08.06 on June 10th, 2008. 10.06 6HWWOHUVWRRNFRQWURORIDSLHFHRIODQGLQ:DGL$O+XVVHLQLQ+DQGSODFHGWHQWVDQGFKDLUVWKHUHRQ

34 HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT

SOURCES

x The Old City of Hebron, can it be saved? -RXUQDORI3DOHVWLQH6WXGLHV9RO1R VXPPHU 3DWULFLD6HOOLFN x Ghost Town, Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Centre of Hebron. %W¶6HOHPDQG$&5,0D\ x The closure of Hebron's Old City 5HSRUWE\812&+$+HEURQ2IILFH x The impact of settlements on the commercial activities of the Old City of Hebron 5HSRUWE\812&+$+HEURQ2IILFH x 812&+$ZHHNO\EULHILQJQRWHVDQG+XPDQLWDULDQ0RQLWRURQOLQHUHSRUWFHQWUH KWWSZZZRFKDRSWRUJ"PRGXOH GLVSOD\VHFWLRQ VHFWLRQBLG VWDWLF IRUPDW KWPl x Geopolitical Status in Hebron Governorate 5HVHDUFKDQG*,68QLWDWWKH/DQG5HVHDUFK&HQWUHDQG$5,-'HFHPEHU x The Humanitarian impact on Palestinians of Israeli settlements and other infrastructures in the West Bank UN 2&+$-XO\ x Temporary International Presence in Hebron, website www.tiph.org x Attacks against internationals in Hebron Peace Watch and EAPPI, April 2006 x 6WDWLVWLFDO$WODVRI3DOHVWLQH KWWSDWODVSFEVJRYSVDWODVSDJHV3BDWODVHQDVp x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK+HEURQ5HKDELOLWDWLRQ&RPPLWWHH-XO\ x Interview with Abu Hisham, shop keeper, 15 July 2008 x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK5HHP$O6KDUHHIKHDGPLVWUHVVRI4XUWXEDVFKRRO-XO\ x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK6DLGUHVLGHQWRI2OG&LW\-XO\ x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK=OHLNDKUHVLGHQWRI6KHKDGD6WUHHW-XO\ 35 x Meeting with Temporary International Presence in Hebron, 22 July 2008 x 0HHWLQJZLWK&KULVWLDQ3HDFHPDNHU7HDP+HEURQ-XO\ HEBRON DESTROYED FROM WITHIN FRAGMENTATION, SEGREGATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT